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Class Participation

Title page

Class participation

The story ‘A Big Fat Slob’ is linked to my life because I used to be an obese during school years. I agree with the viewpoints of the author who sheds light on the common issues of overeating and overweight. I personally believe that obesity has negative impacts on one’s mental state because fat people are victims of body shamming. I still remember that I was bullied at school due to by obesity. Many of my class fellows used to annoy me by calling ‘fatty’.

The story has attempted to portray the negative implications of obesity on the mental state of people. I agree that depression and anxiety are common outcomes of fatness. In the story the thirty-years old obese woman needed therapy for overcoming her depression. I believe that every obese child and adult needs counseling because obesity is not only deteriorates physical health but also leads to mental issues. I experienced similar situations of embarrassment in my life as highlighted in the story. I agree that eating disorders promote fatness but the victim is unable to control it. Whenever I attempted to follow a diet plan for killing fatness I failed because I was always tempted to savory food. I used to look at the mirror and felt sad because I wanted to look smart and cool.

The story has relevance to my personal life because I remained a victim of obesity in my childhood. I think that the author has highlighted real problem faced by the American society as the rate of obesity is rising due to increased dependence on fast food. therapy and counseling can be used for helping people in overcoming obesity. In the conclusion I believe that the story made a right point on controlling obesity.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Classmates Peer Review

Title page

Peer review

I like the post of Chabli because it provides deeper analysis of Class-Wide Function-Related Intervention Teams (CW-FIT) and its impacts on the students. The discussion has covered all aspects of the topic such as the elements of CW-FIT. I agree that this is an effective strategy for reinforcing positive behavior by eliminating the negative personality traits. Chabli has critically evaluated the article and managed to highlight all aspects related to the topic. I agree that on-task behaviors of the children can be improved in classrooms in the absence of disruptions or distractions (Caldarella et al., 2015). This depends on the capability and role of educators in the classroom. I think teachers who develop a positive relationship with the students are more likely to help them in overcoming negative behaviors.

I agree with Chabli that emotional and behavioral problems are common in students. Evidence support has been provided by discussing the findings of the article in the post. I agree that teachers must possess adequate skills and experience for handling students in complex situations. Chabli has identified some important strategies such as behavioral management for helping children. I agree that teacher must be familiar with such strategies because it help them in assessing the behaviors of children and identifying problems. I agree that proactive interventions can save the students on time. When they receive attention and support from the teachers they are encouraged to overcome their learning problems. I think that Chabli has pointed out the solutions appropriately by relying on a credible source.

Reference

Caldarella, P., Williams, L., Hansen, B., & Wills, H. (2015). Managing Student Behavior with Class-Wide Function-Related Intervention Teams: An Observational Study in Early Elementary Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43(5), 357–365. https://doi-org.proxy.ccis.edu/10.1007/s10643-014-0664-3

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Client History Report Draft

Client History Report Draft

Your Name (First M. Last)

Psychology

Instructor’s Name

Date submitted

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Client History Report Draft

Identifying information 

Patient’s name is Mr Jones who is righted handed male, of age 44. He is Roman Catholic, Italian American. His is married with wife aged 30 and two kids of age 12 and 15. He has a PhD in English. And is working in Catholic college from 30 years. He is also member of institutional board and reviews 20 grant applications each month. He is full time working men, but when he finds spare time, he likes to do fishing, tinkering cars and rebuilding motors. . He is also proud of his three publications. He has a dynamic personality. He is a family oriented man. His mother died of cancer, Father is alive, and one of his brothers died of colon cancer.

Reason for referral 

He is referred by the neurologist for the neuropsychological evaluation based on thinking and memory changes he is facing after his car accident.

Interact more.

This neuropsychological evaluation will be done to measure cognitive strengths, weaknesses and examine his cognitive and behavioural functioning. This evaluation will reveal the health of his brain and reveal the strength of his abilities related to thinking, motor functioning and memory. The results will be used to evaluate the causes of his difficulties.

Current Symptoms/Presenting Concerns

Mr Jones reports that he was conscious during and after the accident, but he has vague memories of the events that occurred after the accident. He also reports remembering driving back home and then attending the soccer game; he doesn’t have any memories of the accident.

His wife also confirms this event and states that he was unusually quiet and socially withdrawn after the accident. According to him his reports of visiting the MD doesn’t report any spinal and brain injuries.

He has experience with a similar sort of accident in his teenage in which his one friend died. He even received psychotherapy after the incident. He reports mild cases of depression that he thinks are not linked to the accident. He never had any suicidal thoughts. His depression triggered last time when he met his old friends who survived the accident.

He reports having trouble in full filling his occupational duties after the accident. Like in creating new lectures. He also forgets what and how many application he has read. He also reports of an accident when he forgot meeting one of his student in a class. He is also having sleeping problems. He is also recommended by the administration after noticing his changed behaviour that he needs to increase his interaction with his students more. He was always liked by his students and is famous for his exceptional teaching, but recent changes are making things difficult for him.

According to him, his cognitive symptoms have improved after one week of the accident, but he can’t think clearly after it, and his thinking seems fuzzy. His attention span has also reduced, and he finds it hard to keep track of his thoughts and tasks.

He has a family history of neurological disorder. He also bumped his head in his childhood on the cement floor. , and has a small loss of consciousness butt everything normal afterwards.

After evaluation the results of the assessment, it seems like the accident has triggered his symptoms of the underlying neurological disorder. He might be at the start of developing the neurological disorder as his memory and thinking have started to get affected. His learning trials, interfacing trails, recall delays are lower than they should be. This point to some underlying problem ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3HF3bJwh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Arlt, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Arlt, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1632,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NQD3WBQB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NQD3WBQB"],"itemData":{"id":1632,"type":"article-journal","title":"Non-Alzheimer's disease—related memory impairment and dementia","container-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","page":"465-473","volume":"15","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of memory impairment and dementia in the elderly disturbed memory function is a widespread subjective and/or objective symptom in a variety of medical conditions. The early detection and correct distinction of AD from non-AD memory impairment is critically important to detect possibly treatable and reversible underlying causes. In the context of clinical research, it is crucial to correctly distinguish between AD or non-AD memory impairment in order to build homogenous study populations for the assessment of new therapeutic possibilities. The distinction of AD from non-AD memory impairment may be difficult, especially in mildly affected patients, due to an overlap of clinical symptoms and biomarker alterations between AD and certain non-AD conditions. This review aims to describe recent aspects of the differential diagnosis of AD and non-AD related memory impairment and how these may be considered in the presence of memory deficits.","ISSN":"1294-8322","note":"PMID: 24459413\nPMCID: PMC3898684","journalAbbreviation":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci","author":[{"family":"Arlt","given":"Sönke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Arlt, 2013). But considering the fact, Mr. Jones recalls that his tests were clear on his visit to MD, can’t find correct as he can give wrong information regarding the reports considering his memory and blurry thoughts. Looking at his history it seems like issue can be more associated to the accident that brought memories of his dead friend ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sPMTWK7S","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Memory Complaint and Impairment in the Aged: The Effect of Depression and Altered Brain Function | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Memory Complaint and Impairment in the Aged: The Effect of Depression and Altered Brain Function | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1628,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EE4M2636"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/EE4M2636"],"itemData":{"id":1628,"type":"webpage","title":"Memory Complaint and Impairment in the Aged: The Effect of Depression and Altered Brain Function | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network","URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/491468","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Memory Complaint and Impairment in the Aged: The Effect of Depression and Altered Brain Function | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network,” n.d.).

IV. Psychosocial History (complete each of the sections below based on the information in the case you selected)

Educational history:

He has done a PhD in English and has three publications.

Occupational history:

He is teaching in a Catholic college from 30 years. He is like by his students. He is also a member of the institution review board.

Medical history:

No history of drug abuse or heavy abuse. But he drinks one glass of wine each night.

Psychiatric history

He received psychotherapy after the accident in his teenage.

Social history

He is very engaged in his family and extended family. His students and mates always liked him. He always had friends and likes to attend the reunions. He also visits the church that other members of his family also attend.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Arlt, S. (2013). Non-Alzheimer’s disease-related memory impairment and dementia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(4), 465–473.

Memory Complaint and Impairment in the Aged: The Effect of Depression and Altered Brain Function | JAMA Psychiatry | JAMA Network. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2019, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/491468

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Clinical Case Study

Clinical Case Study

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Clinical Case Study

Description

Methods and Strategies

Case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, laboratory observations and many more are all examples of correlational or descriptive research methods. These methods can describe events, behaviors, and experiences relating to an event and forges and contemplates existing links between them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cAYwnCFI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooley, Neale, & Davison, 1989)","plainCitation":"(Hooley, Neale, & Davison, 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":280,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"itemData":{"id":280,"type":"book","title":"Readings in abnormal psychology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"0-471-63107-8","author":[{"family":"Hooley","given":"Jill M."},{"family":"Neale","given":"John M."},{"family":"Davison","given":"Gerald C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hooley, Neale, & Davison, 1989).

For the purpose of this study, the patient will be subjected to;

Study of patient history

Observation of her behavior

HFD i.e. Human Figure Drawing, a personality assessment

Diagnosis

An inference of the patient’s behavior and self-assessment in called a diagnosis. It does not have an observable organic base and refers to a set of symptoms and mental-emotional functioning of a patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JZvXCsp9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooley et al., 1989)","plainCitation":"(Hooley et al., 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":280,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"itemData":{"id":280,"type":"book","title":"Readings in abnormal psychology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"0-471-63107-8","author":[{"family":"Hooley","given":"Jill M."},{"family":"Neale","given":"John M."},{"family":"Davison","given":"Gerald C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hooley et al., 1989).

For the given case: Histrionic Personality Disorder. Differential diagnosis with the comorbidity of borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and moderate depression.

Case Formulation

Also known as clinical formulation, case formulation is a theoretical explanation of the information that has been obtained during a clinical assessment of a patient. It can also be used by social workers and mental health nurses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7Iw1tFmn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooley et al., 1989)","plainCitation":"(Hooley et al., 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":280,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"itemData":{"id":280,"type":"book","title":"Readings in abnormal psychology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"0-471-63107-8","author":[{"family":"Hooley","given":"Jill M."},{"family":"Neale","given":"John M."},{"family":"Davison","given":"Gerald C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hooley et al., 1989).

For the given case: The patient is a compulsive attention seeker and has sexual ideation towards the opposite sex. Lack of interpersonal relationship and anxiety that steams for loneliness can be observed in the patient. This has led to an unhappy lifestyle which resulted in general feelings of unhappiness.

Treatment Plan

With exclusive regard to mental health, a treatment plan is considered to be a written document which outlines the progression of therapy. It is ideally used by a therapist to direct what needs to be done when working with a patient ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ggks9Rfs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hooley et al., 1989)","plainCitation":"(Hooley et al., 1989)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":280,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/WXF5JWHE"],"itemData":{"id":280,"type":"book","title":"Readings in abnormal psychology","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"0-471-63107-8","author":[{"family":"Hooley","given":"Jill M."},{"family":"Neale","given":"John M."},{"family":"Davison","given":"Gerald C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1989"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hooley et al., 1989).

For the given case: The patient needs to be subjected to;

HFD

CBD

Psychotherapy

Additional Information

Any information, which may not relate to the case itself but help in the provision of a proper assessment and diagnosis of the patient can be termed as additional information.

For the present case:

Blood tests to eliminate the presence of physical illness.

Medical history

Drug screen

Interview family members (with intervals)

Question 1

For the purpose of this study, the patient will be subjected to;

•Study of patient history

•Observation of her behavior

•HFD i.e. Human Figure Drawing, a personality assessment

Question 2

For the present case, since the patient is fixated attention seeker, due to poor interpersonal relationships. Her attention seeking behavior leads to her having sexual ideation towards the opposite gender. This has led to significant drug abuse, a feeling of isolation and loneliness, and weight loss.

On the basis of the information received, the patient will be given a differential diagnosis since no proper diagnosis can be listed at this stage. Differential diagnosis with the comorbidity of borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and moderate depression. However, the patient could possibly be suffering from Histrionic Personality Disorder.

Question 3

The patient is a compulsive attention seeker and has sexual ideation towards the opposite sex. Lack of interpersonal relationship and anxiety that steams for loneliness can be observed in the patient. This has led to an unhappy lifestyle which resulted in general feelings of unhappiness. It has even contributed to her weight loss and feelings of worthlessness. Additionally, the patient has shown signs of insecurity and has a compulsive need for attention.

