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Video Essay

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Video Essay

In sociology, according to the functionalist perspective, every individual must works together to promote solidarity and attain stability in society. However, in our society, people are divided by boundaries and every country thinks only about its progress rather than focusing on society as a whole. According to conflict theory, rich people always dominate poor people and do not want them to succeed or attain necessities. Similarly, in every developed country and rich countries want to dominate the underdeveloped and poor countries not only politically, but economically and socially as well. All rich countries think that it is their right to dominate and impose their values on poor countries especially when it comes to business. In the context of business, every country has its own set of globally acceptable rules yet several countries are there that have different trade rules that are not accepted globally. However, despite different rules, most of the countries have to follow the trade rules of countries that are developed and rich.

In the video “Jimmy Lai and the Fight for Freedom in Hong Kong,” the presented interviewed Jimmy Lai an entrepreneur and a leader in the fight to preserve freedom and democracy in Hong Kong ("Youtube"). In the video, several social issues were discussed but the main issue that was highlighted was socioeconomic inequalities prevailing worldwide and how rich countries are not confronted for bad behavior. Jimmy also discussed that open trade can encourage open society and will facilitate every individual in society regardless of the country to attain progress. Jimmy also discussed how China is manipulating other countries by making them follow its culture and values even in trade. He also discussed that although America has an interest in doing trade with Hong Kong yet due to China, America is bound to neglect Hong Kong.

The video also highlighted that initially, after getting the control of Hong Kong, China promised that it will not intervene in any matter whether legal or political but after ten years China started to intervene in every matter of Hong Kong. Jimmy highlighted that although British people did not give them democracy, they did give Hong Kong rules and regulations, freedom of speech and made the country familiar with the freedom of the legal system. He also justified the protest in Hong Kong by explaining that when the rights of the people are suppressed, then they retaliate. Likewise, when China started to intervene in states matter, people in Hong Kong retaliated and came out of their homes to protect their rights.

In the video, the concept of communism and imperialism was also discussed. Typically, communism is associated with the worldwide revolution while imperialism in China is concerned with only the benefit of Chinese people ("Youtube"). In the video, another social problem was also discussed that is controlling people with the aid of technology. Jimmy pointed out that owing to an increase in tracking applications, people are under government scrutiny and the government can manipulate people by using technology. I also think that technology is the mass system of control and government agencies are using this system to keep an eye on every move of every citizen so that people can remain under their control. Although, political and economic freedom are distinct, however, despite this distinction, the government can retain political control while also sustaining economic control by utilizing artificial intelligence thus, hindering free trade. In the video as well, Jimmy highlighted that to attain success, it is mandatory that the government has limited power over people and free trade. Although, the government should make certain trade policies but it should not try to hinder free trade. This is because when the government is limited the taxes are limited that will foster free trade that will, in turn, bring economic stability in the world.

I think that free trade can facilitate in creating a healthy collaboration among countries that will, in turn, benefit society. However, many countries are just focused on their progress rather than the society as a whole and therefore hindering economic stability and pose a barrier for world peace. Additionally, I believe that rich countries want to impose their values on poor and underdeveloped countries to assure their dominance which is wrong as every city has the right to attain freedom and follow their policies. Also, rich countries think commercial competition is warfare and therefore they try their level best to suppress underdeveloped countries. This is the result of a dictator thinking that is prevalent in the leaders of rich countries, according to which outside world is an enemy and not alliance and therefore one must fight with the outer world.

I liked the part of the video where Jimmy brought the issue of pollution. I agree that many rich countries make products that can cause a lot of pollution but despite environmental hazards that these products pose many countries are still interested in doing trade with rich counties for short-term benefits. In the video as well Jimmy highlighted that countries sell their moral integrity to trade with rich countries like China just to attain leverage. He also explained that as people are getting more aware of the pollution and its severe effects they will stop buying products that pose a threat to the environment and thus manufacturers will have to face the consequences.

Thus, to attain world peace it is necessary that every country must collaborate and rich countries should also allow underdeveloped countries to trade freely so that they can also achieve progress.

Work Cited

"Youtube". Youtube.Com, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSPFcztxni8.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Violence I

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Violence I

Gun control remains the best test of the security relationship in America. It has borne witness to a few guiltless lives as requirements are inciting exceptional groaning in the United States. Correspondingly, two or three people have been left hurt in light of firearm awful conduct and seriousness. The test lies in the issuance and commitment with respect to guns in the United States. All together for the gun terrible conduct rate to diminish governments should control firearm dispersal and illegalize its ownership with no phenomenal case to any conditions. Gun violence can along these lines be depicted as the utilization of guns to cause hurt (Frontline, n.p).

In the mid-1960s, the National Rifle Association (NRA) was a gainful band of sportsmen and firearm fans whose programs showed gun security to youngsters and families. Regardless, reliably, it has made in effect and riches to wrap up the most predominant vestibule in the United States. Its kin sees their capability to have any sort of the extent of guns an essential open door shielding them from Big Government. Dread vivifies huge neighborhood turnouts and obligations at whatever indicate their motivation is put mischief (Frontline, n.p).

This edifying and well-done record at first hovered on open TV's Frontline course of action. Encouraged by Michael Kirk, it offers a sharp structure of the relationship of adherents and radicals who have won an expansive number of triumphs in Washington, D.C. Their epic battle obligations to authorities help shoot down any approval satisfying course or control of guns. Hardliners are eventually responsible for the NRA, and they are extraordinarily content with their game plan of triumphs (Frontline, n.p).

Following the shootings at Columbine High School in 1999 in which 13 youth were butchered, there was an open groundswell to manage gun control. Despite regardless of what you look like at it examination the NRA held their ground, and an inconspicuous bit of gun control organization was vanquished. Under the association of Wayne LaPierre, the NRA's reaction to the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary in 2012 was to yield anguish over the passings of 20 kids, and a brief span later propose the need for more guns to confirm the children of America. In spite of the way that individuals from this connection have seen President Obama as one who may unavoidably lead a "they're needing our guns" improvement, he has not pushed the reason behind firearm control one atom (Frontline, n.p).

Work Cited

"Gunned Down: The Power Of The NRA." FRONTLINE. N. p., 2019. Web. 22 Feb. 2019.

"The Politics And Power Of The NRA | FRONTLINE." YouTube. N. p., 2019. Web. 22 Feb. 2019.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Wacquants Research

Wacquant’s Research

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Wacquant’s Research

Ethnography is a comparatively new form of the qualitative research method, in which the researchers study some specific culture or society, in order to get a deeper understanding of the research problem. In order to get a deeper detail and understanding of the topic, re researcher observe, as well as interact with the participants of the research study in their specific setting or the real-life environment. Ethnography is actually the systematic study of the cultures and their followers. The researchers are required to explore the different elements of the specific culture or the research problem through the perspective of the subjects of the study. They have to know how the people think, feel and behave about the issue, in order to get a better understating as well as explain their experiences, and make amendments to resolve the problem. In order to get the deeper understanding of some culture or the society, it is important for the researcher to become part of it, in a natural way, so the people do not hesitate to show themselves to the researcher openly. Moreover, the ethnographic study cannot be completed in few days or months, so most of the researchers spend at least a year with the participants of the research study, in order to get awareness of each and every aspect of their life. Loïc Wacquant is a French sociologist, who is also an ethnographic researcher. He became a professional boxer while conducting his research study over the African American ghetto boxers of Chicago. He spent three years in that setting and fought at the professional level as well, in order to develop an understanding of the suffering, pain, and prizefighting of the boxers. Ethnographic research method may take a long period of time to finalize the research; however, it provides a deeper understanding of the different aspects of the problem, in addition to shedding light on their occurrence and impact on the research participants, culture or society.

The researcher has to play the most important role in the quantitative as well as a qualitative research study. He/she has to conduct the research while keeping in view all the aspects which can impact the problem of research. In addition to it, the researcher has to take care of the fact that they do not let their biases impact the research process. Moreover, they have to complete the process through an objective point of view while studying the unit of research from a subjective perspective. The role of the researcher in a general qualitative research study is a little bit different from the role of research conducting an ethnographic research study. In the case of general qualitative research, the researcher is the instrument of the collecting the data, so, he has to make sure to consider all the points and analyze them in a scientific manner, in order to get the perfect results of the research. On the other hand, in the case of the ethnographic research study, the researcher has to become a part of the society or culture, which he or she is studying for the purpose of the research (Eakin, 2003).

The researcher has a greater responsibility of not letting his feeling, ideology or experience impact the research process. He or she has to make the effort of studying the people or culture from their perspective while paying attention to their words, actions, feelings and behavior of the people. In addition to it, the researcher also has to consider the views of the people about the problem and analyze the situation from a subjective point of view. The unique issue that researchers should be concerned about in qualitative research is to not miss the assumptions and expectations from the research study. The researchers should keep a separate account of their reflection while conducting the study, in order to not miss the point of analysis. The greatest challenge a researcher face in ethnographical research is to avoid including his personal feelings and ideology about the culture of the problem of study, in order to avoid biases in the research. Moreover, the researcher can hurt the people under study by depicting insensitivity towards some aspect of culture, due to their lack of knowledge about it. The specific actions that the researchers can take to ensure they retain their ethical and neutral stance in performing qualitative research and reporting their qualitative research results is to develop the trust of the people under study, as well as do not share any harsh or negative comments about any issue. The researcher should let the people speak on their own, instead of compelling or triggering them to speak.

Loïc Wacquant’s research focused on studying the African American boxers of the ghetto of Chicago. He was interested in the issues of race, racial discrimination and the limitation of the minority groups of the society to the ghettos of Chicago. While researching about the race issues and limiting the minority races to the ghettos of the city, he started to research about the boxers who suffered the pain for the sake of getting power and prizefighting. He was of the view that the boxers were being treated as prostitutes, plantation, and cattle. They were forced to take part in the boxing matches, in order to earn for their living by their managers. Moreover, in the ring, they had to attack their opponent in order to keep their supremacy, and at times, they also became the point of the violence and frustration of the other player. They had to go through the suffering and point of practice and the fight in the ring as well, in order to win the prize (Wacquant, 2001).

The researcher used the ethnographic research approach in order to study the problem from a deeper perspective while observing the actual conditions. He became the professional boxer, in order to get an experience about the feelings and suffering of the boxers. Wacquant maintained an ethical and neutral stance in his research, as he got the first-hand experience by fighting in the ring. The research approach Wacquant chose to take is the most suitable because interviewing the boxers was not enough to conduct the research study and entering the ring, provided him the opportunity of knowing the life, feelings, and sufferings of the unit of study. Moreover, it would not have been possible to get such details through the qualitative research study (Wacquant, 2011).

The qualitative and ethnographic research, in particular, can inform our understanding of unique social worlds by helping to know about the maters, which are not evident for the general society, however, are an important part of the life of research participants. The potential impact of research in supporting positive social change through public policy is that it highlights the otherwise hidden aspects of the problem and attract the attention of the policy makers towards its resolution.

Ethnographic research method holds great importance in conducting research about the matters related to culture, society, and history. It provides the opportunity of understanding the problem form a deeper perspective, by knowing the experiences and attitude of the people. It requires the objectivity of the researcher to study the participants subjectively. The research conducted by Wacquant has highlighted the importance of the ethnographic research by providing a detailed insight into the life of the boxers of ghettos of Chicago.

References

Eakin, E. (2003). A professor who refuses to pull his punches. The New York Times, 9-9.

Wacquant, L. (2011). Habitus as topic and tool: Reflections on becoming a prizefighter. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(1), 81-92.

Wacquant, L. (2001). Whores, slaves, and stallions: Languages of exploitation and accommodation among boxers. Body & Society, 7(2-3), 181-194.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Wal-Mart

Title page

Wal-Mart

Democracy legitimatize the rule of the wealthy by investing it with the moral authority of popular consent that became visible on September 18th, 2008 when the credit markets froze. The financial system of the country melted down in the matter of days and the housing markets crashed. There were rumors of the liquidity problems and markets were deficient of cash. The adverse consequences were suffered by the labor class due to wage reductions and unemployment CITATION Mic09 \l 1033 (Kirk, 2009). Accelerating prices of the houses was also the result of the financial meltdown that created more problem for the mortgaged houses. The pressure was again on the middle and lower-class.

Big business and big companies influence our political and economic system that results in growing economic inequality between the rich and the poor. The corporate decisions of big companies have always created problems for the employees and working class. In 2007, 1,093 people were unemployed that was the result of modern capitalism. financial crisis of 2008 was the failure of capitalist markets that were only seeking to maximize revenues of big companies. The revenues exceeded but the salaries shrunk because the corporate owners never bothered to pay fair incomes.

They work against expression of democracy because they are only aiming at maximizing their profits. This system has always benefited the big companies by because they earn supernormal profits but the working class is only getting meager wages. They are the ones who make rules and decide wages for the labor. Facts reveals that at 85 percent unemployment rate “13 million people were officially unemployed, the underemployment rate was 15.2 percent, equal to 23.8 million people” CITATION UMN16 \l 1033 (UMN, 2016). These satisfaction are taken from 2011 to explain the prevalence of unemployment. No actions are taken by the bog companies for improving the work opportunities or employment for the labor class.

References

Barkan, S. E. (2012). Criminology: A sociological understanding (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2003). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination (Working Paper No. 9873). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY UMN. (2016). Social Problems: Continuity and Change. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing.

Kirk, M. (2009). Inside the meltdown. Retrieved 11 18, 2019, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/meltdown/

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 10 Discussion Question

Discussion Question

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Discussion Question

The world is becoming thirsty with every passing day, as the water resources are getting scarce. There are a number of countries in the world which are facing serious water shortage issues, which is giving rise to draught and health issues in those societies. On the other hand, some countries of the world share the water resources, as the rivers fall on the boundaries of the countries and due to their scenario, the countries are facing water conflicts. One such example is of Jordan and Israel, who share the water resources of river Jordan. The two countries are in the state of conflict since 1949. Although the international organization has tried to convince the involved countries to sign some treaty or pact and utilize the resources accordingly, it has not brought favorable results. The flow of water is towards Israel, which often tries to store the water, in order to increase the water sources of the country, while taking share from the water source of Jordan (Williams, 2017).

The consequences of having limited access to limited fresh water in a local community are that the community has to use the surface water, which is not useable until desalination. Desalination is an expensive procedure which would cause a great burden to the developing countries, and if they utilize that water without desalination, it would ruin the irrigation system and the health of the community as well. There would be a food shortage, dehydration, as well as it would impact the population of human beings and animals. Other issues like contamination of water can also arise which actually happened in Flint, Michigan (Lonergan, 2018).

Water is a natural resource, however, it has become a commodity in the modern world, which is a business of million dollars. The local government does not play any role in saving the water resource from contamination or becoming saline. The local governments should be actively involved in controlling water access, in order to maintain the quality of water and meet the needs of the community.

