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Assignment 2

Name

Course

Instructor

Date

Indoctrination

The process of inculcating an individual with cognitive strategies, ideas, attitudes, and professional methodologies is known as indoctrination.

Answer 2

Education is an experimental, mysterious, and playful process that engages an individual in knowledge and the ideas of the world. The doors of intellectual experience are opened and the learners are equipped with tools that are required to interpret and analyze the relevant information. Indoctrination, on the other hand, is an approach that instills in an individual, a set of habits and beliefs aligned with a political agenda or an ideology. Education opens an individual’s mind while indoctrination narrows it.

Difference between indoctrination and socialization

Socialization is a process in which a person learns to become able to live in and adapt to the society. This ongoing process starts from the birth of an individual and continues until his death. Although, the process of indoctrination is not a lifelong process in which a set of beliefs and rules are imposed on the individual whether he approves it or not.

Goal of education in intercultural communication

Intercultural communication refers to the phenomenon of interaction between individuals of distinct cultures and religions who speak different languages, and express different ideas, views, and opinions. The purpose of education in intercultural communication is training individuals to accept, maintain and respect social relations, to make them accept diversity and intercultural relations, and to increase their acceptance and tolerance towards those who are different ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fGbUtDVl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chiriac and Panciuc)","plainCitation":"(Chiriac and Panciuc)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"nPiShM1S/E5a5vonT","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/T68HGRF4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/T68HGRF4"],"itemData":{"id":94,"type":"article-journal","title":"Intercultural Education - Objectives, Values and Perspectives","page":"4","source":"Zotero","abstract":"The contemporary society is a mobile society characterized by diversity and change. The issue of cohabitation together is increasingly approached in the modern society. We belong to different ethnic groups, various linguistic cultures and religious backgrounds. Given this diversity, coexistence is a must. Intercultural education is one of the basic tools with which members of the society and societies. Intercultural education is a global necessity, a specialized form of education that puts individuals and their cultures in positions of differential treatment, but at the same time they are in positions of equality. It deals with the educational process through the vision of cultural diversity and is focused on cultural interaction phenomena (people, cultures, religions, speakers of different languages, people who have different views and opinions, etc.). The values derived from intercultural education (tolerance, freedom, openness, acceptance of differences, understanding of diversity, pluralism, cooperation) are built into the personalities of the educated subjects through sustained and consistent (systematic) efforts. Intercultural education is a dimension of the new education, which focuses on the values mentioned above. It promotes solidarity of the local community with the international community.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Chiriac","given":"Argentina"},{"family":"Panciuc","given":"Liliana"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chiriac and Panciuc).

Cultural relativism

Cultural relativism refers to the acceptance of an individual’s actions by the standards of his own unique culture, rather than the standards of society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AdMqh3vy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bowie)","plainCitation":"(Bowie)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":169,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IB8VAXKJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/IB8VAXKJ"],"itemData":{"id":169,"type":"article-journal","title":"Relativism, cultural and moral","container-title":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Management","page":"1-4","author":[{"family":"Bowie","given":"Norman E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bowie). This concept is being taught appropriately in or society. Americans are of the view that they should be tolerant of the cultures and standards of others. According to them, all religions, beliefs, and social practices are equally important and admirable. It is considered immoral and wrong in the American society to interfere in the social, cultural or religious practices of others ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1Xyermbf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rachels)","plainCitation":"(Rachels)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"nPiShM1S/BXDkUB8M","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/DCDI3C89"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/DCDI3C89"],"itemData":{"id":96,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Challenge of Cultural Relativism","page":"11","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Rachels","given":"James"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rachels).

Answer 3

Ethnocentrism is the act of making judgments about another culture on the basis of preconceptions found in the standards and values of one’s own culture. The process of indoctrination creates ethnocentrism as it closes the mind and the ability to think open-mindedly, and this ethnocentrism leads to nationalism, tribalism, and other strong patriotic feelings. It challenges the self-identity of an individual, and induces intense emotions in him. The individual becomes greedy and non-negotiating. It also leads to prejudice and violence within the society and creates problems.

Answer 4

The three important values that motivate me are change, equality, and self-help control. The concept of equality is very important to Americans. They believe that every individual is equal to the other. However, many foreigners complain that the attitude of Americans towards equality is biased. They are racists who consider white men superior to the black ones. Change in the society and people’s lives is easily accepted by Americans. Every passing day brings a new revolution in the lives and work of people. They accept these changes positively as they seek to become a better person with the passing time. The concept of self-help is extremely important in the lives of Americans. They believe that self-help not only helps in the growth of an individual, but also in the development and prosperity of the society, and a healthy democracy.

Answer 5

In the multicultural environment, it is imperative for a person to give significance to other people’s cultural values and respect them while posing the best of character of one’s own culture. People mainly carry their religious, historical, geographical and social beliefs. When people from different cultures live together, the communication gap is due to the burden people carry and not shed off the personal agenda.

Answer 6

A person’s values cause stress if expectations are not met as people expect others to live according to their values and when a person tends to follow his own vales, it causes the other person to say that his expectations are not met.

Answer 7

We should not view others through our lens of judgment as the behaviors and values of everyone are according to their own culture and beliefs. If we start accepting that everyone has his own values, the concept of doctrinarian would be finished.

Works cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bowie, Norman E. “Relativism, Cultural and Moral.” Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 2015, pp. 1–4.

Chiriac, Argentina, and Liliana Panciuc. Intercultural Education - Objectives, Values and Perspectives. p. 4.

Rachels, James. The Challenge of Cultural Relativism. p. 11.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Assignment 2: Poverty And Food Security

Poverty and Food Security

Name

Affiliation

Date

Poverty and Food Security

Food insecurity is emerging as one of the most threatening issues of the twenty-first century. According to the researchers, by the end of the twenty-first century, a significant number of the world population would not get access to the nutritious food sources, which would result in deaths of children and young people due to malnutrition. The greatest problem at the time is not the production of the food, as there are enough sources to produce quality food if they are utilized in a feasible manner. The real issue is the supply of the food products in the limited time to the needy populations of the world. Most of the third world countries are experiencing the issues of malnutrition of the infants and children, even after the efforts of the united nation and World Bank to supply the nutritious food items to those deserving and needy populations (Dunkelman, Kerr, & Swatuk, 2018). The political issues of the third world countries, as well as the developed countries around them, is also playing an important role in making the life of the common people tougher as the influential authorities take control of the movement of food items and cause trouble to the general population. The united nations, as well as other influential and human rights organization, need to play their role in resolving the issues of the third world countries, as well as come up with the strategies to provide food to such people and provide them a better chance of living.

Food Insecurity and Role of Population Growth

According to Hall, Dawson, Macdiarmid, Matthews, and Smith (2017), one of the leading causes of the food insecurity over the coming years, in more than forty African countries would be the growth of the population. In addition to it, the climate changes would be the second leading cause of the food insecurity over the next two decades. The concept of food insecurity is not new for the people of the twenty-first century. It means the unavailability of the nutritious and sustainable food resources to the population of the world. Most of the times the poor people, who are unable to afford the means of production or the means of earning money are among the food-deprived population of the world. A great majority of the third world countries like Congo, Haiti, and other African countries are included in the list of the countries which are facing the severe issue of food insecurity. There are two basic causes which play an important role in causing the deficiency of food supplies in such countries. The foremost cause is that these countries are not self-sufficient in agricultural and economic production; therefore, governments are not able to meet the needs of the whole population. The second cause is that the populations of such countries keep growing and there are not enough resources to take care of the nutritious needs of the newborn. Food insecurity is rising due to the increase in population because of the fact that the government authorities are not able to meet the needs of the existing population, and the increase in population results in the increased needs of the general public. The governments do get aid and food supplies from the international organizations; however, those are not enough to meet the needs of the all the food-deprived populations (Conceição, Levine, Lipton, & Warren-Rodríguez, 2016).

Factors Interrupting the Flow of Food

The developing country which is selected for the project assessment is Haiti. There is a number of factors which play an important role in interrupting the flow of food from the sources to the general population. One of the most important causes is that the country is always at the risk of natural disasters. In the past few years, it has been stricken with drought, earthquake, and floods multiple times. The natural disasters cause severe destruction in the country, leaving the general public dependent upon the aid and support of the international organizations. The natural disaster not only destroys the homes of the public but also impact the economy of the country, due to which they become unable to afford the food and health facilities. On the other hand, the occurrences of natural disasters also impact the transfer of the food supplies to different parts of the country. Moreover, the recent drought in the country which w followed by hurricanes and floods has destroyed the already scarce food production means of the country, leaving its public totally dependent upon the foreign aid. The adverse climatic conditions play an important role in delaying the supply of food sources to the needy population. Another important factor which impacts the condition of the public is that the outburst of the deadly diseases like cholera plays an important role in affecting the health of the suffering population while resulting in greater number of deaths. Another important factor which affects the flow of food in the country is the poor economic condition of the general population. They are not able to afford the price of the nutritious food which is supplied in the market by the government authorities. Sometimes, the conflicts of the political parties also play an important role in interrupting the flow of food supplies to the needy population, as every party tries to win the favor of the public by controlling the channels of food supply (Umesha, Manukumar, & Chandrasekhar, 2018).

Technological Means to Reduce Hunger and Improve Food Security

One of the greatest issues contributing to the food insecurity in Haiti is the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, which ruin the agricultural production and leave the general public dependent on the aid of international organizations. The country is not economically developed, so the organizations like the United Nations and World Bank need to play an important role in helping out the country. The technological means can be used to reduce hunger and improve food security in the country. Most importantly the country needs to work on the means of predicting the natural disasters and taking the measures of saving the already ripe crops. Moreover, the country needs to work on the artificial production of food. They can also set up the plants of indoor food production; however, all of that needs economic resources. Another important thing that can help the country in its economic development is to focus on the other economies, like they can work on developing the reusable energy and trade food, in return of services provided to other countries. Moreover, the general public needs to be educated about the modern means of production, so that they are able to grow food products for their own needs (Saxena, 2018).

This is the most important time to take action and improve the situation of food insecurity so that future generations do not have to fight the wars of getting food resources. The population of the world is increasing at a greater rate; however, the sources of food production are not increasing at the same rate. So, the world organizations need to work on the development of artificial food production, while ensuring the nutritious level and sustainability of the food products. Moreover, a great quantity of food products is being wasted in the developed countries of the world on a daily basis. The government organizations, as well as the general public, need to take action in order to save the food and supply it to the food insecure countries of the world where people are dying due to hunger and malnutrition.

References

Conceição, P., Levine, S., Lipton, M., & Warren-Rodríguez, A. (2016). Toward a food secure future: Ensuring food security for sustainable human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy, 60, 1-9.

Dunkelman, A., Kerr, M., & Swatuk, L. A. (2018). The New Green Revolution: Enhancing Rainfed Agriculture for Food and Nutrition Security in Eastern Africa. In Water, Energy, Food and People Across the Global South (pp. 305-324). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Hall, C., Dawson, T. P., Macdiarmid, J. I., Matthews, R. B., & Smith, P. (2017). The impact of population growth and climate change on food security in Africa: looking ahead to 2050. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15(2), 124-135.

Saxena, N. C. (2018). Hunger, under-nutrition and food security in India. In Poverty, Chronic Poverty and Poverty Dynamics (pp. 55-92). Springer, Singapore.

Umesha, S., Manukumar, H. M., & Chandrasekhar, B. (2018). Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security. In Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 67-92). Woodhead Publishing.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Assignment 2: The Application Paper

The Application Paper- Multiculturalism

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

The Application Paper- Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism is a condition in which there is a diversity of cultures and races in society. All these cultural groups have equal rights and equal opportunities within that society. Moreover, the interaction of different cultures leads to mixture ideas and traditions giving a new concept of multiculturalism (Ting-Toomey & Dorjee, 2018). The world has become a global village, and the latest technologies have made international traveling very easy for people across the globe. Therefore, people are looking for more significant opportunities, and they move to a developed country like the United States.

The United States is an immigrant country; most of the people living here came from different cultural backgrounds. When people arrived in the United States, they want to maintain their culture and traditional values. When all the people from multiple backgrounds practice their own cultural values, then there is a composition of numerous cultures. It gives diversity in every field offering hundreds of language option to learn. Moreover, the population of the United States is growing day by day and multiculturalism is also expanding. There are different views about multiculturalism, some consider it as a positive element of society, and others take it as a negative aspect.

Multiculturalism in the United States

The United States is the best example of multiculturalism. Immigration to the United States is 400 years old. People had started migrating to the United States in search of better opportunities. People from different parts emigrated to the United States from all over the World. This immigration is legal and illegal both. More number of immigration means more number of people coming to the United States from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it would be unfair to say that the United States is not a multicultural country. The diversity brings more options to dress up, more dishes to taste and more traditions to learn about. Identifying the needs of multiculturalism, the United States is focusing it in its educational system. It is also adopting a problem-solving approach to overcome the issues related to multiple cultures (Spring, 2017).

Multiculturalism as a Controversial Issue

Multiculturalism has received much criticism for maintaining the various ethnic cultures within the same country. Most of the critics who are against multiculturalism argue that it is against the cultural integration of multiple cultures and ethnic groups to the existing cultures and values of the native people. The perception of multiculturalism also affects the immigration policies of the country. Likewise, the immigration policies of the United States have been revised throughout history. In 1924, the Immigration Act was passed by the United States Congress to restrict the European people entering the United States.

Secondly, people feel insecure about their own culture, and they think that interaction with other cultures will influence their culture and may affect their values. People who are having distinct cultures also have different values. Therefore, the differences in culture give a cultural shock to the people. It is in human psychology that people prefer to live with those who have similar values and beliefs. The change in values and traditions can influence their mentality. Other controversies are on the basis of Cultural relativism conflicts arise; for instance, practices of different cultures like monogamy, polygamy, and purdah are the standard topics of criticism (Gutmann, 1993). Moreover, Multiculturalism demands equal rights and opportunities for everyone in a country. However, the superior race or cultural group considers multiculturalism as a threat to their power and authority.