Question 4

Since the patient has been given a differential diagnosis, she will be subjected to therapies to understand the root cause of her issues. She could either be suffering from Histrionic Personality Disorder, Bipolar Disorder or Borderline Personality Disorder. She may even be suffering from moderate depression. This, she would be subjected to a couple to therapies to analyze her response and give a proper diagnosis. They are:

HFD

CBD

Psychotherapy

Question 5

In the present case, since it relies on an initial assessment of the patient alone at this point, additional information would be required. This includes;

Blood tests to eliminate the presence of physical illness

Medical history

Drug screen

Interview family members (with intervals)

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hooley, J. M., Neale, J. M., & Davison, G. C. (1989). Readings in abnormal psychology. John Wiley & Sons.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Co-occuring Disoders

Co-Occurring Disorders

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Co-Occurring Disorders

Introduction

Number of mental and physical disorders can be seen from past times up to date with a huge amount of addictions. Some of those mental and physical disorders or problems and diseases occur due to natural issues such as normally seen disease e.g. cancer, diabetes, and hepatitis, etc. But not usually while most of the time, disorders and diseases can be seen faced by individuals due to their behavior and use of bad things. The same is the case with alcohol use. The use of alcohol leads to several mental and physical problems. Hence, it can be stated that alcohol and its use lead to several problems which include both physical and mental disorders. But, according to (Barnes et.al, 2009) the use of alcohol or alcohol use (in most cases) leads to gambling addiction and attention deficit disorder. Here, the main purpose of this research-based paper is to identify and prove the scientific relationship between alcohol use with gambling addiction and attention deficit disorder.

Analysis

Alcohol use or alcohol abuse is a serious concern and problem in people. Alcohol use is the pattern of drinking that exists in people and in this pattern people used to drink too much alcohol too often. This interferes with the routine life of people. People suffer from this pattern when they start to drink or when they drink too much alcohol at a time or continuously after a few hours each day. Every person or individual has a clear idea that the use of alcohol is bad for health and has negative impacts on their health in many ways but most of the time, no one prefers to stop it. They do so because they have been addicted to the use of alcohol. As mentioned, the use of alcohol impacts one’s life inversely and negative, it does lead to many other bad habits. The use of alcohol impacts people both mentally and physically. Hence, it leads to several mental issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, and alters brain chemistry while becoming a source for people to get involved in other bad habits and activities such as behavior addiction, gambling addiction, and other drug addiction.

Gambling Addiction

For some people or individuals, gambling is harmless fun or activity. In other words, most of the people (who are addicted to gambling up to some extent) state/say that gambling is an activity and fun that does not harm someone’s psyche nor disturb mental health. But, according to (Burge, Pietrzak, & Petry, 2016), gambling becomes a problem when it has not been stopped at the right time. This is a compulsive behavior that is often called problem gambling.

The gambling addiction is a progressive addiction that can have several inverse and negative psychological, social and physical repercussions. Gambling addiction is also considered as an impulse control disorder because gambling adductors are unable to control their behavior from going towards the activities of gambling. This problem or disorder also leads to many other issues such as depression, distress, anxiety, migraine, and many other intestinal and intentional disorders.

Attention Deficit Disorder

Attention deficit disorder is a type of disorder or problem that occurs at the time when individuals experience troubles and/or difficulties to maintain attention and control physical movement and energy. This problem or disorder occurs at different stages of life. It can be witnessed in the children, adults and even the aged people all around the US and the entire world. A number of different events, situations, medical conditions and use of unhealthy things like alcohol lead to several characteristics of attention deficit disorder.

So, based on the reasons, concerns, and arguments, it can be stated that there is a very close relationship between the uses of alcohol with gambling addiction, and attention deficit disorder. As mentioned earlier that alcohol use leads to several other habits and mental and health problems, so gambling addiction is a bad habit whereas attention deficit disorder is a neurological disease. While both of them occur due to the use of alcohol.

Hence, for the purpose to justify that relationship of alcohol use with gambling addiction and attention deficit disorder, this research-based paper would research, analyze, and justify this relationship.

Relationship of Alcohol use with Gambling Addiction

A new report claims that the similarities and connections between alcohol use and gambling addiction are very close then of previous times. According to (Barnes et.al, 2009), the issues of alcohol use and gambling addiction can be dealt with one another side by side. The report developed based on the feedbacks of 60 respondents to the survey. Based on the respondents' feedback, people admit to the addiction to gambling when increasing the use of alcohol in routine life (Baines, Jones, & Christiansen, 2016). In terms of recommendations given by the respondents, most of the recommendations were like, we should stop the use of alcohol if we are focusing on decreasing or eliminating the gambling addiction of individuals.

The report called “A Losing Bet” states and claims that there is a strong and parallel relationship that converts to a relationship like a relationship between perpendicular lines which come closer and closer and come near to each other with the time. Based on the findings of (NIH, 2018), more than 86% percent of individuals and surveys’ respondents agree that the treatment of controlling gambling addiction can be done if the addiction and use of alcohol have been stopped and controlled. In other words, controlling the behavior and addiction to gambling can be best done if the use of alcohol has been controlled. Beyond that, many healthcare practitioners claims and state that the use and misuse of alcohol and its control is one of the best ways to control the behavior of people and communities from engaging in gambling addiction.

Risk Factors

Furthermore, the relationship between the use of alcohol with gambling addiction is very strong because most or risk factors of alcohol use and abuse can be witnessed as the risk factors of gambling addiction. Hence, some of the crucially close and even the same risk factors of both of the behaviors are;

Sex: It has been seen and evaluated even all the time that males are more likely to use alcohol more than of the females. While on the other side, the same is the case with gambling addiction. This means that males are more likely to get engaged in gambling addiction and this has been witnessed even in every case and analysis.

Age: The use of alcohol can be seen with a higher rate in young and middle-aged individuals in most communities and societies. While it cannot be hidden that the people aged between 24 years to 45 years are seen engaged with gambling addiction than of adults or more aged people from 50 to 65 years old.

Substance Abuse History: The individuals who have substance abuse history are much commonly engaged with the use of alcohol while similarly, individuals with substance alcohol abuse disorder are more likely than normal to be engaged in gambling addiction (Ali et.al, 2013). Beyond that, it can also be witnessed very commonly that the people who are addicted to alcohol use are particularly very common gambling adductors.

Socioeconomics: It is a fact that the use of alcohol is seen even in every area that includes both higher socioeconomic areas and lower socioeconomic areas. But, the alcohol abuse and more than normal use can be witnessed mostly in higher socioeconomic areas or regions while same areas (high socioeconomic areas) are much known for the people who are strongly gambling adductors or who much addicted to gambling in comparison to lower socioeconomic areas (Ali et.al, 2013).

Despite the above, the research studies and findings of physiology, neuroscience, and genetics over the last 2.5 decades designate and show that the addiction or use of drugs has stronger than normal relationships and both of them act in the same way on the brains of human beings as well. The addicted individuals to gambling share mostly the same as genetic risks. The research findings of (Anselme, & Robinson, 2013), states that individuals get addicted to gambling because due to the use of alcohol because alcohol creates the minds that do take the risk and think always about something credibly amazing which are out of the thoughts of a normal person. While gambling is something doing so. Hence, it can be said that the use of alcohol leads to addiction to gambling. Besides, they tend to take higher and more risks than people normally take. In other words, it can be resulted and stated that the use of alcohol leads to gambling.

Comorbidity

In terms of comorbidity, some researches suggest that there is a very high rate of comorbidity between the use of alcohol and gambling addiction. Based on the analysis of the data of a large study in the States of America founds that the use of alcohol is more frequently reported co-occurring condition among even all of the individuals with gambling addiction and even disorder. In the study developed by the American Addiction Centers Resources, more than 73 percent of the involved people were found that they have been addicted to gambling just because of their huge size of alcohol and continuous addiction with it.

The relationship of alcohol use with gambling addiction is close and they are much related to each other as well because due to the involvement of a number of factors. For instance, alcohol users and adductors have been found having the strongest and greatest link to gambling addiction. As well as both the alcohol and gambling serve at the most nightclubs. On the other side from the perspective of most common individuals, the pattern which has been witnessed among people and communities with a huge history is the development of the problem of gambling addiction because of alcohol use (Calado, Alexandre, & Griffiths, 2017). Hence based on the above results and findings gathered, it has been found that there is a strong and close relationship of alcohol use with gambling addiction.

Relationship of Alcohol use with Attention Deficit Disorder

There are some relationships between many factors such as drug addiction and disorders, it leads to. But, the relationship of alcohol use with the Attention Deficit Disorder is like a very risky relationship and even a combination. Alcohol is a depressant up to some extent and that is why people prefer to use it for getting comfortable especially in situations when they do not feel comfortable. In short, the relationship of alcohol use with the attention deficit disorder is causal. For the purpose, different conditions or situations should be met to determine and validate the relationship of alcohol use with the attention deficit disorder.

So, there is a number of things and analysis of conditions that demonstrate the relationship (causal relationship) of alcohol use with the attention deficit disorder but the most credible and highly perfect conditions are as follows.

The cause (attention deficit disorder) must precede the impacts (the use of alcohol).

The alcohol use or abuse and attention deficit disorder should be correlated while the correlation should be enough large for mandating the consideration from an applied or theoretical standpoint (Abouzari et.al, 2015).

Attention deficit disorder must be a unique reason for alcohol-related problems while being independent of other variables that may plausibly cause those problems.

Hence, if the above-listed condition has been met then it can be resulted that there is a close relationship between alcohol use with the attention deficit disorder. While, based on the analysis of studies, it has been found the above-listed condition such as the cause (attention deficit disorder) must precede the impacts (the use of alcohol) has been found met most of the time in people and environment. In simple words, the condition that causes attention deficit disorder results from the effects of alcohol use.

Additionally to the above argument, the research findings of American Addiction Centers resources state that the use of alcohol (as well as other co-occurring substance abuse or addiction like gambling addiction) also tend to higher rates of attention deficit disorder and many other problems such as risky sexual behaviors and anti-social personality disorder. Beyond that, alcohol use has been found a source that leads to the frontal lobe of human brains and they have been chiefly affected which further leads to weakening one’s thinking ability and capacity.

In the year 2010, around one million students have been facing trouble and difficulties in thinking and giving attention to their studies. After the studies conducted to figure out the actual reason behind the troubles students’ face, a researcher conducted by (Barnes et.al, 2009) finds that the students face trouble of disorder known as attention deficit disorder while the major reasons behind the problem they (students) are facing is the use of alcohol. The study also found that the use of alcohol is done by the students for the purpose to destroy the tension about their studies and get comfortable in their lives.

In the United States, around 27 percent of the people including adults treated being treated for alcohol use are diagnosed with the problem of attention deficit disorder (WHO, 2019).

On the other side of our main concern that alcohol use has a relationship with attention deficit disorder, attention deficit disorder also leads to alcohol use and abuse. More than 67 percent of the children with attention deficit disorder are more likely to be alcohol users and even abusers in their teenage and go to their adulthood age with such troubling dependence (Abouzari et.al, 2015). The individuals especially adults who are troubling with attention deficit disorder find it much difficult and hard to stop alcohol use once they get addicted to it.

Very rare but a positive side of the relationship of alcohol use with the attention deficit disorder is that alcohol can be seen beneficial and helpful for the people troubling with attention deficit disorder in the case when the survive with the issue of boldness or confidence because it (not always) build confidence level over the time. But most of the time, it does not build confidence level while only eliminate the hesitating behavior and nervousness for the time being.

Diagnostics and Treatments

Alcohol Use/Abuse

Diagnostics

There are several things that doctors do for diagnoses of alcohol use, some main and importance diagnostics are explained below;

Physical Examination: While no specific or particular test is there to diagnose the use of alcohol while some strong lab tests are used by most of the doctors. In this, identifying the health problems which are allied to alcohol use is the way to diagnose the issue.

Dsm-5 Criteria: The DSM-5, published by the American Psychiatric Association is used by healthcare or mental health practitioners and professionals to diagnose alcohol use or abuse (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Background And Habits: Analysis of the alcohol users’ family and friends by asking several questions and identifying the usual habits of the person while following the laws.

Treatment

Treatment of alcohol use differs based on the condition and needs of abusers. Hence the treatment for alcohol use disorder might include the following.