References

Lonergan, S. C. (2018). Water and conflict: Rhetoric and reality. In Environmental conflict (pp. 109-124). Routledge.

Williams, P. A. (2017). Peace like a River: Institutionalizing Cooperation over Water Resources in the Jordan River Basin. Colo. Nat. Resources Energy & Envtl. L. Rev., 28, 313.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 8: Discussion (SOC 450)

Week 8: Discussion

SOC 450

Eustace Koon

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Week 8: Discussion

Technology has a strong relationship with contemporary society, and although it has helped us accomplish wonders, there are certain ways in which individuals have misused it to cause various forms of harm to society. One of the key social concerns associated with technology is cyberbullying, a phenomenon that has raised many issues regarding the ethical use of technology.

Although the practice of bullying is quite an old social phenomenon that has been found to exist in nearly all societies, affluent or developing, cyberbullying is a relatively recent occurrence. The key distinction between traditional bullying and cyberbullying is that it is mostly relational and verbal that is done via modern communication and information technologies. These include social networking platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, or webpages and blogs. Experts define it as an aggressive and intentional form of digital communication marked by a power imbalance over a sustained period of time that is intended to cause or lead to harm CITATION Ber141 \l 1033 (Berg & Breheny, 2014). It is important to define cyberbullying in a clear and succinct way in order to differentiate it from other forms of cybercrimes and to successfully tackle behavior that comprises it.

Cyberbullying in many ways is more dangerous than conventional bullying in that it is not restricted to proximity of the perpetrator to the victim. It can follow the victim home intruding into their personal or safe spaces. Therefore, it is a more insidious and pervasive form of bullying that digital technologies have enabled. Consequently, the potential audience is nearly limitless as content can easily become viral and reach millions of viewers in a short time period. Owing to its expansive nature, failing to control it can lead to large-scale adverse consequences. Studies have established that cyberbullying causes anxiety, emotional distress, depression and suicidal thoughts in victims CITATION Cha14 \l 1033 (Nixon, 2014). Therefore, the cost of ignoring this widespread misuse of technology could be severe and vast, and urgently requires taking corrective and preventive measures.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Berg, C., & Breheny, S. (2014). A social problem, not a technological problem: Bullying, cyberbullying and public policy. Melbourne: Institute of Public Affairs. Retrieved from https://ipa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/archive/submission_V6.pdf

Nixon, C. L. (2014). Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. Adolescent health, medicine, and therapeutics, 5(1), 143-158.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 9 Reflection J

Week 9 Reflection J

Author

Institutional Affiliations

Week 9 Reflection J

The general perception of men and women is that they are entirely different from each other in terms of roles, behaviors, attitudes, and expectations. However, it is much needed to realize that both genders are equal and similar. It has been observed that there are more variations within the gender itself as compared to differences between men and women. Culturally and historically, we have assumed that gender is determined by the biological differences in the sex. It can be established from the social perspective that women are expected to be beautiful, sensual, and subservient and have a motherly nature. While men are pressured to prove their masculinity at home and work. The gender role expectations are constructed as per the cultural, religious and social institutions and change over time and place (Witt, 2011). However, women's lives have changed fundamentally in the past half-century. They have made gender visible; there has been a massive transformation in the labor force, their perception about marinating balance between work and family has changed. The sexual revolution has also changed the concept of sexuality for women. On the other hand, the work environment did change for women, but the fundamental ideology of masculinity remained the same. Men do not consider gender discussion as important as women do, and it has political implications as well. Men have the privilege which is invisible to them as they get additional advantages because of a chromosome ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YG3n0bD4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kimmel, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Kimmel, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":755,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ANRIGZUD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ANRIGZUD"],"itemData":{"id":755,"type":"song","title":"Michael Kimmel lecture pt. 1-6","publisher":"Spectrumlens","source":"YouTube","abstract":"Discussion about women and men being from the planet Earth and not the often used assumptions of Mars and Venus.","URL":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpLPCHxxrsk&list=PLR_DRtZQnORdQENMjE8iiv3G-Uk2lowB-&index=6","author":[{"family":"Kimmel","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008",8]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kimmel, 2008). Though women have been struggling for years to achieve gender equality, there remains disparities and inequalities in the workplace, households, politics, wages, and much more. Sexual and domestic violence is another issue that continues to prevail and is a global phenomenon. The institutional sexism has forced men to demonstrate masculinity. The heterosexism is a systematic corroboration of sexuality and relationships among men and women (Witt, 2011). They both have common interests and expectations from each other as well as from society. The concept of sexuality has also changed over the past years, as women also feel entitled to pleasure just as men do. The sexual identity has also diversified and we as a society have started acknowledging the continuum. Gender and sexual identities have become much more intricate matter than it is considered to be.

The gender inequality and sexuality have long been debated and there remains a gap in the subject. It is time that society accepts the idea that men and women have similar desires, and it is not that the time or ideas of a specific gender have changed, but there has been a long-overdue awakening. Such as people had forsaken the importance of gender identity and sexuality and subdued to the heteronormativity and gender roles. Most of the men do not talk about gender as they are privileged enough to realize the differences. However, men and women should share responsibilities for happier and healthier lives, as their interests are the same. Similarly, women are as much liberalized as men are to define their sexualities, but there are huge differences in the perception of certain practices. Gender studies were not even a subject, and even now, upon its introduction, men do not get involved in the conversation. It is much needed that men understand and present their thoughts on the subject. Women are unable to explain or even identify their sexual agency as society has been telling them to watch themselves in order to reduce sexual assaults. However, it is imperative to understand that these assaults and violence depend on the choices that men make for their bodies. They need to watch themselves and support women to create an environment where gender equality and freedom of sexuality can prevail.

References

Witt, J. (2011). SOC 2011. Chapter 12 - Gender and Sexuality. (Course Book)

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kimmel, M. (2008). Michael Kimmel lecture pt. 1-6. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpLPCHxxrsk&list=PLR_DRtZQnORdQENMjE8iiv3G-Uk2lowB-&index=6

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Week Assignments

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Week Assignments

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Question 1

Zimbardos Prison Simulation

The Zimbardos prison simulation, in my opinion, is one of the cruelest research carried out in history ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDa1nv5p3ehgf,propertiesformattedCitation(Van Bavel, 2018),plainCitation(Van Bavel, 2018),citationItemsid181,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/2ASQM59G,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/2ASQM59G,itemDataid181,typearticle-journal,titleRethinking the natureof brutality uncovering the role of identity leadership in the stanford prison experiment,authorfamilyVan Bavel,givenJay J.,issueddate-parts2018,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Van Bavel, 2018). Zimbardo wanted to expand Stanley Milgrams work by the additional investigation of the influence of situational variables on human behavior. If we look at the experiment from a hypothetical perspective, it seems quite interesting, but in reality, it drove the people involved in the experiment to the verge of insanity.

They were all good people, the ambiance and setup created by the university in conjunction with the characters they had to play made them react in a hostile way. The people who were supposedly the inmates started to suffer acute anxiety within two-three days. On the contrary, the individuals who were the supposed guards began to become abusive, and their interaction with the hypothetical inmates was nothing less than aggressive ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDa18n0vkmba4,propertiesformattedCitation(Kulig, Pratt, Cullen, 2017),plainCitation(Kulig, Pratt, Cullen, 2017),citationItemsid180,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/V64N6APT,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/V64N6APT,itemDataid180,typearticle-journal,titleRevisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment A case study in organized skepticism,container-titleJournal of Criminal Justice Education,page74-111,volume28,issue1,authorfamilyKulig,givenTeresa C.,familyPratt,givenTravis C.,familyCullen,givenFrancis T.,issueddate-parts2017,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Kulig, Pratt, Cullen, 2017). The experiment was very scary, and I would deem it dehumanizing, I am surprised it lasted a week back in the day. Scientists should not be permissible to carry out such an experiment again, in fact, it should be criminal to even think about replicating this experiment again. From todays perspective, the test was going against the majority of the ASA ethical standards. The frightening part is that this is the life of thousands of people, it proves that the justice system needs serious changes.

Milgrams Obedience Experiment

On the contrary, I have a completely different opinion about Milgrams Obedience Experiment. Stanley Milgram made absolute sense when he talked about how we are brought up in a manner that we would follow orders from an authority figure. It is something that was instilled in us by birth, parents being the authority figures in the house (Gridley Jenkins, 2017). Every single person grows up following certain rules or orders given by their parents. The same is the case here it is possible that an individual would most likely follow orders if a higher authority is involved. In order to understand how far a person can follow orders if a higher power is involved, this experiment played an essential part (Haslam, Reicher Birney, 2016). It is a fact that people were misled when it came to the experiment, but at times to understand the full nature of how far a person can go, a lie is required.

However, I do believe that post the experiment the individuals involved in it should be told what was actually happening. Nonetheless, if the subjects of the experiments are somehow told that there will be trickery involved one way or the other during the experiment, scientist nowadays can surely make use of Milgrams Obedience Experiment. Another thing that can be altered is the use of electrodes. Electrodes can be changed by another mean to understand, or the level of the shock can be altered. In the video, it is seen that people eventually ask to stop due to the pain of the shock ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDa2p80bsip9v,propertiesformattedCitationrtf (Doliuc0u324ski et al., 2017),plainCitation(DoliDski et al., 2017),citationItemsid179,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/5NSQJNMZ,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/5NSQJNMZ,itemDataid179,typearticle-journal,titleWould you deliver an electric shock in 2015 Obedience in the experimental paradigm developed by Stanley Milgram in the 50 years following the original studies,container-titleSocial Psychological and Personality Science,page927-933,volume8,issue8,authorfamilyDoliDski,givenDariusz,familyGrzyb,givenTomasz,familyFolwarczny,givenMichaB,familyGrzybaBa,givenPatrycja,familyKrzyszycha,givenKarolina,familyMartynowska,givenKarolina,familyTrojanowski,givenJakub,issueddate-parts2017,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (DoliDski et al., 2017). People were told beforehand about this, but if this part, in my opinion, can be done differently.

Conclusion

In light of the ASA ethical standards, Milgrams Obedience experiment can be made permissible with a few alterations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDa29c636soie,propertiesformattedCitation(Chiumento, Rahman, Frith, Snider, Tol, 2017),plainCitation(Chiumento, Rahman, Frith, Snider, Tol, 2017),citationItemsid182,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/KJMR6VBT,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/KJMR6VBT,itemDataid182,typearticle-journal,titleEthical standards for mental health and psychosocial support research in emergencies review of literature and current debates,container-titleGlobalization and health,page8,volume13,issue1,authorfamilyChiumento,givenAnna,familyRahman,givenAtif,familyFrith,givenLucy,familySnider,givenLeslie,familyTol,givenWietse A.,issueddate-parts2017,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Chiumento, Rahman, Frith, Snider, Tol, 2017). This experiment in my opinion also aids in helping figure out an actual issue. When it comes to following authority, I believe that children from a very young age should be given awareness, and when it comes to the parents, they should make their authority known in a manner it does not impact the way a child looks at authoritative people outside the house. There is a fine line between respect and doing something just because a powerful figure said so. Even in the video of the experiment, it is said How far can you go As far as I am required too. Nowadays, the element of racism can also be thrown in the experiment to see how people would react if the authority is given to a Hispanic or an Asian.

Responses

Alyssa Hessing

Alyssa answered the same question that I did. I like her answer it fills in the requirement that the answer was supposed to have. My response is similar to hers, but I have my take of it. While I like her response to the Milgrams Experiment, I do believe that the electrodes part can be altered. This is just my personal opinion. I think more people will be comfortable in becoming the part of the test if that bit was altered. The shock level should start very low. It can gradually increase, but not go very high. What if someone decides to go all the way That could be a problem.

Her answer to Zimbardos experiment is similar to what I have to say. It is like she read my mind. I like that she also pinpointed the fact that this might be an experiment and lasted a week, but the results left the audience disturbed. So we can only imagine what inmates and prison guards go throughout the world (Woodward, 2017). Uncountable people are suffering from this issue. Yes, they are criminals, but that does not mean they get treated like animals. I think that the way people end up acting is also a form of conditioning. Nevertheless, our justice system needs alteration.

I do agree with her when it comes to the Milgrams experiment, but my take is different. I think it can become permissible if it is altered to todays standards. Another thing that I appreciate is that she wanted to talk about how masculinity can be impactful in how the experiment turns out to be. My debate is different, but I like her view on it as well. Sexism is indeed an influence and can aid in the study. It would be nice to see how a male responds when a female is giving the orders. This can, in fact, give a new take to the experiment altogether.

Miles Apfel

I prefer Miles approach to the study. I had one issue from the original article it seemed unethical and invasive. When an authority as high as the police is involved people will indeed stop and take a test. This might seem like an initiation for a good cause, but the method used is intruding the privacy of the public. In fact, drinking and driving are an issue and awareness is required but not like this. I like how Miles believes that there should be no police involved and people will not be exposed ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDa1g5u45mpab,propertiesformattedCitation(Lacey et al., 2011),plainCitation(Lacey et al., 2011),citationItemsid183,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/EJQT6Z7L,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/zTPHp9Do/items/EJQT6Z7L,itemDataid183,typearticle-journal,titleAlcohol-and drug-involved driving in the United States methodology for the 2007 National Roadside Survey,container-titleEvaluation review,page319-353,volume35,issue4,authorfamilyLacey,givenJohn H.,familyKelley-Baker,givenTara,familyVoas,givenRobert B.,familyRomano,givenEduardo,familyFurr-Holden,givenC. Debra,familyTorres,givenPedro,familyBerning,givenAmy,issueddate-parts2011,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Lacey et al., 2011). There will be proper confidentiality. Stopping people randomly alongside the road puts a bad impression of the individual on other people passing by and especially if they have company.

The idea of a putting up the test in a rest area is a much better option. In fact, people will voluntarily come and go along with the survey. The sense of safety is what people look forward to when a topic is this sensitive. The set up will be in regards to the ASA ethical standards, which will draw more candidates. The idea of complete confidentiality as mentioned above is a game changer. The other thing that people will be concerned about is the legal consequences. This new take on the survey will pool in many candidates. People will be more than happy to oblige for the cause.

Another part that was handled beautifully was the usage of oral tests only. People tend to stay away from blood tests (Compton Berning, 2015). It seems too personal and intrusive. Some people are scared of needles as well, such as myself. So if someone like me is present, they will immediately shy away from the test. Additionally, like the way Miles said oral tests are easier, faster and fuss-free. This take on the study is certainly ethical and does not make people raise eyebrows, simultaneously, it keeps the comfort level intact, and people do not feel panicked due to the involvement of the police.

References

Gridley, M., Jenkins, W. J. (2017).Obedience to Authority. Macat Library.

Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., Birney, M. E. (2016). Questioning authority new perspectives on Milgrams obedienceresearch and its implications for intergroup relations.Current Opinion in Psychology,11, 6-9.

DoliDski, D., Grzyb, T., Folwarczny, M., GrzybaBa, P., Krzyszycha, K., Martynowska, K., Trojanowski, J. (2017). Would you deliver an electric shock in 2015 Obedience in the experimental par KTz_tyQckhThB- hBhBhBhuhNhXVhXV5hXVh5hg hXVhXVhXVh5hAh h h jh Uh hXV5 hQ5hQh1q BX4-gdA FgdH3agdB-gdTgdB-gdB-gdXVgdXV agdQagdy nHJxz4@BX ( (((L)Z))))))69QRXy,,b,,-3-J-W-X-Z-b-------P.W.n..hg hA5 hB-5hAhB-5hAhJ G h h jh Uh hB-hB-5h. hBhBjhBUhBhQhThB-@._////)0.000000r111111122223337777888_9q9(-MCYij2lpthBhBhB6 hBhBh5h.C5h5h55 hAhmh1h hBh h h jh Uh hJ GhJ G5hwhJ Gh.hghA4-/11N8

gdw FgdH3gdmgdAjPLQQ/RSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT hhhhd 00gd1agd5t@PTPPPPPPQQQQKQLQQQQQ.R/RRSSSSSSTT TTTZTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTThQhg0JmHnHuh h0Jjh50JUh,jh,UhBhB6UhB hBhBIradigm developed by Stanley Milgram in the 50 years following the original studies.Social Psychological and Personality Science,8(8), 927-933.

Kulig, T. C., Pratt, T. C., Cullen, F. T. (2017). Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment A case study in organized skepticism.Journal of Criminal Justice Education,28(1), 74-111.

Woodward, V. (2017). Stanford Prison Experiment.The Encyclopedia of Corrections, 1-3.

Van Bavel, J. J. (2018). Rethinking the natureof brutality uncovering the role of identity leadership in the stanford prison experiment.

Chiumento, A., Rahman, A., Frith, L., Snider, L., Tol, W. A. (2017). Ethical standards for mental health and psychosocial support research in emergencies review of literature and current debates.Globalization and health,13(1), 8.

Lacey, J. H., Kelley-Baker, T., Voas, R. B., Romano, E., Furr-Holden, C. D., Torres, P., Berning, A. (2011). Alcohol-and drug-involved driving in the United States methodology for the 2007 National Roadside Survey.Evaluation review,35(4), 319-353.

Compton, R. P., Berning, A. (2015). Drug and alcohol crash risk.Journal of Drug Addiction, Education, and Eradication,11(1), 29.

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SOCIOLOGY

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Running head SOCIOLOGY

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Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Weekly Assignments

Initial post

I think identifying the type of research is a crucial step in the research process. Social sciences require that the researcher must choose the type of research method according to the topic. Quantitative research is a commonly used method in social sciences because it provides better insights into the views and perceptions of the targeted population. this is because the method relies on a survey technique that means a direct examination of the respondents. In the survey method the researcher use questionnaires that include close-ended or open-ended questions. I intend to conduct quantitative research because the method offers many benefits. The most prominent advantage of the research is that it includes a set of questions that can easily be understood by the participants. In this method, the researcher can save time by adding close-ended questions.

Another reason for me to choose the quantitative research type is the fact that it allows better interpretation of the results. The obtained results are presented in a numeric form that is easy to interpret. This method allows the construction of frequency distribution and tables in a more appropriate manner. Quantitative research is more practical in social sciences because it focuses on studying the perceptions of the targeted population. For my research, I will choose a quantitative approach is selected according to the research objectives. I will choose a quantitative methodology because it will be easy to quantify the answers of the respondents. A practical tool for conducting quantitative research is through a close-ended questionnaire. A 3-point Likert scale is used for assessing the responses of the participants. The options available on the scale are; agree, disagree and don’t know CITATION Isa \l 1033 (Mulango, Atashili, Gaynes, & Njim, 2018). The computational and statistical tools will be employed for evaluating the findings of the survey. The common analytical tools include sample t-test, correlations, and descriptive statistics. A questionnaire is also a practical tool for determining the feelings of the participants associated different set of options. I will choose the methodology because it will be easy for the participants of the research to easily pick the most suitable option. A quantitative method is an effective tool for uncovering the attributes of participants that reveals the information about their awareness and level of competency.

An important step in the conduction of quantitative research is to fulfil the ethical conditions. In inquiring participants, the primary step would be to take consent by explaining them the purpose of the research. They are assured that their information is not shared with the third person. Also, they are informed that the information is only used for the purpose of research. The method provides a better approach to the representation of the research. It is important for the researcher to avoid biases during the process of collecting data. By maintaining neutrality better results can be attained.

Replies

I like the post of Riley S Odams because he provides a clear explanation of the research and its type. I agree that the primary step in conducting research is to identify the type of research. Data mining is an important step in conducting research. Other important aspects of research include communication and evaluation of the data. This process is useful because it allows the researcher to find the most appropriate data that can be used for the selected research topic. I agree with Odams that provision of evidentiary support is crucial for proving the hypothesis of the research. He chose quantitative data for his research because it is easy to examine the results of the collected sample through numerical digits. I agree that the computation of the quantitative data is simple because it provides a numerical representation of the responses. Communicating information is another important step in the conduction of research. I agree that the narrative-focused approach is more effective in sharing the results collected through the survey. The data collected from the research is also used for providing support to the thesis statement. The results are also used for building an association with the literature. The selection of the research type also affects the results.

I like the post of Rebecca A Biancci who provides an in-depth view of social science research. I agree that the conduction of the survey is a crucial step in the research. The researcher must be able to choose the right research method that depends on the topic and research questions. another important point mentioned by Biancci is of ethical standards. The research must ensure that he follows the ethical standards during the conduction of research. To follow the ethics he needs to take consent from the participants of the research. It is also informed to them their information will only be used for the purpose of research. I agree that the research targeting prisoners or medical population results in the vulnerability of the minorities. Proper ethics and protocols must be established that assures that the information will be kept in safe hands. This is part of the ethical responsibility of the researcher. When a researcher exhibits bias by neglecting the vulnerable populations he fails to meet the ethical standards. It is also proved that the minority populations are neglected in the research that undermines the overall quality of research. Neutrality is thus an important attribute that must be acquired by the researcher throughout the process.

Reference

Mulango, I. D., Atashili, J., Gaynes, B. N., & Njim, T. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding depression among primary health care providers in Fako division, Cameroon. BMC Psychiatry, 18 (66).

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Weekly Assignments

Weekly Assigments

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

In my opinion, in order to conduct the research on domestic violence, the inductive research would be perfect. I found deductive research as the immoral approach of working on this sensitive issue that has terrible outcomes. The inductive method of study would help in gaining more appropriate outcomes and results. It is easy to research the existent studies and articles on domestic violence. The fresh proposition and tactics might be taken from the current studies. These might also help in dealing with and handling the issue of domestic violence. There are certain advantages and disadvantages to everything. Therefore, inductive research has a disadvantage that unknown variables cannot be answered. But with the help of previous research some issues can be resolved. The WHO researches conducted on domestic violence summarized that domestic violence is a global issue that persists in all nations. I would like to choose the inductive research method because in this type of research the main purpose is normally concentrated on reconnoitering fresh incidences or considering at formerly examined incidences from a diverse perception. There is also a common perception that in domestic violence, the victim is often a woman and abuser is typically a man, however, in some scenarios, it is not true. In domestic violence, the victim can also be a man. So, with the help of this research approach it would be easier for me to understand that not every scenario of domestic violence is similar and there are different conditions in every case of domestic violence. The information on previous scenarios or cases would help a lot in the fresh cases of domestic violence.

I would like to share one more benefit of the inductive approach is that when a person is using inductive research, he or she get to work with chances and possibilities. However, investigating or researching a scenario or case of domestic abuse or violence, it is requisite for a person to tackle every situation. This is one of the reasons for choosing the inductive approach as it gives time to a person or observer to get prepare for the different scenarios and unknown or unseen situations that might occur during research. Furthermore, it is also another benefit of the inductive research or reasoning that a person might collect and gather as much information and data about the case before jumping into the final verdict and decision. These are the main ideas or purposes why I would like to choose inductive research for the domestic violence issue.

Reference

WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women. (2019). World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 January 2019, from https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/24159358X/en/

McAbee, S. T., Landis, R. S., & Burke, M. I. (2017). Inductive reasoning: The promise of big data. Human Resource Management Review, 27(2), 277-290.

Reply for Discussion Caroline Obrian

Hi Caroline!

I hope you are doing well. I have read your post on the issue of domestic violence. I pretty much agree with your findings and analysis. Similar to you I also think that inductive research is the best method for the research and study on this issue. Although it is difficult to say which one is the best method? I personally feel that this is quite a sensitive issue and whoever is dealing with the issue or conducting research on domestic violence would definitely handle the situation accurately. There are very minimal chances of mistakes and carelessness in the existent studies or research. In your writing, you have also discussed the significance of inductive research. I totally agree with your ideas. I also think that through inductive approach it would be easy for me to achieve the goals and purpose of the study. I just want to elaborate inductive approach of reasoning a little more. In this tactic or approach, a person starts his or her findings with different theories and observations that are purposed or made by prior researchers or scholars at the end of their discussion or research. The inductive reasoning contains the exploration for configuration from reflection and the enlargements of enlightenment and theories over sequences or set of different hypothesis. Another benefit of the inductive research is that the researcher can freely change the direction of the study at any point of the research. I have also noted in your discussion that in this type of reasoning, you have to collect or pick data from the already completed findings and it didn't require disregarding the current theory or hypothesis. I am a hundred, and cent percent agree with your consent that a person who is handling the situation must collect and gather information on the each and every case of the domestic violence. It is the moral duty of the observer and researcher to study as many information and data on these scenarios before finalizing or giving a verdict. I am totally agreed with all of your ideas and concepts about inductive reasoning. Looking forward to discussing more with you as I believe it would benefit both of us.

Regards

Micheal Ponce

Reply for Discussion of Emmanuel Laguerre

Hi Emmanuel!

I am just amazed to read your discussion about domestic violence. You have not only debated the topic in an interesting way but also highlighted that women are not only the victims. I totally agree with your ideas. Men are also the victims of domestic violence. There is a common perception that males are the abusers. However, there are certain reports and studies that reveals that more than 40 percent of the males are the victim of domestic violence. This is quite a huge figure. And I really appreciate that in your discussion you have mentioned this statement. As it is a sad reality that in our society only female victims gain sympathy which is actually the right thing but men are often neglected, and it is really objectable. In your discussion, you have also mentioned that your research approach would be based on inductive approach. I am a little bit confused about one of your concerns. You have mentioned that in your opinion, it is difficult to decide which method is best to use wither deductive or inductive method. In my opinion, whenever a person has to research on a certain topic, he or she must have the complete knowledge of the researching techniques or methods. He or she must be sure and confident enough of the chosen method or approach. In my opinion, a perfectionist and a professional must have arguments to support his or her method of study rather than quoting that it is impossible to decide the best method. Well! It is just an opinion of mine, and everyone might have different opinions. I would like to have more discussion with you regarding this statement. Maybe, I do not understand properly what are you trying to covey, or I take it totally from a different context. I'll be waiting for your response for further discussion regarding this topic. I appreciate you have also mentioned the legal laws and decrees that would be applicable if a victim does any action on the basis of self-defense. Overall, you have supported your argument that men are also a victim of domestic violence in a much better way. I would like to discuss more with you regarding this topic.Regards

Micheal Ponce

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Weekly Assignments

Weekly

Initial post

I made an interesting observation at the workplace where I noticed the CEO and the manager reflecting on the job of the day. They both were my bosses so I had to take care of the instructions. When I compare the role of the manager and the boss I find that they both adopted different ways. Their style of communicating and sharing knowledge was different. I believe that the first factor that caused a difference in style is their age.

The CEO was older in his mid-forties. While the manager was younger and in his mid-thirties. I observed that both of them tacked the situation differently. The CEO did not give an exact time of the meeting and demanded groups presence in fifteen minutes after his arrival in the office. The CEO is authoritative and he only gives orders to the employees have to just follow. The CEO never accept suggestions from the employees or the staff. He is always adopting an authoritative style and give instructions that are clear. The talking style is also firm because the boss lacks gestures like a smile or a positive tone.

Compared to him the manager informed the employees about meeting one day earlier. He adopts a flexible style of commanding and give certain degrees of independence to the employees. He acts differently compared to the CEO, and always take their suggestions and feedback. The manager stress on building a conducive and creative environment for the employees. He is always concerned about improving the participation of employees. The manager adds fun to his meeting by sharing stories of success and exhibits a positive body language. He maintains eye contact with the employees and some of his positive facial expressions include a smile.

Different interpretations

Boss 1 (CEO)

He didn’t follow a pre-planned schedule because he holds power. He is enjoying his executive power and avoids the following deadlines. There are no rules for him because he is the boss. He decides to brief employees about the new project by giving them instructions. In a 30 minute presentation, he speaks will slight pauses. But he won't allow anyone to speak. The boss is the one who decided everything and the employees have to follow instructions. As a boss the CEO exhibits feelings of pride, authority and certainty. There is no confusion or ambiguity in the role played by the boss.

Boss 2 (Manager)

The manager gets up early in the morning and follows a clear schedule. He has to be on time to give a brief about the new project. It is important to involve employees throughout the process because it improves their enthusiasm and motivation. The manager is a bit anxious because he doesn't know what would be reactions of the people. He adopts a positive tone and makes his meeting interesting by adding some motivational message. He gives a smile to the employees and asks questions for encouraging their involvement. Taking feedbacks from employees improve their participation in the meeting and motivation for the work.

James (Employee)

The employee exhibits worry and anxiousness because he is unaware of the meeting’s agenda. He has to be attentive and reach office on time. Late arrival can displease the boss. James wears a good ironed suit because he wants to look presentable in front of the CEO. During the meeting, he is attentive and listens to the brief for following the instructions. He looks a little distracted in the meeting of the CEO because it is boring. He is not given a single chance for speaking or giving feedback. He is more comfortable in his meeting with the manager.

Replies

I agree with the views of Riley S Adams who shares his personal observations about the incident. People have some preconceived thinking and perceptions that influence their interpretation of the actual event. Odams made a clear assessment of the personality and behaviour of the people involved in the interaction. He adopts an appropriate strategy by focusing on the boss and James. The comparison of two person's personality is more likely to exhibit differences. He started by observing their pattern of dressing and after than examined their way of talking. The observations are made on the body language that is also an important component used for assessing personalities. Clear observations are made as Odams state, “James, through his body language, appeared that he had somewhere else to be, and was less than enthusiastic about being held up, although trying to politely listen”. Positive listening is an effective element required for effective communications between people in a group. People maintain interaction by using facial expressions because simple talking lacks effectiveness. Odams has rightly identified the role of eye contact in interactions. Without eye contact or use of facial expressions, it is not possible to transmit a message in a clear way. This undermines the quality of interaction.

