From Slave To Criminal With One Amendment

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From slave to criminal

The Netflix film “13th: From Slave to Criminal With One Amendment” explores the factors that promote criminal attitudes in youth. The film uncovers the themes of racial inequality and how it is linked to mass incarnation. The term 13th in the film reflects the constitutions decision of abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude. The punishment and crime are associated with the mythology of black criminality and the reason behind mass incarnation. The film is the depiction of how American society portrayed black criminality for over 100 years. The white imagination of black slaves, rapists and savages have also influenced the lives of African Americans. Law and order exhibit racial inequality and black segregation. The film reflects America violated the Thirteenth Amendment, that claimed, "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime of which the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction” CITATION 13t17 \l 1033 (Al-Faifi). Irrespective of the amendment American justice system treated blacks as second-class citizens.

The film starts with the scene when one of the four African-American men has to serve time in prison. The state's policies including Regan's war on drugs, Clinton's Three Strikes and mandatory sentencing laws have disadvantaged blacks only. The first theory that explains the criminal behavior in the film is social strain typology. The theory explains a person's motivation for adhering to the cultural goals and person's beliefs of attaining the goals. Strain theory states, “rebellion, an uncommon deviant alternative that rejects and actively substitutes the goals and means of society; ritualism, the means to legitimately guarantee that the cultural goals are respected even though the goals themselves are not realistic; and innovation, a form of acceptance of the goals but rejection of the means” CITATION DAV111 \l 1033 (ZEMBROWSKI). According to the social strain typology of sociology, the personal experiences of the poor and deprived groups creates a situation of hopelessness. The negative attitudes and feelings are the result of individual encounters with these people with other subgroups and institutions. They are well aware of the resources they lack making them more eager to earning money. Their desires to improve their quality of life is another aspect of leading them to crimes and human trafficking. The theory of sociology explains that these people are unable to trust the society or the institutes and blame them for their deprivations. They believe that their sufferings and miseries are the product of social inequality and injustice. The behavioral capacities define the role taken by these people. The behavioral capacity defines their ability to adapt to the new culture and society becoming visible in their decisions of engaging them with negative activities. Their choices are their response to the social situation where opportunities for earning are limited CITATION Jon10 \l 1033 (Turner).

The film highlight many historical cases of blacks who lost their lives due to mass incarnation. The death of the characters; Philando Castile, Tamir Rice, and Eric Garner, reveals the repercussions of mass incarnation. Philando was killed by a police officer who was driving with his girlfriend. The officer pulled him out of his car and killed him. This exhibits that the officer was motivated by his stereotypical attitude of treating the black guy as a criminal. The stereotypical attitude of the black officers reveals that black suffer the consequences of the unjust criminal system. Malcolm X the civil right activist perceives race as, "racism is a human problem and a crime that is absolutely so ghastly that a person who is fighting against racism is well within his rights to fight against it by any means necessary until it is eliminated" CITATION Nic051 \l 1033 (Nickell). He recognizes race as a crime that deteriorates the life of the oppressed groups, depicting the need for its elimination. The civil right activist explains the negative consequences of race and its influence on society. According to the definition of the race, it is the responsibility of the people and society to fight against it that results in its elimination CITATION 13t17 \l 1033 (Al-Faifi).

The feelings of the black prison in the film indicate that they are encouraged to commit crimes for attaining their goals. Due to their financial incapacity and poverty they are encouraged to commit offenses. Rebellion is also seen as a protest against social-economic and political differences. This indicates that they are under strain of changing their futures and lives. The film by showing black offenders transmits the philosophy that Africans are victim of circumstances and social injustice CITATION Jon10 \l 1033 (Turner). Another theory that explains the criminal behavior of blacks is Differential Association Theory. It explains that criminal behavior is the product of differential social disorganization. This means that the prevalence of disorganization in society promote crimes because one group is more disadvantaged compared to the other. This is confirmed in the film as crime rates are high in black neighborhoods compared to the white neighborhood. It explains “deviance was the result of socialization and learning values of a Sociological Theories of Crime and Delinquency 245 subculture that supports attitudes and behaviors that the mainstream culture rejects” CITATION DAV111 \l 1033 (ZEMBROSKI). The theory explains that development of criminal behaviors is the result of one’s interaction with values, attitudes and behaviors of others. The offensive behaviors are motivated by one’s perspectives about society. This suggests that people who belong to deprived background are more likely to commit crimes. Poverty is a common factor identified by this theory because it holds the power of motivating people towards crime. The theory claims that people are independent and capable of taking their own decisions. People receiving negative behavior and experiencing rejection are more likely to become criminals. Childhood also has a significant impact on the adoption of certain behaviors. Destructive childhood also promotes criminal attitude. Childcare arrangements for poor children are different from non- poor children. Inadequate child care facility for poor children is ineffective and unable to resolve child-related issues. The children in the US and all across the world that belong to poor backgrounds are disadvantaged children as they suffer the consequences' of unequal services. Better childcare services lead to better behaviors that improve the adaptation of children to different environments CITATION Nic051 \l 1033 (Nickell).

Blacks in America are the most disadvantaged group due to black segregation. The film shows that African-Americans are treated unfairly in America appeared in the Jim Crow laws. The reasons for this deprivation has been racial stereotypes that advantaged the whites only. The main reason is that white had high socio-economic power that caused adversities for the blacks. The film represent blacks as the unflavored population due to the practical implications of mass incarnation and mandatory sentencing. These practices not only targeted black criminals but also innocent African-Americans. The culture of mass incarnation destructed the lives of black young people who spent many years in prison. The film has captured the realistic implications of black incarnation. The documentary show how life of black people looks in jails. Many are victim of the stereotypical judgments and serve in jails due to their blackness. Many blacks who commit crimes are motivated by the feelings of hatred. Their rebellion according to the Differential Association Theory is for changing the social order because they fail to find justice. Many children who lost their fathers in drug war or killed in police search operation develop negative emotions that promote attitude of violence and crime CITATION 13t17 \l 1033 (Al-Faifi).

The topic has been overlooked for so long because blacks remained weaker in America due to socio-economic deprivations. The state continued to neglect the issues of Africans because they were considered as minorities. The history of America exhibits the prevalence of racism that discouraged whites from taking any prominent steps for eliminating black segregation and crimes. The race bias in America remains one of the oldest and critical social issue faced by blacks. Biases act positively for the whites who receive the benefits, and negatively for the Africans who suffer the consequences. The biased social parameters are discernible in the economic, social, political and financial aspects of human life. The notion of race bias relies on the belief that whites are dominant due to their better socio-economic position. These biases have adverse effects on the inferior race as it leads to their disadvantage. The evidence suggests that these biases have direct impacts on young Africans and kids. Little or no real attention was given to the issue of race while the whites continued to relate blackness with crimes CITATION 13t17 \l 1033 (Al-Faifi).

In conclusion, America has failed to act according to the Thirteenth Amendment. The overall analysis of the film exhibits the reality of mass incarnation and the thirteenth amendment. America failed to eliminate slavery because after civil war blacks were treated as criminals. Strain theory and Differential Association Theory explains the behaviors of blacks. Many blacks were convicted for crimes like drugs abuse, theft, violence, and murders. The film portrays the shortcomings of the American justice system that did not provide an opportunity to blacks for becoming better citizens. Many innocent also became a victim of black segregation.

Work Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albarrak, Hafsah Barrak. "Racial Discrimination and Violence: A Psycho-Social Analysis of Richard Wright's Native Son and the Long Dream." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 6.2 (2016).

Al-Faifi, Sarah. 13th: From Slave to Criminal with One Amendment. 2017. 03 03 2019 <https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/sahar-alfaifi/13th-from-slave-to-crimin_b_13971148.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAEJe1gZFxhV7a7BH4ZwXOTiwO6DgJ4iJCIUUQ6ZLHP0TECvgspPc25JEXvOLvnBpBu1wUzdtCk0jB7PCu4XGxb5hrO86qaSD56jCA2QqL1P00sxjJDUcQjTNwt5gpcFDtjukyTdDywt6aPxV65KUPXqd6QOgdcdTVlAuX6yQgzXu>.

Nickell, Kelly. Pocket Patriot: Quotes from American Heroes. Writer's Digest Book, 2005.

Turner, Jonathan H. Theoretical Principles of Sociology, Volume 2: Microdynamics. Springer, 2010.

ZEMBROSKI, DAVID. "Sociological Theories of Crime and Delinquency." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 21 (2011): 240–254.

Gender And Development Journal Of Health And Social Behavi

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Gender and Development Journal of Health and Social Behavior

I. Introduction

Gender is generally derived from one's sex; a person with feminine biological traits (sex) is considered to be a woman whereas a person with masculine traits is believed to be a man. This binary has been existing in almost all societies of the world since the recorded origin of the human race. The twentieth and 21st century is the centuries when human beings started re-examining the traditional norms and theories which led to challenging many established truths. Sociologists of this time also decided to study and evaluate facts about how gender establishes itself and how it develops. Cindy Faith Miller has done an original empirical sociological research on the theories which attempted to explore the reasons behind fixed gender roles. Miller has categorized those theories into three families: biological, social, and cognitive. This paper studies Miller’s article to examine what different theories propose and how they present their cases.

II. Purpose of the Research

Gender has become an issue of deep interest among sociologists since Feminism claimed that women have all those abilities and capabilities that were believingly employed by men only in the past. They also claimed that women were restricted to their homes by their men with an organized plan so men would be able to exploit them whenever they want. Finally, they demanded full liberty for the women so they would be able to use their capabilities to live in society equal to men. Multiple perspectives of this phenomenon appeared as the debate moved on. Many scholars tried to explore the actual cause behind the apparent subjugated role of women in society. Miller has written a comprehensive account of those researches that were utilized by different scholars to reach on the synthesis of all the studies till date. Thus, this paper has been written on the following purpose:

The purpose of this research is to review all the theories about gender and development, via Miller's article "Gender Development, Theories Of", to prove that the sociologists agree that gender roles have developed historically and the responsible factor behind this categorization was the biological difference between the sexes.