Withdrawal and Detox: Detox and withdrawal is a program that usually takes days between 2 to 7 where the alcohol users are given with sedating medications for prevention.

Psychological Counseling: Therapy and psychological counseling are considered as one of the best treatment options for alcohol use disorder. In this, the alcohol users or abusers have been assisted to understand the problems with the use of alcohol and recover yourself from the psychological aspect of its use (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Injected Medication: Injected medication is the treatment in which the Vivitrol is injected by the healthcare practitioners or professionals once in a month with the additional medications.

Gambling Addiction

Diagnostics

Following are the ways and techniques through which the gambling addiction disorder can be diagnosed.

Identifying Gambling Habits: Analysis of the alcohol users' family and friends by asking several questions and identifying the usual habits of the person while following the laws.

Evaluating Medical Information: Examination of medical information is one of the finest ways to identify gambling addiction because most of the drugs and other things (such as alcohol discussed above) lead to compulsive behavior where one is gambling addiction. So this evaluation helps to diagnose gambling addiction (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Treatment

Treatment of gambling addiction includes but not only the following.

Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy is beneficial for the treatment of gambling addiction. This utilizes a systematic exposure to the behavior of the adductor and assists him/her to control the addiction and behavior where negative beliefs are identified and replaced with the positive ones.

Medications: Some of the most helpful medications for gambling addiction treatment are mood stabilizers and antidepressants as they decrease the gambling behavior of individuals.

Self-Help Group: Asking people who experienced gambling in past times as well as getting assistance from healthcare professionals is an effective step for the treatment of gambling addiction (Burge, Pietrzak, & Petry, 2016).

Attention Deficit Disorder

Diagnostics

Not a particular test can ensure the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder but diagnosing this disorder includes;

Physical Exam, to assist rule out related possible causes of symptoms.

Mental Health Disorder, like language deficit, depression, and anxiety. As well as usage of medication and drugs etc.

Gathering Information, like asking about the existing medical problems and medical history of the family and personal symptoms (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Psychological Test of ADHD, helps to gather and examine the information about any of the symptoms.

Treatment

The treatment for attention deficit disorder mainly and typically includes but not only,

Medication such as stimulants including amphetamine or methylphenidate

Skills training and learning

Education and edification

Psychological and spiritual or mental counseling

References

Abouzari, M., Oberg, S., Gruber, A., & Tata, M. (2015). Interactions among attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and problem gambling in a probabilistic reward learning task. Behavioral brain research, 291, 237-243.

Ali, A., Ambler, G., Strydom, A., Rai, D., Cooper, C., McManus, S., & Hassiotis, A. (2013). The relationship between happiness and intelligent quotient: the contribution of socio-economic and clinical factors. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1303-1312.

Anselme, P., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2013). What motivates gambling behavior? Insight into dopamine's role. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 182.

Baines, L., Jones, A., & Christiansen, P. (2016). Hopelessness and alcohol use: The mediating role of drinking motives and outcome expectancies. Addictive behaviors reports, 4, 65-69.

Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Hoffman, J. H., & Tidwell, M. C. O. (2009). Gambling, alcohol, and other substance use among youth in the United States. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 70(1), 134-142.

Burge, A. N., Pietrzak, R. H., & Petry, N. M. (2016). Pre/early adolescent onset of gambling and psychosocial problems in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(3), 263-274.

Calado, F., Alexandre, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: A systematic review of recent research. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(2), 397-424.

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Patient Care and Health Information - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 13 October 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/patient-care-and-health-information

NIH. (2018). Research & Training. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 13 October 2019, from https://www.nih.gov/research-training

WHO. (2019). Research-World Health Organization. Retrieved 13 October 2019, from https://www.who.int/topics/research/en/

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

Co-occuring Treatment Recovery Chart

Co-occurring treatment recovery chart

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Topic 3: Co-Occurring Treatment and Recovery Chart

Strategy

Description or definition of strategy

Key concepts and brief definitions

Strategy’s purpose/use in working with clients with co-occurring disorders

Overall successful outcome(s) looks like?

How the strategy is used in various treatment settings

How the strategy aids in recovery

Motivational Interviewing (Stages of change)

Motivational interviewing (MI) is regarded as an approach used in counseling, in an attempt to deal with multiple issues (Arkowitz et al., 2015). Specifically, it is used for people with substance abuse for understanding the need of change stage.

The key concepts of the MI involve the stages of change that are understood while this technique and counseling is applied. It include:

1)Precontemplation

2) Contemplation

3) Preparation

4) Action

5)  Maintenance

6) Termination

The purpose of using MI with the co-occurring disorders is that the client with these problems does not recognize or desire to treat their problems, hence this intervention is used first to make them aware about their problems and then treat them.

The successful outcomes of this approach are based on maintaining a supportive and non-threatening atmosphere which allow clients to explore their reason to be changed.

This strategy can be used with substance abuse, co-occurring disorders as well as the disorders managed in care settings, where the cost related issues are concerned because this strategy is low cost and efficient approach.

This strategy tends to motivate, guide and support the patient in order to achieve the recovery and maintain the goals that are desired.

Contingency Management

This strategy is based on the behavioral principal for reinforcing and rewarding the particular aspect in order to increase or decrease the occurrence of a behavior.

The basic key concepts that are involved in this strategy includes the terms of Rewards and consequences.

Rewards can be described as a positive incentive and consequence is regarded as a negative incentive for increasing or decreasing a particular behavior.

One of the major purposes for the use of this strategy with the co-occurring disorders is that it target specific maladaptive behaviors, reinforces them through reward and consequence, which leads to improving the quality of life in terms of the disorders.

Successful outcomes of this strategy include the behavioral contract which tends to make it easier for the patients to recover rapidly based on the rewards for the avoidance of behavioral avoidance.

This strategy can be used in multiple health care setting for avoiding certain types of behaviors, in both out settings as well as in setting care systems.

The links between the behavior and its reinforcement provide the basis for this strategy to be helpful in recovery as rewards and reinforcements can provide motivation for the patients to recover.

Cognitive Behavioral

This strategy is defined for making the patients manage their problems by changing their mindsets regarding how they perceive, think and behave about the problems.

The major key concepts of this strategy include the cognitions which mean thinking the process and the behavior which means the way in which a person acts.

The purpose of this strategy is to make the patients deal with a problems in a positive way by breaking them into parts, and changing the negative patterns of thinking process (Kennerley et al., 2016). Hence, it can be used for this purpose with the co-occurring disorders as well.

The successful outcomes of this strategy are that it works without any medication. Hence the change in the cognitions tends to change the behaviors of the patients regarding their problems.

This strategy can be used with multiple problems, as it helps the patient to deal with their symptoms in a positive way. Also, it requires no medication and is very efficient. Hence it can be used with every issue.

As the change in the cognitions leads the change in the behavior which improves the patient's perspectives about their symptoms, and the positive outlooks cause the rapid recovery for the patient.

Medication- Assisted Treatment

This strategy is mainly used with substance abuse and co-occurring disorders (Iancu, 2015). It can be defined as the way of treatment along with the counseling; certain medications are used in order to cope with the cravings related to some substance or behavior to show.

The key concepts of this strategy involve medications which contain a set of medical drugs that are used for dealing with the disorder. It involves different medications based on the problems which are required for treatment.

The purpose of using this strategy with co-occurring disorders is that for some problems there is a part which can be dealt with the help of counseling. However, some problems require medications additionally, so the purpose of using this strategy is to control the issue with the help of mix method.

The successful outcomes of this strategy are that it is based on the "whole patient" approach, so it causes the multiple aspects of patients improved by the use of a single method.

This strategy can be used in multiple treatment settings, considering the counseling room, hospitals, and care units as well as at home too because it uses medications as well as the counseling techniques alongside.

It aids in the recovery of patients for the reason that it considers different aspects of the patient’s condition, including behavioral and physical or biological aspects alongside.

References

Arkowitz, H., Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (Eds.). (2015). Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems. Guilford Publications.

Higgins, S. T., Silverman, K., & Heil, S. H. (Eds.). (2007). Contingency management in substance abuse treatment. Guilford Press.

Kennerley, H., Kirk, J., & Westbrook, D. (2016). An introduction to cognitive behaviour therapy: Skills and applications. Sage.

Iancu, S. C., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Zweekhorst, M. B., Veltman, D. J., Bunders, J. F., & van Balkom, A. J. (2015). Farm-based interventions for people with mental disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(5), 379-388.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Cognative Brain Therapy

Criminal Justice System

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Abstract

Pupils barred or detained has a meaningfully greater chance of involvement in the young justice system. Assumed the negative influence of social marginalization, socially responsive models might be executed to halt the bleeding of minority childhood into the disciplinary system. Organizational policies such as zero-tolerance policies have produced various complications for students in the completion of schooling. Cognitive brain therapy (CBT) has subsequently established its importance into approximately all phases of the justice system, frequently improving or relocating several programs and interferences. Cognitive brain therapy is a psychological branch of treatment which involves therapeutic mediations in maintaining association between opinions, approaches, and behavior. Decent relations, in combination with cognitive brain therapy can progress youngsters in the adaptation of ethically good behaviors and help as a cushion to problematic behaviors such as violence, misbehavior, and crime.

Keywords: Criminal justice system, youth delinquency, school risk, cognitive brain therapy.

Criminal justice system

The connection between dropout and prison is social relegation. As specified, there is more probability with dropouts when pupils feel that they are not part of the normal and traditional culture of the school. The prospective to produce a healthy community meaningfully declines as a result of dropouts. A configuration of criminal conduct has been connected with dropout pupils. The academic researches related to social relegation have resulted in universal practices that have supplied the requirements of the leading culture. “Schools that scored lower on an overall student academic achievement assessment tended to have a higher percentage of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds” (Christle et al, 2019). The essential evidence of CBT is: The way someone reflects about circumstances would outline the selections, behavior, and activities. If imperfect or maladaptive opinions, approaches, and principles lead to unsuitable and even damaging behavior, then altering those opinions, approaches, and principles can lead to new suitable, pro-social behavior (Suh, 2007). That is the healing potential of CBT which can be applied to children vulnerable to adapt crime (Villabø et al, 2018). This article discovers the connection among school dropouts and custody with importance on dropout anticipation via social awareness and result oriented, socially responsive education.

Impact of criminal justice system

By observing the impact of school policies on pupils’ achievement and their connection with the young justice system, it revealed that approximately 6 in 10 pupils were postponed or detained at least one time between their 6th or 7th institute years. Disciplinary actions have resulted in detaining students, mostly African and American students with educational disabilities. (Fabelo, 2011). These conclusions pointed towards the disciplinary strategies that have a noteworthy influence on results for pupils involved in the disciplinary procedure. Similar strategies can be altered imperatively to get improved results (Suh, 2007). Cognitive brain therapy is effective in this regard and has far off improved results. It will also be very operative in several criminal justice systems, together in organizations and in society, and also helpful in dealing with problems associated with criminal behavior (Martinez et al, 2019). As the author evaluated, “As students accumulate these risks, they became more likely to drop out, and prevention programs become less effective” (Suh, 2007). In most of cases, offenders improve their skills in social life, critical reasoning, morale building, self-control, cognitive style, and self-efficiency. School going children need both institute-based and home-based cognitive brain therapy to adapt healthy behaviors.

School risk

Dropping out of institute concludes a long-standing method of disconnection from the institute and has thoughtful communal and commercial penalties for pupils, their relatives, and their societies (Hall et al, 2016). Pupils who drop out of institutes are mostly jobless, produce less income than those who graduate, dependent on community, and resulted in prisons (Suh, 2007). The deductions have established that various institute variables are differentially connected to dropout proportion. Institute-based interferences must address the numerous sides of institute practices to aid youth effectively accomplish their elementary schooling. As evident from a research conducted by Christle, “Researchers have asserted that although an academic failure, suspension, and dropout are related to student demographic characteristics and specific behaviors, they may be more strongly affected by the characteristics of schools” (Christle et al, 2005). In this case, there should be proper psychotherapy, prevention, discipline, numerous synchronized facilities and restoring programs, skills shaping and proper observation generating a helpful social‐responsive learning atmosphere to assure healthier teen-age success and this will lead to a better lifestyle. Most of all, mental disorders arise before the mid-teens, addressing mental well-being by using cognitive brain therapy before they become extremely challenging (Huang et al, 2018). CBT is most effective for depression, anxiety, and other disorders that commonly arise in youngsters detained from schools. And also it's a very quick method that takes months rather than years to improve the behavior of pupils.