Odam’s has explained the event from perspectives of Ian, James and Micheal. The perspectives of all three people vary, depending on their self-assessment. Ian exhibited feelings of excitement in the meeting. This was because he had to present the case to James so he reflected enthusiasm. The meeting promoted feelings of anxiousness in James because he was focusing on the next job that he had to perform after the meeting. Time management remains his biggest concerns. The feelings of Michael were different because he was curious about the whole process and the persons.

The post of Rebecca A Bianchi shares an interesting observation about a group of people. She focuses on the formal interactions between people that either leads to small actions or remains unnoticed. She explains the concept of autopilot that means relying heavily on influences and perceptions of other people. When someone shares his ideas it might influence other people who are having their own ideas related to a concept or issue. I agree that personal perceptions and beliefs of individuals affect their interactions and relationship with others. The common elements used for interpreting the message include the verbal and non-verbal clues. The verbal clues are judged by the talking while the non-verbal clues are examined through body language and actions. Body language gives the idea of one’s feelings towards others. So, in interpreting the communications it is crucial to consider the gestures and body language. The three people involved in communications perceive the situation differently.

From James perspectives, it is important to consider the feelings of Ian. Because he exhibits stress due to his focus on his boss's decision. This reflects his position as an inferior affects his feelings associated with the meeting. The employee is concerned about satisfying the concerns of the boss that promotes feelings of anxiousness. While from Michael's perspectives he stresses more on the tasks that he has to perform after the meeting. This indicates that people evaluate meetings and interactions according to their own perspectives. Ian compared to the other two people is an enthusiast for presenting his work and reflecting on it. Michael is more concerned about sharing his vision and making it acceptable in the group. I agree with Rebecca that a similar event holds a different meaning for the people. This is due to their concerns associated with the event.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Biggi, G., Professor, & Cortese, C. G. (2013). Well-being in the workplace through interaction between individual characteristics and organizational context. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being, 8 (10).

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Weekly Assignments

Title page

Social research

Discussion

Question 1

Choosing the right method of research for assessing disaster events involve challenges for the researcher. Qualitative methods are not well suited for research on disaster events. I think that quantitative methods are more practical for conducting research on the implications of such events. The primary reason for choosing quantitative methods is that they allow quantifying the data. This makes it easy for the researcher to evaluate the information collected from participants CITATION MHO17 \l 1033 (Oermann & Gaberson, 2017). Because disaster events are focused on determining the quality of support programs or relief policy, it is more useful to rely on quantitative methods.

If I had to design research in New Orleans for studying the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina I would have adopted quantitative methods. This is because quantitative methods can be computed easily in numerical format. Surveys can rely on a closed-ended questionnaire that will provide clear and concise information to the participants. Closed-ended questions are more appropriate because for disaster-related research because outcomes can be evaluated with accuracy and convenience. Such survey saves time because respondents can easily understand the questions and they only need to mark the right options. The researcher can provide options such as; ‘yes’, ‘no’ or use a Likert scale. The scale will provide different options as; strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. This will be effective for assessing the reactions of the participants towards disaster events like Katrina CITATION MHO17 \l 1033 (Oermann & Gaberson, 2017). I will choose a quantitative methodology because it will be easy to quantify the answers of the respondents. A practical tool for conducting quantitative research is through a close-ended questionnaire. The common analytical tools include sample t-test, correlations, and descriptive statistics. The questionnaire is also a practical tool for determining the feelings of the victims associated with disaster events. A 3-point Likert scale is used for assessing the responses of the participants. The options available on the scale are; agree, disagree and don’t know CITATION Isa \l 1033 (Mulango, Atashili, Gaynes, & Njim, 2018). The computational and statistical tools will be employed for evaluating the findings of the survey. Closed-ended questions are more effective because victims may not be willing to give more time for the survey.

The researcher faces unique challenges in conducting research on disaster events. the primary challenge that the researcher encounter is targeting the right population of disasters. The survey must target the victims who were directly affected by the hurricane. Following ethical guidelines also pose challenges for the researcher. This method requires that the researcher must be able to prove the validity of the survey and justification for the selection of sample size. As the evaluation of larger population is based on the selected sample size, the researcher will need to include sufficient questions that could prove the reliability of the tool CITATION MHO17 \l 1033 (Oermann & Gaberson, 2017). It is important to consider if the instrument (questionnaire) provides the same results under a similar situation.

Response

I like the post of Riley S Odams because he answered the question related to research methods on disaster research. In order to conduct research, Odams has considered many sources on disaster and identified qualitative methods that are appropriate for research. qualitative methods are practical for disaster studies because they allow representation of a large amount of individual human feelings. This is useful in determining how people respond to situations that involve adversities CITATION Isa \l 1033 (Mulango, Atashili, Gaynes, & Njim, 2018). I agree with Odams statement that quantitative method is effective for identifying the implications of disasters such as the amount of damage and number of displaced people. These methods are useful for identifying the feelings and reactions of people in different situations. Open-ended questions are easy to handle as it allows research to assign numeric values for assessing participants responses. In this process, the participants are given options and asked to pick the right one. They can be effective for assessing the feelings of the people.

I agree with the viewpoints of Odams because he provides a realistic example for determining the efficiency of quantitative methods. The implications of Hurricane Katrina can be examined more appropriately by using quantitative methods. The process involves asking direct questions from the victims. Their answers to the questions in numeric values permit the researcher to compute them. Open-ended questions are easy for respondents to understand CITATION MHO17 \l 1033 (Oermann & Gaberson, 2017). This will explain their satisfaction or concerns associated with the recovery programs. These questions allow the researcher to study the perceptions and views of victims associated with the recovery plan. Observations collected through such methods are useful because they help policymakers to recognize the gaps that undermine the effectiveness of the recovery programs. This is also a practical method for exploring the weaknesses and limitations of the support programs. The quantitative methods can be employed for studying the challenges faced by the victims of disasters. I agree with Odam's post that open-ended questions allow participants to express their feelings and attitudes towards an event more appropriately. The responses collected through quantitative methods allow the researcher to assess the feelings or respondents.

I like the post of Rebecca A Bianchi because she discusses the strengths of quantitative methods. The chosen methods are useful for evaluating victim responses to disaster events like Hurricane Katrina. I agree that the articles provide a better understanding of how Katrina could be examined by incorporating quantitative research methodology. The purpose of choosing this research is to conduct a survey that allow the researcher to directly investigate the victims of the event. I agree that quantitative methods are useful because they allow the researcher to inquire about the larger population. This is also a practical approach for studying the behaviors of people associated with adverse events. The data can be obtained geographically by targeting a specific population. I think that such methods can be utilized for assessing the attitudes of people who suffered natural disasters. This can also be helpful in finding the effectiveness of the recovery programs offered by the state or community.

I agree with Bianchi that it is not ethical to conduct interviews during the time of disaster. This is because victims are seeking help and there are going through a bad time. In such a situation, it is not appropriate to engage them in interviews. The researcher has a responsibility to conduct surveys by complying to the ethical guidelines. However during disasters the researcher exhibit greater risks of discomforting the victim of the disaster. I agree that a better approach is to investigate people when they receive help and have settled. Observational methods are an effective tool for collecting information on disastrous events and their implications on the people. I agree that "observational methods would provide a detailed description of the rescue and supply delivery process”. if the researcher fulfills the ethical requirements of the survey it is possible to find information that will help in improving the programs and quality of services for the victims of natural disasters. I agree that findings will be effective for forming effective policy measures in the future. Quantitative methods will be useful in determining concerns of the people who are affected by disasters directly or indirectly. Observations can be presented in numerical format.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Mulango, I. D., Atashili, J., Gaynes, B. N., & Njim, T. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding depression among primary health care providers in Fako division, Cameroon. BMC Psychiatry, 18 (66).

Oermann, M. H., & Gaberson, K. B. (2017). Evaluation and testing in nursing education (5th ed). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Weekly Assignments

Week 7 activity

a) The distribution number assigned to each group is random. The experiment used 30 sets comprising of 2 numbers per each set. It ranges from 1-2. The result that I got from the randomizer tool is 1 for 4 and 5. While I got 2 for 3 and 2.

b) Breakups and personal growth

The experiment was performed to assess the impact of breakups on personal growth. The participant was 19-years old male, having experience of romantic relationship breakup during the last four weeks. The person who broke up had a Facebook account and was seen at least one time after the break-up. The time for completing the questionnaire was 15-20 minutes. I signed the informed consent before starting the online experiment. In the online exercise, I had to answer the questions that evaluated my feelings. Some questions were; I am a person of worth, I feel that I have some good qualities, I have a positive attitude towards myself. I also responded to the statements examined by level of anxiety. Some of the questions that assessed my depression include; I get tense easily, I worry a lot, and I am depressed. In the experiment, I also responded to questions on my romantic relationship and my concerns regarding my partner. Some of the questions that I responded to include; my feelings of insecurity towards my partner, how male and female must act in dates and relationship.

The experiment allowed me to identify the causes of my stress such as lack of interest in future relationships, isolation, and anxiousness. The results obtained from the survey highlighted issues that someone experience after break-ups. I came to realize after the activity that individuals who are close in their romantic relationships find it difficult to forget their partner. It the person after betrayal starts measuring everyone from the same yardstick. It is difficult to start a new relationship due to the emotions of rejection, unacceptability, and fear of losing the partner. The findings also state that people who are anxious are more likely to experience distressful breakups. The overall assessment of the survey experiment depicts that breakups have a negative impact on the personal growth of youngsters. Youth after the breakup of a romantic relationship finds it difficult to behave like a normal human. Depression, anxiety, fear and emotional instability are common outcomes of depression.

I agree with the survey results that anxious people after breakups encounter more challenges. The main findings of the experiment reveal that "highly anxious individuals will report greater emotional distress soon after the breakup occurs, whereas highly avoidant individuals will report less distress." In such situations, the victim develops feelings of distrust and rejection towards others. This is due to the high level of stress that prevent individuals from starting a new relationship. The fear of losing the partner convinces such people to stay single. The process of break-up also affects one's interaction with other people in society.

The results also confirmed, “highly anxious individuals will report greater personal growth two months after the breakup occurs than highly avoidant individuals. Highly anxious individuals’ greater personal growth will be explained by their greater breakup distress”. I also agree with the other findings that reveals that people who are anxious emphasize greater personal growth. This is because they use their stress for attaining something that could make them feel better. Although they avoid other people but still use their strength for improving self, the overall assessment depicts that breakups can be effective for better personal growth if an individual intends to consider it as a mistake.

Discussion

I will answer question# two that asks if the government should fund researches like Pedulla. I believe that black people face constraints in job markets due to the prevalence of racial biases. This can have adverse impacts on their careers and futures. Research like Pedulla will allow the state to identify the reality of biases in the employment industry. Only through real research evidence can be provided that will assist in the formulation of anti-bias policies. This is crucial not only for the minorities but also for the socio-economic progress. Another reason for supporting Pedulla's research is to address the claims of the black people in America on unequal growth opportunities. I think the tools can be employed for identifying the biases and favors existing in the recruitment systems CITATION Ale061 \l 1033 (Czopp, Monteith, & Mark, 2006).

There are many reasons for conducting similar research on implicit biases such as the traditional behavior of whites towards blacks. White youth behave indifferently towards blacks and consider them as violent. This is due to the racial stereotypes that they learned from their ancestors. Companies that consider blacks as violent or aggressive will prefer to hire white workers only. Identification of such issues will thus permit to analyze how minority groups are struggling in the labor markets. Whites associate blacks with historical violence and aggression. The historical events like bombing on Oklahoma promoted certain stereotypes. The research reveals that “the magnitude of the threat affects the intensity of proximity seeking and support seeking” CITATION PAU04 \l 1033 (NAKONEZNY & REDDICK, 2004).

Pedulla reveals, “understandings of female labor force participation; therefore occupying those labor market positions do not violate the "ideal worker" norm for women” CITATION Dav163 \l 1033 (Pedulla, 2016). This depicts that research is a practical tool for highlighting concerns of the people regarding labor markets. Investment in research will thus allow policymakers to address the problems in the right way.

As racial bias has been part of American history, it is vital to consider measures that would help in its elimination. The first step to do this will require thorough research that would yield real evidence on racial bias. This kind of research can also be used for determining the areas where minorities experienced implicit bias such as scholarships, employments, and promotion. The research will identify biases in the labor markets that will improve the knowledge of policymakers. This will thus allow them to find realistic solutions. I think researches can also be conducted to determine the prevalence of gendered bias in the American job industry. Pedulla makes effective use of research as stated, “a female worker is on the “mommy track” or does not live up to the “ideal worker” standard” CITATION Dav163 \l 1033 (Pedulla, 2016). The outcomes reveal how implicit bias influences the participation of females in the labor force.

It is the responsibility of the state to provide equal job opportunities and chances of growth to the American citizens irrespective of their gender, ethnicities, and race. So, conducting research is crucial for exploring the areas that need policing for minimizing such biases.

Response 1

I agree with Riley S. Odams because he emphasized that the state should fund more studies on biases and barriers. The politicians and the analysts are discussing the problems of the job market because American recession has convinced people to become obsessed with low employment. I agree that the randomizer is an effective tool for how resumes revived callbacks. It also assists in identifying the issue and the gap. Conducting survey has become continent and time saving due to the availability of the online survey tools like randomizer. The best point made by Odams is about the reliability of the survey results. The tool is effective for the students because it allows them to identify the biases in the process of recruitment. Hence this will provide information on how biases are prevailing in the job markets and the recruitment systems. I agree that such researches are important for the students who are planning to enter the job markets. This will allow them to learn about the recruitment team and their roles in the hiring process. There is a need for emphasizing on creating effective processes that would look into the prevalence of biases and formulate methods for eliminating them. Biases in the recruitment process affect the job opportunities for students that affect their futures and careers. I agree that the employers must stress on checking the boxes that come to the jobs. The post has also highlighted the concerns regarding the non-traditional students who enter the labor markets. There is a need for researching methods for eliminating biases from the selection procedures because it will maximize the opportunities of growth for the students. State funding must invest in the domains that will work in the best interest of the students. Research can also focus on helping employees in reaching their employment goals. I agree with the claim that, "increased research could help marginalized or otherwise chronically underemployed segments of the population in reaching their employment goals." It reveals that it is possible to invest in research that would maximize future opportunities for the students. This is linked to the better social and economic position of the state.