III. Theories

Theories of gender development are categorized into three groups in this article: biological, social, and cognitive. Biological approaches find the cause of defined gender roles in biological features of human beings. Evolutionary Theory has been discussed as a biological approach to studying the phenomenon. Evolutionary Theorists David Buss and David Geary emphasize that the process of reproduction causes the fixation of gender roles. For instance, they believe that men and women got together to perform the act of reproduction. Men had the least role in the process of reproduction that gave them space to go outside and perform daring actions. They were less sensitive because they had to face challenges of food production whether in forests, fields or elsewhere. Women were often hindered by pregnancy to go outside and accompany men in such daring acts. Additionally, women were supposed to bring up their offspring with care. Eventually, women evolved as sensitive and caring creatures whereas men as aggressive and physically stronger human beings. This process evolved for centuries and these two groups of humankind defined their gender roles to grow mutually. The problem with Evolutionary theorists was that they did not talk about variations in sex except talking generally about how gender roles evolved historically. Therefore, some other biological theorists attempted to study the sex differences biologically. They found that Turner Syndrome (TS) in females caused physical fragility in them that convinced them to leave aggressive roles to men and to adopt sensitive, loving, and caring social roles.

Social approaches hold the stereotyped social roles responsible for the typical development of gender. For example, Social Learning Theory claims that genders develop as the result of those social roles that are learned by both sexes directly and indirectly. Social psychologist Albert Bandura argued that a child learns his/her gender roles from social institutions like home, school, and government. These institutes portray a world before him/her that shows which social roles are normal for him/her and which will be considered deviance, and the human child is the best imitator identifies and learns those roles to fit into his/her defined normal category. Bandura updated his theory Social Cognitive Theory and claimed that these institutions deliberately teach a child his/her social role, the child develops a cognition that helps him/her to associate that role with himself/herself permanently. For instance, a boy is appreciated when he plays with dummy weapons and shows aggressive behavior while a girl is appreciated when she plays with a doll. In the same manner, they are condemned overtly or covertly by their children if they adopt the other gender's roles. According to this theory, were there no social institutions to teach a child his/her role, there might have been no categorization of typical gender roles. Social theorist Lawrence Kohlberg outlined his Cognitive Developmental Theory in Eleanor Maccoby’s 1966 book The Development of Sex Differences and claimed that children learn their social roles with age development and adopt those roles which they feel suitable to their personality living in a particular society. They learn the roles to appear normal in their surroundings; they adopt a role after they believe that this is best according to their sex, they create Social Schemas to follow for the whole life. This theory has some space for the queers (gays, lesbians) because it claims that they do not create a social schema for them if they do not find themselves satisfied with their gender roles.

IV. Research Method

A. Social surveys were conducted to examine the hypothesis. Surveys had three categories: scholar survey, door-to-door survey, and social media survey. The territory that was selected to examine was the state of Alaska, the USA.

B. Social scholars were approached first to discuss the theories in detail and learn their latest reviews. Door to door surveys was conducted to know how contemporary people feel and talk about gender roles. Noticing that face-to-face interaction hindered some people to answer all questions freely, social media surveys were conducted with a limited choice of answers like yes/no/don’t know, etc.

C. Some ethical issues occurred when people were interviewed at their homes because they showed reluctance to answer such questions like are the women deliberately subjugated by their male partners? Some women answered some questions but requested not to reveal their identities.

D. Independent variables were how long women were interviewed separately from their men and how answers (dependent variables) were affected.

V. Results

The hypothesis that sociologists agree upon the view that gender roles developed historically, and the responsible factor was the biological difference between the sexes was proved in the surveys. Social scholars were convinced that gender roles are the result of two factors: the biological structure of both sexes, and historical evolution. They were questioned and were free to give their views as comprehensive as they liked. Their answers were analyzed, and the researchers found that the scholars agree that women have a biological fragility due to Turner Syndrome, and the process of reproduction is another factor that weakens women. One other important factor is menstruation that causes monthly bleeding in women. It also decreases the physical strength of women. Men have no such issue that helps them to have a stronger physique. The scholars also acknowledged that due to these factors, the ancient human beings might have decided to demark social roles that led to the patriarchal structure of society. women who were interviewed at their homes acknowledged that they have a secondary role in society and household in decision making, but the majority of them showed reluctance to acknowledge that this should be called deliberate subjugation of women. The same question was one of the major questions which were asked via social media. The majority of women respondents expressed that they are being subjugated deliberately whereas the majority of men responded opposite.

VI. Summary

Results from the surveys support our hypothesis that gender roles are determined first by biological differences where females have weaker physiques than males. Strength was critical for survival on earth anciently and the strong physique of men exploited this opportunity to form a society on a patriarchal structure. Scholars and common people in the surveys acknowledged that men have been dominating society because they have the stronger physique. One more dimension of this hypothesis is that since technology lessened the demand for human labor and increased the demand of human intellect, we noticed that a large number of women entered the workplace to prove their skills. The issue of gender disparity is not as grave in developed societies as in underdeveloped society, thanks to technology, I say. Limitations in the research surveys were that the researchers could not approach as many people and scholars as we planned due to limited resources. Short duration for the research was another limitation. The researchers had another issue when many women relucted to answer the all questions. This research is purely applied research because it is based on research articles and social theories that are examined and tested in society. Those theories are evolving with more researches like this research to find more dimensions of gender and development.

Gender And The Media

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Gender and the Media

Media plays an important role in shaping up the thoughts and developing a perception of the people regarding any specific subject or topic. Many people working in the field of media use this technique or unique feature of media to instill a specific concept about anything in the minds of the general public. One of the major sources of achieving this purpose is through advertisement. Advertisement is a very effective technique for highlighting and emphasizing over the importance and use of any product or service. It is a marketing technique used by almost every business or company to create more and more awareness about their products and sell a maximum number of their produced units. One of the most powerful methods of advertisements is Television commercials. Television Commercials or TVCs have to power to put a thought in the mind of a person in a short video clip, which may be less than even 30 seconds. As explained earlier that media holds the ultimate power to shape up and even transform the mindset of an individual regarding any given concept, it is taking huge advantage of this situation and the most steamy topic of all times is also being targeted in this respect. That is the topic of gender stereotypes or gender discrimination in society. It has been largely observed that the advertisers show significant bias among both the genders while promoting their products in the TVC. Even the children’s products are not devoid of this discrimination and the commercials of products intended for young girls and boys show a striking difference among each other CITATION fem10 \l 1033 (femnistfrequencey). This situation worsens when the variable of social class, race, and disability are added to it. The binary system and complicates matrix of domination creates great barriers in the breaking down of these stereotypes but provides fewer privileges.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Toy Ads and Learning Gender. Dir. femnistfrequencey. Perf. femnistfrequencey. 2010. Video. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZn_lJoN6PI>.

Gender Inequality

Gender Inequality

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Author Note

Gender Inequality

In the early years of the country, women, along with slaves were one of the marginalized parts of society. They were given half the rights that a man received and had no independent status in society. As a result, women rose one after the other to attain their basic rights. Women’s suffrage movement was the first of the many movements used by women for the attainment of their basic rights, next came the Women’s liberation movement and in the end, Rosa Parks and her refusal to give up her seat changed the way the system operated.

However, at present, the effort to fix what isn’t right with our society is an effort that has extended to end the prejudice and the discrimination towards the LGBT community. From a sociological perspective, this can be analyzed using the functionalist, conflict and even interactionist sociological perspective. However, among all three, the conflict sociological perspective is not only the most damaging, but it also has the most adverse of all effects on the community, especially with regard to inequality prevailing in the community that is based on sexual orientation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mHHxiubc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Goldberg, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Goldberg, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1040,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/T5T8G7XJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/T5T8G7XJ"],"itemData":{"id":1040,"type":"chapter","title":"Sticky Intuitions and the Future of Sexual Orientation Discrimination","container-title":"Sexuality and Equality Law","publisher":"Routledge","page":"135-174","author":[{"family":"Goldberg","given":"Suzanne B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Goldberg, 2017).

According to Gore Vidal, the ruling class has to place arbitrary prohibitions to ensure that the worker stays in life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1DaJAmvO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parini & Vidal, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Parini & Vidal, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1039,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/A8Z2R54F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/A8Z2R54F"],"itemData":{"id":1039,"type":"article-journal","title":"An Interview with Gore Vidal","container-title":"New England Review (1990-)","page":"93-101","volume":"14","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Parini","given":"Jay"},{"family":"Vidal","given":"Gore"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parini & Vidal, 1991). Here, the functionalists choose to classify and categorize people by placing a sexual taboo on their likes and dislikes. The functionalists are of the opinion that by classifying certain sexual behavior as good or bad, right or taboo, wrong or acceptable, they would be able to marginalize the LGBT community and keep them subjugated. They hold heterosexuality as the supreme order of things and maintain the fact that they are right and those having homosexual desires and wants are committing a heinous crime. While the prevalence of the subject is decreasing as the time goes by and the society is becoming more accepting of people with all sorts of sexual orientations, they still face a number of problems. Whether it is in the form of employment, housing, or even adoption, most aspects of society adopt a functionalist or conflict sociological perspective while dealing with them.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Goldberg, S. B. (2017). Sticky Intuitions and the Future of Sexual Orientation Discrimination. In Sexuality and Equality Law (pp. 135–174). Routledge.

Parini, J., & Vidal, G. (1991). An Interview with Gore Vidal. New England Review (1990-), 14(1), 93–101.