However, there is more positivity in multiculturalism. It gives an opportunity to learn about the world without visiting those places. Diversity provides a platform for people to learn about each other.

The Three Sociological Perspectives

There are three perspectives of a social phenomenon, which are also used to study multiculturalism. All the elements of the society are studied from micro to macro level. All these theoretical perspectives offer different explanations for the societal influences on people and people affecting society.

The first social perspective theory is structural functionalism, and according to this theory, society is made up of different institutions and structures. These different roles and arrangements must be filled in the society to perform the various functions properly. There should be stability in the community and accepting the multiculturalism will help the society to function correctly. Functionalists believe in harmony, collaboration, and regulation to maintain a prosperous society (Bagguley & Hussain, 2016). People from different cultures will intermingle and play their role to form a positive society. All the people in a society should adopt the positive elements of each culture and live in coordination.

Secondly, the conflict theory multiculturalism is the rule of superior class over the minor cultural groups. It argues that the elite class uses its authority to gain power, privilege, and possessions. The elite class wants to remain, and for that purpose, it exploits other groups. People of different cultural backgrounds are suppressed by authoritative class and race. It highlights the inequalities in society due to multiculturalism.

The third perspective in this notion is Symbolic interactionism, it describes the interactions of different groups in the society on the basis of different ways, and they interpret different cultural symbols. Therefore, people perceive different things on the basis of their own perception. Similarly, they will also understand Multiculturalism based on their own cultural symbols like communication. It is usual that the idea of Multiculturalism is different for people from different backgrounds.

References

Bagguley, P., & Hussain, Y. (2016). Riotous citizens: ethnic conflict in multicultural Britain. Routledge.

Gutmann, A. (1993). The challenge of multiculturalism in political ethics. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 171-206.

Spring, J. (2017). The intersection of cultures: Multicultural education in the United States and the global economy. Routledge.

Ting-Toomey, S., & Dorjee, T. (2018). Communicating across cultures. Guilford Publications.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Assignment 3: The Application Paper

Assignment 3: The Application Paper

Cida Vanderplas

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Assignment 3: The Application Paper

In the article, the unexpected influence of physician attributes on clinical decisions: results of an experiment, the authors attempt to find an answer to a sociological problem of health care staff of being influenced by non-clinical factors such as personal attributes or socio-economic status (SES) when making clinical-decisions regarding their patients. For this purpose, McKinlay, Lin, Freund, and Moskowitz (2002) designed an experiment to assess the extent to which a patient’s gender, SES, age or race could influence clinical decisions and whether characteristics such as race, age, expertise or gender of the physician can solely or in combination with patient characteristics, affect their decision making. Through this, they sought to establish if a significant change in medical decisions occurred as a result of these non-clinical characteristics or influences. Generally, it is regarded that a patient’s SES, quality of life, interactions, or ethnicity should not influence what professional decision is taken regarding their treatment; however, a number of earlier and recent studies have pointed to the existence of this problem. In effect, it can serve as a considerable obstacle in establishing evidence-based clinical practice and has to be understood in the way it affects decisions, to be able to devise effective strategies in ensuring that these influences do not influence evidence-based clinical practice.

The experiment was designed in a way that 16 different videos were randomly showed to 128 physicians in the U.S., which portrayed interactions between physicians and patients regarding the two conditions of depression and PMR. In each video, four different combinations of patient characteristics were used, for instance, white or blue-collar occupation, white or black, female or male, age between 65 to 80. For the selected physicians, the characteristics were the same except for their time since graduation, and their status as a practitioner. The measured outcomes included certainty with regards to adhering to a particular diagnosis, most likely diagnosis and the number of screenings and tests recommended.

The findings showed that the characteristics and attributes of the patients such as their SES, gender, race or age did not affect the outcomes which were studied in both medical conditions. However, physician characteristics such as their age, race, specialty, and status significantly affected their clinical decision making. This showed that those characteristics that are considered to be inessential or non-consequential clinically played a significant role in influencing decision making among practitioners whereas patient characteristics did not considerably affect the outcomes.

In my view, the findings from the study are highly relevant to the healthcare industry since it is generally thought that each doctor, regardless of their status, race would apply the same evidence-based clinical approach to treatment and diagnosis regardless of it. Other studies have similarly found that female physicians have a greater likelihood of being affected by the patient’s expectations and psychosocial factors when they make decisions, spending more time with them and providing them a longer consultation when they provide it to the patient of the same gender CITATION FMH10 \l 1033 (Hajjaj, Salek, Basra, & Finlay, 2010). Likewise, hospitals are under pressure from employers, insurance companies to make cost considerations, while cost-sharing with patients can also play a role CITATION Hoa07 \l 1033 (Pham, Alexander, & O’Malley, 2007). In this study, another significant aspect was that younger and more inexperienced physicians tended to order more tests than older ones. Although, it is assuring that patient attributes did not affect decision making, however, I feel there is a clear risk that such influences may interfere with the quality of care provided. Physicians, in my view, should be provided with a greater awareness of the presence of such biases and made aware of the consequences and potential implications of these differences with regards to patient outcomes. I believe it should be a part of their professional training to consider these biases at play and take appropriate measures to ensure that such non-clinical social and physical characteristics do not interfere with practice.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Hajjaj, F., Salek, M., Basra, M., & Finlay, A. (2010). Non-clinical influences on clinical decision-making: a major challenge to evidence-based practice. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 103(5), 178–187.

McKinlay, J. B., Lin, T., Freund, K., & Moskowitz, M. (2002). The unexpected influence of physician attributes on clinical decisions: results of an experiment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(1), 92-106.

Pham, H. H., Alexander, G. C., & O’Malley, A. S. (2007). Physician Consideration of Patients' Out-of-Pocket Costs in Making Common Clinical Decisions. JAMA Arch Intern Med, 167(7), 663-668.

 

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Assignment 3: USING A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Assignment 3: Using a Sociological Approach

(Student name)

(Professor’s name)

Introduction to Sociology

(Date)

Learn (Write a paragraph of at least 5 to 7 sentences answering the following questions.)

left554990This study concludes that it does not matter whether one has access to a supermarket or not. People had said that if they are to shop often than usual, then they would eat more of the produce. However, access is one of the factors but cannot be regarded as the biggest factor that contributes to affecting people to eat. The main factor is that most of the people do not have ample money so that they can spend it on food. Although the nearest stores have limited food items that approximately costs 25% more than the superstore food items the cumulative time and cost of purchasing from the superstore is more than that of nearby stores.

00 This study concludes that it does not matter whether one has access to a supermarket or not. People had said that if they are to shop often than usual, then they would eat more of the produce. However, access is one of the factors but cannot be regarded as the biggest factor that contributes to affecting people to eat. The main factor is that most of the people do not have ample money so that they can spend it on food. Although the nearest stores have limited food items that approximately costs 25% more than the superstore food items the cumulative time and cost of purchasing from the superstore is more than that of nearby stores.

What were the key findings from the research? Be sure that you are answering in your own words.

Theory (Write 2 paragraphs of at least 5 to 7 sentences each answering the following questions.)

Choose one of the four major sociological theories—Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, or Rational Choice Theory.

(Review the Assignment 3 Cheat Sheet in the Help tab in Blackboard and Sections 1.8 - 1.12 in your Webtext for more information.)

In your own words, define the theory that you chose.

-22225511810Rational choice theory:

In the rational choice theory, an understanding framework is presented which often models the way we behave socially and economically. The theory asserts the idea that our cumulative behavior is a result of individual things that matter. Each of the things, in the long run, makes it able to formulate the individual decision. The theory then assumes that the preferences of an individual among the alternative choices that are available allow them to take their preferred option. It is assumed that the rational agents take the justification from available information, potential benefits, and costs, events probabilities in order to determine the preferences.

Each of the rational beings that make their decision whether to shop from the superstore or nearby store acts according to their preferences set economically. So when they have to choose between these two alternatives, they choose an option that seems logical to them in time and in money. Their justification is based on the idea of potential benefits and costs. The preferred option for them is based on the available information they have. For example, the option for shopping nearby although on short-term looks expensive but the other option has more time and money effort that is need to be put while the information of the health benefit is not readily available to everyone.

00Rational choice theory:

In the rational choice theory, an understanding framework is presented which often models the way we behave socially and economically. The theory asserts the idea that our cumulative behavior is a result of individual things that matter. Each of the things, in the long run, makes it able to formulate the individual decision. The theory then assumes that the preferences of an individual among the alternative choices that are available allow them to take their preferred option. It is assumed that the rational agents take the justification from available information, potential benefits, and costs, events probabilities in order to determine the preferences.

Each of the rational beings that make their decision whether to shop from the superstore or nearby store acts according to their preferences set economically. So when they have to choose between these two alternatives, they choose an option that seems logical to them in time and in money. Their justification is based on the idea of potential benefits and costs. The preferred option for them is based on the available information they have. For example, the option for shopping nearby although on short-term looks expensive but the other option has more time and money effort that is need to be put while the information of the health benefit is not readily available to everyone.

Discuss how this theory relates to the research findings in the article.

Evaluate (Write at least 2 paragraphs of at least 5 to 7 sentences each answering the following questions.)

What research method was used in the article?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this research method? (Your response should be a paragraph of at least 5-7 sentences.)

See section 2.9 and table 2.1 of the Webtext to review the advantages and disadvantages of the different research methods.

What additional research should be conducted to learn more about the problem examined in the article? (Your response should be a paragraph of at least 5-7 sentences.)

left274955Two research methods are used in this article. The first method is the conduction of a neighborhood assessment. In this method, undergraduates surveyed and mapped all the neighborhood stores, as well as the nearest 4 supermarkets. While the second method of the research uses the interviews that are taken in-depth of 42 residents from the neighborhood. Questions of the interview focused on their food habits, also including the choice of shopping for the food.

In the survey methodology of conducting research, there are certain advantages and disadvantages associated with them. They are as follows:

Advantages

Numerous questions could be asked.

A wide data range can be gathered(e.g., attitudes, beliefs, values, opinions, factual, behavior)

Disadvantages

It may be possible that the respondents may not give an honest answer.

Respondents may not answer honestly because it might present them in an unfavorable manner.

As far as the interviews are concerned, they are advantageous in obtaining individual data. But on the other hand, it would make the data with scattered outputs because of individual choices.

For the sake of the correct formulation of the result, quantitative research should have also been conducted. The data should be gathered from the stores that in how much quantity, their produces are purchased. What are the prices of an individual produces and how often people purchase them? Also, the expiry date of each of the produces has to be checked. Along with this to support the conclusion that is made, socioeconomic status should be checked as a variable of buying the produces from the superstores.

00Two research methods are used in this article. The first method is the conduction of a neighborhood assessment. In this method, undergraduates surveyed and mapped all the neighborhood stores, as well as the nearest 4 supermarkets. While the second method of the research uses the interviews that are taken in-depth of 42 residents from the neighborhood. Questions of the interview focused on their food habits, also including the choice of shopping for the food.

In the survey methodology of conducting research, there are certain advantages and disadvantages associated with them. They are as follows:

Advantages

Numerous questions could be asked.

A wide data range can be gathered(e.g., attitudes, beliefs, values, opinions, factual, behavior)

Disadvantages

It may be possible that the respondents may not give an honest answer.

Respondents may not answer honestly because it might present them in an unfavorable manner.

As far as the interviews are concerned, they are advantageous in obtaining individual data. But on the other hand, it would make the data with scattered outputs because of individual choices.

For the sake of the correct formulation of the result, quantitative research should have also been conducted. The data should be gathered from the stores that in how much quantity, their produces are purchased. What are the prices of an individual produces and how often people purchase them? Also, the expiry date of each of the produces has to be checked. Along with this to support the conclusion that is made, socioeconomic status should be checked as a variable of buying the produces from the superstores.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Assignment 3b: Threats To The Global Environment Counterargument

Assignment 3b: Threats to the Global Environment Counterargument

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Assignment 3b: Threats to the Global Environment Counterargument

The factors which were discussed early include climate change, poor health of the entire population, lack of education priorities and inappropriate use of technologies. These factors have the most influence on the global environment as compared to the remaining ones which include civil war, energy sources, globalization, and cultural taboos. Climate change is not only a threat, but it has become a global issue for many countries. It is affecting badly to the planet’s weather and the overall climate system of the earth. It has been observed that since 1906, the earth’s surface temperature has been increased about 0.9 Celsius degree and each decade has been warmer than the before. According to the research of different scientists, they find out that climate change will have some adverse effects on the earth.

Different regions in the United States are also poorly affected due to the increase in temperature. It has been observed that different regions from the United States have seen extreme heat issues which have brought new challenges for the government of United States and they are currently finding ways on how to overcome these challenges. Similarly like Climate change, Health has a huge influence on the economy of the country because it is one of the most critical factors in enjoying life. Today health is considered as one of the biggest factors in the development of countries. An individual must be healthy enough to perform daily activities. Poor health affects the overall activities of the individual. Especially education activities depend on the good health of an individual. Poor health causes an individual to lose their inner strength, and they might have to face mental health problems due to poor health.

Education is also very important for every country. However, there are about 70 million children who are still uneducated and unable to go to schools due to lack of education resources. Lack of education resources is one of the biggest global issues which countries are facing. It is affected not only the population but also the economy of the country because education is necessary for everyone. Just like Climate change, poor health and lack of education resources inappropriate use of technology also brought new challenges for the environment. Technology is one of the most valuable tools which is available for people to perform their tasks easier. It has an automated task of human beings and makes the life of people easier. However, there are many people who are misusing technology. The research found out that youth is severely affected by the inappropriate use of technology. When these factors compared to the ones like civil war, globalization, cultural taboos, and energy sources, they affected more the environment.