Response 2

I agree with the post of Jovanna T Plummer because he makes a valid claim that the government is responsible for designing policies that protect people from social ills such as racial bias. It is still one of the prominent issues faced by minorities in America. Although racial bias is prevalent in American state, there is a need for a strong work of self-reflection. One of the common perceptions that exist in society is relating black people with crimes. I agree with the findings of Kathryn Russell Brown who calls this social stigma as ‘CriminalBlackMan’ stereotype. The majority of whites believe that blackness is linked to crimes. This approach is destructive and has adverse impacts on society. Plummer makes a strong point that America's collective consciousness is inclined to relate black people with aggression and violence CITATION Ale061 \l 1033 (Czopp, Monteith, & Mark, 2006). This reveals the failures of the government as they didn’t adopt adequate measures that could provide better survival opportunities to the blacks. I agree that racial stereotypes are still visible and prevailing in the society in the form of implicit bias. Such biases can influence the partial-policing decisions of racist practices. Implicit bias affects the decisions in every aspect of the life including economic, political and social domains. I think the post provides the best realistic example of how implicit biases affects the decisions of whites in real life. A black guy is most likely to be misjudged due to the racial biases. The officer can associate him with violence and crime even when there is no real evidence. The claims made by the post reflects issues faced by black Americans. This undermines their sense of freedom and dignity. The existence of such discriminatory practices in America has threatened the lives of many young blacks. Whites behave indifferently and doubt having blacks as mentioned in the post, “she may, for example, be more inclined to draw her weapon quickly when interacting with a black person than a white person, because she considers black people to be more dangerous." This explains that black people encounter difficulties due to racial bias.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Czopp, A. M., Monteith, M. J., & Mark, A. Y. (2006). Standing Up for a Change: Reducing Bias Through Interpersonal Confrontation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90 (5), 784–803.

NAKONEZNY, P. A., & REDDICK, R. (2004). Did Divorces Decline After the Oklahoma City Bombing? Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 90–100.

Pedulla, D. S. (2016). Penalized or Protected? Gender and the Consequences of Nonstandard and Mismatched Employment Histories. American Sociological Review, 81 (2), 262–289.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

What Is There To Know About Gangs

What is there to Know about Gangs

Steven Solis

Course name

May 22, 2019

ABSTRACT

Crimes due to different gang’s activities are increasing. Gangs are mainly involved in many white collar crimes and non-traditional crime activities such as drug trafficking, blackmailing, robbery, and murders. This is an increasing threat to communities living in the United States. Now gang’s activities can be seen in urban as well as rural areas. There are different types of these gangs that are operating in the United States. These can be categorized on the basis of their ethnic affiliation, structure as well as the purpose of their membership. The objectives behind the gang membership vary such as finances, need of power, safety and family influences. This report is providing information about the history of gangs and their formation in the United States. It is not only reviewing previous reports on anti-gang initiatives but it is also giving different recommendations to reduce the number of these gangs from the United States.

Table of Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u ABSTRACT PAGEREF _Toc9452690 \h 2

Introduction PAGEREF _Toc9452691 \h 5

Historical growth of Gangs in the United States PAGEREF _Toc9452692 \h 6

Current status of Gangs in the United States PAGEREF _Toc9452693 \h 7

Gang formation and the implications PAGEREF _Toc9452694 \h 7

Gang research, purpose, and findings PAGEREF _Toc9452695 \h 8

Family risk factors PAGEREF _Toc9452696 \h 9

School risk factors PAGEREF _Toc9452697 \h 9

Peer risk factors PAGEREF _Toc9452698 \h 9

Individual risk factors PAGEREF _Toc9452699 \h 9

Gang membership and characteristics of its members PAGEREF _Toc9452700 \h 10

Types of gangs and problems in classification PAGEREF _Toc9452701 \h 10

Prison gangs PAGEREF _Toc9452702 \h 10

Motorcycle gangs PAGEREF _Toc9452703 \h 10

Organized crime gangs PAGEREF _Toc9452704 \h 10

Juvenile gangs PAGEREF _Toc9452705 \h 11

Hispanic gangs PAGEREF _Toc9452706 \h 11

Previous reports analysis PAGEREF _Toc9452707 \h 11

Various approaches, programs, and policies for responding to gang formation and activities PAGEREF _Toc9452708 \h 12

Anti-Gang Initiatives PAGEREF _Toc9452709 \h 12

Transnational Anti-Gang (TAG) Task Forces PAGEREF _Toc9452710 \h 13

Violent Gang Task Forces PAGEREF _Toc9452711 \h 13

Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc9452712 \h 13

Gang programs and policy PAGEREF _Toc9452713 \h 14

Desired outcomes PAGEREF _Toc9452714 \h 14

Measurement of success PAGEREF _Toc9452715 \h 15

References PAGEREF _Toc9452716 \h 15

Introduction

The United States is facing serious crime problems as a result of gang activities. These gang activities include assaults, shootings, homicides, robberies, drug trafficking as well as blackmailing. This gang violence in all the 50 states of the United States has been increased since the mid-20th century. All gangs in the United States are well organized and enhancing their illegal money-making activities in their neighborhoods. People’s general perceptions of gangs are largely shaped by media. Youth gangs in the United States as shown in media were flourishing in the 1950s, demise in the 1960s, then revived in the 1970's ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h7WooHkr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"itemData":{"id":2111,"type":"book","title":"Gang prevention: An overview of research and programs","publisher":"DIANE Publishing","ISBN":"1-4379-4482-5","author":[{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howell, 2011). These gangs not only affect the general public but also their gang members. There are more deaths in the United States due to gang members as compared to deaths due to mass shootings. In the United States, nearly 2,000 gang-related homicides are reported every year and these account for 13 % in the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kgTXZLw4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Gang Center., 2019)","plainCitation":"(National Gang Center., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VY4IBUHT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VY4IBUHT"],"itemData":{"id":2114,"type":"webpage","title":"Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems","URL":"https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/survey-analysis/measuring-the-extent-of-gang-problems","author":[{"family":"National Gang Center.","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Gang Center., 2019). Street gang’s proliferation is the result of migrants who moved into urban and industrial areas.

Historical growth of Gangs in the United States

What constitutes a street or a youth gang is a varying concept. Throughout the 20th century, there were groups of young adults who in their twenties used to flock together in public spaces. Gangs in the United States emerged in 1783 when the American Revolution ended ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2al8lqg6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Flores, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Flores, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8NRJMEYG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/8NRJMEYG"],"itemData":{"id":2110,"type":"book","title":"The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations","publisher":"SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA","ISBN":"1-4985-1132-5","author":[{"family":"Flores","given":"Edward"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Flores, 2016). However, serious street gangs in the United States were found at the start of the nineteenth century. The fighting gangs arose with the settlement of African Americans in the 1930s then they progressed to the North and Midwest and from there they progressed to other parts of the United States. The period of the Second World War is also significant for gang activities as after the war the United States faced a flood of Mexican and Latino immigrants. They stated dwelling in Midwest cities such as Chicago and started their violent street activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4eQ36mEf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Griffiths & Chavez, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Griffiths & Chavez, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2113,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/392FIVT3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/392FIVT3"],"itemData":{"id":2113,"type":"article-journal","title":"Communities, street guns and homicide trajectories in Chicago, 1980–1995: merging methods for examining homicide trends across space and time","container-title":"Criminology","page":"941-978","volume":"42","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Griffiths","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Chavez","given":"Jorge M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Griffiths & Chavez, 2004). Their violent activities were at a peak in the mid-1970 and after they had an only occasional outburst of their violence. During the 1970s, only 19 states in the United States reported youth gang problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9YqrYxE4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"itemData":{"id":2111,"type":"book","title":"Gang prevention: An overview of research and programs","publisher":"DIANE Publishing","ISBN":"1-4379-4482-5","author":[{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howell, 2011). After that period, people perception about gangs changed and shifted to frightening robbery bands that used to robbed as well as assault the citizens. With this, gang’s activities also increased and spread to all the 50 states. For example, since 1900s white gangs were very active in different cities such as Chicago and were operating in the form of well-organized crime mobs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gtIA9Khv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wood, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Wood, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/77WWJEQE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/77WWJEQE"],"itemData":{"id":2112,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding gang membership: The significance of group processes","container-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","page":"710-729","volume":"17","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Wood","given":"Jane L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wood, 2014). White male gangs made use of terror tactics in order to strengthen their borders in many cities. Then, as a result, there also came fighting gangs in black and Latino neighborhoods. They were fighting for the sake of their rectitude as well as for esteem. These gang activities were at peak during the 1960s and 1970s as their gang growth was powered by migration largely by Mexicans and blacks to northern U.S. cities. They were struggling for their civil rights and ideology. This gangsterism was started in Chicago and progressed to more cities causing an increase in inter-racial mistrust that lasted for decades ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"z5kc9H7r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wood, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Wood, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/77WWJEQE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/77WWJEQE"],"itemData":{"id":2112,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding gang membership: The significance of group processes","container-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","page":"710-729","volume":"17","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Wood","given":"Jane L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wood, 2014). In addition, The National Youth Gang Survey (NYGS) reported gang activities during 200-2008 with an increase of 15-percent in youth gang problems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oZ8Iow7n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"itemData":{"id":2111,"type":"book","title":"Gang prevention: An overview of research and programs","publisher":"DIANE Publishing","ISBN":"1-4379-4482-5","author":[{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howell, 2011). In New York City, 50 percent of all shootings in 2017 were related to gang members in which they were either perpetrator or victim ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZvSHYfCD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Gang Center., 2019)","plainCitation":"(National Gang Center., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VY4IBUHT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VY4IBUHT"],"itemData":{"id":2114,"type":"webpage","title":"Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems","URL":"https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/survey-analysis/measuring-the-extent-of-gang-problems","author":[{"family":"National Gang Center.","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Gang Center., 2019).

Current status of Gangs in the United States

Today in the U.S. nearly 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs as well as prison gangs are illegally active ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4Hx2TWI2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","plainCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"itemData":{"id":2109,"type":"webpage","title":"Estimated Gang Membership","URL":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27612/estimate.htm","author":[{"family":"National Drug Intelligence Center","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008). Police have started collecting data on gang members and have formed computerized gang databases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PhPAGnXa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Gang Center., 2019)","plainCitation":"(National Gang Center., 2019)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VY4IBUHT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/VY4IBUHT"],"itemData":{"id":2114,"type":"webpage","title":"Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems","URL":"https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/survey-analysis/measuring-the-extent-of-gang-problems","author":[{"family":"National Gang Center.","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Gang Center, 2019). These gang databases are important to know about gangs and their current demographics. Gang-related problems are not only reported in urban areas but these are also common in many suburban areas ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tb3mhPJu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","plainCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"itemData":{"id":2109,"type":"webpage","title":"Estimated Gang Membership","URL":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27612/estimate.htm","author":[{"family":"National Drug Intelligence Center","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008). For example, there are gangs in Chicago that have maintained connections to gangs in remote suburban communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"C8BgAFrJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","plainCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"itemData":{"id":2109,"type":"webpage","title":"Estimated Gang Membership","URL":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27612/estimate.htm","author":[{"family":"National Drug Intelligence Center","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008). In addition, more and more youth is becoming part of these gangs. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth has reported 8 percent of the youth that linked to a gang during their ages of 12 and 17 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DcuRzVyJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","plainCitation":"(National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EHQWQD24"],"itemData":{"id":2109,"type":"webpage","title":"Estimated Gang Membership","URL":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27612/estimate.htm","author":[{"family":"National Drug Intelligence Center","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Drug Intelligence Center, 2008). The number of juvenile gang members is greater than 1 million ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uabxjsoz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M7AR4M8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M7AR4M8Z"],"itemData":{"id":2115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gang membership between ages 5 and 17 years in the United States","container-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health","page":"414-419","volume":"56","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Pyrooz","given":"David C."},{"family":"Sweeten","given":"Gary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015).

Gang formation and the implications

There had been long debates by experts for the formal definition of the term gang and its types. Gangs are composed of people that have ages between 12 -24. Gangs also have specific names and they make use of some symbols for their identity. This symbol can be in the form of their clothing, colors as well as hand signs. These are found to involve in different criminal activities such as graffiti, robbery, and extortion, drug trafficking, rape as well as murder.

Gangs are formed having different objectives and aims. Some want to join for belongingness and prestige. Male members join gangs for this reason but now females also join gangs for this reason. Girls that are grown up in an environment of unrecognized and defenseless are more prone to this reason. Others want to join for their financial needs, protection from other gangs as well as due to their preexisting social connections to the gangs. Financial benefits are the major attraction for youth to join gangs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Bsllf1II","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"itemData":{"id":2111,"type":"book","title":"Gang prevention: An overview of research and programs","publisher":"DIANE Publishing","ISBN":"1-4379-4482-5","author":[{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howell, 2011). With criminal activities, gangs get finances that can be related to drugs, blackmailing as well as robbery. Moreover, gangs have their own reputation and joining of gangs for the protection from other gangs is tremendously becoming an increasing reason for gang's formation. Gangs thus offer different kinds of power such as coercive power, the power to pay/ buy and the power of status. Here, unified theory can explain people behavior in joining the gangs. Youth that is isolated from their families and education systems easily become part of gangs. They get safety when they belong to a gang. Moreover, gang members also join under the influence of their family members. This is more common for Mexican American youth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Bsllf1II","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Howell, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/Y6V4B99P"],"itemData":{"id":2111,"type":"book","title":"Gang prevention: An overview of research and programs","publisher":"DIANE Publishing","ISBN":"1-4379-4482-5","author":[{"family":"Howell","given":"James C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Howell, 2011).

Gang research, purpose and findings

Research has been conducted on North American Indigenous Adolescents to check for different risk factors that can make them members of criminal gangs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jSfNDqu8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hautala, J. Sittner, & Whitbeck, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hautala, J. Sittner, & Whitbeck, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GRLSP3ZZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GRLSP3ZZ"],"itemData":{"id":2117,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prospective childhood risk factors for gang involvement among North American Indigenous adolescents","container-title":"Youth violence and juvenile justice","page":"390-410","volume":"14","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Hautala","given":"Dane S."},{"family":"J. Sittner","given":"Kelley"},{"family":"Whitbeck","given":"Les B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hautala, J. Sittner, & Whitbeck, 2016). Tribal communities are facing the threats of gangs as their youth is increasingly becoming members of these gangs.

Different risk factors for gang involvement are:

Family risk factors

Family is the most important factor that can either push or pull youth into gang involvement. Thus, it serves as a key source of risk for gang involvement if the family is identified with socioeconomic disadvantage. Indigenous communities are also facing the issue of weakening positive parenting practices as a result of poverty and low educational attainment. Thus, poor parental monitoring and association of family member in a gang involve other family members in criminal activities of the gangs.