Protective factors for youth delinquency

Educational disappointment, exclusionary punishment principles, and failure have been recognized as significant fundamentals in a "school to prison pipeline." However, research has conducted on the risks for delinquency; some have exposed the variables within institutes that aggravate or neutralize the risks (Suh, 2007). Consequences propose that institute-level features can support in reducing the threats for youth delinquency. Majority students suffering from court-related issues have higher ratios of dropouts due to one-sided thinking that may comprises undeveloped or developmentally halted thoughts, bad opinion or absence of hope from people, inability to control feelings and use of strength and viciousness to attain success. The results from different policies at the institute-level have reduced risks for youth delinquency (Hall et al, 2016). The risks such as sympathetic management, devoted and friendly workforce, and good educational practices also assist in the reduction of youth delinquency (Christle et al, 2005). Institutes implementing better policies and better management have considerably reduced the threats to the crime. Those schools that implement better management policies regarding discipline have better results in academics and decreased drop outs rate.

What the research flows

The research has shown that educational disciplinary policies, punishment practices, and the administrative role is very influential in dropouts in academic schooling. The research has suggested that early childhood developmental curriculum should be designed in such a way that it must increase protective association to decrease anti-social behavior. The adaptable curriculum is intended to offer actual circumstances that familiarize teenagers to healthy ideas and shape social talents. Sympathetic feelings, patient alterations, gentle for others, learning self-management, and handling aggression are the most important lessons that would be learned by the institutional curriculum (Suh, 2007). The influences of the family sphere are characteristically connected to intimate structure, care, and values all of these would eventually have a significant impact on the behavior of children. According to Archambault, “Creating a positive social-emotional learning environment promises better adolescent achievement and, in turn, will contribute to a healthier lifestyle” (Archambault et al, 2009). Examples of family defensive aspects comprise of concentrated parental direction, and participation in domestic deeds. Cognitive brain therapy at home would contribute to the development of pupils to adapt problem solving behavior.

Transition

It has been observed that different disciplinary policies and practices that create the institute situation for the United States Jail Association occur irregularly manipulating weakened, Hispanic and black substitutes. These are besides the outlines replicated in detainment proportions. Again Christle has emphasized in his research that, “By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, school personnel may discover explanations within the school context to identify alternatives for improving student outcomes” (Christle et al, 2005). The defensive elements linked with institute emphasis on presence, presentation, and connection. The institute and schoolroom atmospheres play a significant role in the emergence and persistence of aggressive behaviors in students (Hall et al, 2016). Other than cognitive brain therapy, possibly no other interposition has appealed new consideration in the criminal justice organization. Large number of people were deinstitutionalized and preserved in communal sites, in the ending 20th era (Okamoto, 2019). Physicians nowadays use CBT to decrease violence among children and adolescents, comfort sufferers to handle with the outcome of crimes, hopelessness, viciousness, and other challenging behavior. Cognitive brain therapy identifies the cause and then help in preventing the defective behaviors. Cognitive brain therapy often provide psychotherapies individually or in groups. The goal is to achieve better adaptation of good behaviors in the children suffering from crimes and dropouts. Once individuals develop more confidence and become more aware in dealing with stress and defective behaviors, CBT consultants claim, they can acquire approaches to assist them abstain from challenging behavior and create cleverer behavioral choices. An encouraging institute environment can be a significant motivational component in the learning process for students, and childhoods who obtain care from tutors and peers in the institute are mostly involved in constructive actions and exhibit encouraging behaviors.

Conclusion

It has been observed that the criminal behavior is most likely of both risk factors and the dark policies followed by the schools in the U.S. those factors that are considered protective and positive are influencing the youth engaging themselves in positive adaptation of the behaviors such as support, care, problem-solving behavior (Hall et al, 2016). Those indicators that are engaging youth in violent and anti-social behaviors are offending and must be reduced at government and institutional level. Family, institute, and individual positive and leading factors would result in lowering the consequences of anti-social behaviors. School and its disciplinary attitudes and policies are influencing youth in breaking the laws. Risk factors and policies have to be examined carefully at all levels. Analysis on different program levels had been held for the better understanding of evidences on cognitive brain therapy in criminal justice system. These programs and policies have evaluated a range of matters and individuals dealing with criminal justice system (Hall et al, 2016). Discrete CBT therapies that have been thoroughly assessed are operative at discouraging crime, supporting sufferers, and averting violence. Researches have suggested that resilience, defensive influences are abstracted as a wider set of features and ecological provisions that indorse the aptitude of youths to prosper or flourish, even in atmospheres of threat. In compliance of the above Archambault also has suggested, “School-based interventions should address the multiple facets of high school experiences to help adolescents complete their basic schooling” (Archambault et al, 2009). Department disciplinary methods unevenly affect dark and Latino childhood in breaking the order. This shady hole is furthermore associated with the achievement hole.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Okamoto, A., Dattilio, F. M., Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2019). The therapeutic relationship in cognitive–behavioral therapy: Essential features and common challenges. Practice Innovations, 4(2), 112–123.

Villabø, M. A., Narayanan, M., Compton, S. N., Kendall, P. C., & Neumer, S.-P. (2018). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for youth anxiety: An effectiveness evaluation in community practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(9), 751–764.

Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Qiang, C., & Fan, B. (2018). Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–16.

Martínez, V., Rojas, G., Martínez, P., Gaete, J., Zitko, P., Vöhringer, P. A., & Araya, R. (2019). Computer-Assisted Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Treat Adolescents With Depression in Primary Health Care Centers in Santiago, Chile: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers In Psychiatry, 10, 552.

Reddy, N. V., & Omkarappa, D. B. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(3), 1002.

Hall, J., Kellett, S., Berrios, R., Bains, M. K., & Scott, S. (2016). Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Older Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(11), 1063–1073.

Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking schools’ rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to students’ success and juvenile justice involvement. New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center.

Suh, S., & Suh, J. (2007). Risk factors and levels of risk for high school dropouts. Professional School Counseling, 10(3), 2156759X0701000312.

Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, C. M. (2005). Breaking the school to prison pipeline: Identifying school risk and protective factors for youth delinquency. Exceptionality, 13(2), 69-88.

Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. (2009). Adolescent behavioral, affective, and cognitive engagement in school: Relationship to dropout. Journal of school Health, 79(9), 408-415.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Cognitive Aspects Of Aboulomania

Name of the Writer

Name of the University

Name of the Course

Date

Cognitive Aspects of Aboulomania

Introduction

Aboulomania is a mental disorder that comprises pathological indecisiveness of a patient. There are a lot of cognitive aspects associated with the disorder such as mental anguish, anxiety, depression, and stress. Aboulomania is one of the disorders that can cast a negative impact on the social attitude of a human being. There are a lot of people who suffer from indecisions, sometimes approaching obsession. Aboulomania is a disorder that deprives an individual of the cognitive aspects that are necessary to ensure a healthy and balanced life.

Discussion

The research associated with the identification and research of the disorder asserts that one of the parts of the brain that is meant for or designed for making rational choices can become overwhelmed whenever he/she is trying to make a decision (David). As a result, the decision is turned into something else that can cause suffered to overanalyze every situation in terms of critical analysis. This may result in a more classical or paralyzed by analysis situation. According to the researchers, it is highlighted that Aboulomania is an imbalance of the psychological and cognitive features that can ensure stability and balance in human nature that can promote positive approach to life. Although there are a lot of clinical aspects associated with Aboulomania still, cognitive aspects are more important and worth considering. The stance of clinical aspects can be treated effectively, and with clinical approach, still, there is a dire need to address the psychological and cognitive aspects. They shape the personality of an individual, make him prone or positive to world affairs.

Taking into account the notion of cognitive aspects, there are some strong cognitive aspects associated with Aboulomania. It is asserted that an individual who is suffering from this disease has to counter a lot of cognitive issues that can in return affect both social lives along with the decision-making power. Taking int account the analysis of cognitive aspects, a lot of issues are highlighted. Attention is one of the cognitive aspects that is affected by Aboulomania because an individual is not able to concentrate on the situation that way it is proposed (Taillefer, et al, pp. 91-98). In fact, a self-generated solution is introduced that can no longer be suitable for the situation. Knowledge is another major element that is associated with the cognitive aspect. It is found that a patient suffering from Aboulomania might not be able to decipher and employ knowledge in the time when it is required. Even the patients are not even able to form some subtle knowledge because they are so anxious and over-generalizing that they cannot understand what to extract and understand out of the presented scenario and how available or learned knowledge can be used by analyzing the situation in the required way (Chiang and Purdon, pp. 13-20). It is evident that if an individual is facing issues and trouble in gaining and making use of knowledge than there are rare chances of the adequate functioning of the memory. It is observed that an individual would not be able to recall things when he is supposed to so. Judgment and evaluation are one of the prime section of Aboulomania that is studied critically. It is highlighted that the patient suffering from Aboulomania might not be able to evaluate things in a critical manner and make a sound judgment about it (Boer and Bewley, pp. 667-677). Also, a patient is seen illusional by the non-existing ideas and facts that cannot lead anywhere. Comprehension, problem-solving and decision making are the most affected aspects of cognition which makes an individual complex in understanding and hard to be accompanied.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the patient suffering from Aboulomania suffers from different mental and cognitive aspects that are disorganized and hampered under the impact of unable psychological situation. In a nutshell, Aboulomania is a disorder that distorts the framework of mental abilities.

Works Cited

Boer, L., & Bewley, H. (2018). Reconfiguring the Appearance and Expression of Social Robots by Acknowledging their Otherness. In Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 667-677).

Chiang, Brenda, and Christine Purdon. "Have I done enough to avoid blame? Fear of guilt evokes OCD-like indecisiveness." Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 20 (2019): 13-20.

David, Filip. House of Remembering and Forgetting. Peter Owen Publishers, 2017.

Taillefer, Stephanie E., et al. "Indecisiveness as a predictor of quality of life in individuals with obsessive and compulsive traits." Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 10 (2016): 91-98.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Comparison and Contrast between behavioral and psychotherapy

Behavioral therapy is a treatment that uses the principles of learning to change behavior and thinking. Behavioral therapy is one of the leading directions of modern psychotherapy. If at the stage of development of behavioral psychotherapy its definition was too narrow, and only techniques based on classical and operant conditioning were included in behavioral psychotherapy, then recently there is a risk of losing the specific meaning of the term due to its too broad understanding.

Behavioral psychotherapy should reduce human suffering and ability limitations to actions. Behavioral psychotherapy includes restructuring environment and social interaction and to a lesser extent the modification of somatic processes - with the help new biological interventions. Its purpose is mainly to build and strengthen the ability to act, to acquire techniques to improve self-control.

If at the early stages of its development, the term "behavior" in behavioral psychotherapy was understood everything, what has externally observable characteristics, now this concept includes emotional-subjective, motivational-affective, cognitive and verbal-cognitive manifestations. Thus, we can single out a narrower understanding of behavioral psychotherapy, based on the unity of theoretical positions and methodologically defined interventions resulting from them, and an extended interpretation, in which such a connection is noticeably lost.

Behavioral therapy is characterized by two main points that distinguish it from other therapeutic approaches. The first position: the basis of behavioral therapy is the model of learning - the psychological model, which is fundamentally different from the psychodynamic, quasi-psychological, model of mental illness. The second position: commitment to the scientific method.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on a cognitive model. This means that the focus is not on the subconscious, but on the patient’s mind, his thoughts and fantasies, which, unlike subconscious images, can be controlled. This is the main difference between cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychoanalysis. Our emotional state depends on how we perceive circumstances. The same events cause different reactions in different people. This means that the events themselves often have an impact on our lives, but the way we treat them. When a person experiences stress or other psychological disorders, he is inclined to see the situation in a darker tone. Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps people in time to pay attention to negative thoughts and assess how they relate to reality (David, Daniel, Ioana Cristea, and Stefan).