Civil War

Civil war destroyed the environment badly and affected the lives of not only human beings but also of other creatures. It was having a huge impact on the health of the global environment but it happened long ago, and currently, it is not affecting the environment. The civil war in the united states started in 1861 which caused millions of lives and ruined the American soil. The war did not attack people but also the environment of the united states. Today there are huge concerns over the health of our environment and how to maintain the use of natural resources of the earth. Civil war destroyed a lot of natural resources of America, and at that time of civil war, there was no concept of how people should maintain the use of natural resources. The soldiers and humans of the civil war still had a massive impact on the natural environment of America (Raleigh & Urdal, 2007).

There were many events in the Civil war which negatively impacted the environment nationwide. Civil war caused heavy destructions and destroyed many forests which were a great natural resource for the environment. Many people still don't consider forest as a massive source of survival. However, this is not the case because forests are essential for the survival of human beings. They are the reason for providing us fresh air. Woods from the forests can be utilized and use for different purposes such as for fire, for creating furniture, for creating households, etc. Forest also offers watershed protection, mitigate climate change and prevent soil erosion. Still, many people want forests to disappear (Fergusson et al., 2014).

Forest products are very important for the daily lives of people, and the damage caused by civil war to forests created an adverse impact on the environment. The daily routine products of human beings are built from the natural resources of the forests. Forests not only provide use of shelter, water, and food but also provide us the security of fuel. There are many cosmetics, medicines, and detergents which are made from the natural resources of the forest. Civil war destroyed a lot of resources of America which can be utilized now to create many products for daily usage. One of the reasons for climate change was due to the civil war in which many forests were destroyed (Fergusson et al., 2014).

Civil war destroyed a huge number of natural resources and caused massive loses which include disruption of waterways, drainage of wetlands and the loss of topsoil. Civil war affected not only the environment and human beings but also the life of animals. Many animals were killed during the Civil war which badly affected the wildlife. Civil war not only cause animals life but also destroyed their places of living and resources of food for them. Overall civil war has a huge impact on the environment and brought many changes in the environment which still human beings are facing (Levy & Sidel, 2007).

Energy sources

Energy sources have some impact on the environment, but it does not have that much impact on the environment and life of people as compared to the other discussed four main factors before. Energy sources which harm the environment include fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas. These resources are less harmless then climate change, lack of education resources, poor health and inappropriate use of technology to the environment. It has been observed that energy sources impact also depends on the use of technology (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2019). However, energy sources can have a huge positive impact on society due to the involvement of technology if they are used positively.

The research found out that using too much energy harms our environment. Resources of energy like fossil fuels are used to create electricity. Fossil fuels put tons of C02 in the atmosphere which is one of the main reason for climate change. Energy cannot be produced without any resources, and each resource of energy have some negative effect on the environment, but not as much bad impact as the other factors are having on the global environment. People these days use more energy sources and not utilize natural sources. Many people don't know the benefits of the sunlight, and they are using artificial lights which are harmful to their health. Natural light from the sun has many advantages for health, but people don't bother to make use of sunlight more than artificial lights.

Many researchers found out that excessive amount of usage of energy resources can create pollution in the environment which is not good for health. People are using energy sources without considering how much effect they have on their environment. Using the excess amount of energy sources also causes a loss in the natural resources like water, oil, and gas because energy sources are made from these resources and wasting energy sources is just like the one is wasting natural resources which are helping in creating energy sources.

All the sources of energy also have negative impacts on human health. Fossil fuels usage is not clear and is being used for creating many energy sources. They create a huge negative impact on the health of human beings. It has been observed that fossil fuels have caused some severe health issues in past years. Due to pollution which is created by fossil fuels have caused many diseases which are very harmful to the health of human being. Researchers found that it is one of the reasons for the increase in life-threatening disease like cancer, especially in children. Air pollution is not good for the health of not only human beings but also for the life of animals. However, still, people are using fossil fuels for the consumption of energy (Pring et al., 2008).

Energy sources are one of the main reason for the health issues in the environment but are not affecting that badly as climate change is affecting the health of the global environment. Renewable energy sources have a huge impact on the local, national and international scale on the environment (El-Hinnawi & Biswas, 1981). However, climate changes have affected more on health as compared to any factor. Inappropriate use of technology is also one of the reasons why people are facing challenges in the environment. There are many energy sources which are based on technology, but they are not being utilized the way they should and creating adverse impacts on the environment. Education is also compulsory because it is important to convey the usage of energy sources among people who can only be done by educating them and telling them the pros and cons of energy resources.

References

Fergusson, L., Romero, D., & Vargas, J. F. (2014). The environmental impact of civil conflict: the deforestation effect of paramilitary expansion in Colombia. Documento CEDE, (2014-36).

Levy, B. S., & Sidel, V. W. (Eds.). (2007). War and public health. Oxford University Press.

Raleigh, C., & Urdal, H. (2007). Climate change, environmental degradation, and armed conflict. Political geography, 26(6), 674-694.

Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Technologies. (2019). Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts

Pring, G. R., Haas, A. S., & Drinkwine, B. T. (2008). The impact of energy on health, environment, and sustainable development: The TANSAAFL problem. Beyond the Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 13-37.

El-Hinnawi, E. E., & Biswas, A. K. (1981). Renewable sources of energy and the environment. Dublin: Tycooly International.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Asthma And Air Pollution

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Human Cost of Amazon Operations

Recently, it was witnessed in the major news that CEO of Amazon is now the richest man in the world. The Black Friday’s and the sales deals that are announced by the organizations has played a major part in making sure that the brand is consolidated, but all these things are coming at a great human cost. There are numerous accounts of the workers talking about the fact that how they had to go through grueling schedule in the warehouses. It is a well-known fact that the working conditions in Amazon are far from ideal at the moment and the wages that are on offer just about touch the minimum wage threshold at the moment. There are fulfillment centers that are specifically created to make sure that the peak season demands are being taken care off, but despite this fact, it can be seen that at the larger level, the job is quite hard and extensive to say the least. There are associates that are supposed to have mandated breaks in order to ensure that they are able to clock in and clock out in a timely manner. There is no concept of breaks and lunches and at times, for 12 hours employees are not given any sort of break. Not only that, the safety standards and protocols that are placed in the warehouses are far from ideal and the employees are supposed to work in a very tiring environment that tends to drain their energy most of the times. The other major challenge that one gets to see when they are working in Amazon is that how there is no legal protection and the concept of the employee union and association is also something that is not known to these people. In the hindsight, it is just “one” of the many issues that are faced by Amazon and there is human cost of the successful working of the entity.

Works Cited

Jochnik, Chris, and Nina Rabaeus. "Business and human rights revitalized: A new UN framework meets Texaco in the Amazon." Suffolk Transnat'l L. Rev. 33 (2010): 413.

https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/20/18103516/black-friday-cyber-monday-amazon-fulfillment-center

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/09/human-cost-kindle-amazon-china-foxconn-jeff-bezos

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Austin's Socilaztion Adventure

Title page

Austin’s socialization adventure

I am in military ranked as a specialist and soon will be promoted to the rank of Sergeant. I spend time with my family and give them good company. I don’t have kids and have a girlfriend. I have many hobbies like sports and mountain bike. I am not the kind of person who is impatient to panic for reaching goals. This is because I believe in easy going and that goals can be achieved with perseverance and consistency. I am an achiever and I believe in progressing rather than remaining in a stagnant state. I am a fun loving person and tries to avoid stress.

I have undergone socialization as I learned many things from childhood to adulthood. Family is one of the most powerful force that or agent of socialization as they were the continuous social world for me. The most I interacted with were my parents and siblings so many attributes that were part of their personality also influenced me. I belong to a Christian family so I internalized many things related to this religion. I used to visit church, a habit that I naturally adopted due to my family tradition of visiting the sacred place. Through my interaction with my parents I transmitted the same religious values and norms that they were following. I only learned the significance of church or Christ when I observed my parents practicing religion. Therefore I consider my family as the first agent of socialization because I learned the most from them during my childhood and even in adulthood.

There were also some negative events that I witnessed during my childhood such as domestic violence. The first time I encountered the situation when my father physically mistreated my brother. That was a horrible scene because he hit him many times with the stick. I myself had been a victim of domestic violence because my father used to punish me when I denied to follow his orders. These events had left a negative and long-lasting impact on my memory. I still feel the terror of those events and really want to get rid of them. Sometimes those scenes create emotional problems for me and I really struggle to sleep. I learned to use force from my father and I also practices violence by hitting two boys at school on different days. My aggressive behavior was the result of the socialization because I had built the same qualities of my father. Witnessing violence promoted negative feelings of insecurity, restlessness and stress.

The second agent of socialization is high-school where I used to spend many hours of my day. My interaction with the other school boys allowed me to learn many things such as I was unable to play basketball and lacked skills. However, the school offered me the opportunity to play with other boys who were more skilled and excellent players. By practicing basketball and communicating with them I managed to learn the techniques of playing the game. I learned many other things in high-school such as competing in the academic environment. In high-school I learned that in academic life we all have to study hard for getting good grades. I learned this from other fellows who used to study a lot and scored high grades. I learned that success doesn’t comes easy so I started giving more time to study and scored better grades.

My third agent of socialization include peer group that included my classmates and seniors. I used to be sky even in high-school but in that environment I watched people interacting with each other, engaging in chats, playing, discussions and other activities. I also watched them giving time to studies and working for the attainment of their future goals. This socialization had significant impact on me and I developed the capability of interacting with others by overcoming my shyness. I watched that all boys at high-school are open, cool and confident so it also gave me motivation to transform myself. I learned a lot from peer group because they were having same beliefs and interests as mine. I learned that teenagers have a passion for bikes and I found many guys who were excellent in mountain biking. I told some of my peers that I am afraid to go to the mountains. They encouraged me and helped me in getting rid of my fear. After watching them for many days I also built the courage of mountain biking and I finally became an excellent biker. I believe that my peers helped me to overcome my deeply rooted stress of childhood by giving me the opportunity of exploring new world through mountain bike experience. I learned from my peers to enjoy freedom and get rid of my shyness or hesitation. Peers have thus played a very important role in changing my personality and becoming a better person in life.

I consider coaches and teachers as fourth agent of socialization because my personality changed a lot under their guidance. I used to be a troubled child due to the terrible memories of domestic violence. However in classroom I was inspired by the personality of my teachers. I found them calm, confident and strong personalities that allowed me to build motivation for building those traits. They played the function of good role models for me because I always found them positive and composed. I realized that such positivity is due to their achievements that they made in throughout their lives. I learned that happiness and calmness comes with achievements so I developed my future goal of joining the military. My teachers demonstrated leadership and confidence in their actions, talking and discussions. I learned to develop those leadership skills by improving my level of confidence.

I believe that my teachers had most influential role on my personality because they allowed me to learn the practical meaning of kindness and generosity. They taught me to show respect to others and avoid engaging in conflicting situations. Their teachings allowed me to interact with my schoolmates, move in the society and contribute towards positivity. Their emphasis on socialization proved to be of great help and allowed me to overcome my troubled childhood. It was through them that I developed the feelings of protection, safety and security. Another important factor that I must link to this process of socialization is teachers emphasis on creating a fair classroom environment. Irrespective of my emotional problems my teachers at school assisted me encouraged me to take part in all learning and play activities CITATION Sar08 \l 1033 (Amon, Shamai, & Ilatov, 2008). This provided me with the opportunity of seeing the world from a positive outlook. They also helped me in building the competency of taking challenges and setting high goals.

My teachers communicated expectations by reinforced norms by teaching humility, trust and positivity. I was offered many situations where I had to corporate with class fellows this helped me in great way to build trust towards others. This permitted to establish the trait of working in corporative environment. The lectures, books and the curriculums taught by them remains equally important in transforming my personality and becoming a confident, stable person.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Amon, S., Shamai, S., & Ilatov, Z. (2008). SOCIALIZATION AGENTS AND ACTIVrriES OF YOUNG ADOLESCENTS. Adolooscence, 43 (170).

Yogev, D. (2005). Leisure habits of religious and secular youth in Israel, 2003. Tel Hai Academic College: 36th Conference of the Israeli Sociological Association (Hebrew).

Zeijl, E., De Poel, Y., Dois-Reymond, M., Ravesloot, J., & Meuhnan, J. J. (2000). The role of parents and peers in the leisure E^ctivities of young adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 32 (3), 281-302.

Zeijl, E., Du Bois-Reymond, M., & De Poel, Y. (2001). Young adolescents' leisure pattems. Loisir et Soci6te, 24 (2).

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Austins Socilaztion Expirience

Austin Socialization Experience

Introduction

Austin opened eyes in an average middle-class family. He had been a witness of how his parents struggled and provided him what he desired. Irrespective of the family needs, his parents had to work hard for getting anything he or his siblings desired. Despite the financial constraints, his family was growing through, his parents provided them each facility they required. Struggling with the difficulties and challenges of life, Austin got admission to a school owned by the military. In the start, he was shy of interacting with other students, however, later on, he established friendships which he still cherishes. His early years in school were good and he still relishes that times, he feels that he could have enjoyed these times more with his parents and siblings in his home, which was an ultimate source of pleasure and calmness for them.

After completing his school, he interacted with students who were a little older than him. He spent time with his seniors and used to plan his career by witnessing what his seniors had been through. The time in his college was a little more joyful compared to his school life; an important reason for which was that he learned how to socially interact with the fellows around. Although, not precisely, but he was aware of the patterns of socialization. He was witnessing that things were moving forward in a systematic and much organized manner. According to him, his individual nature was observatory toward the things happening around him. It was his observatory nature which helped him trace the social processes taking place around him. Now, when Austin is part of the military, he still believes that change takes place gradually and not abruptly. Considering the socialization experiments surrounding Austin, it becomes apparent that socialization is ultimately the reflection of self-identity.