School risk factors

School is another important factor that can either inhibit or aggravate the risk of gang involvement. If a youth has a strong attachment with school, then they will not get involved with gangs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X0rl94Zx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hautala et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hautala et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2117,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GRLSP3ZZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/GRLSP3ZZ"],"itemData":{"id":2117,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prospective childhood risk factors for gang involvement among North American Indigenous adolescents","container-title":"Youth violence and juvenile justice","page":"390-410","volume":"14","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Hautala","given":"Dane S."},{"family":"J. Sittner","given":"Kelley"},{"family":"Whitbeck","given":"Les B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hautala et al., 2016). They will then become easy prey for the gangs.

Peer risk factors

Peers affect a number of decisions of youth including the gang involvement. Peers are considered as a dominant socializing group. If a youth has an affiliation with delinquent peers then they will eventually get involved in gangs criminal activities. However, gangs represent different kind of peer group as compared to conventional peer groups. This is not only different due to members of these groups but also the group processes within the gang.

Individual risk factors

If the youth is under stress and negative emotions, then, these psychosocial stressors can serve as a risk factor for their gang involvement. Moreover, due to belongings to minority indigenous people may fell prey of perceived racial discrimination that will lead to their gang involvement.

Gang membership and characteristics of its members

Youth gangs are increasing in the U.S. since 1990 and have spread to all 50 states ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MuHL3F9g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lenzi et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Lenzi et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9ES2CZRL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9ES2CZRL"],"itemData":{"id":2118,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adolescent gang involvement: The role of individual, family, peer, and school factors in a multilevel perspective","container-title":"Aggressive behavior","page":"386-397","volume":"41","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Lenzi","given":"Michela"},{"family":"Sharkey","given":"Jill"},{"family":"Vieno","given":"Alessio"},{"family":"Mayworm","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Dougherty","given":"Danielle"},{"family":"Nylund‐Gibson","given":"Karen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lenzi et al., 2015). Their activities are intimidation and extortion, defacement, theft, drug trafficking, shootings, and murder. Different factors are causes for gang membership such as family and peer influence, financial and economic reasons as well as the need for power and safety. Moreover, there are different distinguishing characteristics of its members. They have specific clothing styles, colors, and way of wearing clothes. They also have specific nicknames or symbols such as graffiti.

Types of gangs and problems in classification

Gang’s criminal activity can be taken as a crucial feature to define their group ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"42gcwyww","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wood, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Wood, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/77WWJEQE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/77WWJEQE"],"itemData":{"id":2112,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding gang membership: The significance of group processes","container-title":"Group Processes & Intergroup Relations","page":"710-729","volume":"17","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Wood","given":"Jane L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wood, 2014). Gangs are mainly classified on the basis of their ethnic affiliation, organization, and membership. National Gang Intelligence Center classified gangs as the prison gang, the motorcycle gang, organized crime gangs, juvenile gangs, and Hispanic gangs.

Prison gangs

Prison gangs are the result of the desire of getting protection from other gangs. A famous American prison gang is the Aryan Brotherhood. The gang was formed during the 1960s and is found to be participating in different violent crimes such as drug trafficking and illegal gambling. They get involved in these activities both in and out of prisons.

Motorcycle gangs

These gangs are found to have an association with motorcycle clubs, which serves as their organizational structures.

Organized crime gangs

These gangs' consists of criminal group members and are formed for the personal gains of members. They get involved in a number of criminal activities for instance in drug, weapons as well as in human trafficking. They also go for murder, copyright infringement, illegal gambling in addition to terrorism.

Juvenile Gangs

Young people are members of these gangs. The purpose of these gangs is protection and different social and economic reasons. One famous gang of this category that is operating in the United States is North Jersey Cross Kids. In 2010, in the United States, there were nearly

1,059,000 juvenile gang members with an overall prevalence of youth gang membership as 2.0 percent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7J2cB1TB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M7AR4M8Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/M7AR4M8Z"],"itemData":{"id":2115,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gang membership between ages 5 and 17 years in the United States","container-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health","page":"414-419","volume":"56","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Pyrooz","given":"David C."},{"family":"Sweeten","given":"Gary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pyrooz & Sweeten, 2015).

Hispanic gangs

This is an ethnic-based gang in the United States that started forming in California during the early 1920s. These are mostly involved in the burglary and strong-arm robbery. However, there are also certain problems with the classification.

There are numerous factors that can be taken as a basis for the classification. Gangs are mostly classified on the basis of their member’s characteristics and gangs processes. These are factors that keep on changing with time and make this classification difficult. Moreover, there are also factors that can use for classification such as demographic characteristics, geographic presence, and ethical and cultural identities.

Previous reports analysis

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) which is the component of the United States Department of Education's Institute of Education Sciences (IES) released its statistics about students gangs present in schools. This is the 21st report that is providing the recent data available on school crime and student safety. It has been published with the joint efforts of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Institute of Education Sciences (IES) as well as the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Sources of information for the report were national surveys of students and postsecondary institutions. During the period of 2001 to 2017, there was a decline in student’s percentages in gangs having ages 12 to18 years. The research was carried out to make schools safe for teaching and learning and to eliminate any kind of crime and violence in schools.

Various approaches, programs, and policies for responding to gang formation and activities

Growth in the number of youth gangs has been accelerated since 1980. With the passage of time, these gangs are also spreading to the rural areas and even crossing international borders. It has fueled the public’s fear as well as increased different misconceptions about these gangs. To check with this rate, there is a need for limiting the factors that are increasing the gang memberships. Additionally, these gangs formation are also be required to stop as these also cause harm to these gangs members. There is a number of homicides reported by these gangs members, female are also found to be increasingly involved in gangs. Their activities related to drugs and violence not only affects the community but also members.

Anti-Gang Initiatives 

The FBI has been working for decades and showed its dedication to the disrupting of bands. For this purpose, they make use of gangs databases that the government has established based on their criminal activities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V6ItnBqN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Simon, Ritter, & Mahendra, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Simon, Ritter, & Mahendra, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KKHBJXVS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KKHBJXVS"],"itemData":{"id":2116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changing course: Preventing gang membership","author":[{"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas R."},{"family":"Ritter","given":"Nancy M."},{"family":"Mahendra","given":"Reshma R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Simon, Ritter, & Mahendra, 2013). The FBI has successfully unsettled gang activities through intelligence-driven investigations. For this purpose, it has gone for partnerships with Safe Streets Task Forces, the National Gang Intelligence Center, and Transnational Anti-Gang Task Forces. National Gang Intelligence Center was established in 2005 and assist the FBI to control the growth of gangs by integrating gang intelligence across federal, state as well as local law enforcement. With its timely and accurate information, law enforcement get enable to act promptly and get the desired results. The other purpose of NGIC is to recognize those gangs that are the greatest danger to communities.

Transnational Anti-Gang (TAG) Task Forces

Transnational Anti-Gang (TAG) Task Forces are presently situated in El Salvador, Guatemala and in Honduras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sEdBk7AJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Simon et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Simon et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KKHBJXVS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KKHBJXVS"],"itemData":{"id":2116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changing course: Preventing gang membership","author":[{"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas R."},{"family":"Ritter","given":"Nancy M."},{"family":"Mahendra","given":"Reshma R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Simon et al., 2013). The mission of the force is to investigate, dislocate as well as disassemble transnational gangs in three Central American countries. These forces cooperate with host nation agencies in the investigation.

Violent Gang Task Forces

All the federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies collaborate with the help of these task forces. Nationwide there are 160 Violent Gang Safe Streets Task Forces operating. They carry out coordinated investigations against violent gangs and obtain prosecutions on their violations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sEdBk7AJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Simon et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Simon et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KKHBJXVS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/KKHBJXVS"],"itemData":{"id":2116,"type":"article-journal","title":"Changing course: Preventing gang membership","author":[{"family":"Simon","given":"Thomas R."},{"family":"Ritter","given":"Nancy M."},{"family":"Mahendra","given":"Reshma R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Simon et al., 2013). The FBI with the collaboration of these agencies has successfully prosecuted against the leaders of some famous gangs such as MS -13 and 18th Street Gang.

Recommendations

Gangs are in the form of groups that function in the society by giving their members protection, support as well as loyalty. However, in today environment not all gangs provide these elements to its member’s positively. There are violent gangs that promote violence through their criminal activities. More and more youth is becoming part of these gangs as a result of different factors such as peer pressure, family influence, financial objectives and need for safety. There is a need to check activities at community’s level to stop the spread of these gangs. It is a difficult and challenging task to prevent youth from joining these gangs. There are numerous elopements that make this task challenging. These gangs operate in communities through socially acceptable places such as parks and schools. Therefore, there is a need to identify these places and suspicious activities to stop these activities. Moreover, communities should participate in following the below recommendations.

Parents and delinquent youth must get training.

Schools should revise their “zero tolerance” policies in order to reduce expulsions.

Engage students more in schools.

Assist students in resolving conflicts by providing training to them.

Students should also get training about gangs awareness.

Such programs should be developed that can stop gangs development.

Relationships in families should be strengthening.

Gang programs and policy

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974 was used by the President and Congress to establish the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). The goal of the establishment is to address the issues of juvenile delinquency and enhance juvenile justice. OJJDP not only sponsors research and training but also help individual youth-serving agencies. Research and Program Development Division of OJJDP widens information on national trends in juvenile delinquency. It also supports the research program and assists in data collection. There is also Training and Technical Assistance Division that assist in arranging juvenile justice training.

Desired outcomes

Address the issues of juvenile delinquency and enhance juvenile justice.

Sponsors research and training and assist in data collection.

Assist different departments for maintain peace in communities.

Community awareness about gangs.

Know about gangs problems and devise practical solutions for them.

Measurement of success

Reduction in the number of criminal gangs

Reduction in juvenile delinquency

Knowledge enhancement of communities about gangs.

Strengthening family bonds.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Flores, E. (2016). The History of Street Gangs in the United States: Their Origins and Transformations. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.

Griffiths, E., & Chavez, J. M. (2004). Communities, street guns and homicide trajectories in Chicago, 1980–1995: merging methods for examining homicide trends across space and time. Criminology, 42(4), 941–978.

Hautala, D. S., J. Sittner, K., & Whitbeck, L. B. (2016). Prospective childhood risk factors for gang involvement among North American Indigenous adolescents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 14(4), 390–410.

Howell, J. C. (2011). Gang prevention: An overview of research and programs. DIANE Publishing.

Lenzi, M., Sharkey, J., Vieno, A., Mayworm, A., Dougherty, D., & Nylund‐Gibson, K. (2015). Adolescent gang involvement: The role of individual, family, peer, and school factors from a multilevel perspective. Aggressive Behavior, 41(4), 386–397.

National Drug Intelligence Center. (2008). Estimated Gang Membership. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27612/estimate.htm

National Gang Center. (2019). Measuring the Extent of Gang Problems. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/survey-analysis/measuring-the-extent-of-gang-problems

Pyrooz, D. C., & Sweeten, G. (2015). Gang membership between ages 5 and 17 years in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(4), 414–419.

Simon, T. R., Ritter, N. M., & Mahendra, R. R. (2013). Changing course: Preventing gang membership.

Wood, J. L. (2014). Understanding gang membership: The significance of group processes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(6), 710–729.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 9 Words: 2700

What's Wrong?

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

What’s wrong?

Primarily, contemporary society is suffering from the widespread menaces of unequal distribution of resources and power in society. The video also manifests the conflicting interests between different classes irrespective of the consequences faced by the mass society. I essentially nurture the belief of standing up against the classification and statuses influenced by several classes, superiority and the acquisition of resources. The role of social structure, power, culture and place cast a significant impact on the health variables. The healthcare practices, model and the structure are defined by the role of the society towards keen factors. These factors comprise the necessity of acquisition of healthcare to each individual, the policies by stakeholders to leverage corporations or assist the public, the perception of specific culture related to disease and the strength of social connections with each other.

In addition, it is imperative to understand the monopoly and the racial disparities prevalent in the dimensions of health. The availability of organic food is, gradually, becoming rare. Society has advanced to process artificial food which is causing detrimental health consequences. These adversities are deeply rooted in the social structure of communities. For instance, the relation between the macro environmental and microenvironmental factors primarily reflects how people advance to engage potentially in the prevailing social and health discourse. The need of the hour is to seek the intricate elements which contribute to the spread of the powerful separation between the communities in terms of race, class and social status. Irrefutably, the impact of community and environment influence both small and prominent elements which dictate the state of affairs of health in society. The bottom line is that the key to rejuvenating the social structure, inequality and morality is the removal of unequal distribution and allocation of wealth and resources.

Works Cited

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Where To Invade Next

Where to Invade Next

[Name of the Student:]

[Name of the Institution:]

Where to Invade Next

Prison systems are meant for keeping culprits or criminals confined certain building where they are provided with basic necessities of life at minimum. The degree to which the prison systems confer rights and resources of life on the imprisoned individuals depends on the ideology/paradigms of such systems in a specific region and the laws made for regulating these bodies.

Prison System in Norway

The prison system in Norway is considered to be one of the best prison systems in the world. This argument has been developed in view of the attributes of this system and the statistical figures associated with evaluation methods. The incarceration rate in Norway is considerably lower than that of the other developed countries. Research shows that the incarceration rate in Norway is only .00075 percent. The prisoners in Norway are more capable to continue as normal, regular citizens after they are released from the prisons.

The prison system in Norway gives priority to providing the prisoners with rehabilitation and restoration services so that they may not find any difficulty in joining the community as productive citizens. The rectifying facilities given in Norwegian prisons aim at providing care to the individuals confined (Benko, 2018). The social context of the prisons in Norway is very encouraging, as they have a specific ideology of treating the criminals. They do not want to punish the prisoners only for the sake of punishment. They use punishment as a tool for reforming the mental and behavioral conditions of the culprits, and do not tend to treat them like animals. In Norway, the longest confinement lasts for twenty one years. Further, this will not be given in a once-for-all manner. The judge will take the decision after every five years considering the state of the prisoner’s rehabilitation capability. If the authority finds it necessary after five years that the prisoner has still not been rectified up to the required rehabilitation standards of the country, the confinement will be extended for further five years.

Another important sociological issue regarding the prison systems is the debate on death sentence. The Norwegian prison system has established their law about the severe punishments. There is no death sentence in the country, and the life imprisonment is also not applicable; the maximum sentence limit has been fixed by law as demonstrated above. This law regarding the severe punishments gives proof of the commitment of Norwegian law to using the punishment for the sake of rehabilitation.

The Norwegian concept of the prison system is based on the idea of “restorative justice”. They strive for the prisoners’ long-term welfare. The Norwegian system of prisons is developed to ensure that the prisoners are humans after all, and that the worst punishment enough for their crimes is to strip them of their freedom of living and keep confined behind the bars. They do not give any harsh treatments to their criminals because of their ideology of punishments.