Gender, Sex And Sexuality

Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

Gender roles have always been the center of television shows throughout history and continue to play an important part in the media industry to date. There are more and less progressive shows with regards to gender roles as some are successful in portraying an unbiased version of gender roles and some shows show the traditional gender roles that existed sixty years ago. Like the shows of the 1950s which had very traditional gender roles and the roles that were attributed to women and men were stereotypical. Father is supposed to be the leader of the family who has the authority to rule over his family because he is the one who works and earns money to fulfill the needs of his family. While the mother is more of an oppressed figure who is supposed to take care of her children along with other members of the family. Her life revolves around the house. One of the surprising yet shocking elements of the 50s was people were not allowed to use the word “pregnant” because it demonstrates stigmatization of natural aspects of womanhood. The Honeymooners is a 50s classic American television sitcom created by Jackie Gleason. It is a type of show that tends to make fun of women who try to do anything outside of the home and the behavior of Ralph with his wife is so disgusting. He threatens her with violence in some of the episodes which show the superior nature of man of 50s. Kramden is portrayed as a big and clumsy oaf but his wife is an intelligent, craftier partner. The patriarchal views of Ralph and his obsession with masculinity earned him a temporary separation from his wife ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"omG0cby5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Murray, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Murray, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":32,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/BVMKC6DV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/BVMKC6DV"],"itemData":{"id":32,"type":"webpage","title":"The Honeymooners, “Better Living Through Television”","container-title":"TV Club","abstract":"In 1922, over the objections of congressmen and cultural commentators, AT&T announced that its network of radio stations would be adding commercials to their broadcasts, effectively ending the era when radio was the province of hobbyists and amateur showmen. Twenty-eight years later, Hazel Bishop’s $50,000-a-year cosmetics company proved the effectiveness of advertising when it placed ads in the few markets that had television, and within two years saw business expand nearly 9,000 percent. And in 1955, a bloviating Brooklyn bus driver named Ralph Kramden bought 2,000 all-in-one kitchen gadgets for $200, and booked time on TV to sell them. Ralph, though, was fictional. And a failure.","URL":"https://tv.avclub.com/the-honeymooners-better-living-through-television-1798219335","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"Murray","given":"Noel"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Murray, n.d.).

Deep cultural changes can be observed in gender roles during the 1960s. More women in America entered the paid workforce and started working in different areas of life outside their houses. It was a decade of change because the act for the Civil Rights was passed in this era and thus women were given equal rights as men. They started working outside but in return, they became victims of sexual harassment in the work environment. Women were allowed to make their own decisions regarding birth control which gave them more power and freedom. However, the male did not face any sexual harassment as women did in this era. As the era of the 50s, they were the main figure of the family who supported their family after facing little or no difficulties. They were expected to protect their family which ultimately made them superior over women.

The American show Bewitched twisted the 60s gender roles and became the first feminist sitcom. It advocated freedom for women to do whatever they want and this war advocating freedom came in the form of Endora, an unmarried old witch who enjoyed her powers. Her daughter, on the other hand, is more of a conservative kind who likes to live inside the house. This sitcom is aware of its complicated place because it falls in both the categories of feminism and conservative society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oYhU02j5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jones, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Jones, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/58E5NSD4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/RBNYwj78/items/58E5NSD4"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"webpage","title":"Bewitched and the evolution of '60s gender norms","container-title":"SYFY WIRE","abstract":"Witches are generally thought of as people who challenge society and go against the grain—but witchdom met their match when they came upon Samantha Stephens, a witch determined to live like a mortal housewife.","URL":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/bewitched-and-the-evolution-of-60s-gender-norms","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Jones","given":"Monique"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",5,9]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jones, 2018).

The roles of men in the 70s change completely because women are side by sidemen. They were still men who supported their families and earned for them but as women get their rights and worked outside the home, men did not remain men anymore. Women achieved more rights during this era than they had in the past and were assigned new and independent roles in society.

All in the Family is a sitcom that dealt with cultural issues like no other show had dared before because it focused on everyday concerns that affected a middle-class family of that era. It talks about women's right to control their bodies and have the authority to decide whether they want an abortion or not. The issue like divorce, breast cancer, rape women liberation, and gay rights were considered taboo but this show was successful in tackling all these issues.

Reference:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Jones, M. (2018, May 9). Bewitched and the evolution of ’60s gender norms. Retrieved November 9, 2019, from SYFY WIRE website: https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/bewitched-and-the-evolution-of-60s-gender-norms

Murray, N. (n.d.). The Honeymooners, “Better Living Through Television.” Retrieved November 9, 2019, from TV Club website: https://tv.avclub.com/the-honeymooners-better-living-through-television-1798219335

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The Sociological Imagination

The term sociological imagination was first coined by the famous American sociologist by the name of C. Wright Mills. Writing a book by the name The Sociological Imagination in 1956, Mills tried to understand how aware an individual is of the relationship between his personal perspective and the wider society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ybAx9llY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mills)","plainCitation":"(Mills)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":464,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/RFVANNBS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/RFVANNBS"],"itemData":{"id":464,"type":"article-journal","title":"2000","container-title":"The sociological imagination","author":[{"family":"Mills","given":"C. Wright"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mills). The theory seeks to apply imaginative ideas to answer social questions using territories he hasn’t explored before. For instance, a woman getting an abortion was seen in a different light back in the day. The woman was ostracized from society and she was isolated from society. However, the present society gives a woman the right to choose what to do with her body. Thus, whether she wants an abortion or keep the baby, the choice is hers alone. Additionally, various social institutions have measures in place to help her regardless of what choice she makes.

Social context i.e. the physical or the social setting where people live and develop as a part of society. This includes the culture of the place, the people he lives with as well the institutions he is a part of and how they interact with one another ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KZ9qa6hR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Casper)","plainCitation":"(Casper)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ST4MT9NZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ST4MT9NZ"],"itemData":{"id":465,"type":"article-journal","title":"A definition of “social environment”","container-title":"American Journal of Public Health","page":"465","volume":"91","author":[{"family":"Casper","given":"Michele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Casper). It shapes and even influences the ideas we hold, the attitudes we keep about a subject and even the behavior of individuals towards a certain situation. It also validates the emotions we feel when we are being subjected to an unprecedented situation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IhLHqMow","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rogoff and Lave)","plainCitation":"(Rogoff and Lave)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":466,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/T39TGUE2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/T39TGUE2"],"itemData":{"id":466,"type":"book","title":"Everyday cognition: Its development in social context.","publisher":"Harvard University Press","ISBN":"0-674-27030-4","author":[{"family":"Rogoff","given":"Barbara Ed"},{"family":"Lave","given":"Jean Ed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1984"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rogoff and Lave). The social context comprises of a number of different characteristics and operates on the basis of three different levels i.e. broad, narrow or intimate.

The broad social context ideally deals with historical events that shaped our society and our cultural norms and moral values. This includes historical events like war and peace, the depression that often follows war, economic booms and later prosperity. The narrow level of perception in social context deals with race, religion, ethnicity, gender, and social class. The intimate of person levels includes the thing that is personally related to an individual. These include the relationships we share with our family and our friends, as well as our perception of matters close to our heart ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OvJHV2KX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Herzfeld)","plainCitation":"(Herzfeld)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/A4VN7Y5F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/A4VN7Y5F"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"book","title":"Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-136-79241-4","author":[{"family":"Herzfeld","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Herzfeld).

Our Social location, on the other hand, refers to one’s location within society. This isn’t limited to one’s physical location in society. It also includes their age demographic, their health, education, marital status, their belief, their ethnicity, the racial group they belong to, as well as the sex group they identify themselves as. However, social location only defines one’s standing in society, i.e. if the society as a whole is a circle, the part of the circle that they occupy is their social location. It does not determine one’s actions in any capacity, neither can it predict it (Devine).

Social location is further characterized on the basis of two units. The first one is the physical location an individual holds, while the second one is personal. The physical characteristics one may hold, with regard to the social location, is their height, eye color, hair color, gender, race, and ethnicity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VkztGyT0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sanchez Gonzalez)","plainCitation":"(Sanchez Gonzalez)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UH9MZXHI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UH9MZXHI"],"itemData":{"id":469,"type":"article-journal","title":"The physical-social environment and aging from environmental gerontology and geography. Socio-spatial implications for Latin America","container-title":"Revista de Geografía Norte Grande","page":"97-114","issue":"60","author":[{"family":"Sanchez Gonzalez","given":"Diego"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sanchez Gonzalez). For instance, I would be identified as a 5’6” green-eyed, blonde-haired, white female. These characteristics are the ones that an individual cannot change. However, belonging of the upper middle socioeconomic class, as a bisexual, Christian, a citizen of the USA and an honors’ roll student are all characteristics of my social location that can be regarded as personal ones.

As a contributing member of society, I believe that my sociological imagination is greatly influenced by my social location, as well as social context. It accounts for how my society looks at me and what role I play in it. It also decides the opportunities that will be extended to me in life, as well as dictate the perspective society holds about me and those around me. In conclusion, sociological imagination permeates every sphere of life of an individual and the perception it holds regarding the society as a whole.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Casper, Michele. “A Definition of ‘Social Environment.’” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 91, 2001, p. 465.

Herzfeld, Michael. Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-State. Routledge, 2014.

Mills, C. Wright. “2000.” The Sociological Imagination, 1959.

Rogoff, Barbara Ed, and Jean Ed Lave. Everyday Cognition: Its Development in Social Context. Harvard University Press, 1984.

Sanchez Gonzalez, Diego. “The Physical-Social Environment and Aging from Environmental Gerontology and Geography. Socio-Spatial Implications for Latin America.” Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, no. 60, 2015, pp. 97–114.