Austin’s Socialization Experience

Stryker believed that the sociological approach is based on self- reflection. Self-reflection for him is what one thinks about himself, how he or she comprehends the environment around him and what are the basic beliefs which make up his mind ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jIuzUL7n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stryker, 1980)","plainCitation":"(Stryker, 1980)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":734,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LIU5KFAG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LIU5KFAG"],"itemData":{"id":734,"type":"book","title":"Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version","publisher":"Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company","ISBN":"0-8053-9154-1","author":[{"family":"Stryker","given":"Sheldon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stryker, 1980). Another aspect of socialization is the influence of society. It largely remains up to the individual as to how he or she gets influenced by the socialization pattern around him. This all so-called external structure is surrounded by individual experiences, social networks and institutional approaches directed toward an individual. Another aspect of the socialization experience is influenced by the language, cultures, social hierarchy, one lives in. Stryker writes that considering all these aspects, it remains notable that individuals lose their discrete identity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ktSTetGO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stryker, 1980)","plainCitation":"(Stryker, 1980)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":734,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LIU5KFAG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LIU5KFAG"],"itemData":{"id":734,"type":"book","title":"Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version","publisher":"Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company","ISBN":"0-8053-9154-1","author":[{"family":"Stryker","given":"Sheldon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stryker, 1980). With time, they adapt to things which they had not been part of or never deliberately thought of being part of this. For Stryker, this is how socialization plays its part ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MAsi2erj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stryker, 1980)","plainCitation":"(Stryker, 1980)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":734,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LIU5KFAG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/LIU5KFAG"],"itemData":{"id":734,"type":"book","title":"Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version","publisher":"Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company","ISBN":"0-8053-9154-1","author":[{"family":"Stryker","given":"Sheldon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1980"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stryker, 1980).

Austin’s socialization experiences start from his mentioning of the primary school time.. His time in the school was joyful and there was no other thing, which he could have referred as distressing. It is where his early interaction toward the external society begins. Since he had been associated with the military school, therefore he was disciplined. The military school was the first impact of the external environment over him. This institutional approach gradually transformed his interaction with other things, impacted his thinking abilities and transformed the manner in which he interacted with other individuals. It is how the institutional approach in sociology works. It becomes an obvious fact that those who work under a specific circumstance become a reflection of that institution. It is how the institutional approach is taken.

Austin’s other interaction with the external environment had been with classmates and his colleagues. Despite maintaining an individual identity before joining the institution, now he is very much part of a school or a peer group. This peer group, impacted on his identity in many ways. It changes the way one speaks, the way one deals with others and the manner one takes hold of the things. For many, this collaborative appearance remains different but it is of no surprise that things gradually change with time. This change is refereed as an addition of unexpected circumstances. These unexpected circumstances are actually the distractions and distortions impacted over one by the environment. These environments are external which drags others into changes and creates dynamism in the society. It is for such reasons that people refer to culture as multicultural, dynamic and lively. Since each one is impacted and changes with the external environment in a different manner, therefore culture and the social world become multi-cultural and dynamic.

Austin’s military Interaction

Since the early days of human civilization. The military has served in the role of defense in a well-behaved manner. Smith believes that such a role has made the persons of military disciplined. If they were tasked with other things like other people are, they would have been undisciplined and disobedient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2IxLmjOe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Smith, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A3NB9GBF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A3NB9GBF"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"book","title":"Institutional ethnography: A sociology for people","publisher":"Rowman Altamira","ISBN":"0-7591-1481-1","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"Dorothy E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith, 2005). Those who serve in other professions are not disobedient and defiant in the sense, undisciplined is taken, rather they all take advantage of their scrawny nature of tasks. Therefore, it is actually the strict nature of a job that makes one behave in a more disciplined manner. Austin’s experience in the military also appears very mannered. He wakes up in an early manner, does some exercise and takes his breakfast and lunch in a place specified. Unlike others, Austin’s life is disciplined and motivated. Smith writes that it is an institutional approach that takes hold of the circumstances of an individual in his or her life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rG4ZHH5l","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Smith, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A3NB9GBF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A3NB9GBF"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"book","title":"Institutional ethnography: A sociology for people","publisher":"Rowman Altamira","ISBN":"0-7591-1481-1","author":[{"family":"Smith","given":"Dorothy E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Smith, 2005).

Those who tend to reform themselves in a more mannered way tend to adopt such professions and make themselves part of these activities. Many sociologists believe that the institutional approach is the most dominant one. Irrespective of the military profession, individuals also adopt institutional reflection from other professions. For example, doctors become caring toward others with time and those who are associated with entertainment or artistry becomes elated. This is what the institutional sociology works over. Austin’s experiences are based on the institutional approach. He had been disciplined and mannered for the fact that he has been tasked to defend the land he lives in. It would otherwise be difficult for him if he becomes too indulgent toward his responsibility. Like other areas, institutional sociology is also impacted by languages and cultures. People from different areas come forward and becomes part of a single institution.

What develops institutional sociology? It is more noticeable in gatherings where people are tasked with similar jobs. They have similar qualifications, have similar experiences and perform their duties in a more or less similar manner. Austin’s life is also a reflection of institutional sociology. Like many others, Austin has lived life differently, prior to joining the military. For him, it is the military as an institution to change and mold his life. For those, who tend to run their own business or are not related to any specific area or discipline, that’s why to spend an unbalanced and undisciplined life. There are no specific set of tasks which he or she had to care for ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xdRIB8oP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Turner & Turner, 1990)","plainCitation":"(Turner & Turner, 1990)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DAQ34AL7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DAQ34AL7"],"itemData":{"id":733,"type":"book","title":"The Impossible Science: An Institutional Analysis","publisher":"Newbury Park, CA: Sage","author":[{"family":"Turner","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Turner","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Turner & Turner, 1990). Pertinent to Institutional sociology, the interesting thing to note is the manner it changes things and advances the approach to remold others. Austin’s socialization is therefore different and is specific in nature. His mentioning of the way he does his breakfast and dinner with the mates shows that he strictly follows a routine that other people in the military follow. Institutional approach is therefore different from other approaches in sociology and is for such reason more organized ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kNXFOe6p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Turner & Turner, 1990)","plainCitation":"(Turner & Turner, 1990)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":733,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DAQ34AL7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DAQ34AL7"],"itemData":{"id":733,"type":"book","title":"The Impossible Science: An Institutional Analysis","publisher":"Newbury Park, CA: Sage","author":[{"family":"Turner","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Turner","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Turner & Turner, 1990).

Conclusion

Austin’s experience is not so much different. He has been part of the activities and has followed an approach like others in the military does. His socialization experience suggests that the institutional approach is a bit general in the form. Since many people tend to become part of an institution, therefore they all become so related to each other. Austin’s experiences also suggest that how socialization takes a bottom to top approach. Not everyone is born to a soldier, a doctor, an artist or a writer. Each one becomes everything with time. Each individual is shaped in a different manner. They get influenced by the external and internal environment and remold themselves in different ways. It is for such reason that the basic principle of sociology remains different.no one can any time conform to different aspects of sociology. Similarly, there are areas in life that remain incomprehensible by any individual. There are very rare incidences where one can easily become part of other’s cultures. For sociologists, it is the most pressing task to comprehend oneself into a whole new culture. As cultures are different in different countries and even different in the same country. Sociology is that’s how a most dynamic and varied area of investigation.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional ethnography: A sociology for people. Rowman Altamira.

Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic interactionism: A social structural version. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.

Turner, J., & Turner, S. (1990). The Impossible Science: An Institutional Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Authors Choice

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History of Jeans

The art of dressing has always been a trending topic in the world. Daily various designs are prepared by multiple dress designers and within no time they widespread across the globe. Initially, the only medium was either radio or newspaper to transmit to the people about different designs and latest fashion happenings all around the world. With time, the thought process and the ways of delivering news changed, and fashion became unstoppable. Everyone is now into fashion within their daily lives. What is in and what is not is known by people through various platforms and clothing has evolved in the world.

By merely taking the example of the most commonly used worn item which is jeans. Initially, the only brand to produce quality product jeans was Levis and Strauss Co. this company was the sole representative for all the people across the globe to provide the quality jeans for more than 100 years, and it remained a fashion statement for more than 50 years. Jeans was considered a remarkable design in the history of fashion (Downey, 2016). The enigma of jeans can never get over by anyone from labors to the working class everyone finds ease in wearing and carrying it comfortably.

With the advent of time, the jeans have changed in shapes and style. Initially, it was only prepared for men, but with time, it was also prepared for women and then the new change was also seen that various uppers and jackets were also made from it. Not only that, then the fashion took another turn by converting them into handbags and last but not the least into the shoes made up of jeans (Downey, 2016). The style and the class of jeans is now the part of history as somehow or the other, jeans have lost its trademark and quality benchmark. Once which was a style statement and a symbol of the class has lost its dignity, and various other modern clothing techniques to replace it.

Work Cited

Downey, Lynn. Levi Strauss: The Man who Gave Blue Jeans to the World. University of Massachusetts Press, 2016.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Autobiography

Autobiography

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Autobiography

Introduction

Human being have to depend upon others to fulfil most of his basic needs. Man lives in groups and societies to fulfil his socio-economic, and emotional needs. Living in societies is essential for human being for their survival. Individuals and society have a profound connection. Every individual's behavior determines the overall social and cultural norms of a society. In return, society also affects human behavior. Every individual's behavior is highly influenced by the events he faced in his life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2myYyl6e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Macfie, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Macfie, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":994,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JJ5N4R8A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JJ5N4R8A"],"itemData":{"id":994,"type":"book","ISBN":"1-315-01652-4","publisher":"Routledge","title":"The individual in society: Papers on Adam Smith","author":[{"family":"Macfie","given":"Alec Lawrence"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Macfie, 2013). Society and people around him determine not only his actions but also affects the thought process of an individual. Each person we meet in our life has an impact and influence over our lives. Society influence our behavior directly or indirectly. The behavior of an individual somehow depends upon the socio-cultural norms of society and each individual's behavior affects the overall culture and nature of the society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iyUAEwqu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Barrow & Smith, 1996)","plainCitation":"(Barrow & Smith, 1996)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":993,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WR2RNIV3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WR2RNIV3"],"itemData":{"id":993,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-314-04444-2","publisher":"West Publishing Company Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN","title":"Aging, the individual, and society","author":[{"family":"Barrow","given":"Georgia M."},{"family":"Smith","given":"Patricia A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Barrow & Smith, 1996). There is a two-way cause and effect relationship between the individual and the society. Society plays its role in determining the behavior of an individual and vice versa.

In the essay, I will discuss some of the life events that influenced my behavior as an individual and made me who I am. I will explain the socio-cultural impacts of these events that played a key role in the determination of my behavior.

Migration to the US

I was born and brought in Kenya, a county of the African continent. I belonged to a middle-class family of Kenya and I spent my childhood there. In June 2013, I migrated to the US with my family and started study here. Migration to the US was one of the most significant events of my life. This event of my life has very strong impacts over me and influence my behavior. Migration to the US from a developing country of Africa has entirely changed my life pattern and behavior.

There was a huge cultural and social difference between the US and Kenya. Kenya was a developing country with its specific socio-economic norms. While America was the land of opportunities. People around the globe come here for different purposes. They came from different socio-economic values and became a part of American society. American society was greatly influenced by these migrators. In the US, I meet the person belonged to different cultural and ethnic background. There can be found two tiers of cultures in American society. The first one was the overall and inclusive culture of American society. In the second tier of American culture, one could find huge socio-cultural diversity. There could be found people belonged to different ethnicities, races, colour, and nationalities. One could see people practising different religions. All these migrators were a part of American society. But at the same time, people who belonged to different backgrounds could be seen practicing their native cultural, social and religious norms. In the US, I was granted the opportunity to observe and absorb these cultural differences. In contrast with the culture of Kenya, America has a very progressive and liberal culture.

If I look back at the six years that I spent in the US, I found huge changes that came to me within this time period. During the last six years, I became a more social and communal person as compared to my social capacities in Kenya. In the early years of my stay in America, I also felt a sense of insecurity. The insecurity that came to a person when he had to live as a minority. The insecurity that a person felt in a new place and culture. The fear of rejection from society. Although with the passage of time, my fears and insecurities demolished. But they left a very strong impact over me. My insecurities of the early years of my stay in America made me a more polite and friendly person.

Finding the Truth

Another event that entirely trembled me inside out happened on 13 October 2017. On that day, I met my biological father for the first time in my life. After separation from my father, my mother married another person when I was a child. Throughout my life, I considered my stepfather as my biological father. My mother also kept it secret from me until the start of 2017. That was a shocking event for me to hear it from my mother that her husband is not my biological father. In my entire childhood, I never observe a good relationship between my mother and stepfather whom I considered as my biological father at that time. Disputes and clashes between my mother and stepfather were a routine matter. My stepfather was a very abusive and aggressive person. His abusive language and physical torching was not a new thing in our home in my childhood. Although I considered my stepfather as the true one, I never enjoyed an enthusiastic relationship with my step farther ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"leme9AJE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wells & Rankin, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Wells & Rankin, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":996,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/K2RUL446"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/K2RUL446"],"itemData":{"id":996,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Social problems","issue":"1","page":"71-93","title":"Families and delinquency: A meta-analysis of the impact of broken homes","volume":"38","author":[{"family":"Wells","given":"L. Edward"},{"family":"Rankin","given":"Joseph H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wells & Rankin, 1991). At that time, I thought that all fathers of the world practiced the same abusive things as the routine of my stepfather. This environment of our home had severe implications over me.

My first meeting with my biological father was a unique event in my life. I could not understand my true emotions at the moment when my mother revealed the truth. My feelings were a mixture of many emotions. I was curious to meet my father and at the same time, I felt sad to know this secret so late. After the revelation of this truth, I was better able to understand many of my past experiences with my stepfather. Before my first meeting with my biological father in October 2017, my emotions towards my father were also on a mix. I felt angry, curious, sad, and happy at the same time. But after the meeting with my father, we developed a good relationship. We often had meetings on weekends ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dXaNUTvV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burchinal, 1964)","plainCitation":"(Burchinal, 1964)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":998,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/9G2FKSTN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/9G2FKSTN"],"itemData":{"id":998,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family","page":"44-51","title":"Characteristics of adolescents from unbroken, broken, and reconstituted families","author":[{"family":"Burchinal","given":"Lee G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1964"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burchinal, 1964). We spent time together and shared our thoughts on different issues. He often discussed my future plans and gave his views and suggestions.