The Norwegian prisons are designed in a way that demonstrates their behavior and treatment with the criminals. These prisons do not give any impression of torture cells or dark places for inhabitants. The prisons are well furnished, spacious, and clean. The bedrooms are comfortable, kitchens equipped with necessary utensils, and the whole environment is well-lit. The interaction or relationship between staff and prisoners is friendly and constructive. The individuals kept there are not meant to be treated badly or humiliated. They have enough resources of life at their disposal (Sterbenz, 2014). They are provided with rehabilitation programs, necessary education, and workshops for creating useful skills. It seems that all efforts of the system are directed to make the prisoners valuable citizens once again.

The expenses incurred on the prisoners in Norwegian system are likely to be higher than other countries. This is because the fair treatment and the facilities provided to the prisoners. Money is spent on providing them good accommodation facilities, food, and basic resources need for life. Costs are borne by the government to offer rehabilitation programs to the prisoners. According to a report, the Norwegian government spends more than ninety three thousand dollars per individual kept in prison at Halden prison. These costs are ultimately repaid in the form of reduced recidivism rates as compared by other countries. Mostly, individuals go to prisons once in a life, with an average period of six to seven months (Berger, 2016).

The Norwegian prisoners have been given the right to vote, as in most of the European countries. These individuals can use their right to vote same as other nationals can use. The only restriction is in case of violating law and order extremely, or having indulged in some terrorist or rebellious activity.

Prison System in America

In the United States, the prison system focuses on two concepts, punishment and rehabilitation. The prison system holds the largest number of prisoners in the world. The incarceration and recidivism rates are also among the highest. Critiques have commented a lot on the American prison system, in its favor, and mostly against it. People want a solution to the system that yields reduced rates of reoffending by the criminals. Several suggestions have been put forth, and some suggest Norwegian prison system for comparison to improve the rehabilitation effectiveness of the country’s prison system.

Thinking in the sociological context, it can be concluded easily that the American prisons give a threatening impression when analyzed from a critical perspective. The inmates are treated harshly and punished brutally in many cases (Howard, 2017). The severity of maltreatment becomes extremely unbearable in cases of serious crimes. Many social issues arise in the prisons. The discrimination on the basis of race, religion, and geography is becoming intolerable with time. Injustice is carried out in terms of discrimination, extreme punishments, and confinements for very long periods. It has been reported that nearly one third of African Americans have to remain behind the bars at least once in their life. Some aspects of the American prison system have still not been disclosed. There are several prisons the locations of which remain unknown to common people. In many cases, the prisoners are not allowed to see their families including their children. This is a very disappointing situation.

The most disturbing factor in American prisons is the way of punishing the inmates. Several reporters have given evidence of extremely brutal tortures imposed on the prisoners. The prisons in Alabama give ample evidence of this argument. The courts give account of crimes and violence carried out in different parts of the country; however, they remain indifferent to the inhumane treatment given to individuals behind the bars. The rights given to prisoners in the eighth amendment of criminal law have been seriously violated by the practices exercised in jails. Consequently, the criminals who have an experience of remaining confined in the American jails are most likely to recommit the crimes and get imprisoned again (Schartmueller, 2015). The rate of violence carried out between the prisoners is also becoming high every year.

The spending of the US government on the inmates of prisons is not comparable to other developed countries, as in Europe. A report says that the expenditure on retaining an individual in prison for one year nearly equals thirty one thousand dollars.

The prisoners are also not given the political rights. They cannot vote for the cause of democracy. It can be understood simply by looking into the conditions within prisons. A state wherein prisoners have made deprived of basic human rights of food, respect, and proper shelter cannot be expected to give them superior citizenship rights.

Works Cited

Benko, J. (2018). The Radical Humaneness of Norway’s Halden Prison: The Goal of the Norwegian Penal system is to get inmates out of it. NY Times Mag. Retrieved, 10.

Berger, R. (2016). Kriminalomsorgen: A Look at the World’s Most Humane Prison System in Norway. Available at SSRN 2883512.

Howard, M. M. (2017). Unusually Cruel: Prisons, Punishment, and the Real American Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press.

Schartmueller, D. (2015). Settling down behind bars: The extensive use of life sentences in Alabama. The Prison Journal, 95(4), 449–471.

Sterbenz, C. (2014). Why Norway’s prison system is so successful. Business Insider, 11.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Where To Invade Next

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Where to Invade Next

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Where to Invade Next

Introduction

Michael Moore is one of those people who have a propensity to question the status quo. He is no stranger to pointing fingers humorously at dubious policies of his Homeland America. What stands out the most about his work is that he documents real people living real lives. In Where to Invade Next Moore leaves his homeland to show America what they can learn from the rest of the world. Playfully, Director Moore pays a visit to various Nations in Africa and Europe as one man. He is claiming himself to be the Invader. The concept of being called an Invader is that he will be learning the concepts of the country he is visiting and bringing those practices to America (Beck, 2016). Whether it is Tunisia with a remarkable womens policy, Iceland and the constant women presence in the government, Germany and its stand out industrial policies, Italy and its flexible vacation time, Norways prison system or France and the Gourmet lunches that it provides in school and many more. Moore is a staunch believer of the fact that America has a long way to go and plenty to compete with. In this paper, I will be discussing Moores work and how it has helped shed light on certain things that can be improved in America.

Discussion

The segments that caught my eye were Moores visit to Iceland and Tunisia. Women empowerment is very close to my heart, so of course, I was all eyes and ears during these parts of the documentary. There is indeed strong female leadership present in some European countries. In Iceland, when one of the top-ranked bank officials who were responsible for the countrys financial demise in-between 2008 and 2011 were discovered, they were all sent straight to prison without the option of bail. It was due to the presence of female leaders in businesses and government. They gave the country guidance that was required for it to gain back economic stability.

Further, after Europe, he visited the North African country named Tunisia. Moore was awe-struck to see that even a Muslim country, which can be very conservative, won the right for accessibility to free healthcare services even inclusive of abortion. Moore even asked a female Tunisian journalist that why America does not learn from other countries. What the woman said immediately became one of the best quotes in the movie. She said that while the rest of the countries are very well aware of American culture, America just does not want to know or learn what is happening in the rest of the world.

I will like my focus to be on Tunisia. The reason why the women policy is so strong there is the aftermath of the revolution. After seven years of the revolution, back in 2011, after adopting the constitution for four years, women in Tunisia makeup to 47 of the local council seats, post the 2018 election. The noticeable increase of female members is due to the electoral law of 2016. The electoral law is inclusive of the principles of equivalence and change in-between women and men on the list of candidates for all of the elections. This fact should have been mentioned in the movie as well I think the country is developing a lot in certain areas because of their sudden progression in letting women have equal chances to make a mark in politics.

Tunisia has a Womens Political Academy that is responsible for training women. This academy helps all females learns the depth of their rights very well, as well as special attention to gender-sensitive planning. UN women were also in support of the Tunisian womens progression and the thoughts that they represented (Holmes-Eber, 2018). Apart from that, Tunisia is one of the few countries where the right of equal representation of both men and women is practiced. This is why their female policies are so strong. They brought a change in their system altogether to make a difference on a larger spectrum. The stability starts if the hierarchy is running right. That is how they worked on giving women access to free healthcare and abortion regardless of the word being taboo religiously.

On the contrary, compared to the women of Iceland and Tunisia, Moore had to come across the sad reality that in his own country Planned Parenthood is under malicious attack. Trumps administration has proposed to block federally subsidized services from giving or even as much as referring patients to abort targeted at compelling the organizations like Planned Parenthood to make a choice. They either stop giving abortion services altogether or lose government money (Segers Byrnes, 2016). It is rather a messed up situation, even though the Department of Human Services and Health have specifically stated the fate of Planned Parenthood or any reproductive health organization for that matter. It has been even raised that such a restriction can cause female health issues. It is an understood notion that at times abortion is not a choice. America needs to have a stronger female hold in their government, only then can women rights be supported enough to bring to action. The way that Planned Parenthood is being targeted is awful. Under the title X which is the law made in the in the 1970s, keep this in mind that the law was made in the seventies of the ban on funding abortions. Is Trump forgetting what century we are living in Apparently by his actions, yes. The country needs to learn a thing or two from Iceland and Tunisia.

Moore struggled when stating that America is the number one power in the world. When it comes to the US, there is constant chatter of how the country will demise. Every week there is more bad news, people think the country is just sealing the deal in letting China surpass it. Is it true To some extent, yes the country is facing problems. The country seems like it is ungovernable. However, the country is still the world leader, and due to the system that was created ages ago, it might stay that way for decades. The US has the greatest soft power in the world so far. The country still receives a huge amount of immigrants each year. Silicon Valley is helping the country lead when it comes to high technology, Hollywood is still on top of the game, business and finance as well and the education with eight Ivy leagues. US is still the world leader for FDI. Further, who will even think about challenging the US for its Global Leadership Not any country, any time soon. Having said that, these are the foundations that were built ages ago they are getting impacted by current state affairs as well. So the thought is will these factors keep on supporting the US in the long run as well Maybe and maybe not depending on what the future government does to sustain those factors.

It is a known fact that the US still leans on Military-Industrial Complex. If one wants to enlighten themselves on what President Trump is capable of expanding manufacturing in the US. Avoid and look past everything and observe his plans for the military. Will America become strong and great again if the Military is enhanced Now that is one road that has various answers. President Dwight, in fact, gave a warning of the threats that surround Military Industrial Complex (Batkovskiy et al., 2015). On this notion, I support that agitation and constraint that Moore had in his voice when he was talking about America being the number one power. All these factors at times make people think of the days when America actually emerged as one of the greatest power after World War II. At that time America had easier policy choices as well. Back in the day, we did not need to produce weapons to keep the manufacturing floating, but sadly, now we do.

Conclusion

The policy that I would want to come to existence is the equal representation of both the genders in the Government. Change starts from the very top of the Hierarchy if there is someone at the top to represent both men and women, there can be indeed a change. The thing that I see in society nowadays is the presence of sexism, living in Trumps rule has taken a toll on women rights. The right to birth control and abortion is entirely dependent on the persons choice. I do not understand the reason behind the interference of the Government in this matter. Further, Social workers nowadays are screaming for female empowerment and female rights. You can see it everywhere on social media as well as general media. If that is not enough, even the me too movement has not had the desired results. There are a lot of people coming forth, but I do not see a substantial change that I want to see (Lee, 2018). Women are not supposed to ask for justice in such a matter, justice should be given without asking. I see people targeting others on the base of ethnicity, race and sexual orientation every day. I think living in the 21st century we should at least be passed this, but sadly no. Further, I think that awareness needs to be created at a very young age in children regardless of gender, so people do not grow up questioning these issues. Lastly, Moores work needs to be given great appraise on how well it projected the current issues faced by the society in a manner that it stays with the viewer long after watching Where to Invade Next. The documentary is thought-provoking for Americans, and we as a country have to do a lot of catching up to do.

References

Beck, B. (2016). Gullivers Travels Michael Moore the Explorer in Who to Invade Next.Multicultural Perspectives,18(4), 202-205.

Holmes-Eber, P. (2018).Daughters of Tunis women, family, and networks in a Muslim city. Routledge.

Segers, M. C., Byrnes, T. A. (2016).Abortion politics in American states. Routledge.

Batkovskiy, A. M., Klochkov, V. V., Semenova, E. G., Fomina, A. V., Cherner, N. V. (2015). Management of Utilization and Development of the Production Capacity of the Military-Industrial Complex.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(5 S4), 327.

Lee, B. H. (2018). Me Too Movement It Is Time That We All Act and Participate in Transformation.Psychiatry Investigation,15(5), 433-433.

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Subject: Sociology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Whitepaper

White Paper: China

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28 April 2019

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

White Paper: China

Over the years, regional climate underwent various changes due to human society. During the course of the 20th century, Human population rose from 1.6 billion to 6.1 billion and during this time the emission of leading greenhouse gas, i.e. CO2 grew 12 fold (Earthtalk, 2018). The rise in population means that more people need air, water and natural resources to survive and these people will overlook the outcomes of climate change, while it has resulted in rising of sea levels, and has caused destruction of Earth’s civilization. Changing environment impacts the survival of mankind in an adverse way.

Greenhouse gases heat up the entire planet and kelp beds that are reducing coastline areas at a sharp rate. A growing population is somehow responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases. In 1950, emission of CO2 was 6 billion metric tons when the world’s population was 2.5 billion and when it increased to 7.6 billion, carbon emission increased six-fold. China, an agrarian population shifted to an industrialized one, and it became the largest emitter of carbon-emitting 10 billion tons yearly (Gitlitz, 2018). China’s emission exceeded the combined carbon emission of the EU and the US (Rapier, 2018). According to predictions, World’s population will surpass over nine billion and the environmentalists are worried about the wreaking havoc ecosystem will have to face.

Most of the developed nations are contributing to this situation, for instance, the US contributes a quarter of CO2 emission, and despite the decline in population growth, this emission rate is rising. Fastest developing nations such as India and China will add up to half of the global emission by the year 2050, making another wonder that the efforts to control the carbon emission by the US will be useless by these developing countries (Earthtalk, 2018). Since human uses fossil fuels to back up their sophisticated lifestyles, they have a major role in global warming. More people mean more demand for resources and the resources under the earth’s surface will deplete emitting CO2 into the atmosphere (Earthtalk, 2018).

Majority of human activities are to be blamed for the increasing greenhouse gases. Overhunting kills the individual members of the species and results in the fragmentation of habitat. Local extinctions result in the reduction of biodiversity and it weakens ecosystems which eventually results in more extinctions (Tariach, 2018). The highest population of China, becoming richer every day increases carbon emission and its average emission per person has surpassed the European Union average (Rapier, 2018).