Give It A Title

Age-Based Stereotypes

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Age-Based Stereotypes

Gender-based Stereotypes and age-based stereotypes are quite common in this complex and conflicting world. It has been a common practice among the peoples of the world to compare and contrast different generations belonging to different time periods. A number of generational theories are discussed to effectively understand the exact nature of those generations. Similarly, there have been several theses and anti-theses about Generation Y (1981-1999). According to social and political thinkers, this generation and its experiences are shaped by the invention of computers, economic boom, and the, most significantly, September 11 attacks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7tlmOZSV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Targeting generation Y - ProQuest,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Targeting generation Y - ProQuest,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":379,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/PX9BX6IM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/PX9BX6IM"],"itemData":{"id":379,"type":"webpage","title":"Targeting generation Y - ProQuest","URL":"https://search.proquest.com/openview/4ea057953a88f259e70191417a6991de/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=49209","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ( Linda P, 2002). However, not all these theories are accurate in their description. It has been suggested that we are narcissistic and self-centered, which is a biased opinion. Furthermore, the point that we value inputs is not totally justified. Nevertheless, some of the views are correct as well as people born during these years like challenges, and yes, we are a technology- literate generation. Moreover, Generation Y has a strong moral sense as well. Hence, some age-based stereotypes are valid, but not all of them.

Yes! I used to consider that people belonging to the next generation are more skeptical of authority. I used to assume that those individuals do not like to be governed by any legitimate authority. However, I was mistaken in this view. Sociologists and social thinkers have associated this trait with Generation Y. The assumption is a subjective point of view, not an objective one. Moreover, I used to assume that older people are more egoistic in nature, which is wrong. Even the same perspective is shared for Generation Y. in addition, I used to believe that generation X is more social than us, but I was wrong. This attribute of being more social is associated with my generation Y.

It makes me feel very uncomfortable when someone assumes anything about me. It is not justified to subjectively perceive things. One should keep in mind that subjectivity only offers a lop-sided view of things. It is never an accurate version of reality. Hence, this stereotypical assessment of things is quite common in societies. Nevertheless, stereotypes are not the actual description as generalization never works accurately.

The three sociological perspectives on ageing are conflict, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism. These three sociological perspectives view the process of ageing differently (McPherson, 1983). Symbolic interactionism highlights that energy diminishes with the age and elderly people lose interactions as well. They are not that much active in society. Functionalism states that this something natural and this is an important factor in promoting the harmonious equilibrium in society. Furthermore, conflict sociologist opines that aged people are fighting with young people for their share of resources. Every sociological perspective has its own area of study and presents different views on the natural process of ageing.

The functionalist perspective of ageing resonates more with my views on aging. I strongly believe that this is something natural in society. The process of ageing is natural and universal. Everyone has to go through it and one must be prepared enough to deal with the associated challenges. Hegel states that change is constant in life, so one must be ready enough for the process. Societies have set patterns that help in balancing different elements in societies. So, this perspective helps in balancing both young and elders of the society. Moreover, other sociological perspectives are also valid under their own circumstances. Nevertheless, functionalism is more relevant and important in understanding the concept of age-based stereotypes.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Targeting generation Y - ProQuest. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2019,

Aging As A Social Process: An Introduction To Individual And - Google Search. (2019). Google.com.

References

Give It A Title

Informal means of Social Control

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Informal means of Social Control

Social control is the essence of smooth, functional societies. This denotes all those means and processes which are used to maintain the social order in society. Every society has its own way of controlling its individuals and the existing normative patterns. Nevertheless, social deviance is still very common in societies. Deviance, as R. K. Merton explains is of various kinds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oCMFajKY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Merton, 1959)","plainCitation":"(Merton, 1959)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":360,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/REWWH4MH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/REWWH4MH"],"itemData":{"id":360,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social Conformity, Deviation, and Opportunity Structures: A Comment on the Contributions of Dubin and Cloward","container-title":"American Sociological Review","page":"177-189","volume":"24","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"Six of the articles in this issue of the Review are concerned with deviant behavior. And three articles--those by Robert Dubin and Richard A. Cloward, upon which Professor Merton comments, and the following paper by Dorothy L. Meier and Wendell Bell--are clearly in the Durkheimian tradition. It is not surprising that these contributions conspicuously exploit Merton's essay, \"Social Structure and Anomie,\" first published in 1938, itself a modern landmark in that tradition. These papers not only illustrate the continuing influence of Durkheim but they specify possibilities, at least, of cumulative theoretical development. Professor Merton's commentary--written at short notice, and at the request of a persistent but grateful editor--attests once more to the viability of the tradition and promises further significant analysis of deviant behavior, to be sure, and of conformity conduct as well.","DOI":"10.2307/2089428","ISSN":"0003-1224","title-short":"Social Conformity, Deviation, and Opportunity Structures","author":[{"family":"Merton","given":"Robert K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1959"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Merton, 1959). Some individuals are rebellious or innovative, and they exhibit non-conformity with culture. However, this phenomenon of social deviance is controlled via different means and methods such as formal means of controls, and the informal means of controls. The formal social control is about the book-documented form of control which signifies the institutionalized law in the land. Whereas, the informal social control is not documented at all, and works differently in different societies. Informal social control is controlling the functionality of society through irregular means of control. Every day several social situations arise, and they create anomie in society. Lately, I have also witnessed one situation where I encountered a form of deviance. A man was not following the right means of voicing his opinions. He was more of a rebellious soul who wanted to perpetuate chaos in society. Besides, he did not incline law and order and was bent upon disturbing the harmonious equilibrium. Nevertheless, he was controlled somehow when I used informal means o social control. I responded to his actions with the help of negative sanction such as ridicule, and negative public opinion. With this effective use of the ridicule, shame, and negative public opinion against his actions, his unruly behavior was controlled. This is how I tried to handle the tricky situation with the use of informal negative sanction.

My use of informal negative sanction really helps in controlling the amount of deviance in society. This is how a responsible member of society should act and feel. The deviant person is effectively controlled with them. Ostracism is the most effective way of managing the phenomenon of social deviance. Besides, several renowned authors have considered negative informal sanctions the most workable way of maintaining the social order of society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wXSJL8CT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Social Control: An Introduction - James J. Chriss - Google Books,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Social Control: An Introduction - James J. Chriss - Google Books,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":361,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/IP5USQ4G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/IP5USQ4G"],"itemData":{"id":361,"type":"webpage","title":"Social Control: An Introduction - James J. Chriss - Google Books","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=btZuF51uuHYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=informal+means+of+social+control+horton+and+hunt&ots=aTJcHtf3hA&sig=Am4lecxXwNFWUjsjCenwxdyzo5c#v=onepage&q&f=false","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chriss, 2012). In this way, when I used to shame and disapprobation for the deviant people, they fear ostracism and then try to become more conformist in their nature. Without a shadow of a doubt, informal negative means of social control are much effective in maintaining a healthy balance in society, and I highly recommend it for the effective social fabric.

When the guy tried to create unrest on the road, I was caught by surprise as he was threatening many others along with his own self. This was really ominous for people if left unchecked, this would have created many problems for them. So, I decide to opt for a more proactive approach and decide to utilize that strategy that could yield maximum result within no time. my reaction was judicious as I made people employ negative sanctions against that deviant person. They started ridiculing and embarrassing him. Once this strategy of negative slogans was used, that deviant immediately responded and then took a breath of sanity. He controlled and paid attention to what he was doing on the road. When he faced such huge negative public opinions instead of praises and compliments, then he rationalized the behavior. He immediately stopped in his heinous designs and this step really cemented the current social order in society. In this way, with my effective approach and the best utilization of negative sanctions, social control was effectively exercised. My endeavor really helped in maintaining the existent social order.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Merton, R. K. (1959). Social Conformity, Deviation, and Opportunity Structures: A Comment on the Contributions of Dubin and Cloward. American Sociological Review, 24(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089428

Social Control: An Introduction - James J. Chriss - Google Books. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2019,

Give It A Title

Social Stratification

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Social Stratification

Social stratification is the set mechanism of societies all over the world. It is the way of life which is followed everywhere to ensure the healthy equilibrium of society. Societies have a predilection for stratification because of the several underlying reasons. First of all, societies stratify because of the need for arrangement. Every society aims to arrange individuals and social groups in hierarchical patterns for the simplification of human life. Secondly, the stratification is about creating separate classes in society that have their own way of life and cherished customs. Thirdly, stratification is done on the belief system as well as several groups in the society do not share the common norms and values systems. Fourthly, this division of society is done based on social status which signifies the position of that particular group in the society. Moreover, the conflict theorists opine that this division of society is done for getting the dirty work done in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ET9LbWuP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification - Gerhard E. Lenski - Google Books,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification - Gerhard E. Lenski - Google Books,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":363,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/AFJYCGCY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/AFJYCGCY"],"itemData":{"id":363,"type":"webpage","title":"Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification - Gerhard E. Lenski - Google Books","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N8M3CwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT37&dq=social+stratification&ots=OiTNq3w0OW&sig=ug0DiegkDqQfBH9ZDDuFDwJqifI#v=onepage&q=social%20stratification&f=false","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lenski, 1996). This division is man-made which aims to uplift the elite section of society and even degrade the lower strata. To summarize, this stratification is found everywhere and considered universal among societies. Nevertheless, the variables of stratification are different in different societies. Furthermore, this division is a life-long process and transfers from one generation to generations. Thus, social classes are formed keeping in view this stratification as they share their unique ethos.