The next stage is the change of these thoughts and the improvement of the emotional state. Understanding these processes allows people suffering from depression, phobias or disorders to change their behavior and get rid of psychological problems. In accordance with the general orientation of the behavioral concept, the main goal of corrective actions is to provide new conditions for learning, i.e. development of new adaptive behavior or overcoming behavior that has become maladaptive. The goals of corrective actions in behavioral psych correction are formulated either as teaching new adaptive forms of behavior or as extinction and inhibition of the maladaptive forms of behavior available to the subject. Private goals may include the formation of new social skills, mastering the psychological methods of self-regulation, overcoming bad habits, relieving stress, getting rid of emotional trauma, etc (Dobson, Keith and David).

In the behavioral psycho-correction, the psychologist plays the role of a clearly defined teacher, mentor, or doctor. In accordance with the fixed role, he must be ready to take on the burden of the socio-psychological model, the role model he is acting in the eyes of the client, and also be aware of the specifics of the protective identification mechanism that plays an important role for the client in behavioral psycho-correction. The role of the psychologist is clearly fixed.

To conclude, the most important moment is the development of readiness to use new forms of behavior. Since the behavior of the applicant is mainly subject to correction, the task of correctional activity is the formation of optimal behavioral skills. And mental disorders of various types are considered as forms of non-adaptive behavior.

Works Cited

Dobson, Keith S., and David JA Dozois, eds. Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Guilford Publications, (2019).

David, Daniel, Ioana Cristea, and Stefan G. Hofmann. "Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy." Frontiers in psychiatry 9 (2018): 4.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Cognitive Brain Therapy In Human Services

Cognitive Brain Therapy in Human Services

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Introduction

Therapy with the help of common one-to-one talk is referred to as cognitive brain therapy. A mental fitness counselor speaks in an organized way, and attends a specific quantity of sessions. Cognitive brain therapy requires specific sessions for specific clients. Cognitive brain therapy aids the patients to be alert of wrong or harmful attitude so the patient can see situations more visibly and react to it more effectively. Mental conditions in which cognitive brain therapy can help are depression, sleep disorders, phobias, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual disorders, and Schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. The disorders need special attention from therapists for prompt recovery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a23cerie1ad","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":442,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIUICVUN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIUICVUN"],"itemData":{"id":442,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: A randomized controlled trial","container-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","page":"1002","volume":"8","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Reddy","given":"Nethravathi Venkataswamy"},{"family":"Omkarappa","given":"Dayananda Bittenahalli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019). Cognitive brain therapy (CBT) has consequently recognized its significance in approximately all stages of the justice system, commonly improving or relocating numerous programs and interventions. Cognitive brain therapy is a psychological branch of management which comprises of therapeutic mediations in preserving association between opinions, approaches and behavior.

Client-Centered Approach

Carl Rogers was one of the renowned psychologists of the twentieth century. He believed that the word ‘client’ is a more appropriate replacement for the term ‘patient’ because patient implies that the person is sick. By using the word client instead, states that the person is looking for assistance, self-control, and strength for their difficulties. This self-direction plays an important role in client-centered therapy. Carl Rogers and cognitive brain therapy have many features in common for example, both reflect the circumstances that shape selections, behavior and events. If imperfect or maladaptive attitudes, methods and ideologies lead to inappropriate and even destructive behavior, then modifying these attitudes can lead to new appropriate, pro-social behavior.

Carl Rogers stated that client-centered professionals must follow three key features such as genuineness, non-directive approach and unconditional positive setting. Social work system theory has some aspects that are related to cognitive brain therapy. Cognitive brain consultants claim they can adopt methods that can help them to deal with challenging behavior and generate cleverer behavioral choices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2geekhdnch","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hall, Kellett, Berrios, Bains, & Scott, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hall, Kellett, Berrios, Bains, & Scott, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":440,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/CXNIJBAI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/CXNIJBAI"],"itemData":{"id":440,"type":"article-journal","title":"Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","container-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","page":"1063-1073","volume":"24","issue":"11","author":[{"family":"Hall","given":"Jo"},{"family":"Kellett","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Berrios","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Bains","given":"Manreesh Kaur"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Shonagh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hall, Kellett, Berrios, Bains, & Scott, 2016). An inspiring organization setting can be a noteworthy motivational component in the learning process. The scholars and children who receive care from teachers and peers in the institute mostly exhibit positive behaviors.

Theoretical Approaches

Applying the theoretical approaches of human service professionals, therapist professionals use this practice try to develop a therapeutic environment that is contented, non-directive, relaxed, non-judgmental and sympathetic. The client feels relaxed when professionals provide them a nondirective environment because the client can discuss everything openly. The non-judgmental environment in a health care facility offers the client the ability to express their feeling because they know that professionals would not judge them. It has been observed that family protective aspects of focused parental direction and contribution in domestic activities also help children in adaptation of constructive behaviors. Cognitive brain therapy at home would contribute to the development of adults to adopt a problem-solving behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a16sq8mq3dg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Huang, Zhao, Qiang, & Fan, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Huang, Zhao, Qiang, & Fan, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":441,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KP88X54P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KP88X54P"],"itemData":{"id":441,"type":"article-journal","title":"Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis","container-title":"PloS one","page":"e0205243","volume":"13","issue":"10","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Lili"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yunzhi"},{"family":"Qiang","given":"Chunfang"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bozhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Huang, Zhao, Qiang, & Fan, 2018).

The therapists usually recommend these clients to attend regular sessions without gaps. For children and youth, counselors usually recommend short-term treatments that emphasize on teaching children and their guardians specific skills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2qk2i07ag7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat, Baumgarten, & Kauffeld, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat, Baumgarten, & Kauffeld, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat, Baumgarten, & Kauffeld, 2017). Cognitive brain therapy varies from other therapy tactics by concentrating on the habits that a child or adolescent’s judgments, feelings and activities are interrelated, and how they respectively disturb one another. Because feelings, judgments and activities are all linked therefore, cognitive brain therapy tactics permit therapists to interfere at several points in the sequence.

Cognitive Brain Therapy in Human Services

Professional cognitive brain therapists should be honest. Through this approach, the therapist can help the client learn this significant capability. The cognitive brain therapist should appear as a mirror and behave like a reflection; this will help the client to better understand his own inner emotions, feelings and perceptions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2hkn5oq7m","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Huang et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Huang et al., 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":441,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KP88X54P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/KP88X54P"],"itemData":{"id":441,"type":"article-journal","title":"Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis","container-title":"PloS one","page":"e0205243","volume":"13","issue":"10","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Lili"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yunzhi"},{"family":"Qiang","given":"Chunfang"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Bozhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Huang et al., 2018). The professional therapist should embrace the client for who he is and offer support according to the client's feelings and experiences. With the help of client-centered therapy, Roger said that individuals could learn to adjust their self-concept to attain more accurate vision of themselves and the outer world. For instance, visualize a young female who thinks about herself as boring and a poor communicator but other folks find her charming and quite pleasing. Because her thinking is not congruent with truth, she may experience poor confidence as an outcome. The client-centered method and cognitive brain therapy emphasizes on giving unconditional positive esteem, sympathy and genuine care to aid the client in adopting healthy behaviors.

Some large-scale lessons have revealed that the three characteristics that Rogers highlighted include cognitive brain therapy concepts and social work system theory that are all valuable for children. Particularly, genuineness, non-directive approach and unconditional positive setting are necessary for the clients and healthcare facilities. The client centered approach helps the therapists to deliver sessions which can help them improve the client’s impaired behaviors.

Cognitive Brain Therapy and Motivational Interviewing

Motivational interviewing is a counseling method developed by psychologists William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick. It is quite similar to, client-centered counseling and cognitive brain therapy for provoking behavior modification by assisting clients to discover and resolve uncertainty ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a15f25i78lk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat et al., 2017). Associated with non-directive way counseling, it is extra motivated and goal-directed, proceed with traditional Rogerian client-centered therapy, in which professional counselors attempt to stimulate clients to ponder on making adjustments, rather than pleasing in non-directive counseling consideration. The analysis and resolution of uncertainty is a central goal, and the counselor intentionally commands to pursue this goal. Motivational Interviewing is far clear not by method but by its essence as an assistive style for interpersonal bonds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2bk4p2pj48","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat et al., 2017). Motivational interview along with cognitive brain therapy that has been thoroughly evaluated are operative at discouraging delinquency, supporting fatalities, and preventing violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a18l7pk035p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat et al., 2017). Researches have recommended that pliability, defensive effects are abstracted as a wider set of features and ecological provisions that validate the aptitude of children and adults to prosper or flourish, even in skies of threat.

Unlike clinical involvements and usage, Motivational Interviewing is a technique where the questioner (clinician) helps the interviewee (client) in adjusting a behavior by uttering their recognition of the interviewee. Through this, Motivational Interviewing combines the impression that every client may be in differing stages of willingness levels and may want to act consequently to the client's levels and existing needs. Modification may occur rapidly or may take extensive time, it depends on the client. Awareness alone is commonly not enough to motivate modification within an individual ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"amsilmlf9o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":442,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIUICVUN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIUICVUN"],"itemData":{"id":442,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: A randomized controlled trial","container-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","page":"1002","volume":"8","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Reddy","given":"Nethravathi Venkataswamy"},{"family":"Omkarappa","given":"Dayananda Bittenahalli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019). It requires to be combined with cognitive brain therapy to deal with the challenges in keeping the change ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1jj07v0akj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat et al., 2017). The integration of Motivational Interviewing can aid clients to adjust their uncertainties and reluctances that may block them from their essential need for transformation about positive behavior or habit. Simultaneously, it can be observed that Motivational Interviewing confirms that the suppliers are observed more as team fellows to resolve a problem rather than a client and clinician. Therefore, this practice in the profession can be recognized as a collaboration that admires a sense of character and sovereignty.

To be more operational at motivational interviewing, a professional counselor must have solid wisdom of purpose, perfect strategies, and abilities for such purposes. This confirms that the counselor knows what objectives they need to achieve before entering into motivational interviewing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a156hgqisbi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat et al., 2017). Also, Counsellors need to have mature and reputable interaction abilities which contain; probing with open-ended queries, thoughtful listening, affirming and repeating speeches back to the client. These abilities are useful in an energetic environment where the counselor energetically listens to the client then repackages the speeches back to them and emphasizing what they have completed fine ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a12cqcne0am","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hall et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hall et al., 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":440,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/CXNIJBAI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/CXNIJBAI"],"itemData":{"id":440,"type":"article-journal","title":"Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","container-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry","page":"1063-1073","volume":"24","issue":"11","author":[{"family":"Hall","given":"Jo"},{"family":"Kellett","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Berrios","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Bains","given":"Manreesh Kaur"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Shonagh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hall et al., 2016). Through this course, it will increase their self-confidence for transformation.

Cognitive Brain Therapy in Family Preservation Services

Family preservation philosophies are usually short-term, family-focused facilities considered to help families in disaster by improving childcare and household functioning while taking care of children. Family preservation philosophy developed because children want a safe and firm family and that splitting children from their loved ones is shocking for them and leave long-lasting negative effects. Family preservation services are also a part of cognitive brain therapy which endorse modifications in behaviors. The facilities build upon the opinion that many children can be securely protected and preserved inside their own houses when parents received services and backing that sanction them to adjust their lives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a6t7m5r543","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Endrejat et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":438,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/UD855IEC"],"itemData":{"id":438,"type":"article-journal","title":"When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations","container-title":"Journal of Change Management","page":"101-120","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Endrejat","given":"Paul C."},{"family":"Baumgarten","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Kauffeld","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Endrejat et al., 2017). Cognitive brain therapy describes policy and program that approaches to family preservation philosophy and delivers state and native specimens of such services. This also addresses demanding family preservation philosophy, a more serious and crisis-focused form of preservation facilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2123qavnbf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":442,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIUICVUN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EIUICVUN"],"itemData":{"id":442,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: A randomized controlled trial","container-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care","page":"1002","volume":"8","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Reddy","given":"Nethravathi Venkataswamy"},{"family":"Omkarappa","given":"Dayananda Bittenahalli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reddy & Omkarappa, 2019). Cognitive brain therapy, client-centered approach, theoretical strategies and family preservation philosophies by a professional can modify behaviors of children and adults that will be preserved throughout their lives.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Endrejat, P. C., Baumgarten, F., & Kauffeld, S. (2017). When theory meets practice: Combining Lewin’s ideas about change with motivational interviewing to increase energy-saving behaviours within organizations. Journal of Change Management, 17(2), 101–120.

Hall, J., Kellett, S., Berrios, R., Bains, M. K., & Scott, S. (2016). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(11), 1063–1073.

Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Qiang, C., & Fan, B. (2018). Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 13(10), e0205243.

Reddy, N. V., & Omkarappa, D. B. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(3), 1002.

Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking schools’ rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to students’ success and juvenile justice involvement. New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center.

Hall, J., Kellett, S., Berrios, R., Bains, M. K., & Scott, S. (2016). Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Older Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(11), 1063–1073.

Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Qiang, C., & Fan, B. (2018). Is cognitive behavioral therapy a better choice for women with postnatal depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–16.

Okamoto, A., Dattilio, F. M., Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2019). The therapeutic relationship in cognitive–behavioral therapy: Essential features and common challenges. Practice Innovations, 4(2), 112–123.

Reddy, N. V., & Omkarappa, D. B. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression among menopausal woman: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(3), 1002.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Cognitive Changes

Cognitive Changes

Name

Affiliation

Date

Puberty is a stage of transition between childhood and adult life. It is during this period that many aspects of the personality are defined. As it is a stage of physical changes, it is accompanied by concerns that affect adolescents emotionally. There is a huge psychosocial impact of puberty on children. Firstly, they feel that they are not children anymore, but they are not adults either. In a way, they miss the security that childhood gave them, in which parents are a kind of heroic figure that gives them protection and stability. The outburst of hormones in the body causes them to see members of the opposite sex with an attraction they previously did not feel. This can generate joy, curiosity and even fear. Many adolescents develop a certain fear and anxiety about the changes they see in their physical development. They begin to project their life. They imagine how they will grow up and consider what they want to do "when they grow up". They seek friendship with various people and friends become their biggest allies and they show a rebellious attitude towards parents (Short & Rosenthal, 2008).

Cognitive changes have a great role in decision making during adolescence. The truth is that this causes a series of changes in decision making that are decisive at very different levels. Adolescence is a stage of development in which usually the risky behavior appears. The cognitive changes cause to be involved in vandalism, practice unprotected sex, and begin to use drugs or feel a preference for risky sports activities. These behaviors are associated with changes that occur at the cognitive level, which drive the individual towards a constant search for situations that involve high levels of risk. They make decisions that could prove to be very harmful to them. Parents could help them during this phase of life (STEINBERG, 2019).

References

Short, M., & Rosenthal, S. (2008). Psychosocial Development and Puberty. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1135(1), 36-42. doi: 10.1196/annals.1429.011

STEINBERG, L. (2019). ADOLESCENCE (10th ed.). [S.l.]: MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Cognitive Psychology And The Law: Cross-Race Identification

Cognitive Psychology and the Law: Cross-Race Identification

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Cognitive Psychology and the Law: Cross-Race Identification

The difference between the feature-based and configuration-based visual recognition is that within the feature-based mechanism person initially identifies the input’s parts i.e., shape, qualities, colors, and combination of all the input’s part create identification while in configuration-based visual recognition person is less sensitive towards the features and physical appearance of the other he rely on overall collection of inputs. People identify faces more accurately through the configuration-based recognition mechanism as our brain works on this mechanism. People identify the difference and recognize others as a whole rather than some specific feature like height, complexion, face shape, etc. This is the crucial difference between the two that one only focuses on the features while others rely on the overall configuration for identification.

People identify others through faces and evidence shows that every individual is more familiar and accurately identifies the people of the same race. Cross-race identification is difficult for the people because people become more familiar with their own race features and when they rely on configuration-based mechanism they identify same-race people accurately as they are extremely acquainted with features that are most common within that specific race. When it comes, the case of cross-race identification people feels less effective and sensitive for recognizing other as a whole.

Our brain plays a vital role in the identification of others. People get familiar with the features and configuration as a whole of the society they are living in. Therefore a person who lives in a diverse society recognizes cross-race faces more accurately than the person who lives within-race ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1aproi2ri6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Butavicius et al., 2008)","plainCitation":"(Butavicius et al., 2008)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/HP2DLTI4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/HP2DLTI4"],"itemData":{"id":1318,"type":"paper-conference","title":"An Experiment on Human Face Recognition Performance for Access Control","container-title":"Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems","collection-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","page":"141-148","source":"Springer Link","abstract":"An experiment was conducted on human face recognition performance in an access control scenario. Ten judges compared fifty individuals to security ID style photos where 20% of the photos were of different people, assessed to look similar to the individual presenting the photo. Performance was better than that observed in the only other comparable live-to-photo experiment [1] with a false match rate of 9% [CI95%: 2%, 16%] in this study compared to 66% [CI95%: 50%, 82%] and a false reject rate of 5% [CI95%: 0%, 11%] compared to 14% [CI95%: 0.3%, 28%]. These differences were attributed to divergences in experimental methodology, especially with regards to the distractor tasks used. It is concluded that the figures provided in the current study are more appropriate estimates of performance in access control scenarios. Substantial individual variation in face matching abilities, response time and confidence ratings was observed.","ISBN":"978-3-540-85563-7","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Butavicius","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Mount","given":"Chloë"},{"family":"MacLeod","given":"Veneta"},{"family":"Vast","given":"Robyn"},{"family":"Graves","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Sunde","given":"Jadranka"}],"editor":[{"family":"Lovrek","given":"Ignac"},{"family":"Howlett","given":"Robert J."},{"family":"Jain","given":"Lakhmi C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Butavicius et al., 2008). An experiment was conducted in which people have to recognize faces from the photos of people from cross-race. Results show that people who are familiar with the feature from other race identified the photos more accurately and faster than the people who lived within the race.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Butavicius, M., Mount, C., MacLeod, V., Vast, R., Graves, I., & Sunde, J. (2008). An Experiment on Human Face Recognition Performance for Access Control. In I. Lovrek, R. J. Howlett, & L. C. Jain (Eds.), Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems (pp. 141–148). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Community

Community

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Community

Community assessment have many benefits, and the process starts by working with the partner to build consensus. For defining the scope of the evaluation, it is essential to identify the issues, Geographical areas and impact on community members. There are several things to understand before starting the project of community assessment like community demographics, getting all information of organizations working in the community, existing gaps of services provided and Interest for community members.

For conducting a community assessment, all the available choices should be highlighted. The assessment can be completed by collaborating with corporation or organizations. The other option is taking sole responsibility for all activities1. Examining all the resources and all the time and effort, it requires for completing project assessment. There are several benefits of collaboration like they engage more members of community, and More resources are available, establish relationships and increase access to data.

In the third step, one must find all credible resources for data collection and also set a time limit for it. All the essential steps should be prioritized for data collection. It should be properly documented in worksheets and can be collected from primary and secondary sources. In secondary sources, all the data is collected by other members and is readily available. For primary data collection, all the information is received by a group or a single person from open sources in the form of a questionnaire, case studies, interviews, and observations.

The results of the data collection step would highlight all the information about community needs and assets. So in this step, all the significant trends are highlighted, differences are revealed across the community, and critical questions are answered. But first, the issues should be organized in different categories like strength, opportunities, challenges, and gaps. It would help to summarize the data with key findings.

In the last step, the priorities are set with an action plan. Priority setting is a difficult step because it has four barriers like Institutional problems, human problem, structural, and process problem. Human problems can be solved by allowing people to reflect on the information about the project. If there are any different viewpoints, it will help to modify decisions. The suggestions for solving process problem would be specifically defining priorities, setting a period for collecting information and collecting all the critical information. It is necessary to build a relationship with the proper planning process and to make a clear plan projectTo solve structural and institutional problems.

In the last step, individual or group can share all the information with community members. It would help be beneficial for community members to fulfill their needs. The meeting can be arranged to share a report with members, or different media outlets can publish it.

End Notes

(2019). Strengtheningnonprofits.org. Retrieved 20 January 2019, from http://strengtheningnonprofits.org/resources/guidebooks/Community_Assessment.pdf

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Compare And Contrast

Title page

Compare and contrast

Both papers capture the themes of the religious activities that prevailed in Cuba and America. The Baptist Church research paper highlights the themes of faith and freedom that remained the prominent elements of African-American Baptists. It explains the role of social traditionalism that was adopted for making faith as the vibrant part of African-American churches. The powers were possessed by the priests, bishops and deacons. The cultural beliefs remain a significant part of religion and the politics worked to protect such aspects. Similar themes are explored in the Santeria paper that uncovers the aspects of the religion that was established in Cuba and started in the sixteenth century. Both papers attempt to narrate the religious activities of the blacks and how it built association among the entire community.

Baptist Church paper captures the profound impact of faith and freedom on the religion of blacks. Irrespective of their hardships and tragic lives they were convinced to rely on faith. They believed that whatever happened to them is controlled by God. They remained courageous in all aspects of their life and continued to survive. Similar themes are used in Santeria paper that explains that religion had a strong correlation with social and cultural aspects of the society. The Africans were convinced to follow the principles and laws of religion. Their daily activities reflected the integration of religion and faith.

Baptist Church paper attempts to explore the association of religion with society and how they influence the lives of people. Santeria paper provides a more realistic role o religion by including the theory of Karl Marx. It represents the social, economic and real issues of the people were linked to spirituality. the paper explains that the religious providers had taken a dominant role in challenging the resistance of the people against social and economic settings. The paper thus elaborates the central cause that was responsible for social change. It provides an in-depth analysis of the relationship of religion with the social and cultural aspects of the lives of common people.

Like Santeria paper, the Baptist Church has emphasized more on political consciousness. It is used for relating it with the social awareness that later resulted in different social movements. Religion in both papers is used for explaining how it provided awareness to the people for reacting against the inequality and unfairness. Social activism is mentioned in both papers that was the product of people's connection with their religion. When they realized the true meaning of religion they emerged to take a stand and challenge the corrupt political and socio-economic settings of the world. African-American churches also involved in social activism because they raised voices against the brutality and inequality encountered by blacks CITATION Har96 \l 1033 (Lefever, 1996).

Baptist church paper builds the relationship of religion with health by explaining that proper care planning was promoted for the sick. Some important concepts of health introduced by religion include palliative care, hospice and advanced care planning CITATION Rob131 \l 1033 (Stephens, 2013). Santeria paper also identifies the role of physicians and counsellors who existed at that time also for providing care and assistance to the people. The act of supporting the sick by offering medical care was considered as religious and virtuous. This reflected the positive impacts of religious teachings and the views of saints on the black community.

Compared to Baptist Church paper the Santeria paper explains that saints and orchids played a significant role in the development of the church and promoting religious beliefs among Cubans. It also highlights some important religious activities such as divination. Both papers explain that religion and spirituality provided resistance to blacks against injustices and social evils.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Lefever, H. G. (1996). When the saints go riding in Santeria in Cuba and the United States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35 (3).

Stephens, R. W. (2013). Performing Belief: Representing Experience in Ocha-Ifa Drumming. The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society, 3.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Compare And Contrast Erickson V Freud Psychosexual Development

Psychosexual Development: Erickson vs. Freud

In the theories of development, Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theories are two noticeable theories. Besides, these theories deal with various stages of development, starting from infancy to adulthood and emphasize their significance as well. Freud was born in 1856 in a Jewish household; however, he grew up as an Austrian Neurologist, whereas Erikson was given birth by a Jewish woman in 1902. Erikson's psychosocial theory is influenced by Freud's psychosexual theory nonetheless, but it has its similarities and differences as well. The personality development stages in both the theories are given different names, and they also contrast in the approaches that the theorists have adopted to explain these stages. Six This essay revolves around the comparison and contrast of the six basic personality development stages.

The first stage in Freud’s psychosexual theory is known as “Oral stage," and in this stage, a child draws pleasure or id by engaging in the activities of tasting, sucking, and eating (Freud, 2015). However, if a child fails to engage in these activities, "oral fixation" can occur, which may create the problems of nail-biting or eating disorders at some later stage (Freud, 2015). Erikson shared Freud's this belief that the process of personality development starts through predetermined stages, and if a child faces a problem in this stage, it may create difficulty in developing trust issues in the coming stages. However, the very first stage or early stage in Erikson’s theory is called “trust versus mistrust stage” (Erikson, 1968). In this stage, child is dependent on his caretakers for the fulfilment of his basic needs. Besides, his sense of the world is reinforced through the behavior of his parents or caretakers (Smith & Vetter, 1981).