According to IPCC, access to contraception can reduce the carbon emission by 30% by 2100, not only in the poor countries but also in the developed nations such as the US, where per capita emission is high (Gitlitz, 2018). According to many experts educating women about birth control and providing them with the basic rights of education and health will result in limited family size (Earthtalk, 2018). However, if every nation fulfils the plagues made at the Paris conference, it will only reduce the global temperate by 3.5 degrees Celsius which is not enough for safety (McKibben, 2018). China also claimed that it will reduce the carbon emission by 65% by the year 2030, but the hope was that the Paris agreement will help in the transition to alternative sources of energy and nations will be inclined towards using solar panels, it would be cheaper than expectations. It is not possible to save an ecosystem without stabilizing population and climate. It is the high time to recognize the need of teaching the world about the ways to run a healthy economy, with a smaller population and helped us understand the significance of reducing the population in addressing climate change.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Earthtalk. (2018). Does Population Growth Impact Climate Change? Retrieved April 28, 2019, from Scientific American: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/population-growth-climate-change/

Gitlitz, G. (2018, June 19). Opinion: The pernicious climate dictum – don’t mention population. Retrieved April 28, 2019, from Berkeleyside: https://www.berkeleyside.com/2018/06/19/opinion-the-pernicious-climate-dictum-dont-mention-population

McKibben, B. (2018, November 22). A Very Grim Forecast. Retrieved from NY Books: https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/11/22/global-warming-very-grim-forecast/

Rapier, R. (2018, July 1). China Emits More Carbon Dioxide Than The U.S. and EU Combined. Retrieved April 28, 2019, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2018/07/01/china-emits-more-carbon-dioxide-than-the-u-s-and-eu-combined/#3dfbc335628c

Tariach, G. (2018, July 19). Mass Extinctions. Retrieved April 28, 2019, from Discover: http://discovermagazine.com/2018/jul-aug/mass-extinctions

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Whitepaper On Food Shortage

Title page

Whitepaper on food shortage

Introduction

Food global security is one of the serious issues faced by members of the United Nations due to population growth and poverty. These are the two prominent factors that have threatened food security at the global level. Without a certain degree of food, security populations are more likely to experience hunger and famine. Due to the consistent rise in population growth, there is a need for identifying ways that would contribute to crop production. Food insecurity causes undernourishment because people are unable to consume adequate food that provides essential calories. Malnutrition occurs when people are unable to eat sufficient food that is required for keeping them healthy.

Food insecurity and the impact of population

Food insecurity refers to a situation when adequate food is not available for meeting the needs of the entire population. This also indicates that people are lacking access to food under normal circumstances. Absence of sufficient food creates food insecurity that is visible in the form of hunger and famine. Martin defines food security, “exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” CITATION Wil102 \l 1033 (Martin, 2010). Amartya Sen argued that even the aggregate food is not adequate for ensuring food security. Population growth has a direct relationship with food insecurity. This indicates that an increase in population increases food insecurity. This is due to the fact that the country needs to produce more food for fulfilling the needs of the masses. Another challenge faced by the UN is the high growth rate of population in underdeveloped countries CITATION San166 \l 1033 (Pruitt, et al., 2016). The population is significantly high in countries like Africa and Nigeria where people are already facing food insecurity. The facts indicate that 11 per cent of the world population is already suffering from famine.

Factors affecting food security

There are many reasons for food insecurity including inadequate or inefficient methods of food distribution. There is a clear gap in the distribution of food among rich and poor countries. The evidence suggests that rich countries consume most of the world's food. The argument claims that global food supply systems are unequal that leads to uneven consumption. This is also due to the fact that some countries are producing more crops and vegetables compared to the others. There are many factors that allow some places to produce more food than others.

Loss of farmland is one of the dominant cause of the decline in food production. Biofuel market has consumed a significant amount of farmland that undermined the growth of crops. Due to global warming, the farmlands and their capacity to produce crops are also affected. It has also affected the pattern of rainfall as it is increasing in some areas and declining in others. Pesticides increase crop yield but the farmers in low-income countries lack access to such pesticides. This undermines their capacity to improve crop yield. Improper irrigation systems have also negatively affected crop yields CITATION Cra13 \l 1033 (Gundersen, 2013). Deforestation is another prominent cause of food insecurity. Over gazing and over-cultivation have affected the lands and caused negative impacts on the soil.

Technological solutions for reducing hunger

The evidence suggests that over 800 million people are suffering from world hunger. Irrespective of producing huge crops 11 per cent of the population continues to suffer from hunger. Using agricultural devices linked to the Internet of Things (IoT) the UN is trying to control hunger. This technology is used for getting insights about crop health and focus on improving quality. This is also considered as an effective method for reducing the quantity of damaged or lost foodstuffs. The implementation of IoT devices will also improve the capability of monitoring the distribution of the ecosystem. This technology offers data-driven insights that will be effective for eliminating world hunger. Facts reveal that "according to business information provider IHS Markit, the total number of IoT devices is forecast to reach 125 billion in 2030, up from 27 billion in 2017, creating an IoT network with unprecedented coverage levels” CITATION Fin181 \l 1033 (Toseland, 2018). This reflects the increased role of IoT in saving crops and promoting the overall quality of the crop yield. This is also an effective method for efficiently distributing the limited food supply.

Different organizations across the world are already using IoT for minimizing hunger. Sanku-PHC initiative stresses on integrating state of the art technology for providing flour to millions of people in Africa. This strategy is adopted for adding nutrients to flour that rely on sustainable and affordable methods. Real-time insights are brought to 3,000 flour mills that are supported by Vodafone PHP. Cellular capabilities and remote monitoring are also effective solutions that allow a single worker to monitor 100 miles. This allows the capacity of fortifying flour to 500,000 people in a single day. The evidence reveals that this technique has been adopted by many organizations for providing relief to the poor against hunger in the regions of Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda and Africa CITATION Nic181 \l 1033 (Fearn, 2018). The tech companies have also accepted that they have a responsibility of identifying better solutions for eliminating hunger by adopting efficient methods of food distribution. The initiative of the Tech Impact 2030 focuses on a mission of eradicating world hunger by using innovation and attaining sustainability in the agricultural ecosystem.

There are also technologies that offer practical solutions for improving the quality of the crop and overall crop yield. The technology is integrated in a way that it maximizes the benefits for society. Significant opportunities are offered for enhancing crop yield. This will improve the overall production of farms, fields, factories and grocery stores. Technology is also used for creating fertilizers that have direct impacts on enhancing the quality of the fields and improves overall agricultural produce. This is a practical way of empowering farmers. The knowledge sharing network created through technology provides timely and complete information to the farmers such as about the weather conditions. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have allowed the farmers to connect through SMS-based platform. This improves their knowledge of crop disease, pests and fertilizers. The overall yield is dependent on these factors and technology minimize the risks of crop damages CITATION Nic181 \l 1033 (Fearn, 2018).

Conclusion

Food insecurity and shortage remain one of the prominent issues faced by the world. Several factors contribute to food insecurity that causes famine and hunger. These include uneven distribution of supply and consumption, global warming, climate change, lack of access to irrigation systems and deforestation. Another challenge faced by the UN is the high growth rate of population in underdeveloped countries. Significant opportunities are offered for enhancing crop yield. This will improve the overall production of farms, fields, factories and grocery stores. The evidence reveals that this technique has been adopted by many organizations for providing relief to the poor against hunger in the regions of Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda and Africa. Integration of technology can be used for overcoming food shortage and malnutrition.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Fearn, N. (2018). Meet The Organizations Using Tech To End World Hunger. Retrieved 05 19, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasfearn/2018/11/08/meet-the-organizations-using-tech-to-end-world-hunger/#6eaf9027302d

Gundersen, C. (2013). Food Insecurity Is an Ongoing National Concern. Advances in Nutrition, 4 (1), 36–41.

Martin, W. (2010). Food Security and Poverty—a precarious balance. Retrieved 05 18, 2019, from http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/food-security-and-poverty-a-precarious-balance

Pruitt, S. L., Leonard, T., Xuan, L., Amory, R., Higashi, R. T., Nguyen, O. K., et al. (2016). Who Is Food Insecure? Implications for Targeted Recruitment and Outreach, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2010. Prev Chronic Dis, 3.

Toseland, F. (2018). Five tech solutions to global problems. Retrieved 05 19, 2019, from https://www.raconteur.net/business-innovation/tech-solutions-global-problems

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Whitepaper On The Impact Of Population Growth

Whitepaper on the Impact of Population Growth

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[Afghanistan]

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Whitepaper on the Impact of Population Growth

Introduction

Since the nineteenth century, the population in developing countries has grown at a faster pace than it was ever before. In various regions and countries of the world, this enhanced growth of the population has increased the consumption that is nearly depleting the natural resources which are raising the huge impact on awareness and alarming the situation in international and national agencies for human development. The growth of population means an increasing need for the utilization of conserved natural resources; therefore it leads towards the depletion, contamination and ultimately extinction of resources. The impact of population growth is barely positive, as it always adversely affects the environment and society in multiple ways. The increase in growth of the population is more in the under-developed or developing countries like Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Nepal, etc. The population growth since the 1950s has drastically increased in Afghanistan. The current population rate in Afghanistan is approximately, 38 million in 2019 and it is expected to increase due to the lack of awareness and as it is a Muslim country and it is not arguable to have fewer children. This makes a total of .48% of the world's population. Afghanistan is ranked at number 39 in the populated country list of the world (Worldometer, 2019). Although very less portion of the population is urbanized in Afghanistan, majority population lives in rural settings. This whitepaper will focus on the population growth of the developing country, especially Afghanistan and its impact on the emerging world crisis specifically with relation to environmentalsocial, political and ecological sustainability due to man’s intervention on the environmental issues like global warming, greenhouse gas emission and various other social and political challenges.

Question Number 1

The greenhouse gasses are those gasses which entrap and emit the radiations within the range of updraft infrared. These gasses cause the greenhouse effect because they are emitted in the range of infrared wavelength. The atmosphere of Earth captures the chief greenhouse gases, i.e., carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide,fluorinated gasses (chlorofluorocarbons and hydro-fluorocarbons), methane and ozone (Meinshausen et al., 2015). The contribution each gas has on thegreenhouse effect is determined through the component characteristics of the specific gas, its intensity and the direct or indirect effect it causes. Such that, the effect of a mass of carbon dioxide is 84 times lesser than the methane over a time span of 20 years because of its chemical composition and direct radiative effect. However, the total directive effect of methane is relatively smaller than carbon dioxide due to its atmospheric presence time. Methane causes an indirect radiative impact because it is contributing to the formation of the ozone layer.

The greenhouse gasses individually contribute to the environment by their continuous or discontinuous presence in the atmosphere, along with the concentration and level of presence. These gasses are the sole contributor to the greenhouse effect which ultimately is the chief cause of global warming and environmental problems like depletion of natural resources their contamination and extinction. These are the mechanism which affects the balance of global energy and alters the climate globally (Cook et al., 2016). These gasses imbalance the gasses essential for human and nature's survival in the atmosphere which then causes numerous other issues related to environmental factors. The global warming potential of every gas is different than the other and it relies on the fact that global warming is caused more by few gases and less by the other. It is depleting the natural resources by melting the glaciers, species extinction, adding tot eh ozone layer which adds up to global warming leaving a few areas of the earth not worth living.

Question Number 2

The countries in the phase of development are usually reliant on the availability of fossil fuels and natural resources. Typically global warming pursues the back seat in feeding, employing or housing the citizens of developing countries. Therefore, fluctuations in the weather and the ultimate consequences of climatic alterations are adversely influencing the growth of food and resources in these countries (Cook et al., 2016). Afghanistan is on the verge of drought due to lack of water resources which have depleted due to global warming and there are no other ways of producing water known and affordable by developing countries (Alamyar&Boz, 2018). This climatic change will decrease the production of crops and natural resources will diminish with the passage of time, thus it will elevate the levels of poverty in this country. Afghanistan is in route with the patterns of temperature rise across the region or belt on which Afghanistan is located. The winters in Kabul are now not as cold as they used to be a decade ago. Many cities still don’t have access to clean and drinking water.

Furthermore, the country needs an approximate value of six million tons of wheat for its growing population and only 4.5 million tons is available in the country and the other is imported from other countries. According to various stats, estimated about 3 million people are going through a shortage of food and there are 14 out of 34 provinces going through drought and famine (Alamyar&Boz, 2018). The political and social security and economic scenarios areas such that there are no plans mentioned either nationally or internationally regarding the development of altering the effect of climatic changes. Therefore it negatively impacts the political security by posing threat on the hunger and unemployment which raise the conflict and war in Afghanistan. As achieving social security is difficult without gaining the security of food and employment in the countries which are already impoverished.

Question Number 3

There are various ways of controlling the increasing growth in the population of developing countries all over the globe. This is one of the basic developmental issues related to countries with fewer resources for living a healthy and secure life. More the population more will be the mean of depletion for the natural resources (Baer& Singer, 2016). Therefore, the countries that have irrationally larger populations are a universal threat to the stability and sustainability of resources and social, economic and political security. There is an increase of 1.5 percent annually of the population growth in the entire globe. There are numerous ways of controlling the population growth and among these, the foremost is spreading awareness through governmental and nongovernmental channels. These institutions should create campaigns for awareness to inform the people about the repercussion or after effects of the overly grown population and the benefits of controlling the growth. The other way is by spreading awareness related to contraception, but this way is a bit difficult to gain acceptance in Islamic countries like Afghanistan due to their belief system (Baer& Singer, 2016).

The empowerment of women will also help in controlling the growing population, but in Afghanistan, the women are given no say in social, political, nation or domestic issues. They are treated unfairly so the equity of their rights is important to be delivered in such countries. Also, gender discrimination is a major issue in such countries because due to excess of the birth of daughter child in order to conceive son it increases the population. Eradication of illiteracy and poverty through initiating the developmental plans and enhancing these countries by empowering their economy will provide the world with lesser repercussions due to population growth. The examples from various cultures should be focused by the developing countries which are not following techniques or methods of population growth (Cook et al., 2016). Consequently, population control is the matter of worry for the whole world as it is affecting the entire mankind either way or the other.

Conclusions

Henceforth, this whitepaper focused entirely on the matter of population growth in the developing country, especially Afghanistan, and its impact on the emerging crisis specifically with relation to environmental, social, political and ecological sustainability due to the human intervention on the environmental issues like global warming, greenhouse gas emission, and various other challenges. This paper also focused on the three main questions, firstly regarding the identification and emission of greenhouse gasses, their contribution to global warming. The second question gave detail about the growth of developing world population, specifically of Afghanistan. This country is on the verge of drought due to lack of water resources which have depleted due to global warming and there are no other ways of producing water known and affordable by developing countries. There are various threats poised on the people of such developing countries due to the challenges faced by social, political, economic and security of an undeveloped country. Due to the threat imposed by such countries on the stability of the entire world, the matter of population control is an alarming situation for the whole world as it is affecting the entire mankind either way or the other.

References

Afghanistan Population (2019) - Worldometers.(2019). Worldometers.info. Retrieved 25 April 2019, from http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/afghanistan-population/

Alamyar, R., &Boz, I. (2018).Problems and Solutions in Rice Production and Marketing in Takhar Province of Afghanistan.International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(12).

Baer, H., & Singer, M. (2016). Global warming and the political ecology of health: Emerging crises and systemic solutions. Routledge.

Cook, J., Oreskes, N., Doran, P. T., Anderegg, W. R., Verheggen, B., Maibach, E. W., ...&Nuccitelli, D. (2016). Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4), 048002.

Meinshausen, M., Jeffery, L., Guetschow, J., Du Pont, Y. R., Rogelj, J., Schaeffer, M., ...&Meinshausen, N. (2015). National post-2020 greenhouse gas targets and diversity-aware leadership.Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1098.

Subject: Sociology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

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