Since this phenomenon of social stratification is universal and found in every culture and society. No society in the world does not divide people according to their power and position. In this purview, American society is no exception as it follows the same pattern of social stratification. If one looks deeply in the American way of life, one observes that American society also considers the position and power factor of a social group and social classes. Basically, six levels of classes exist in American society and each class has its own set of characteristics (Hochschild, 1995) ADDIN ZOTERO_TEMP . The dominant factors in the division of these classes are education, income, talent, skills, profession, family background, level of wealth, achievements, efficiency. This is how the American way of life divides people into several groups and classes. Generally, such classes are broadly categorized into 3 classes: Upper, Middle, Lower. This social class mechanism is so potent that the wealthy rich section of society controls the huge portion of wealth in society. Lower classes have meager resources and they do not have much significance in society. Hence, American society stratifies people in classes according to different determinants of social mobility.

Human societies are never simple in their outlook and substance. They are complex social structures that have their own kind of intricate functionality. This is the reason that individuals are a divide in social groups and classes. The prime objective of social stratification is to enhance the functional equilibrium of society. Every society needs the cooperation of its members. With such means of social stratification. it is assured that upper classes work more and realize their full potential for the betterment of society. Whereas, it is mandatory for lower classes to facilitate the upper class and do the insignificant chores of society. Furthermore, stratification is done to generate more revenue in a society which is the source of a lifeline. Moreover, it facilitates and reinforces the sense of stability an order in society which is quite essential for the social fabric. Social stratification also provides a plenitude of options for occupations. Lastly, who can deny the role of social stratification which is to maintain a good level of social order in society.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY American Social Classes: Statistical Strata or Social Groups | American Journal of Sociology: Vol 58, No 2. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/221112

Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification - Gerhard E. Lenski - Google Books.

Give It A Title

Racial Stereotypes

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Racial Stereotypes

Q.1 What is the difference between the terms “race” and “ethnicity”?

Although the terms race and ethnicity are used interchangeably by the general population, these two terms are quite distinct among sociologists. Many sociologists agree upon that race is linked to biological characteristics and ethnicity is related to culture (Stone, 2018). Race can be defined as differences or similarities regarding biological features of people living in a society (Stone, 2018). These features help individuals having them to stand out socially. On the other hand, ethnicity is related to common cultural practices and perspectives that make a set of the population to be distinct (Stone, 2018). In today's world, the majority of countries have different ethnic groups. Pluralism is what countries nowadays are pursuing. Pluralist state is a state in which all ethnic groups enjoy the same social status regardless of their ethnicity.

Q.2 Had you ever noticed the racial and ethnic stereoypes discussed in the arabface?

The Arabs have been in and out of the media regularly since the 1950s. Be it them waging war against Israel on the day of Kippur in 1973 or the recent killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Media has portrayed Arabs differently pursuing national interest. The oil-rich Arabs, which are the allies of the united states, are portrayed as friends of the USA. They are known as "the Sheikh". The women covering their faces by veils while exercising religion are marked as a symbol of disgust in the western world. Hence, I would say that I have noticed Arab stereotypes. Additionally, I have created a perception based on their image on the media. There is a dire need to break these stereotypes.

Q.3 Do assumptions tell us anything definite about a categorized individual?

In my opinion, assumptions have nothing to do when it comes to gaining definitive information regarding an individual. According to many sociologists, people generally make assumptions about an individual as a defensive mechanism. The defensive mechanism comes into play when one individual sees some kind of behavior of any other individual and deem it as unacceptable to their standards. Hence, an assumption shapes our opinion about an individual. However, the reality is different. In my opinion, an individual can be better known after one has interacted with them. Although an assumption can be half accurate, it can be changed positively once you get to know an individual closely. Therefore, one, before jumping onto a conclusion about an individual, should get to know that individual.

Q.4 How do assumptions and stereoptypes affect your behavior toward others?

Unconscious biases and stereotypes tend to have a detrimental effect on our minds. The stereotypes created by society against one community affects them not only mentally, but also physically. Ever since the dreadful 9//11 attacks, the residents of the Muslim countries are being portrayed as the biggest threat to the world. Undoubtedly, terrorism is the biggest threat to global security. However, it is also not entirely correct to create stereotypes against any one community. After the 9/11 attacks, Muslims, even those born and bred in the US, faced abuse and victimization. The women were reprimanded for covering their faces. The latest example of how stereotype shapes behavior was on display in the Christchurch massacre. The perpetrator hated Muslims community from the core and killed more than fifty innocent people belonging from the same community. This is how stereotype shape one’s behavior.

Q.5 Discuss all three theoretical perspectives on race as described in the readings?

There are three theoretical perspectives on race and ethnicity. These are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction (Thompson, Hickey & Thompson, 2016). Functionalism is based on the idea that the norms and values of a society must be shared in order for it to work perfectly (Thompson, Hickey & Thompson, 2016). The social institutions in functionalism such as family and school have important responsibilities. The social institutions are responsible to promote those share norms and values to maintain functionalist society (Thompson, Hickey & Thompson, 2016). Next is the conflict theory. It states that society is in a state of continuous conflict (Thompson, Hickey & Thompson, 2016). This conflict is due to the limited resources of the society. It is of view that the race considered superior will tend to degrade other races. Lastly, symbolic interaction states that the opinion of an individual is shaped by his interaction with any object or any other individual (Thompson, Hickey & Thompson, 2016). Whether the opinion might be positive or negative depends upon the nature of that interaction.

References

Stone, J. (2018). Race and ethnicity. Core Concepts in Sociology, 242.

Thompson, W. E., Hickey, J. V., & Thompson, M. L. (2016). Society in focus: An introduction to sociology. Rowman & Littlefield.

Give It A Title

Social Control and Religion

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Social Control and Religion

Social control symbolizes all those means and processes whereby a society seeks the smooth functioning of all his members. In this way, social institutions play a key role in seeking the conformity of al its members. The famous sociologist Emile Durkheim also elaborated this role of religion in this context. He specified that religious institutions are very significant when it comes to maintaining a social role in society. This function of religion is even relevant today as it maintains social control in various ways all around this modern globalized world. It is no blinking the fact that religions maintain social control in a positive way as they have a pivotal role in maintaining social harmony, inculcating ethics and morality, promoting good conduct, curbing materialism, and molding personalities of individuals in societies.

To begin with, religions maintain social harmony in society. Social harmony is achieved when there is no tussle among groups, individuals in society. Nevertheless, achieving social harmony is never an easy task, but religions have a role in it. This is a key characteristic of religions all over the world as they promote the feeling of goodwill, compassion in society. A religious society is never antagonistic in nature. This is the universal feature of all divine and man-made religions where the promoted love, emotions, kindness in societies, rather than hatred, rebellions, and revolts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FMwIe8K4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stark & Bainbridge, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Stark & Bainbridge, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/4IERK8UT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/4IERK8UT"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"book","title":"Religion, deviance, and social control","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Stark","given":"Rodney"},{"family":"Bainbridge","given":"William Sims"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stark & Bainbridge, 2013). So, when social harmony s maintained, it indirect maintains social control in societies. Thus, this social harmony created by religion becomes a reason for social control in society.

Moreover, religion maintains social control in societies by inculcating the same values and traditions among its members. This is a prime feature of religion as they promote the same normative patterns and behaviors among its people which become a regular part of their minds. The internalization of the same norms and patterns is effective when it comes to maintaining social control in societies. The normalization of same norms and beliefs in persons and groups as they do not consider that deviation is an option for them, and never diverge from their righteous paths ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gipSmWx8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cretacci, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Cretacci, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":717,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/RZY3IWLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/RZY3IWLD"],"itemData":{"id":717,"type":"article-journal","title":"Religion and social control: An application of a modified social bond on violence","container-title":"Criminal Justice Review","page":"254–277","volume":"28","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Religion and social control","author":[{"family":"Cretacci","given":"Michael A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cretacci, 2003). In short, this is how the same values by religions promote social control.

Religion is a source of good conduct and ethical behavior which indirectly improves the quality of social control in society. Religion is the elaborate system of ethics and morals which once inculcated shape the total outlook on life. A religious being is never interested in the materialism or any otherworldly ambitions as he is guided by ethics and moral teachings. This adherence to ethical values inculcates a sense of feeling in believers as they choose good lifestyles, free from any evil. Hence, this adoption of good conduct is the force behind social control in society.

Furthermore, religion controls the predilection to be animalistic in nature. This is the prime function of religion in this competitive world as everyone wants to climb the ladder of social status and power. This desire often motivates a man to opt for unethical means of acquiring wealth and power in society. As a result, this animalistic desire is controlled by religious scripture as they fear their Lord and they do not attempt to cross prohibited lines. This is the hidden check of religion on greedy and evil people in society. Hence, religion is really effective in controlling animals' desires in a man.

Lastly, religion is the code of life which influences and mold people's behavior. It is the spirit of responsibility which reduces the amount of deviance in society. Every society has deviant souls in its premises. No society can claim that its members are conforming the culture with absolute conformity. So, this potential of deviance is controlled by the religious doctrines as their teachings never favor rebellions. The institution of the family at first use religious means to socialize the child and this becomes the permanent part of his life. As a result, this code of life given by religious edicts molds and transforms people in a better way as they are conformist in nature and maintain social control in society.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cretacci, M. A. (2003). Religion and social control: An application of a modified social bond on violence. Criminal Justice Review, 28(2), 254–277.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/073401680302800204

Stark, R., & Bainbridge, W. S. (2013). Religion, deviance, and social control. Routledge.

https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2006-0-09829-X&isbn=9781135771522&format=googlePreviewPdf

Give It A Title

Role of Wealth and the Process of Policy-Making

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Role of Wealth and the Process of Policy-Making

Media is the top-ranked influencer in this modern globalized world. This is the force which is dominating every sphere of life and even uncovering the different social phenomena as well. No one denies the role and significance of media in this competitive age as it is one which reveals and unmasks different realities in social structures. In this vein, it is often reported by media that powerful people in society have a larger say in the process of decision -making. A wealth of a person or group has always remained a dominant factor in societies. This wealth is even more important in this world where capitalism is ruling every aspect of human life on earth. So different corporate entities are using their status and wealth to influence opinions, views, and even state policies. This is no escaping the fact that the legislative process is influenced by these wealthy persons in society through the different veiled mechanism. This is way too pervasive, and every society witnesses this social phenomenon of wealth in important policies. Nevertheless, several sociologists are view this phenomenon in a different way. For some social thinkers such as Wilbert Moore and Kingsly Davis, this is structural functionalism in society as different units in society are collectively working to achieve a harmonious balance. This is unlike the conflict theorists such as Karl Marx and Lewis Coser, who opine that it is the power of the rich to influence policies in government. In this vein, both sociological perspectives take this influence of wealth on policymaking differently.