The second stage is known as the "Anal stage” of development in the psychosexual theory, and according to Freud, children (aged 1 till 3), who successfully complete this stage gain control over their bladder and bowel movements (Freud, 2015). However, he also states that those children who remain successful in this stage may grow up to untidy and disordered. Erikson has named this stage "autonomy vs. shame and doubt age" (Erikson, 1968). He shares the same belief as Freud that in this stage, children develop self-sufficiency because he can eat and relieve himself on his own. However, such a child who is not self-sufficient in this very stage may grow up to doubt his abilities. Both the psychosexual and psychosocial theories stress that from age 1 to age 3, children start getting independent for their needs, such as bowel movements and eating. This sense of independence starts inducing wisdom in them, and they are less dependent on their caretakers as compared to the oral and trust vs. mistrust stage (Fadiman et al, 1976).

When a child enters in his pre-school years, he is in the “phallic stage” according to the psychosexual theory, and this stage studies the development of children from age 3 to age 6 (Freud, 2015). Freud asserts that in this stage, the “libido energy” manifests itself in the sexual reproductive organs of the children. The children start categorizing themselves with their same-sex parents, and boys go through the "Oedipus complex," whereas girls experience the Electra complex. Quite the contrary, Erikson gives the idea of the "initiative vs. guilt" stage and proclaims that children base their instincts based on their environment (Erikson, 1968). Those children who pass this stage feel more purpose-driven, and those children who face difficulty in developing a sense of purpose adopt the passive emotion of guilt. Unlike psychosexual theory, this theory focuses on the environment as a key factor in personality the development of a child.

Children falling in the age period of 7 to 11 years are considered in a transitional phase, which links their childhood stages with the adolescent stage. He refers to this stage as a "latent period” (Freud, 2015). In this period, the libido energy decreases, and children actively engage themselves in learning new activities or taking up some hobbies such as making new friends in school and playing sports. Besides, in this stage, children learn self-confidence and social skills. Similarly, Erickson also states this new development in children as "industry versus inferiority stage," the sense of competence and skillfulness occur during this stage (Erikson, 1968). Moreover, children feel accomplished if they succeed in this stage; on the other hand, children who struggle may develop low self-esteem issues (Franz & White, 1985).

In the phase of adolescence, both psychosexual and psychosocial theories agree on the point that teenagers develop a unique sense of identity. In Freud’s perspective, this stage is important in developing a clear sense of sexuality in both the genders. This stage is known as the “genital stage” (Freud, 2015). Teenagers invest them in romantic companionship based on their sexuality and sexual preferences. This stage plays a defining role in developing the emotions of love, kindness, and empathy because these emotions remain with an individual until his death. Failing to develop these emotions and responses may result in a fragmented, passive, and ignorant sense of personality development. Likewise, Erikson has extensively explored this stage and named it "identity versus role confusion" because, in this stage, teenagers take on different tasks and perform various roles depending on their sense of identity (Erikson, 1968). Contrasting with the previous stages of development, the successful completion of this stage depends on the support received from elders and peers. In this stage, reassurance is integral because it acts as a drive to form a better identity. Teenagers who do not receive the required encouragement and reassurances from their family and friends are more likely to develop a negative sense of their identity (Chodoff, 1966). Moreover, they are not purpose-driven and struggle with a fragmented self.

The last and final stage of personality development is known as adulthood, and the opinion of both Freud and Erikson highly contrasts with one another. Freud proclaims that personality development in the genital stage remains dominant in adulthood, as well. Besides, the sense of identity developed in that stage remains forever with an individual. He also recognizes the role played by the oral, phallic, and latent stages in the personality development of a person as an adult. On the other hand, Erikson states that the process of development continues in adulthood too because this is a lifelong process. He has divided adulthood into three stages; the first stage is "intimacy vs. isolation," which deals with the idea of romantic affection and companionship in young adults (Kline, 2013). The second stage is referred to as the "generativity vs. stagnation" stage, which occurs in adults who are middle-aged and contribute to the betterment of society and take care of their infants. The final stage is of "integrity vs. despair"; in this stage, elders reflect on the choices they made when they were young. These choices can be good or bad, and their idea of life stems from this because they either feel accomplished or disappointed by life (Erikson, 1968).

Psychosexual and psychosocial theories have their similarities and differing opinions concerning the personality development of an individual. The importance of social skills and social learning in the early childhood stages are highly stressed by both the theorists (Chodoff, 1966). They believe that these stages ensure a positive and good sense of identity as an adult. Likewise, they also think that a low sense of identity occurs when children lack in meeting the criteria of good personality development in the early stages of their childhood. They are more likely to fall prey to the adverse behaviors of smoking, anger management issues, and apathy. Freud’s psychosexual theory is much focused on the idea of “id” and “libido energy” as key factors in the personality development of a person (Freud, 2015). However, the psychosocial theory is famous for its exclusive attention to the role played by the environment and family structure in the personality development of a child. Contrasting with Freud’s opinion that the genital stage remains constant in adulthood too, he also proclaims that personality development is a lifelong process, and changes manifest itself in an adult till his death. The purpose of both theories is the assessment of personality growth at every developing stage.

References

Chodoff, P. (1966). A critique of Freud's theory of infantile sexuality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123(5), ,20157-518.

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & Company.

Fadiman, James, and Robert Frager. Personality and personal growth. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.

Franz, C. E., & White, K. M. (1985). Individuation and attachment in personality development: Extending Erikson's theory. Journal of personality, 53(2), 224-256.

Freud, S. (, 2015). WHO IS FREUD?.

Kline, P. (, 2013). Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory (RLE: Freud). Routledge.

Smith, B. D., & Vetter, H. J. (1991). Theories of personality. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Comparing And Contrasting Robert Whitaker's,

Comparing and Contrasting Robert Whitaker's "Anatomy of an Epidemic "and Rosenthal's "Drugs Mind Body and Society."

[Student’s Name]

[Institution affiliated]

Comparing and contrasting Robert Whitaker's "Anatomy of an Epidemic "and Rosenthal's "Drugs Mind Body and Society."

Introduction

Robert Whitakers’s book Anatomy of an Epidemic and Martha Rosenthal’s book Drugs, Mind, Body, and Society provide scintillating knowledge and information in the field of medicine and psychology. The books are multidisciplinary texts that give readers comprehensive discussions about drugs and its effects. The Books weave together information from different fields, including psychology, physiology, media, culture, society, neuroscience, pharmacology, law, history, and religion. The authors emphasize aspects of critical thinking and teach students to evaluate information, critique data, discern and differentiate facts from opinions, and make intelligent decisions to improve quality of life. These books, especially  Drugs, Mind, Body, and Society by Rosenthal, do not only benefit psychologists and students studying medicine, but they also benefit every reader seeking information about drugs, diseases, quality health standards, and other information on drug use. Given critical importance of these books, it is necessary to compare and contrast them in the view of gaining more knowledge and benefitting from specific tenets presented in each of these books.

Comparing and contrasting

Differences

Whitaker’s text and Rosenthal’s book share a notable difference between them. To start with, Whitaker’s Anatomy of an Epidermic is a contextual study focusing specifically on mental illness and psychiatric drugs, while Rosenthal’s book is information and knowledge-based resource providing information in many fields, including medicine, psychology, drug abuse, and disease control. Reading Whitaker’s book, one can easily see that it is a focused study divulging details about mental illness and related drugs in American society. It is a longitudinal study covering 50 years of reviewing drugs used in the treatment of mental illness. Rosenthal’s book provides general knowledge in medicine, revealing details about drug regulations, laws, diseases, and prevalence of health conditions in American. For instance, Whitaker reviews the literature on psychiatric cases for over 50 years, and he reports that mental illnesses continue affecting many people today than several decades ago. He notes that the number of those affected by mental illness increases at the rate of about 400 cases per day. Besides, Whitaker realizes that different drugs consumed by Americans have led to an unprecedented increase in mental illness. He notes that drug-related effects have contributed to the rising of mental illness among users, and this has impacted on possible mitigation measures.  

Secondly, notable differences existing in terms of scope and breadth of the information, details, and facts available in the books; in terms of size and number of pages, Rosenthal’s books are larger and broader. It is broader in the scope of information and knowledge it provides. Whitaker's Anatomy of an Epidemic is narrower in scope because it allows for a specific range of study. For instance, Rosenthal’s books provide deeper interdisciplinary information, including economics, history, and law, which are not found in Whitekar’s text. Additionally, Rosenthal’s book has unique features, including biographical profiles, historical case studies, points of cultural and clinical relevance, self-knowledge texts, and pages that provide critical evaluation questions designed for users to learn contemporary medical practices. Besides, in terms of content coverage, Rosenthal’s book is organized into topics and chapters, each elaborately delving into controversial topics. Each topic teaches students the evaluation of information and research for different perspectives to encourage learners to reflect and discuss their ideas. With five sections and eighteen chapters, each dealing with distinct topics such as drug addiction, prevention, prescription, and non-prescription drugs, Hallucinogens, Opioids, etc., Rosenthal’s display in-depth of knowledge, information and ideas not included in Whitaker's text.  

Another notable difference exists in terms of the approach of presentation of information and depth of knowledge in the books. Whitaker's book founded by a longitudinal scientific study focusing on mental illness among Americans over five decades with large junk of sources used coming from a review of scientific literature. While Whitaker's book delves into scientific studies on mental illness and related drugs, Rosenthal’s book reveals a variety of data, information, and knowledge-based on different levels of study, including case studies, reviews, scientific articles, and other materials. Presentation of information, facts, and data in Whitaker's book follows formats for writing peer-reviewed evidence-based articles. Unlike Rosenthal’s book, which is organized into sections, chapters, topics, and sub-section, Whitaker’s article has topics dealing with specific ideas and data. It contains data derived from different scientific knowledge and information from government sources, which the author used to provide evidence and back up the topic of the study. Importantly, Rosenthal’s books cover a range of knowledge-based on government and different credible sources that have added gist to the book, making it a reference book used by teachers, professors, and students. Importantly, Whitaker’s book is limited in terms of knowledge scope as it focuses specifically on the prevalence of mental illnesses in the United States, unlike Rosenthal’s book, which spans a broad range of details.

Another aspect differentiating the work of these two authors is the aspect of subject matter/content, which reveals authors differing intentions. While both texts have content related to mental illness, Rosenthal focuses extensively on drugs that increase the chances of one developing mental illnesses, which according to the text, include stimulants such as cocaine, opioids, sedatives, inhalants, Marijuana, tobacco and other that affect the nervous system. Whitaker’s text focuses on the prevalence of mental illness and reasons the cases are gradually increasing over the years. Unlike Rosenthal’s book, Whitaker wrote explicitly on the effects of mental illness and its prevalent status. For instance, Whitaker’s text discusses the rise of mentally ill people in America, which increased sharply from 1987, especially after releasing of Prozac, a drug used to treat the psychotic disorder. Furthermore, Whitaker claim that number of adults and children affected by mental illness has increased from 1.2 million in early 1990s to more than 4 million today. Looking at Whitaker’s text the author wanted to find a correlation between the manufacture and release of different psychiatric drugs and an increase in the number of adult and children mental illness cases. This shows a notable difference in terms of this content and one provided in Rosenthal’s book.

A notable difference is also seen in the intentions of the authors of these books, especially in terms of how they presented their contents. Rosenthal’s book elicits critical thinking by offering readers a wide range of knowledge and comprehensive discussion about the effects of drug abuse. The author intended to excite critical skills among readers who include teachers, students, and people interested in studying drug abuse and their impact on society. Equipped with essential thinking skills, Rosenthal notes that scholars reading the book can discern data and make intelligent decisions that positively impact the society and improve quality of life. Thinking critically, according to Rosenthal, brings new perspectives, answers, and solutions about drug abuse. It also teaches readers on ways of researching drugs and how a reader can evaluate and validate sources. Different from Whitaker’s book that focuses on providing scientific knowledge on mental illness and drugs, Rosenthal offers critical evaluations about controversial topics and encouraging students to devise creative ways of evaluating information from multiple perspectives. Importantly, at the beginning of the chapter, Rosenthal provides open-ended true/false questions designed to draw leaders into the content by asking provocative questions created to challenge common misconceptions about drug abuse and mental illnesses. Importantly, Rosenthal’s book, unlike Whitaker’s text, has “quick hits” and “ask yourself,” which are specially included in the text to encourage readers to reflect their ideas and discuss content in each chapter. Quick hits provide students with anecdotes, fun facts, and briefs from various disciplines such as history, law, and economics. Unlike Whitaker’s text, Rosenthal’s book included “The Straight Dope” texts containing self-knowledge tests, biographies, historical facts, case studies, and other information.