Concluding Remarks

There are many events outside the control of a human being that can possess the power to determine the course of human life. People and society around a person not only can change the actions of a person but they also hold the power to influence the thinking process of a person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H9aDX3pN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hodder, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Hodder, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":995,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/6PG2JXTW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/6PG2JXTW"],"itemData":{"id":995,"type":"chapter","container-title":"The Meanings of Things","page":"84-91","publisher":"Routledge","title":"Style and changing relations between the individual and society","author":[{"family":"Hodder","given":"I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hodder, 2013). My migration to the US was out of my control and it has very strong impacts over me that would last forever. My migration to the US opens up many opportunities for me. I became more confident and ambitious about my future life. Gradually but unintentionally, I was becoming a part of American society. The socio-cultural norms of American society were becoming an integral part of daily life. While the impacts of Kenyan culture were faded.

In the same way, the second event of my life has lifetime implications on me. After observing the relationship between my mother and stepfather, I find it difficult to engage in emotional and romantic relationships ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wIaI5sd9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Farrington, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Farrington, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":997,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XCKTB9TT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/XCKTB9TT"],"itemData":{"id":997,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice","issue":"3","page":"177-190","title":"Childhood origins of antisocial behavior","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Farrington","given":"David P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Farrington, 2005). My past experience with my family especially with my stepfather makes me more pessimistic about such types of relationships. This event of my life became a source of emotional instability for me.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Barrow, G. M., & Smith, P. A. (1996). Aging, the individual, and society. West Publishing Company Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN.

Burchinal, L. G. (1964). Characteristics of adolescents from unbroken, broken, and reconstituted families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44–51.

Farrington, D. P. (2005). Childhood origins of antisocial behaviour. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 12(3), 177–190.

Hodder, I. (2013). Style and changing relations between the individual and society. The Meanings of Things (pp. 84–91). Routledge.

Macfie, A. L. (2013). The individual in society: Papers on Adam Smith. Routledge.

Wells, L. E., & Rankin, J. H. (1991). Families and delinquency: A meta-analysis of the impact of broken homes. Social Problems, 38(1), 71–93.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

“Gender Differences On The Road To Redemption”

Critical Review

Gender Differences on the Road to Redemption

Name

Affiliation

Date

Critical Review

Gender Differences on the Road to Redemption

Social scientists have always been very curious about the factors which influence the recidivism rate of any society. There have been numerous researches in the field to identify the factor which can control the recidivism rate of the society, ultimately contributing to the decreased rate of crime in any society. In recent times, the direction of the research related to recidivism has shifted a lite bit, due to which the social scientists are now focusing more on redemption research instead of focusing on recidivism. The modern-day social scientists are more concerned about finding out the time limit in which a criminal becomes redeemed, as well as the time limit after which the redeemed criminal attempt to commit a crime again. In addition to it, the social scientists are also concerned about the factor that if the male and the female criminals take the same time to become redeemed as well as get tempted to the commit the crime again. One such research study was conducted by April Pattavina, Gina Curcio, and William Fisher, which was published in the year 2018. The research study was entitled "Gender differences on the road to redemption." The research study was published in one of the most reputed journals, which is named as Feminist Criminology. The research article may have been an attempt by the authors to explore the gender differences on the way to redemption; however, it also explored the years that the criminal offenders take to redeem as well as get tempted to the commit crimes again like the first time offenders.

The summary of the research article is that there has been no research in the field to explore the differences in the male and female offenders regarding reaching the point of redemption . The research study attempted to find the number of years the male and female offender take to redeem, as well as develop the likelihood of recidivism like the first time offenders. The purpose of the research study was to explore the time limit after the occurrence of the crime, after which a criminal was considered redeemed. The authors of the research study also intended to find the factors which influence the redemption point. Another most important thing in this regard is that the authors of the research study were interested in finding the gender differences in the years of redemption. The research study was the first one in history which focused on the differences of the men and women regarding the exploration of the years of redemption. The initial researches in the field only focused on the redemption years of the male criminals or the female criminals, and no research study focused on exploring the difference between the male and female criminals regarding the redemption years (Curcio, Pattavina, & Fisher, 2018).

The research methodology utilized by the researchers is qualitative research. The research data for the current research study was gathered from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), which is well reputed, authentic and ongoing research study in the United States of America. The researchers used the analytical approach to study and interpret the findings of the data, as well as find the elements which were related to their research study. One of the most remarkable points of the source of data is that it has the authentic information of all the participants of the research study. The data of most of the ongoing longitudinal studies are not considered reliable because of the fact that the researchers lose contact with the participants, in case they move out of the city or experience any other change in their lives. However, this particular longitudinal study kept track of the participants until the last time and updated the data accordingly, which was a greater opportunity for the researchers to get authentic results. The results of the research study highlighted the fact that male offenders took more time to reach the redemption point as compared to female offenders. The research study also provided an estimated number of years, which revealed that male offenders could take up to ten years to reach the point of redemption. On the other hand, female offenders only take up to four years to reach the point of redemption. The researchers drew the conclusion that there is a gender difference on the road to redemption as the male offenders take more years to reach the point of redemption as compared to the female offenders. The research study also highlighted the point that it has been verified that there is a difference in the number of years the male and female offenders take to reach the point of recidivism and the female offenders reach the point earlier than the male offenders. However, more research studies are required to find out the reasons why female offenders reach the point of redemption earlier than male offenders (Gueta, & Chen, 2016).

The quality of the research article is quite refined and authentic, as it has been formulated by exploring the data from an ongoing longitudinal research study. The introduction of the research article is discussed in an elaborated manner. The authors of the research article have ensured to introduce the topic of their research problem as well as the background of the research problem in an effective manner. The greatest strength of the introduction section is that it has explored the fact that most of the offenders who complete their sentence and become redeem, develop the chances of recidivism after a few years. They become equal to the first time offenders after a few years of redemption, and the main reason behind this is that the past offenders are not viewed favorably in the society. They are not provided with equal opportunities for employment, which also hinders their chances of making progress. So, they get tempted to go back to their criminal life, or it would not be wrong to say that they are not left with any other option, except getting involved in criminal activities again. One of the greatest strength of the methods section of the research study is that it has included the data from a national level ongoing longitudinal research study, which is not only reliable and authentic but also provides the opportunity of studying a realistic data and drawing the results accordingly, which can fairly be generalized. The strength of the results section is that it has been derived from realistic data, so it provides a clear picture of the issue. The strength of the discussion section of the research article is that it has discussed different aspects of the research problem in a great deal while discussing the present status of the problem. It has also included the description of the policy matters, as well as recommendations about the problem, in order to provide a direction about future research studies. There are no particular weaknesses of different sections of the research study, and the authors have presented each and every section in quite a detail (Curcio, Pattavina, & Fisher, 2018).

The researchers have used the appropriate and ethical application of research methods in relation to their research goals. The goal of the research study was to identify the difference in the number of years which the male and the female offenders take to reach the point of redemption. The research method utilized by the researchers was the analytical analysis of the data gathered from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), which is an ongoing longitudinal research study. The research method utilized in the research study is appropriate in the way that it is utilizing the data of actual research, which has studied the crime patterns of a wide range of participants from an early age. The longitudinal study also kept a record of the participants who moved to other cities, in order to ensure the data of the research does not get affected. So it is providing a realistic detail about recidivism and redemption of the male and the female offenders, which increases the opportunity of getting a perfect result for the present research study. The research method applied in this particular research study is also ethical in the way that it is using the data from a national survey, and utilizing it for the purpose of conducting another research study. The personal data of the research participants are not being used for the personal reasons, as well as it is not being utilized to highlight the personal details of the research participants (Gueta, & Chen, 2016).

The application of the analytic approach into the research study provides the opportunity to the researchers to break down the provided data and analyze it from the perspective of their own research problem. The purpose of the research study was to find the number of years which the male and the female offenders took, after being redeemed to developed the tendency of recidivism, as well as reach the same level as the first time offenders. The analytic approach supported the study in the way that it helped in the analysis of the survey data while keeping in view the years of non-offending of the previous offenders, after finally being tempted to recidivism. The research approach utilized in the research study is appropriate because of the fact that it provided the opportunity of detailed analysis of the survey data, according to the requirement of the present research study (Curcio, Pattavina, & Fisher, 2018).

The data of the research study interpreted that the participants of the research study were observed at the age of eighteen, nineteen and twenty years. Some of them committedthe crimes and had to serve the legal punishment of their actions. On the other hand, some of them did not commit any crime. Then the participants were again observed over the course of years, in order to check that how many offenders repeat the crime or the offending behavior, as well as the years they take to repeat their offending behavior. The data of the research study highlighted the fact that the offenders, who had committed some crime, developed the tendency of repeating the crime or the offending behavior after ten years of their first offense. It highlighted the fact that they remained ten years without committing any crime, or reach the same level as the non-offenders, before repeating the criminal behavior. One of the most important implications of the research data was it also depicted the attitude of the employers, as they wanted to explore that after how many years a one-time offender has the tendency of repeating the crime. For example, if a person has spent twelve teas after his first offense, it can be said that he has passed the limit of repeating the crime and there are greater chances of not repeating it. The strength of the data is that it provided detail of the differences between male and female offenders. The weakness of the data is that it did not shed light on the factors which give rise to the tendency of recidivism among male and female offenders (Curcio, Pattavina, & Fisher, 2018).

The research design utilized in the research study plays a very important role in strengthening the claims presented in the study. One of the most important points which shed lights on the importance of the research design is that it has utilized longitudinal research data, in order to asses the problem. If the research study would have opted for conducting the study by gathering the data from the starting point, it would have become quite complicated, as well as it would have taken a number of years for the researchers to get their hands on an actual data. Moreover, it also provided the opportunity of examining the male and female populations separately, in order to find the number of years; each gender took to get back to their offender status, after spending years without committing any offense. The research design also helped to explore that certain offenders spend years of their life as non- offenders before finally committing the crime again. It helped to explore the data while keeping in view that factors like lack of high school or college diploma, lack of employment opportunities, alcoholic nature and other factors which could influence the point of redemption (Gueta, & Chen, 2016).

The research study is beneficial for the social policy implication because it has shed light on the fact that the recidivism rate is being affected due to the employers’ attitude. There is a general pattern in the society that the criminal record of the individuals is checked before finally appointing them to some position. In the case of criminal offenders, who had been convicted in the past, the employer resists to hire them and in some cases openly refuse to appoint such individuals. The capabilities, as well as the qualifications of the individual, are simply ignored. This gives rise to the lack of employment opportunities for the ex-convicts which often play an important role in their recidivism. So the researchers have stressed that the policy should be developed to secure the opportunities of progress and growth of such individual, instead of being stigmatized for their whole life. Moreover, in the case of convictions related to drugs, the government also stops the support of such individuals, which causes great stress. So, the ex-convicts should be provided with opportunities for progress, in order to control the recidivism rate among them. The research article provides the theoretical knowledge of the difference between male and female ex-convicts to repeat their criminal behavior (Curcio, Pattavina, & Fisher, 2018).

The research study conducted by Curcio, Pattavina, and Fisher, has shed light on the gender differences to the road to redemption. The research has highlighted the fact that while a male member of the society who committed a crime and redeemed reach the point of redemption in about ten years, which is actually their tendency of repeating the crime. On the other hand, females reach the point of redemption in only four years. The significance of the research study is that it has shed light on the changed behavior of the people of two genders towards committing and repeating the offenses. The research study has utilized a perfect design which helps it get the desired results of the study. However, more research in the field is required to identify the reasons for female redemption which occurs in only four years.

References

Curcio, G., Pattavina, A., & Fisher, W. (2018). Gender differences on the road to redemption. Feminist Criminology, 13(2), 182-204.

Gueta, K., & Chen, G. (2016). Men and women inmates’ accounts of their pathways to crime: A gender analysis. Deviant Behavior, 37(12), 1459-1472.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Biomimicry & Biomimicry Marketing

Introduction

Biomimicry is an approach to innovation aimed at seeking sustainable solutions to the problems of humans (Biomimicry Institute). Steve Jobs explains that the intersection of technology and biology is among the biggest innovations of the 21st century; it is a new era in beginning (Biomimicry Institute). Thomas Friedman is also big believer in Biomimicry. According to him, the companies, communities, and countries that most consciously and closely mirror Mother Nature will thrive in the Age of Accelerations (Biomimicry Institute). In a similar fashion, Michael Pawlyn sees nature as being a catalogue of products that have been benefited and sustained for billions of years (Biomimicry Institute). Janine Benyus also believes in the natural world to be the only model working over long periods of time without a failure (Biomimicry Institute).

History of Biomimicry

Humans have always been inspired from the nature to solve problems. The study of birds with the purpose of enabling humans to fly is one of the earliest examples of Biomimicry. According to Romei and da Vinci (2008, p. 56) numerous sketches and notes of initial flying machines were made in the beginning. The Wright Brothers translated these sketches in to reality (Howard, 2013, p. 33). An American inventor and academic, Otto Schmitt, coined the term Biomimetics, and it entered the Websters Dictionary in 1974. Jack Steele, an engineer and psychiatrist, coined the term bionics in 1960; it is defined as the science of systems copying functions from nature (Howard, 2013, p. 33). It entered the Websters Dictionary in 1960. As early as 1982, the term Biomimicry surfaced through the works of author and scientist Janine Benyus, who suggested looking to Nature as a Model, Measure, and Mentor (Merrill, 1982; Benyus, 1997).

Biomimicry Marketing

Hopes have been high for Biomimicry marketing since the new approach to design and engineering captured the world's imagination in 2002 (Benyus, 2000). The ability of lotus leaf's structure to repel dirt has been incorporated in self-cleaning paints; the idea hit the market in early 1999s. Today, the annual sales of such paints have reached over $100 million with Sto, Ferro and Degussa; these are some of the companies enjoying the benefits. Sharkskin swimsuit is another example. With its scale-mimicking technology, this swimsuit gives unfair advantages to swimmers. A company named Calera converts carbon dioxide into reactive cement that successfully replaces the traditional cement. Biomimicry has also made its place in the fields of computer science and robotics. Velcro, the most commercially successful biomimetic design of all time, mimics the fastening structure of cocklebur; it has been incorporated in products like packaging, medical equipment, and clothing worldwide. Such success stories of Biomimicry marketing motivate major corporations, entrepreneurs product developers to find ways to making the best of the findings coming out of the field.