This social phenomenon of wealth in important legislative and executive policies is functional for the theorists who belong to the structural-functionalism perspective. These sociologists opine that every society worked when there is a common understanding of all its rich and poor units. Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore opine that It is the functional side of society that some people are rich and enjoy high social status ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rbqduvHh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davis and Moore)","plainCitation":"(Davis and Moore)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":705,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/P5M22PI4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/P5M22PI4"],"itemData":{"id":705,"type":"article-journal","title":"Some principles of stratification","container-title":"American sociological review","page":"242–249","volume":"10","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Davis","given":"Kingsley"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Wilbert E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1945"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davis and Moore, 1945). Whereas, other people are ranked below in social strata. In this purview, it is usual modus operandi that rich must contribute more in important affairs of society as they are the superior one in any social setup. They are endowed with more important tasks such as guiding and directing the working of society. The rich class can have more say in important policies as their businesses are important assets for social setups. In this vein, this social phenomenon of rich and wealthy class exercising more control and influence on policies and decision is normal as they are already authorized to do it in every society.

On the other hand, social conflict theorists opine this social phenomenon is the symbolic reflection of the power and influence of the rich class. For conflict theorists such as Kral Marx, every society has a fake and superficial sense of harmonious equilibrium, which is not real by any means ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bhoi15CW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lenski)","plainCitation":"(Lenski)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":712,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/Y9TT7A5Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/Y9TT7A5Z"],"itemData":{"id":712,"type":"book","title":"Power and privilege: A theory of social stratification","publisher":"UNC Press Books","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Power and privilege","author":[{"family":"Lenski","given":"Gerhard E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lenski, 2013). It is the will of the dominant class as they own the means or forces of productions in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6ouqYMcx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Coser)","plainCitation":"(Coser)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":710,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/7SNX7GNB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/7SNX7GNB"],"itemData":{"id":710,"type":"article-journal","title":"Continuities in the study of social conflict.","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Coser","given":"Lewis A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1967"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Coser, 1967). They are immensely powerful as the superstructure of society takes their views seriously and make those policies that are wanted by them. So when rich class interferes in the process of decision making, this is the show of their economic and then political power in society. Hence, this role of the wealthy class is so massive, and it is even giving a sense of superficial equilibrium, which is all about their own will. So, this social malady is the symbol of the rich class.

To summarize, this influence of wealth on policy-making is no secret. Now and then, this is reported by media that successful business entities are calling for some policies, and then they get implemented as well. Nevertheless, this social phenomenon is viewed differently by structural functionalists and social conflict theorists.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Coser, L. A. (1967). Continuities in the study of social conflict.

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1968-10438-000

Davis, K., & Moore, W. E. (1945). Some principles of stratification. American Sociological Review, 10(2), 242–249.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2085643?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Lenski, G. E. (2013). Power and privilege: A theory of social stratification. UNC Press Books.

Power And Privilege." Google Books. N. p., 2019. Web. 22 July 2019.

https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=N8M3CwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Power+and+Privilege+Book+by+Gerhard+Lensk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn1YbHkcjjAhXxQEEAHTHMCucQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Power%20and%20Privilege%20Book%20by%20Gerhard%20Lensk&f=false

Give It A Title

Material Culture

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Material Culture

Symbolic interaction theory is considered to be a foundation stone among sociologists. In symbolic interaction, individuals interact with different objects of everyday life and assign different meanings to them (Yeager, 2016). An individual when came across to an object, the meaning of that object to the individual depends upon how the interaction between those two went (Yeager, 2016). For instance, an individual was strolling in a park when he decides to take a rest under a giant tree. As, the tree provided shade, that individual may assign the meaning of shade to the symbol of the tree. However, another individual that had a relatively bad experience with a tree might associate bad meaning to it. Both the individuals have associated meanings with a certain object after interacting with it. An interesting thing to consider is that the meanings associated with the object are not constant or absolute (Yeager, 2016). These meanings might change over the period of time depending upon the nature of interaction with the object. This interaction with the objects and association of meanings to them has fascinated sociologists over the time and new aspects of sociology are produced. That the tangible objects related to any culture and the beliefs associated with those objects are interconnected. Associating meanings gave rise to two sociological terms. Material culture and non-material culture. As defined by many sociologists, culture is shared norms and beliefs of individuals collectively (Wang et.al, 2018). The term material culture is defined as physical objects that people refer to as their culture (Wang et.al, 2018). Material culture may include homes, schools, temples, mosques, and synagogues (Wang et.al, 2018). The interaction with these objects shapes the opinion of an individual about them. Non-material culture includes just the ideas that individuals may have associated with something (Wang et.al, 2018). Non-material culture is completely opposite to material culture in theoretical perspective. However, they are deeply interlinked with each other (Wang et.al, 2018).

Three things that are selected as the material culture for this paper are school, museums, and a church. The first object that comprises of material culture is the school. A school is an important object in the collective culture because it equips the students with the knowledge that is required to thrive in this modern world. Besides academics, extracurricular activities provide ample opportunities for students to develop many skills. These skills might help students to interact with other students more sociably. Winning a trophy might give them a sense of achievement and motivates them to do more. Schools offer much more than any other material culture around us today.

The next object that comprises our material culture is a museum. Museum provides an opportunity for dialogue, cooperation, and interaction for the people sharing the same ideas. Additionally, the museum is a great source of knowledge for students like me. Museums portray history that provides an opportunity to reflect upon humanity has evolved. Furthermore, museums contain things created by man in the most adverse of times. For instance, a bow and arrow might seem redundant in today's world, but for people living a couple of centuries back, it was an important tool to acquire food for their sustenance.

The last thing that comprises of the material culture is the church. The role of the church is important because, besides being a platform to practice one's beliefs, they help to mobilize local communities. Church also help the poor and homeless individuals. Most of the time church offers shelter to people displaced through uncalled for circumstances. Moving further, churches always instruct the people attending them to behave in a socially acceptable way. Church also provides the believers to create a sense of harmony and fraternity among the community. This is an important aspect of the material culture related to the church given the fact that we are living in a multicultural and multireligious society.

References

Yeager, E. O. (2016). Symbolic Interaction Theory. Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 1-6.

Wang, Y., Deng, X., Zhang, K., & Lang, Y. (2018, June). The Intangible Cultural Heritage Show Mode Based on AR Technology in Museums-Take the Li Nationality Non-Material Cultural Heritage as an Example. In 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC) (pp. 936-940). IEEE.

Give It A Title

Organic Solidarity And Gesellschaft

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Organic Solidarity And Gesellschaft

Introduction

Naturally, human beings are sociable. For instance, they tend to live together in the form of community and society. Association between human beings is the fundamental requirement for mankind to exist. Ferdinand Tönnies, a German sociologist and philosopher, classified human relationship into two types. First, Gemeinschaft. Second, Gesellschaft. These relationships had been conceived on the basis of social structure in any community. A community is where human beings live and interact with each other. The human beings of a community can or cannot share language, culture, and beliefs. Sharing language, culture, and belief in a community is not a conditionality for human beings to co-exist. The aberration in opinions and values among human beings can rise due to social classification.

Organic Solidarity And Gesellschaft

An association between the human beings in the society that is driven primarily for self-interest and gains is referred to as Gesellschaft (Tönnies, 1957). In this society, an individual tries to accumulate whatever he can without taking into account the feelings of others (Tönnies, 1957). Although these individuals make up a community, they serve their interests no matter what the cost. In this society, family relations are weaker and have low priority when they come against secondary relations. Hence, the members of society feel they are not bound to it and demonstrate less loyalty to the community. The primary source of social coherence is the division of labor in a Gesellschaft society.

Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist who is considered to be a pioneer of the academic discipline, used the ideas of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to explain the division of labor (Thijssen, 2012). Durkheim deduced mechanical and organic solidarity as the categories that underpin a community. A community in which human beings performs distinct roles portray organic solidarity (Thijssen, 2012). The togetherness of that community is based on the variety of functions and responsibilities of its members. Contrary to mechanical solidarity, the roles of human beings are interlinked but are not the same (Thijssen, 2012). The complex functions of the society are carried out by individuals in various roles.

Organic solidarity and Gesellschaft communities are driven by disintegrated relationships, self-interests, and personal goals. These driving forces are thought to be more significant than other values. Coherence in these societies occurs because human beings depend on each other to achieve their goals. In a Gesellschaft society, individuals disregard personal relationships and focus on their personal goals. For instance, in today's world, this behavior is witnessed in public places where individuals disregard each other and go on about their way.

Examples of Organic Solidarity and Gesellschaft in the Society

The first instance where organic solidarity and Gesellschaft behavior is witnessed is the education system. The education system is classified into different departments such as science, arts, and games. The division of labor is the characteristic of organic solidarity that is seen here. Teachers are assigned specific subjects to teach along with numerous other duties to perform. The coherence of organic solidarity is viewed in the school system as the different departments work in tandem to achieve a common goal. Individuals staying independent is the characteristic of Gesellschaft.

Next, organic solidarity and Gesellschaft characteristics are seen in a tech company. Division of labor can be seen as work is divided into software engineering, development, testing, and maintenance. Coherence in the organization is achieved through this division. Gesellschaft is demonstrated in tech companies is viewed as the individuals serve personal interests despite having a shared goal.

Lastly, organic solidarity and Gesellschaft is seen in volunteer organizations. Different persons perform various duties in a volunteer organization. The nature of the duties can be different. These can be of administrative nature, cleaning, cooking or construction. The reason individuals serve in volunteering organizations is to create an association with others. The solidarity in operations of the organization in which members work to enhance coherence in organic solidarity. The division of labor is shown by teams that assigned different tasks.

References

Thijssen, P. (2012). From mechanical to organic solidarity, and back: With Honneth beyond Durkheim. European Journal of Social Theory, 15(4), 454-470.

Tönnies, F. (1957). Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft. Theories of society, 1.

Give It A Title

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

The Use of Social Media among Different Age Groups

Introduction

In the present age, almost 90% Americans own a smartphone, with more than 70% of them spending better time of the day to use it. While some may really use it to make calls or send a random text, others use it to simply browse through their social media feeds and see what others are up to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FXQfR6Cz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chassiakos et al.)","plainCitation":"(Chassiakos et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":472,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/WR2KNPUP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/WR2KNPUP"],"itemData":{"id":472,"type":"article-journal","title":"Children and adolescents and digital media","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"e20162593","volume":"138","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Chassiakos","given":"Yolanda Linda Reid"},{"family":"Radesky","given":"Jenny"},{"family":"Christakis","given":"Dimitri"},{"family":"Moreno","given":"Megan A."},{"family":"Cross","given":"Corinn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chassiakos et al.). However, given the power held by social media, a sense of responsibility need to be cultivated, especially considering the number of teens and even pre-teens using the platform on daily basis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZWBCN0Qe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lissak)","plainCitation":"(Lissak)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":473,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/J7AWY9NG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/J7AWY9NG"],"itemData":{"id":473,"type":"article-journal","title":"Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study","container-title":"Environmental research","page":"149-157","volume":"164","author":[{"family":"Lissak","given":"Gadi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lissak).

The rapid growth in the use of social media among the masses increasing at an alarming percentage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TbiSaxJh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lenhart et al.)","plainCitation":"(Lenhart et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":470,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/FIQVY8RQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/FIQVY8RQ"],"itemData":{"id":470,"type":"book","title":"Teens, social media & technology overview 2015","publisher":"Pew Research Center [Internet & American Life Project]","author":[{"family":"Lenhart","given":"Amanda"},{"family":"Duggan","given":"Maeve"},{"family":"Perrin","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Stepler","given":"Renee"},{"family":"Rainie","given":"Harrison"},{"family":"Parker","given":"Kim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lenhart et al.), the problems associated are getting out of hand as well. The reason behind this is often the compelling nature of social media apps like Instagram and Snapchat that is filled with features capable of holding your interests for hours. Keeping that in mind, some of the vices found courtesy of unmonitored social media use are ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AzuDVJFk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Vannucci et al.)","plainCitation":"(Vannucci et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":471,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UQMURGAQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UQMURGAQ"],"itemData":{"id":471,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults","container-title":"Journal of affective disorders","page":"163-166","volume":"207","author":[{"family":"Vannucci","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Flannery","given":"Kaitlin M."},{"family":"Ohannessian","given":"Christine McCauley"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Vannucci et al.);

Being distracted from doing homework/ doing work assigned.

Gives people a faux sense of popularity given their number of follows.

Promotes depression among people with less number of likes and followers online.

Thus, it is high time that this matter is given the attention that is due and viable solutions are made to deal with the issues at hand in an efficient and effective manner.

Results

Four distinct age demographics were analyzed using a survey to find the percentage of social media between the members of certain age groups. The chosen age groups were, 11 to 14 i.e. Pre-teens and early teens, 15 to 18 i.e. adolescents, 18 to 25 i.e. young adults, 25 to 35 i.e. Adults and finally those above the ages of 45 i.e. middle adulthood. One participant was chosen from all age groups, with myself representing the group of young adults. On the basis of the results obtained, clustered columns were used.

This shows the average percentage of individuals using social media on a regular basis. According to the results

Discussion

29051251884680According to a survey conducted by the Royal Society for Public Health, most 14 to 24 year olds in the UK about the impact of social media on their wekkbeing. Based on their survey’s Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat are reported to have increased the feelings of loneliness and poor body image among teens and young adults. However, an analysis by Pew Research Center, about 81% of teens between the ages of 13 and 17 claim that social media is a medium to dtay connected with their friends. Some even claim that social media has also helped them through anxious times. Quite contrary to the findings of Royal Society for Public Health, 71% teens teens and young adults associated the use of social media by stating that it made them feel included and gave them a boost in their confidence CITATION Mon18 \l 1033 (Anderson and Jiang).

On the other hand, adults between the ages of 30 and above associate social media use with lifetime social bonds. However, they are not as inclined towards the use of social media as opposed to teens, young adults ans even adults as shown in the graphical representation of data above.

Conclusion

Given the details mentioned above, the results from Pew Research Center findings are quite similar to the ones discovered during our survey. At present, the use of social media in nearly universal among all age groups. While some people have been subjected to the negative and rather traumatic side of social media, some are also exposed to the positive side, one that allows them to strengthen their friendships, cultivate better relationships, expose them to new cultures and stay up to date with the causes that are close to your heart.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, Monica and Jingjing Jiang. Teens’ Social Media Habits and Experiences. 28 November 2018. Pew Research Center.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chassiakos, Yolanda Linda Reid, et al. “Children and Adolescents and Digital Media.” Pediatrics, vol. 138, no. 5, 2016, p. e20162593.

Health, Royal Society for Public. # StatusOfMind: Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health and Wellbeing. 2017.

Lenhart, Amanda, et al. Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015. Pew Research Center [Internet & American Life Project], 2015.

Lissak, Gadi. “Adverse Physiological and Psychological Effects of Screen Time on Children and Adolescents: Literature Review and Case Study.” Environmental Research, vol. 164, 2018, pp. 149–57.

Vannucci, Anna, et al. “Social Media Use and Anxiety in Emerging Adults.” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 207, 2017, pp. 163–66.

Give It One

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

PERSUASION AND PERSONAL PERCEPTION

As a matter of fact, a dynamic communicator has a flawless ability to communicate with various audiences. In this context, the effectively applied principles of heuristic can play a significant role in enhancing the content and its impact on people. The notion of heuristic persuasion infuses a tinge of authority, engagement, and amusement, as well as anticipatory enthusiasm into the audiences (Bao, 2010). The subject phenomenon, in turn, allows communicators to relay their message to various audiences that in turn supports them to become a dynamic communicator. It happens because generically when it comes to making a judgment, people pay little attention to particularistic information, and get easily engaged in cognitive computation or processing of intricate information. Consequently, the heuristic approach elevates the efficacy of overall dynamic communication.

Workplace persuasion determines the way an employee received or perceived within the premises of an organization. On a workplace, employees have to deal with different people of different backdrops and mental capabilities, and therefore there are some principles that can help employees to establish and maintain a positive perception among people, for the sake of healthy and beneficial connections. In this context, it is imperative to develop a productive relationship and staying perceptive. Without making people realized that one understands their standpoint, it is impossible to communicate effectively (White, 2016). Moreover, it is important to implement an asking approach instead of pursuing a telling strategy. People like to be included in the decision-making process and through their active engagement; it becomes easier to lead them. Similarly, two other tactics, which are empathy and stress handling, are most useful while persuasively communicating on a workplace, in establishing a positive and influential perception among others. On the contrary, there are several factors that should be avoided on every cost to evade the peril of establishing a negative image. Such aspects include unnecessary repetition of motive and a bad body language. Furthermore, it is ineffective to expect a rapid agreement, and therefore employee has to depict patience. Likewise, a sudden reflexive rebuttal is also substantially discouraged to build a rapport on a workplace.

Work Cited

Bao, Sonia Y. “The Principles of Persuasion in Executive Leadership.” Clearmont Colleges , 2010, scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=cmc_theses.

White, Chris. “8 DO's and 7 DON'T's in The Art of Persuasion (Aka Getting My Way!).” Flippen Group, 4 Mar. 2016, flippengroup.com/8-dos-and-7-donts-in-the-art-of-persuasion-aka-getting-my-way/.

Give It One

Social Media On Celebrities

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Social Media On Celebrities

Introduction

Social media has provided a platform for celebrities to communicate and associate with the masses over the years. The celebrities find it at ease to function on social media, as an integral part and unending need for publicity to maintain their public personas. Conversely, mediums like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have enabled user insight to a more critical view of a celebrity's

life, allowing them instant access in their reality.

Famous names in the showbusiness like Selena Gomez and other celebrities have utilized these platforms to speak with fans about imperative issues, while stars like Kim Kardashian and Justin Bieber have constructed their realms via web-based networking media. These celebrities have the ability to impact a large number of individuals around the globe with a single post, and they have aced exactly how to do it. Also, on account of the brilliant universe of online life that offered these celebrities the correct opportunities at the correct time that drove these stars to achieve success CITATION Rod17 \l 1033 (Rodriguez, 2017).

Thesis statement

This paper tends to explore the relationship between celebrities on social media and the general public through expectancy violation theory, which explains the unexpected actions of individuals in an interaction. Individuals expect a specific action out of the interaction and deem its violation to the expectations instilling both positive or negative impacts amongst the population.

Literature Review

Expectancy violation theory is a sociological theory revolving around communication, which endeavors to clarify the unexpected actions of individuals in an interaction. This theory depends on uncertainty reduction theory where the unclear behaviors of the others are diminished through interaction. The theory was created from the nonverbal expectancy violation model by Judee.K.Burgoon. Anticipation and indulgence of individuals in a specific behavior while interacting and the violation to these expectations can be viewed as good or bad influences amongst people CITATION Bur88 \l 1033 (Burgoon & Hale, 1988).