Thesis Statement

In this regard, Biomimicry primarily focuses on emulating nature's time-tested strategies and patterns. Human is a clever creation of God. However, without having an intention to, humans have created message sustainability problems for the generations in future. Luckily, the solutions to be problems lie around the globe. Therefore, the prime purpose of Biomimicry is to create policies, processes and products, all leading to new ways of living. The core idea behind the concept is that the solutions of most of the problems of humans are present in the nature. Microbes, plants and animals are the consummate engineers. Failures of fossils after years of developmental research, and the secret to survival surround the humans.

For this reason, paradigm changing, poetical and elegant, Biomimicry and bio inspired design, the sibling discipline, have been speaking to the hopes to harness nature's elegant solutions for a more sustainable future.

Works Cited

Benyus, Janine M. "Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature." (1997).

Benyus, Janine M. "Biomimicry: innovation inspired by nature." (2002).

Biomimicry Institute. What is Biomimicry? Available at: https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/ (Accessed: 29th May 2019).

Howard, Fred. Wilbur and Orville: a biography of the Wright brothers. Courier Corporation, 2013. P. 33

Merrill, Connie Lange. Biomimicry of the Dioxygen Active Site in the Copper Proteins Hemocyanin and Cytochrome Oxidase: Part I: Copper (I) Complexes Which React Reversibly with Dioxygen and Serve to Mimic the Active Site Function of Hemocyanin. Part II: Mu-Imidazolato Binuclear Metalloporphyrin Complexes of Iron and Copper as Models for the Active Site Structure in Cytochrome Oxidase. Diss. Rice University, 1982.

Romei, Francesca, and Leonardo Da Vinci. "The Oliver Press." (2008). P. 56

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Book Report

Student Name

Enter Name of the Instructor

Sociology

Date

Book Report: Motivational interviewing

Summary of the book

Motivational interviewing is written by Stephen Rollnick and William r. Miller and it is based on the daily life experiences of people as they have to change for good. This book spots light on the needs that people feel with time. Every individual is inspired or motivated by something in life that inculcates in him/her a feeling to advance towards the set target no matter how hard it is. In this book, both the authors claim that change is important for advancing towards the goals and it is conversation that also highlights change. For the writers of this book, conversation is the main element through which people came to know about each other and little attention towards conversation reflects different signals (reluctance, commitment or willingness) through the natural language. The conversation is not only used for communicating or conveying information from one individual to another, conversation also serves a primary function that is to motivate or influence so that they could recognize their inner strengths and use their powers for the right purposes. Conversation also influences the behavior of others i.e. if one is going to converse with others humbly when they could expect the same behavior. The central purpose of conversation is to inspire others for a change as it has been seen that consultants’ clergy, psychologist, and professionals converse about change when one seeks their help. Every individual in this world gets involved in conversation and comes to know about the change that could improve his/her life. For bringing about the desired change, motivation is the key factor. People are motivated to bringing a change in their life that would put them on the right track of life. In this work, the writers also claim that some people know that they need a change in their life but they see themselves little for bringing about that change.

Relation with sociology

In sociology, patterns of social relationships, interaction and everyday culture are being studied. In this book, the main concern of the writers was how conversation and desire for change impact the relations and patterns of social behavior. Sociology uses various methods for critically analyzing and investigating a body of knowledge regarding social acceptance, order, evolution, and change and after considering these points, it could be said that this book “motivational interviewing” has a direct relation with motivation which basically leads to a change. Considering all the aspects, it won’t be wrong to say that this book relates to sociology, as it deals with the change that is being induced in people so that a difference could be brought in their life. Stephen Rollnick and William r. Miller reflects a relationship between sociology and concepts that are being presented in this book and as sociology deals with changes that take place in social patterns and structure, it could be witnessed that a link exists between the social advancement and motivation. Sociology is all about society and individuals make society who changes with time and dies not to remain as same as they used to be. When people are communicating with each other they get motivated and the social order and the patterns are the main things that push them to bring a change that would stay with them for the rest of their lives. Change is one of the central elements that could be seen in both society and the individual. Motivation also has changed as the major factor that inspires people to go for a change that they believe would work in their favor.

After critically evaluating this book “Motivational interviewing”, it won’t be wrong to say that it relates to the sociology as in both things (book and sociology) one thing that remains common is the individual and change. In this book, there could be witnessed an interaction is the main thing that is need for bringing a change in other’s life. For example, for bringing a change after being inspired by someone or something, a person wants to change some of the things in his personality and motivation serve as the driving force but bringing a change interaction is a must thing. People communicate with each other and as a result of their interaction, they sense about the commitment, acceptance or willingness about a change whether a person wants to bring it in his/her life. This book relates to sociology as it spots light on the change that is the main part of the sociology as social change is crucial for society, change in the previous attitude and ways of life are very important. Helpers assist those who are advised to bring a change and they also suggest how much of a change is required.

This work relates to sociology as both of them deal with changes, one deals with change in the person and the other one deals with change in social order, structure, and function. Interaction is also a common element in both this book and sociology, due to which a relation could be found in both. In all the fields of life and particularly in a clinical trial where MI is conducted so that patients could be motivated to fight against the diseases or work hard for better mental and physical health (Hettema, pp. 91-111). A change is the clinical training has been witnessed after the publication of this book so that trainers could meet this demand for MI. Change diffuses soon and the popularity of MI grew in other fields of life as well and especially in case of the alcohol, gambling and drug addiction trainers and healthcare professionals started conducting MI so that people could be motivated for adopting the change that would ultimately benefit them.

This book relates to sociology, as in sociology; changes in patterns are concerned likewise to change in the attitude, behavior, adaptation or ways of living is desire so that one could be assured of the revolution in life. Interaction is the main factor that forces one to contact some experts who could help them in bringing about the desired change. It has been seen that in sociology, social change is brought as long terms effects i.e. revolution or change in ways of living teaches an individual how to deal with society, by adopting new things and avoiding things that need to be changed. "Motivational Interviewing" relates to sociology as both teach people who to behave in accordance with the society considering which of the things and attitudes are acceptable. This work relates to sociology as both deals with promoting the idea that one has to bring some changes in the patterns of behavior and people have to work in close collaboration with each other. Both, this work and sociology claim that the way society is organized around institutions and power structures, an individual has to change certain things in them so that they could be accepted in society. Change is the main element that develops a relationship between sociology and this work as the social environment in which people live, their personalities and circumstances change with time and they need to be motivated for adopting things that would make them fit in society.

Work Cited

Hettema, Jennifer, Julie Steele, and William R. Miller. "Motivational interviewing." Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 1 (2005): 91-111.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Bowling For Columbine

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Bowling for Columbine

“Bowling for Columbine” is a documentary film by Michael Moore, who wrote, directed, produced, as well as narrated the documentary. It was released in the year 2002 and was based on the Columbine High School massacre which took place in 1999. Moore has not only shed light on the case of the massacre; however, he has also applied the sociological analysis to the problem of gun control, violence, homicide and gun-related crime in the society, while focusing his attention on the sociological factors and not the psychological factors and mental state of the criminals. He has explored the fact that the American society is supporting the gun laws, instead of controlling them, which provides an opportunity to the population to keep the firearms and then use them recklessly to take the life of innocent people. While discussing the specific scene of the Columbine High School massacre, the filmmaker has discussed that National Rifle Association (NRA) is equally responsible for increasing gun-related crime rate in the American society and the government, as well as the public, needs to ponder in which direction the American society is heading. The main focus of the documentary film is the culture of fear and lack of gun control laws and policies, which may be explored with the differential association theory and control theory.

The very first and most important topic of the documentary film, “Bowling for Columbine" is the creation of the culture of fear in American society. The government, the media and other influential sources of the society are equally responsible for creating this fear. They make the public think that they should own the firearms, in order to ensure their security and safety. They are fed with the thoughts that the American constitutional amendment provides them the right to own the guns, and they need to secure themselves first, instead of depending on the law enforcement agencies. The main purpose behind this is to promote the business of firearms production which is a greater industry in the United States of America. Relating the case to the Columbine High School massacre, the filmmaker has presented the point that the two proponents of the attack opted for taking the bowling classes in the school, instead of the physical education class. Bowling is played in order to practice to hit the target, and the choice of the young canals depict that they were more interested in setting their targets rights. The reason behind this is the culture of fear, which makes people think that they have to save themselves by attacking people in front of them. The second topic of the video is the availability of the firearms in the society and mockingly depicts that the banks provide the guns to the general public when they open their account, which is actually ridiculous. The film highlights the fact that the government just condemns the gun-related crimes and does not impose the gun control laws in the society for its own benefits of making money (Moore, Glynn, and Gibbs).

The differential association theory sheds light on the topic of the culture of fear in the way that the individuals learn from the groups of the society. In this case, the media and government authorities are teaching them that they need to keep the firearms in order to ensure their security, which actually promotes the fact that they can use the firearms when they feel danger. Now each and every person has his own definition of danger, which gives rise to the gun-related crimes. On the other hand, the control theory explains the second topic of the documentary film which is the availability of firearms. The control theory suggests that the individual becomes deviant when there is a lack of control in the society and the control agents do not make any effort to change the situations. In the case of documentary, it is highlighting the government is not implementing the gun control laws but only condemn such actions, which is actually providing an opportunity to the public to deviate as there is no control in the society (Downes, Rock, and McLaughlin).

My personal opinion towards the movie is that it has been presented in an impressive and thought-provoking way. The filmmaker has highlighted the fact that other countries of the world have also faced the conditions of war and violence and have allowed the public to keep the firearms, however, it has not prompted the public to commit the gun-related crimes and violence. There is a dire need for implementing gun control laws in society in order to restore its peace.

The solution to the culture of the fear topic is that the public should raise its voice against the media and government manipulation of buying the firearms. A large amount of the American budget is spent on firearms dealing and defense of the country, which needs to be changed. The law enforcing agencies are responsible for securing the peace of society, and they should act accordingly. The solution to the topic of availability of firearms is to implement gun control laws and assess the change in society. Luckily, I have not experienced ay scenario of massacre and violence personally. However, having known the number of cases of gun violence which took place in the past two years, I deeply feel that gun control laws should be imposed on society.

The documentary film “Bowling for Columbine” has shed light on the impact of the availability of firearms in society. He has explained that the government induces the fear of lack of safety among the population then sell them firearms, in order to increase its profit. After that, when criminal and violent activities take place in society, the government only condemns them instead of taking action and implementing gun control laws. However, now the public needs to get rid of the manipulation of media and government authorities and demand gun control laws to make the society peaceful and secure.

Works Cited

Downes, David, Paul Elliott Rock, and Eugene McLaughlin. Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Moore, Michael, Kathleen Glynn, and Jeff Gibbs. "Bowling for Columbine." (2002).

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Building And Strengthening Teams

Building and strengthening teams

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Building and strengthening teams

What are some examples of different roles and needs within an organisation? How can these roles and requirements affect the process of teamwork?

Ans. There are different roles of team member which are as follow.

Roles :

The leader is the person who sustains, recruits, move towards compromise and communicate with team members.

The member who act as critic find a weakness, point out barriers and define issues.

The member who acts as an implementer is the person who prevents delays and tackles problems.

The person who acts as a liaison is a diplomat member who focuses on external relationships.

The coordinator is the member who prepares budgets, maintain the focus of the group and pulls tasks into a plan.

Innovative member is the one who provides an alternative course of action and offers insights and ideas.

Inspection part has members who act as an inspector to uncover missing issues, perform quality control and tracks progress.

Needs:

Starting at a point and making clear directions towards the goals is what members need at the start of the project. Team members should effectively communicate with each other to find ways towards issues and know each other's opinion. Every member within the team should work towards a common goal by collaborating and making effective teamwork. The team member should trust each other because which makes organisations more effective. For example, the purpose of the restaurant is to provide High-quality food to the customers, and it needs support and cooperation from all members of the team.

What occurs in each of the forming, storming, norming, and performing stages of group development? Choose one of the stages and provide a scenario that illustrates what occurs in that stage. How does this model of group development differ from other models?

Ans. In the forming stage the group member comes together for the first time, and group development occurs. In norming stage team members socialise, appreciate each other strength and resolve differences. In the norming stage, the team member increasingly positive about each other and acknowledge each other skills, experience and talent. In the performing, the stage member knows about their roles and responsibilities and start working on their assigned task. For example in a scenario when team members aren't collaborating well, and it causes low performance of the group, then the norming stage is essential to resolve conflicts and resolve differences to accept each other's strengths and make effective teams.

What are 3 or 4 strategies for strengthening teams? How do these strategies assist in team building?

Ans. The first and essential strategy is to establish trust between team members for interpersonal sensitivity and interpersonal safety. The second strategy is to build dependability by setting ground rules of engagement among team members. The third strategy is to increase verbal communication among team members to maintain awareness of the team members. Following these strategies can make the team more creative and productive. These strategies can gather feedback and improve the performance of the team members.

4. What is group cohesion? What factors contribute to group cohesion? How can you enhance group cohesion?

Ans. Group cohesion can be defined as the sessions in which group members are having similar interests connects. There are four critical factors of group cohesion. First is making teams of similar mindset and interests. The second factor is enhancing communications between team members to remove all sorts of doubts. The third factor involved is building trust by defining specific objectives of the goals and develop positive interntions among team members. The fourth factor is the experience of a group member to create new ideas to improve performance and growth of the overall group. Considering these factors can contribute to group cohesion and manager should communicate with the staff, encourage collaboration and offer them feedback.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Bullying

Bullying

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Bullying

Discussion

To complete this paper three videos have been selected. Video number 1 is “To This Day” by Shane Koyczan. Video number 2 is "An Important Message from Ellen About Bullying” by Ellen DeGeneres. Video number 3 is “What It’s like to Be Bullied” by BuzzFeedVideo”. The paper is organized in a way that every theory will be explained first and the relevance of the theory with these three videos will be explained afterward.

Marx's conflict theory

Marx’s conflict theory argues that society has very limited resources available to it. To attain these already limited resources, every individual in the society is in endless competition with the other individuals making the society in a state of conflict (Ritzer, 1988).

Video 1:

The first theory depicts the situation narrated in video 1 in a way that bullies try to snatch away the charm and innocence of the victims that they bullied.

Video 2:

The second video is connected to this theory in a way that bullies took away the most precious resource that one could have- the soul. Bullies force people to commit suicide.

Video 3:

Video 3 is connected to theory in discussion in a way that people that were interviewed felt they are disenfranchised from society. The bullies have taken away their sense of commitment to society.

Durkheim's social solidarity

Emile Durkheim explained solidarity by two terms that are known as mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Societies that exhibit mechanical solidarity have shared cultural beliefs and values (Ritzer, 1988). These beliefs are the reason behind solidarity in society. On the other hand, organic solidarity is exhibited in a society in which individuals have individual values and are driven by personal interests (Ritzer, 1988). However, every individual must perform their respected task to maintain order within society.

Video 1:

Video 1 depicts both mechanical and organic solidarity. The audience in the hall has shared values and beliefs and depicted mechanical solidarity. The bullies that were displayed in the video that was played on stage depicted organic solidarity as they pursue their narrow interests.

Video 2:

In Video 2, Ellen urges people to unite on the issue and complications of bullying portraying mechanical solidarity. While the perpetrators seem to be the members of an organic society driven by narrow self-interest.

Video 3:

Sadly, the persons participating in video 3 are a symbol of mechanical solidarity. This because they share the same viewpoint that bully inflicts irreparable harm on the victims.

Social Darwinism

The term Social Darwinism is a concept which argues that humans are in a continuous struggle to ensure their existence (Social Darwinism, 2019). It is something that plants and animals do to survive. Furthermore, Social Darwinism suggests that only those human will survive this struggle who are the fittest. Additionally, Social Darwinism holds the view that governments must not impede this struggle by passing laws.

Video 1:

The video 1 portrays Social Darwinism in a way that bullies think they are the fittest and survive every battle.

Video 2:

Social Darwinism is exhibited in this video in a way of strong message that Ellen passes on to the viewers that they would not bow before the bullies.

Video 3:

Participants of video 3 depict the survival aspect of the Social Darwinism in a way that the victims have survived after all making them the fittest.

Sociological Imagination

Sociological Imagination theory suggests that an individual can view things from a sociological perspective and analyze how these things are interconnected (Ritzer, 1988).

Video 1:

The video 1 depicts Sociological Imagination in a way that as a result of bullying, the innocence of Shane Kayczan was snatched away as he felt depressed and anxious after being bullied.

Video 2:

Ellen tried to bring into the notice of the audience that there exists a significant interrelation between bullying and suicide and termed it as a crisis.

Video 3:

Participants of video 3 lost their creativity and innovation due to the stress that they felt after being bullied.

References

Ritzer, G. (1988). Contemporary sociological theory. New York: Knopf.

Social Darwinism . (2019). Autocww.colorado.edu. Retrieved 29 August 2019, from http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/SociologyAndReform/SocialDarwinism.html

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Business And Society Essay

Business and Society

Sumran

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Business and Society

The following paper aims to answer the differences in the social division and detailed division of labor based on the studies by Braverman. Moreover, this paper examines the management of work by the capitalists considering the Babbage principle and Taylorism which differed from the pre-capitalist forms. In this paper, the author also aims to analyze the social consequences caused by the capitalist organization with including a discussion about Federici. Lastly, this paper will include a short discussion about Rice’s Play to reflect the effects that are described by Braverman

Braverman and Working Class

Humans are considered to be the only sources who decide the value of material goods and services in the society, whereas following the concept, capitalism can be understood as the system which aims to increase these values to earn maximum profit. They employed this by utilizing the labor force available in the market, and they also invested in the labor force to make them work in the manufacturing and production industries. For economic development, human workers have been subjected to heinous working environments whether they are women, children, or men. The working class and divisions can be marked with the historical events of the United States and Wars, which have been fought ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8GGC5USu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jonna & Foster, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Jonna & Foster, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":713,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/WEZ8LIGJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/WEZ8LIGJ"],"itemData":{"id":713,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The fortieth anniversary of Harry Braverman’s Labor and Monopoly Capital is the occasion here for a reassessment of his work as a whole. Braverman’s analysis of the degradation of work is shown to have been only a part of a much larger argument he was developing on the structure of the U.S. working class. Building on his pioneering empirical research into occupational composition, a new empirical assessment of the structural evolution of the U.S. working class over the last four decades is provided, throwing light on current problems of unemployment, underemployment, and socially wasted labor—and the rights of labor.","container-title":"Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal","DOI":"10.1007/s10672-014-9243-4","ISSN":"1573-3378","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Employ Respons Rights J","language":"en","page":"219-236","source":"Springer Link","title":"Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class: Beyond the Degradation of Labor","title-short":"Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Jonna","given":"R. Jamil"},{"family":"Foster","given":"John Bellamy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jonna & Foster, 2014). These made a huge impact on the perspectives of the development and transformed the society. Each generation of workers is subjected to new forms of work and these have to be socialized to enlarge the divisions of the labor. The expansions in the divisions of work, according to Braverman consider the never-ending practices of the capitalist society. Working people are perceived as machines that have to work continuously. The orientations towards the working class by the capitalists portray the segregation in society. Braverman was the one who reflected on the perceptions about the class structures and the elites who were the capitalists in American society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mIuNIYcp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jonna & Foster, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Jonna & Foster, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":713,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/WEZ8LIGJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/WEZ8LIGJ"],"itemData":{"id":713,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The fortieth anniversary of Harry Braverman’s Labor and Monopoly Capital is the occasion here for a reassessment of his work as a whole. Braverman’s analysis of the degradation of work is shown to have been only a part of a much larger argument he was developing on the structure of the U.S. working class. Building on his pioneering empirical research into occupational composition, a new empirical assessment of the structural evolution of the U.S. working class over the last four decades is provided, throwing light on current problems of unemployment, underemployment, and socially wasted labor—and the rights of labor.","container-title":"Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal","DOI":"10.1007/s10672-014-9243-4","ISSN":"1573-3378","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Employ Respons Rights J","language":"en","page":"219-236","source":"Springer Link","title":"Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class: Beyond the Degradation of Labor","title-short":"Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Jonna","given":"R. Jamil"},{"family":"Foster","given":"John Bellamy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jonna & Foster, 2014).

Social Division of Labor

Social division of labor is referred to as an economic commodity. These commodities vary from each sector of the manufacturing and production industries. Homogeneous economic components form the economic societies, and these elements include feudal manors, communities belonging to villages, and peasants from patriarchal families. Each element in affianced in the completion of the economic activities. Developments in the commodities of the economy are the result of the social division of labor, and this promotes capitalism. The concepts regarding the division of labor according to Marx were used by Braverman and he contributed to the degradation of the working environments in American society.

Braverman was not in the favor of the economy by the capitalists and encouragements in the expansions in the labor forces, moreover, he was against the profit maximizations by the capitalists controlling the working labor. Profit maximizations by the capitalists usually resulted in the exploitation of the workforce, for example, they were exposed to unhealthy working life and they were only provided with limited wages. He suggested that the main contribution in the profit maximization in the capitalist society is because of the labor forces. The social division of labor is further sub-divided based on the craft specializations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TpLiXwfw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jonna & Foster, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Jonna & Foster, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":713,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/WEZ8LIGJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/WEZ8LIGJ"],"itemData":{"id":713,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The fortieth anniversary of Harry Braverman’s Labor and Monopoly Capital is the occasion here for a reassessment of his work as a whole. Braverman’s analysis of the degradation of work is shown to have been only a part of a much larger argument he was developing on the structure of the U.S. working class. Building on his pioneering empirical research into occupational composition, a new empirical assessment of the structural evolution of the U.S. working class over the last four decades is provided, throwing light on current problems of unemployment, underemployment, and socially wasted labor—and the rights of labor.","container-title":"Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal","DOI":"10.1007/s10672-014-9243-4","ISSN":"1573-3378","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Employ Respons Rights J","language":"en","page":"219-236","source":"Springer Link","title":"Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class: Beyond the Degradation of Labor","title-short":"Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Jonna","given":"R. Jamil"},{"family":"Foster","given":"John Bellamy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",9,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jonna & Foster, 2014). While the labor divisions in labor forces are the sources in determining the placement of technological uses and effects of technology and segregations of the labor force in the socio-cultural contexts along with their cohesions. Capitalists were more oriented towards the division of the labor force, so that they may gain more profit with the help of efficient means of production.

Detail Division of Labor

Detail division of labor is an economic concept that emphasizes the division of labor for means of production, and this will result in the efficiency of working labor. Furthermore, the process of making divisions of the working class allows managers to control the methods of work. The division of labor allows a worker to learn skills from others in the labor market, at the same time, this becomes a problem to unskilled laborers in the market. Due to skillful workers in the labor market results in higher expectations regarding working patterns. Skilled workers during capitalism were expected to be efficient and that resulted in the lower wages of the workers based on their regional rates not more than this ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e7lxKm4p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spencer, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Spencer, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":718,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/Q6ZU8U7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/Q6ZU8U7Y"],"itemData":{"id":718,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Work, Employment and Society","issue":"2","page":"223-243","title":"Braverman and the contribution of labour process analysis to the critique of capitalist production–twenty-five years on","volume":"14","author":[{"family":"Spencer","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spencer, 2000). Such situations led the society towards polarization of the capitalist society, which was controlled by a small and powerful group of elites as a result laborers remained at the bottom.

Braverman further studied the impacts of the higher productivity rates and the wage rates in the capitalist society, whereas these are the two main factors responsible to control the processes and power executed by the capitalists. Detail division of the labor in the capitalist society resulted in the efficiency of the means of the productions and hindrances for the unskilled workers in the labor market. As a result of polarization, the expectations regarding the efficiency of workers increased, while the wages also decreased. Capitalism, according to Braverman was the only source to promote the labor divisions and work in American society. The aim of capitalists is the maximization of the means of productivity by minimization of the overall costs of the working class in the labor market. Increase in the demand for the labor force in the market resulted in the lower wages for the workers, moreover high skilled labor s were considered to be a hindrance in the way of unskilled workers as they could not make their way to the labor market. Capitalists only purchased and preferred those labors who were efficient and skillful for the industrial market productivity, which indirectly resulted in profit earning.

Capitalist Management of Work

Capitalism

Capitalism is mostly linked with the economic terminologies where there are private actors owning and having control over properties. The main objective of capitalists is to earn a profit, and profits can be earned by owning lands, factories, industries, railroads, and mines. For the capital gains by the capitalists, laborers are purchased by giving them wages. Moreover, the wages that are fixed determine between the capitalists and working-class determines the competitive uses of the resources. The main pillars of capitalism are said to be self-interests, competition, private properties, market mechanisms, freedom over choices, and the limited role of the government of the state.

Babbage Principle and differences with Pre-Capitalist forms

Argument by Harry Braverman regarding the degradation of labor in the market-place during the 20th century. Control over the labor force was the result of scientific management and advanced form of mechanization. This resulted in the alienating practices over the labor forces in the industries by the management. Meanwhile, this was beneficial for the capitalists who could exercise control in the changing circumstances. By degrading the labor forces in the market, capitalist market was trying to progress and this was better explained by Braverman. In the Babbage principle, division of labor is considered to be one of the factors to determine it. Babbage principle is one of the perspectives to explain the attempts by capitalists to purchase the available labor with lower prices. This principle also helps to understand the division of the labor force in simpler units to make them work repeatedly. With the better understanding provided by the division of the labor force and the Babbage principle, it has become easier to develop a perspective about the transformations in the working classes and the decrease in the number of skilled craftsmen and upsurge in the number of workers.

The arguments by Braverman helps to identify the rigidities and demand in physical strengths by the labor organizations on the labor force. Moreover, his main argument is considered to be the result of scientific management and the idea of how management knowledge has resulted in divested knowledge from the labor force. However, it was a time when the labor force misunderstood their working and production procedures by comparing their work with the craftsmen who were supposed to possess knowledge about the different production procedures. Misunderstandings in the knowledge by the workers resulted in the subordination system, where the management team was involved in the planning and implementation of power. Such conditions resulted in the detestation and disempowerment of the workers in the labor market, moreover, they became animated paraphernalia for the management.

Taylorism and differences with Pre-Capitalist forms

Taylorism is the concept that mainly focuses on the scientific approaches in managing the labor forces. The decisions by the capitalists regarding maximum profit earning and production was carried out with the help of scientific management. Whereas, the labor force in the pre-capitalist society allowed capitalists to manage them and implement power due to lack of understanding about the craftsman. The pre-capitalist form in the labor workforce mostly degraded the workforce by increasing the standardizations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dPmlLCEN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Spencer, 2000)","plainCitation":"(Spencer, 2000)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":718,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/Q6ZU8U7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/Q6ZU8U7Y"],"itemData":{"id":718,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Work, Employment and Society","issue":"2","page":"223-243","title":"Braverman and the contribution of labour process analysis to the critique of capitalist production–twenty-five years on","volume":"14","author":[{"family":"Spencer","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Spencer, 2000). It is also believed the higher standardization and scientific knowledge may be a source for the degradation of the workforce in the labor market. Taylorism approach suggested that workers in the labor force should be compensated based on their skill and productivity within a time period. Furthermore, in pre-capitalist society, the labor force was only provided with limited access to facilities and wages. The capitalists also expected them to be efficient in the production, meanwhile, they also provided the minimum wages and purchased other labor force with lower prices.