Expectancy violation theory focuses on the interaction of an individual in a specific and defined setting. Individuals create an expectation and prediction of how the other will respond. Infringement of this desire can cause to a judgment that will be positive or negative. Individuals act peculiarly according to their experiences in childhood and this creates a response in the masses. This theory has depths in individual space. The theory represents that violation of expectations of behaviors is based on the behavior of another. This exchange of behavior is either considered favorable or undesirable buy the others. The theory is hence a proponent of the fact that expectations to the behaviors of others cause the consequent and implied reaction in the others CITATION Flo99 \l 1033 (Floyd & Voloudakis, 1999). the theory hence explains the relationship between behaviors, communication, and violation as an effect. CITATION Jud15 \l 1033 (Burgoon, 2015).

Discussion

Individuals want to maintain a positive public image, by indulging in acts that serve good to all. Nonetheless, frequent challenges revolve persistently around our public image. As social network sites become a noteworthy platform for everyday communication, a developing number of image threats are also eminently seen on social media. More often as criticism, dismissal, and badgering. Further, the emerging updates on the features of social networking sites explicitly large amounts of visibility and perpetual quality can also raise the potential harm of celebrity image. This reflects that perceived image of the celebrity and dealing with one's public image on social networking sites have turned into an imperative part of new media. Expectancy violation theory gives a hypothetical structure to see how individuals react to celebrities on social media. This theory places that celebrity fans or the general public have created assumptions regarding how others should communicate with them i.e. mostly positively, i.e. alluded to the anticipation. Behaviors of communication that disrupt our hopes, and which triggers emotional arousal, prompting us to translate and assess the expectancy infringement. It assesses whether this infringement is positively perceived or negatively acknowledged, consequently influencing our reaction to the violation. Violations higher to our anticipation, for example, a surprise party is assessed as positive one instilling a positive correspondence result in the public. On the other hand, violations of undesirable behaviors not fulfilling expectancy is seen as negative infringement and for the most part anticipate negative results CITATION Jia18 \l 1033 (Jian Raymond Rui, 2018).

An issue that has been investigated lately is the role of social media in intervened connections. The appearance of the web and the formation of fan sites offered audience more methods for finding out about celebrities, the utilization of social media has on a very basic level transformed the nature of interceded connections in permitting celebrities simple and consistent access to communicate with fans who became friends and followers CITATION Mar14 \l 1033 (Mary Beth Oliver, 2014).

Conclusion

Celebrities have a powerful effect on how their followers see themselves and how they see the world. These celebrities influence the attitudes and behavior of the audience to a greater extent. They can have a positive impact on people and serve as role models. Few singers, actors, celebrities can also offer harmful examples. Specifically, celebrity impact on body image and substance use is often injurious to youth's emotional well being. In this manner, people need direction on the best way to interpret celebrity impact. Adults can connect with children around media. In addition, guardians and teachers can make use of celebrity stories into imperative talks about wellbeing and individual decisions. In conclusion, celebrities are truly individuals. Subsequently, they experience genuine struggles in their lives. But since they are in the public eye, the public has the chance to gain from them. The followers/fans need to deal with the data and take away a healthy message.

Celebrities are able to impact emerging trends in culture, concerning beauty and fashion at more prominent degrees. From their capacity to create communities where followers feel progressively associated with the influencer through larger amounts of commitment, legitimacy, and unwavering quality, we can presume that celebrities on social media stars have the high ground in supporting items.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Burgoon, J. (2015). Expectancy Violations Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication.

Floyd, K., & Voloudakis, M. (1999). Affectionate Behavior in Adult Platonic Friendships: Interpreting and Evaluating Expectancy Violations. Human Communication Research, 341–369.

Jian Raymond Rui, M. A. (2018). That tagging was annoying: An extension of expectancy violation theory to impression management on social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior-Elsevier, 49-58.

Mary Beth Oliver, A. A. (2014). Media and Social Life. Routledge.

Qing Gu, C. d. (2011). Challenges to teacher resilience: Conditions count. British Educational Research Journal, 39(1): 1-23.

Rodriguez, K. (2017). The Most Influential Celebrities on Social Media.

Give It One

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The mass media contribute to a great amount to fix the habits of thinking of society; to launch the plan of social, economic, and political matters that are deliberated; to generate or abolish the status of an association, individual or group of people. The mass media deliver info and elements for the individual and the community to build, consider and form their sentiments. In the USA, the role of media has been irresponsible in recent times. The news media do not like Mr. Donald. They did everything to ensure that he was not elected, and shouted out loud because the new President does not like them (Padfield).

Sometimes, individuals like Mr. Donald find themselves facing the media in a situation of inequality, in which it is very difficult to defend themselves. The media can even unleash a psychological battle that forces the individual to commit suicide. One of the best-known cases is that of the former French Prime Minister Pierre. They can also induce murder by revealing aspects of a person's private life. The instruments that the media use to exercise their power are ideological or psychic. It causes a bad effect on a person, his family, his work and his social circle. The publication of false news seriously affects his prestige, reputation, and honor, or aspects of his intimate life. On the contrary, the other media industries such as Sports and music have shown a responsible behavior (Ullah).

Therefore, the news media has a clear social responsibility and, therefore, it is protected by all democratic societies. Power must not be unlimited or absolute. In history, when it has existed, it has subjugated the freedoms and fundamental rights of individuals who become objects. Historical examples are abundant: many of the Roman, Chinese and Turkish emperors; in the 20th century, the figures of Hitler, Stalin, Mao-Tse-Tung, and Pol-Pot are the examples (Padfield).

Work Cited

Padfield, Stefan J. "Corporate Social Responsibility & Concession Theory". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014. Elsevier BV, doi:10.2139/ssrn.2404021.

Ullah, Dr. Altaf. "Corporate Greed, Sensationalism And An Irresponsible Media". Blogs.Tribune.Com.Pk, 2010, https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/2385/corporate-greed-sensationalism-and-an-irresponsible-media/. Accessed 27 Mar 2019.

GLOBAL INEQUALITY

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Global Inequality

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia with a population of approximately 126.8 million and the land area of Japan is 377,973 km². The GDP of Japan is 4.872 trillion USD (2017) and per capita GDP is about 40,000 USD. Thus, Japan lies among the top 5 global economies also being a member of G7. Japan has a long history and it was an active participant in the two Greats Wars albeit it had to start its economic journey from start being a leading loser of WW-II. Japanese altered their socio-political structure after WW-II and engaged themselves in producing the best quality goods that led to their unprecedented rise.

Rwanda

A landlocked African country Rwanda has a land area of 26,338 km² and a population of 12.63 million with a GDP of 9.137 billion USD (2017). It is one of the poorest countries of the world with few natural resources and depending primarily on animal parks and coffee production having a per capita GDP of 748.39 USD (2017). Rwanda like other African countries had been lagging behind the advanced world for centuries due to colonization. Its independence in 1962 enabled it to enhance its industry but the Tutsis' genocide at the hands of Hutu's during the 1990s proved the independence counter-productive.

How would Japan help Rwanda?

The world is highly affected by inequality and most of the global conflicts are the outcome of this inequality, or being a staunch believer of Realism you can also say the same about global peace (although limited). Nevertheless, if rich countries aspire to help the poor ones, we can have many issues resolved with little struggle. Japan is a rich country with having far more strong economy and more population than Rwanda. If the Japanese consider it essential to help the poor Rwandese to have a better lifestyle, they can donate a sum of their wealth to boost the fragile Rwandese economy but this donation should be in a useful way. They can invest in the education sector, health sector and industrial sector to bring useful and long-lasting prosperity to Rwanda. Japan can provide its professors and skilled tutors to teach the Rwandese the ways to get prospered through legal means. Japan stood from ashes after the WW-II, therefore, it has a lot to tell Rwandese about how can a nation rise in minimum possible time.

Global Social Problems: War And Terrorism

Global Social Problems: War and terrorism

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Global Social Problems: War and terrorism

The intentional violence that is usually against civilians in the pursuit of political goals is known as terrorism (Sandler, (2014). Terrorism is one of the major social problems that affect almost every person and every country. It has become an integral part of the state and is used to challenge the state’s authority or to impose obedience. Terrorism not only causes immense fear among people but can also cause property destruction. Due to terrorism, thousands of people lose their lives every day. Specifically, discussing the US, the term terrorism was under spotlight after the 9/11 attacks due to which several people lost their lives. Terrorism can occur due to several reasons yet I believe that one of the major causes of terrorism is social inequality. People are usually discriminated based on their cultural backgrounds, religion and race, etc. Due to this discrimination, people are becoming more intolerant day by day thus increasing the risk of terrorism. However, there is another type of terrorism that is not highlighted enough which is political terrorism. It implies to the politically motivated assassinations, kidnapping and violence, etc. According to the functionalist perspective, terrorism is directly linked with social institution’s disorganization CITATION Ken19 \l 1033 (Kendall 2019). It is a responsibility of the government to bring political stability in the country by making several laws and doing reforms. Despite bringing reforms, the government is more involved in military issues and engages in several terrorist activities that can have serious consequences. The government’s involvement in terrorist activities negatively impacts the country’s economy. As all the social problems are directly or indirectly interlinked with each other, the deteriorating economy will, in turn, create several other social problems such as unemployment and, poverty etc. In my opinion, it is nearly impossible to finish all the terrorism at once, yet it can be reduced gradually by removing social inequalities and creating a stable socio-economic environment. This can only be done if the government starts focusing more on reforming policies and making the economic condition of the country better.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Kendall, Diana. Social Problems in a Diverse Society. Pearson, 2019.

Sandler, T. (2014). The analytical study of terrorism: Taking stock. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 257-271.