Social Consequences of the Capitalist Organization of Production (Federici)

Whatever action is carried, this will result in an outcome which may impact the members and the overall society. Due to the capitalist organization of production, some of the social implications resulted. Such implication included the struggles by the lower classes in the capitalist society, higher rates of inequality, and other societal issues. Class struggle during capitalism became an integral part and this continues. Two patterns determined the struggle and that included the labor force and the capital, moreover, this struggle has become an uneven pattern. Federici who is a feminist activist suggests that the means of production and inclusion of individuals in the labor forces results in labor exploitation. As a result of the personal gains by the capitalists, it has resulted in the disruptions in society. This has caused harm to individuals by exposing them to unhealthy working environments in the capitalist society and by their organizations. Federici suggested social reproduction as the daily life and working environments that result in the transformations. These are not only centered on the capitalist accretions but also any kind of organizational systems. The class struggle may be perceived as one of the direct form of violence more specifically, a fight by the social classes over the resources and cheap labor. The class struggle may be one of the sources to destroy the union labor s and unfair practices in the labor forces.

One of the consequences of the capitalist organization in terms of society is inequality. The layer of capitalists’ organizations has resulted in the unequal distribution of the economic resources among different class systems more importantly among the labor force. Unequal distributions of these resources have resulted in the lower wages to the working class in the labor market. This inequality can be estranged with the help of diverse opportunities of earning and by promoting the practices of equal distributions of resources available in the economies. However, there may be some of the positive outcomes that are resulted by the capitalist organizations and their means of production. One of the examples can be industrialization in the history of the United States, which was the result of the capitalism that increased the overall means of production. Moreover, these productions have made lives easier by providing access and facilities to fulfil the daily based needs of the individuals.

Rice’s Play and Braverman

Rice’s play is based on the notion that helps in the exploration of individualistic impacts that can be associated with the substitutes of the labor force by the technology and machines. This also emphasizes on the rationalization by capitalists. Rice’s is an imperative play that provides information, and an idea about how robotics and machines have replaced humans to complete the work. This can be considered as the displacement of labor force by the technology. This play also reflected the role of capitalists in the brutalizing of labor in the workforce. He also argued that living a life under the rule of capitalists means that individuals are the clear reflection of their command. Whereas, Braverman also analyzed the dehumanization and degradation of the working class in American societies under the rule of capitalism.

Conclusion

Capitalism is considered to be one of the sources which have resulted in the exploitation of the working class in American society by exposing them to heinous working environments and lower wages. At the same time, it can be concluded that capitalists required skilled workers in their organizations and their industries to gain maximum profit. Moreover, expectations regarding higher skillful labor hindered the working efforts of the unskilled labor in the market who were only paid according to their regions. Capitalism has also resulted in advanced technology which has replaced humans with robots.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Federici, S. (2009). The reproduction of labor -power in the global economy, Marxist theory and the unfinished feminist revolution. Center for Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz. Seminar Reading for Jan, 27, 2009.

Jonna, R. J., & Foster, J. B. (2014). Braverman and the Structure of the U.S. Working Class: Beyond the Degradation of Labor. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 26(3), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-014-9243-4

Spencer, D. A. (2000). Braverman and the contribution of labor process analysis to the critique of capitalist production–twenty-five years on. Work, Employment and Society, 14(2), 223–243.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

BUSINESS OF CONSUMPTION - RETAIL GIANTS And SOCIAL CHANGE



ADVERTISING- The Power of Images

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

ADVERTISING- The Power of Images

Introduction

Communication is the basic need of this day's social life. People talk and they discuss things, somewhere they have discords, so they stop getting together. This brings a gap. At this point in time, everyone has his own interpretation of this gap. Some might call this the discord gap, some often refer to this as the communication gap, and hence everyone accepts that there exist gap. At the ends of these spaces, not are every time human beings. There are often the states, and sometimes the humans at one end and the animals on the second edge. What then fills the gap? "Images". They then create a foundational stone to start over again or somewhere lay the basis of a new understanding. The following research is therefore designed to analyze the power of images in the world of ours.

The world in which we live in today has surrounded us in many ways. In fact, humans are overlapped into the world of images. The reason why we are overlapped in the world of images is our extraordinary exposure to the world of social media. In every second, anyone in the world throws an image, and people get over to it. No one thinks of what the underlying purpose of a picture on media is, but it had already worked before one even thinks about it. As a recent study concluded that a human brain reacts to an image in just 13 milliseconds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aU4cSnwn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fan & Gordon, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Fan & Gordon, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":241,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JIQLPA4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JIQLPA4E"],"itemData":{"id":241,"type":"article-journal","title":"The power of social media analytics.","container-title":"Commun. Acm","page":"74–81","volume":"57","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Fan","given":"Weiguo"},{"family":"Gordon","given":"Michael D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fan & Gordon, 2014). This is what summarizes the power of image in the world of today. Images are everywhere, they are used in ads, in promoting political understandings, in showing solidarity, hence even in celebrating the occasions, the festivals, and the cultures. This shows the power of images. This is also how the ads work. But a part of this debate also includes why sometimes these ads are used to disseminate propaganda? Why sometimes racism plays it part and use images as a tool for propagation of hate things? And why sometimes famous campaigns set disturbance in a society or in the world? To answer all these questions one has to analyze every time every aspect of a media campaign that uses images for the propagation of its message.

Thesis

Among the various uses of images, the primary of these many remains the propagation of a specific message. Considering the importance of such phenomena- the utilization of Images as a tool can make things work more easily. Therefore, considering all these scenarios one can have a thought that “Images are designed as such to disseminate definitive message because it allows keeping a space in its different interpretation of any certain phenomena”.

Research Question(s)

How Images disseminate specific messages?

This primary research question will be supported by the following sub-questions.

What makes an image catchy?

Do images really disseminate hate propaganda?

What is the underlying purpose of every advertisement?

Theoretical approaches involved

The theory of social interactionism, which is also known as the theory of symbolic interactionism sets the ground for this research. The perspective put forth in this theory is that people get influenced by the symbolic perceptions of the things. That is how it is related to the use of images or pictures, which surrounds us every day. Although this theoretical paradigm is majorly influenced by Max Weber's concept that individually makes up their mind according to their interpretation of things ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OeRDOptK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Giddens, 1971)","plainCitation":"(Giddens, 1971)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H6PH4GZA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H6PH4GZA"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"book","title":"Capitalism and modern social theory: An analysis of the writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Capitalism and modern social theory","author":[{"family":"Giddens","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1971"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Giddens, 1971). This is how this theory is relevant to the use of images as a method of creating perceptions in the minds of people. In the year 1920, this concept was introduced in American social literature by George Herbert ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NGKJOTgF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Giddens, 1971)","plainCitation":"(Giddens, 1971)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H6PH4GZA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/H6PH4GZA"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"book","title":"Capitalism and modern social theory: An analysis of the writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Capitalism and modern social theory","author":[{"family":"Giddens","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1971"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Giddens, 1971).

The Idiosyncratic meanings: This theory portrays an image of the society in which people refers to the objects by referring to their idiosyncratic meanings. Similarly, not just to the images, people focus their thoughts with the events, places and their interaction with other people as well. Since this research is about the power of images, so just the theoretical assumptions put forward by this school of thought about the images and their attributes will be considered. In their interaction with the images, people focus at first on their primary interpretation of the specific thoughts presented in that image ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pT9Smfgj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kaplan, 2001)","plainCitation":"(Kaplan, 2001)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":249,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/4K4NRCVW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/4K4NRCVW"],"itemData":{"id":249,"type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating informatics applications—some alternative approaches: theory, social interactionism, and call for methodological pluralism","container-title":"International journal of medical informatics","page":"39–56","volume":"64","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"Evaluating informatics applications—some alternative approaches","author":[{"family":"Kaplan","given":"Bonnie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kaplan, 2001). Similarly, as just people interpret each other, the same is true with their interpretation of pictures today. For example, a meme on a Facebook post looks wishing Merry Christmas. It will make someone feel pleasant, it will appear not too fascinating to people who don’t celebrate Christmas and it might create a much difficult situation in the conservative societies. Such is the interpretation of images in this world.

Aspects of Social Experiences: Some issues like racism, sexism, gender discrimination, and homophobia, etc. are the recent trends of human culture today ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cIzsj1UW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adorno & Rabinbach, 1975)","plainCitation":"(Adorno & Rabinbach, 1975)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":252,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FPMDLRXF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FPMDLRXF"],"itemData":{"id":252,"type":"article-journal","title":"Culture industry reconsidered","container-title":"New German Critique","page":"12–19","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Adorno","given":"Theodor W."},{"family":"Rabinbach","given":"Anson G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1975"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adorno & Rabinbach, 1975). In one way or another, these issues continue to influence the human’s perception. These concepts can also be understood through the lens of social interactionism perspective ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t76L4JF4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fan & Gordon, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Fan & Gordon, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":241,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JIQLPA4E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JIQLPA4E"],"itemData":{"id":241,"type":"article-journal","title":"The power of social media analytics.","container-title":"Commun. Acm","page":"74–81","volume":"57","issue":"6","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Fan","given":"Weiguo"},{"family":"Gordon","given":"Michael D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fan & Gordon, 2014) Since their appears no biological bases for racism and gender discrimination, that is how they all are the social constructs, which we perceive about people. This is how the people in this world of today are kind of forced to believe what they are presented with. For example, the black color is associated with a specific race which is seen not to be so good. This is called colorism. This is the reason also that if today a black man is pictured anywhere it will be considered as portraying a specific thought.

Analysis

Considering the theoretical paradigm presented above, and the primary question of this research, it is believable that images disseminate specific meanings based upon the social, cultural, ideological and some bit the religious norms. For example; one who wants to disseminate a specific thought or in case specific propaganda, he will make use of such areas to materialize his thoughts. Why are all these so vulnerable to the ill thinking of others, the reason lies in their vast existence. One other reason remains their deep association with the self of people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2WrYDp25","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schor, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Schor, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":255,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KFXCPW9Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KFXCPW9Q"],"itemData":{"id":255,"type":"article-journal","title":"In defense of consumer critique: Revisiting the consumption debates of the twentieth century","container-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science","page":"16–30","volume":"611","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"In defense of consumer critique","author":[{"family":"Schor","given":"Juliet B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schor, 2007). People live their whole lives on the pretext that their associations of religions, cast, color or creed is the most sought after- this is how then all these are used to portray a specific image which not necessarily could conform to the idea of everyone, nor it can disperse a specific thought.

Catchy or attractive is the second thing which is the prerequisite of any image. Normally, the powerful image is not necessarily catchy, nor does it can be confirmed that it will serve the purpose. Does the question still remain that how a catch-less image will work? How it can convey a message? The simple search for this quest is imaging the attributes of a society that are widely accepted. For example, when the same-sex marriages were claimed lawful by the US Supreme Court, every social media surfer exploded in with creating images, regardless of its impact on the ideologies of millions of Muslims living in the United States. That is where a catchy- or not so catchy campaign has resulted in nothing for the millions of people out there in the United States.

Images are not anytime a propaganda tool. It is again one's perception that categorizes image as a hate thing or a loved thing. The interactionism perspective suggests that how the first images are created in the minds of people, is true same for the images. For example, one might not assume the firing incidence video of the Christ Church images as visually sensitive, for him they can be a source of information and for some, they are pathetic or visually sensitive. Similarly, the image of the gun released by the authorities could be seen from a diverse perspective. For the students of terrorism studies, this is a new addition in the case studies, similar for the reporters it is just another dynamic, but for the people whose loved ones have lost their lives in that incident, this image has a totally different and surely worst attraction to them.

The advertisement is generally made with a collection of images. It mostly and sometimes involves the videos and speeches that is how the chances for the interpretation increases. There then comes many aspects that needed to be judged and interpreted. Therefore it becomes difficult to grab the underlying purpose of the advertisement. The interactionist perspective suggests that any advertisement will be based on your interaction with things. Never can it force anyone to follow the suite, nor does it become a burden over anyone. That is how an individual is free to assume whatever he wants to take out of that. Some sociologists believe that advertisements are like less penetrating bombshells, which cannot hurt at once, but will keep on being a source of influences. So, never an advertisement is like a thing that is confirmed too or be influenced by.

Conclusion

The images are important because they don’t have words, they don’t have any specific connotations. Anyone can take the meanings out without being told or conveyed. This is the importance of images. As the research mentioned above that our minds react in milliseconds to an image sums the debate all for this. One can associate a large thought in his mind with a specific image. Similarly one may attribute a feeling of sadness or happiness with any image or even with any advertisement. This is the reason why the advertisement companies tend to create an advertisement that are near to these emotions. Which tricks their minds. With the change in the social order and increasing globalization, an advertisement has increased, a massive viewership has been added to it. Similarly, there are now hundreds and thousands of meanings associated with a single phenomenon. This is how the power of the image is being created, and shape is been given to the saying that a picture is worth a thousand words. One more aspect to this is the involvement of actors such as our social and cultural ideologies and some time the religious ideologies to this. Normally it is done to add more meaning to a thing but it literally turns sometimes things back. It frustrates people when they find that they are being emotionally trapped. This is when a negative aspect of the advertisement and the use of images is added. It gradually then shifts to a level when things become uncontrollable and come out from the order. This is chaos and disorders in our lives. Since it is proved that when we attach a positive feeling to anything- it is somehow have been affected by the images running after and upon us. Same is true for the negative things present in our society, they are also here by a minor or a major push by the advertisement and this day media campaigns.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adorno, T. W., & Rabinbach, A. G. (1975). Culture industry reconsidered. New German Critique, (6), 12–19.

Fan, W., & Gordon, M. D. (2014). The power of social media analytics. Commun. Acm, 57(6), 74–81.

Giddens, A. (1971). Capitalism and modern social theory: An analysis of the writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge University Press.

Kaplan, B. (2001). Evaluating informatics applications—some alternative approaches: theory, social interactionism, and call for methodological pluralism. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 64(1), 39–56.

Schor, J. B. (2007). In defense of consumer critique: Revisiting the consumption debates of the twentieth century. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611(1), 16–30.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

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