Whitaker’s text Anatomy of an Epidemic is a critique of the modern medical practices commonly used by practitioners. Whitaker explains that it increases the prevalence of mental illnesses in society. Unlike Rosenthal’s book, which gives general information and critical analysis as well as inspiring readers to consider different opinions and perspectives and challenge misconceptions, Whitaker criticized psychiatric drugs, noting that modern drugs have led to poorer long term health for people with mental illnesses. As Rosenthal’s book provide evaluations, and critical analysis of facts and information about drug abuse and mental illnesses, Whitaker’s book give analysis of modern psychotropic medications and their ineffectiveness in mitigating mental illness. Whitaker elucidates connections of psychiatric medication with a prevalence of mental problems such as bipolar and unipolar complications, schizophrenia, and other hosts of anxiety disorders.

Similarities

Whitakers’ book Anatomy of an Epidemic and Martha Rosenthal’s book Drugs, Mind, Body, and Society share a myriad of similarities in different aspects, which make them both unique and incredibly important in psychology. Firstly, both books predominantly have similarities in terms of content, facts, and knowledge. In both texts, there is extensive emphasis on issues touching on mental illness and their treatment measures as the authors wrote intently about psychiatric problems and things that have contributed to the increase in the number of affected people. For instance, Whitaker’s text wholesomely addresses the problem of mental illness in America by looking at scientific literature about the same and reviewing the treatment measured used by practitioners over the years. Besides, Whitaker’s thesis touched on the controversial topic of the prevalence of mental illness and the effectiveness of drugs used to treat the illnesses. In the same way, Rosenthal’s book focuses primarily on mental illness touching on different issues related to psychiatric problems such as the effects of psychoactive drugs like heavy use of marijuana, tobacco, Opioids, hallucinogens, cocaine, and other stimulants. The book delved more into causative agents of mental illnesses, including abuse of popular drugs such as cocaine, which Rosenthal claims that they are primarily blamed for increasing cases of mental illness in society.

Both texts examine drugs related to mental illnesses, explicitly focusing on the impact of those drugs on the aspect of mental problems. Both texts have an intensive analysis of drugs to determine their related effects on influencing mental illnesses. Whitaker hugely succeeded in linking the manufacture and proliferation of new psychiatric drugs to an increase in reported cases of mental disturbance. Whitaker claims that there is an increase in several mental disorders today than the pre-drug era due to overdependence on mental drugs. Whitaker notes that during the pre-drug era, half the number of people hospitalized for bipolar and depression were asymptomatic; however, in modern times, those hospitalized for similar conditions report symptomatic cases meaning that drugs used by patients before admissions hasten the development of illness. Similarly, Rosenthal discussed in great length about the drugs-related illness, though, in a different circumstance. She detailed different types of drugs that may increase the rate of development of mental illness in both adults and children. Notably, Rosenthal outlines different drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, antidepressants, stimulants, and other drugs, which, according to Rosenthal, has significantly contributed to increase in the number of those affected by mental illnesses.

Conclusion

Rosenthal’s book and Whitaker’s text share differences and similarities, as discussed above. Predictably, these books have many differences than the similarities. Their existing differences context of their presentation, the scope and breadth of information available in each book, subject matter, and the content as well as the intent of each author, as shown in the books. The books have similarities in terms of similar content and topics presented, which is predominantly about drug abuse and mental illnesses. The books are crucial in the field of psychology and medicine, since it provides critical information, especially concerning mental health problems and drug abuse. Rosenthal’s book has a considerable significance to students and readers as it elicits critical thinking and encourages evaluation of perspectives to improve the living standards of people. Rosenthal’s book is best suited for students and teachers because it provides study questions, discussions and observations design to enable the reader to reflect on what he/she has read and elicited further discussions on the topic. I like Rosenthal’s book since it provokes new ideas and creative, especially on controversial topics such as drug abuse and mental illness. Apart from being captivating to read, it uses simple language that is easy to understand by students. Generally, although the above comparison and contrast focus on content and styles in the two books, I think considerable significance should be given to Rosenthal’s book due to its prowess in content.

References

Whitaker, R. (2011). Anatomy of an epidemic: Magic bullets, psychiatric drugs, and the astonishing rise of mental illness in America. Random House Digital, Inc..

Rosenthal, M. S. (2019). Drugs: Mind, body, and society. New York : Oxford University Press

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Confronting Sin

Confronting Sin

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

Confronting Sin

Response to Question 1

           It is important for the sensitive Christian counselor to consider that automatic and quick confrontation can never be useful when it comes to confronting obvious sin. This is not a viable option because it can increase the risk of defensive and denial approaches for the client ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bT96ikIL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clinton & Hawkins, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Clinton & Hawkins, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":230,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/IUIDBX8W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/IUIDBX8W"],"itemData":{"id":230,"type":"book","title":"The Quick-Reference Guide to Biblical Counseling","publisher":"Baker Publishing Group","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=v4DkRgaGaUcC","ISBN":"978-0-8010-7225-3","author":[{"family":"Clinton","given":"T."},{"family":"Hawkins","given":"R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clinton & Hawkins, 2009). The counselor might face the problems of immense resilience and anger from the client. Direct confrontation is one complex phenomenon that requires considering a diverse dynamic of counseling. It is not vital for the sensitive Christian counselor to ignore the sensitivity of the condition and compel client towards the aggression. 

Response to Question 2

           A comprehensive understanding of the entire perspective of sensitive Christian counseling explicitly revealed that ethical aspects are mainly overlooked by the counselors. The domain of ethics is directly linked with the practical prospect of confrontation during the counseling session. This specific issue might be appeared due to the low level of self-awareness and self-evaluation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4P7WfNfP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McMinn, 2010)","plainCitation":"(McMinn, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":232,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/29A5MXWN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/29A5MXWN"],"itemData":{"id":232,"type":"book","title":"Sin and grace in Christian counseling: An integrative paradigm","publisher":"InterVarsity Press","ISBN":"0-8308-7904-8","author":[{"family":"McMinn","given":"Mark R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McMinn, 2010). Consideration of moral conduct is essential to measure to achieve the desired form of counseling under the broad spectrum of sensitive Christian counseling. 

Response to Question 3

           It is important to identify different ways of confrontation considering the specific case of Jeans. There are some possible elements of confrontation that might make a counseling scenario difficult for the client. Direct confrontation is detrimental for Jean because this approach might push her away from the systematic procedure of counseling ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"re37D11P","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hawkins & Clinton, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":231,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/EYVX2HDL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/EYVX2HDL"],"itemData":{"id":231,"type":"book","title":"The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach","publisher":"Harvest House Publishers","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=rOOICgAAQBAJ","ISBN":"978-0-7369-4355-0","author":[{"family":"Hawkins","given":"R."},{"family":"Clinton","given":"T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawkins & Clinton, 2015). It is important for the counselor to gradually obtain the approach of counseling and gives confidence when it comes to confronting someone’s sins. 

Response to Question 4

           As a sensitive Christian counselor, I would ensure to develop better counseling relationships with Jean to give her the necessary confidence and empathy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uyg0MaAK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marrs, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Marrs, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":233,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/BYXT5SYN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qLzeF6Hj/items/BYXT5SYN"],"itemData":{"id":233,"type":"article-journal","title":"Christian Counseling The Past Generation and the State of the Field","container-title":"Concordia Journal","page":"4","volume":"40","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Marrs","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marrs, 2014). This approach is useful to deliver the domain of empathy for the one who was dealing with the situation of confronting sins. The development of a therapeutic alliance with the client is a mandatory condition to meet the ethical standards of counseling. 

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Clinton, T., & Hawkins, R. (2009). The Quick-Reference Guide to Biblical Counseling. Retrieved from https://books.google.co/books?id=v4DkRgaGaUcC

Hawkins, R., & Clinton, T. (2015). The New Christian Counselor: A Fresh Biblical and Transformational Approach. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=rOOICgAAQBAJ

Marrs, R. (2014). Christian Counseling the Past Generation and the State of the Field. Concordia Journal, 40(1), 4.

McMinn, M. R. (2010). Sin and grace in Christian counseling: An integrative paradigm. InterVarsity Press.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Consciousness

Consciousness

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Consciousness

Introduction

Consciousness can easily be defined as awareness of our surroundings and ourselves. It consists of different stages that are further explained. These stages are recognized as alertness, daydreaming, and sleeping. Each stage can be externally be influenced by drugs or internally be influenced by our mental efforts. The discussion of this essay would state the different states of consciousness which I experienced during the past 24 hours and how it affected my brain and bodily activity (Sedlmeier, 2018).

Discussion

Identification

During the first nine hours since morning, I was in the state of alertness. My body was aware of who I am, where I am, and what is going on in my surroundings. My body was able to walk, and my brain was able to store information. Moreover, during this period, I was also communicating and engaging with people frequently. However, after a past afternoon when I was in the state of daydreaming, my body was awake, but my brain was not aware of where I was. My mind could slightly comprehend my surroundings, but my body was in the state of stimulus. I was having this experience during my job when I was feeling relaxed. Finally, after returning home, I went into the state of sleep which is more like a state of unconsciousness when I became unaware of myself and the world around me. My body and mind were completely shut down (Kringelbach, & Berridge, 2017). Meaning, I was unable to move my body or use my mind during this state of consciousness.

Conclusion

The aforementioned analysis of my body and mind during the three states of consciousness helped define the stages of consciousness and how it impacts our mind and body. With the help of some research and academic resources, I was able to understand and apprehend these stages and experience them in my life.

References

Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2017). The affective core of emotion: linking pleasure, subjective well-being, and optimal metastability in the brain. Emotion Review, 9(3), 191-199.

Sedlmeier, P. (2018). Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 25(11-12), 73-101.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Consciousness Vs Unconsciousness

Consciousness versus Unconsciousness

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Consciousness versus Unconsciousness

Introduction

The psychology terms consciousness and unconsciousness have been studied around for quite some time. Both terms are used in the field of psychology time and time again. The importance of consciousness and unconsciousness becomes evident when a psychologist is dealing with a patient. That is the time when these terms are used the most. By looking into both the terms from a psychologist’s perspective, the difference of both consciousness and unconsciousness can be recognized. Consciousness is mainly a psychological form that is best defined by John Locke the English philosopher as "The perception of what passes in a man's own mind." On the other hand, unconsciousness in psychology is deemed as the feature of the mental life, which is separate from the current consciousness. It is something that is not subjected to recall at one’s will. There are many times that people cannot recall what they did unconsciously. This paper will reflect on the importance and stark difference between consciousness and unconsciousness thoroughly from a psychology perspective.

Discussion

Consciousness can be deemed as a type of behavior, it cannot be categorized as a process. This behavior is controlled by the brain as well, like any other conduct that is shown by human being. Consciousness is mainly having an awareness of certain things. The consciousness of the human mind is mainly inclusive of the simple events and actions that are carried out regularly. Over time, consciousness is said to be "the hard problem." There is no doubt in the fact that both consciousness and unconsciousness are still a baffling phenomenon even today. It is safe to say that even the world’s most significant scientists could not get behind the mysteries of these notions (Cuéllar, 2018). These facts make the terms even more interesting to look into. Consciousness is mainly the personal perception of one's self. Through this phenomenon people can do things like solving a problem, being happy and creating memories.

The concept of consciousness is something that has been outside the boundaries of science throughout the nineteenth century. Later a French Philosopher by the name of Rene Descartes sheds light on what it is like to be conscious. The foundation of Cartesian Dualism was first given by Descartes. She represented the notion that the body and the mind are separate, and this concept is now known as Cartesian Dualism. The theories that were given by Descartes became the center of many controversies regarding consciousness (Greenwald & Banaji, 2017). Then came the twentieth century, in which the word consciousness became taboo and there was a ban put on the usage of this word. Older times deemed the things forbidden based on the understanding factor. Since consciousness could not be described or defined, it was made forbidden.

There is a reason that consciousness was psychologically constructed. This term is quite difficult to understand and view, that is why it was easy to put it under the off-limits category. Nowadays, consciousness is given acceptance and it also helps address and understand some of the most thought-provoking issues and questions of the contemporary world. The concept of consciousness has become a pivotal part of neuroscientific research. Now scientists can address various serious issues like the “vegetative state.”

Now coming to unconsciousness, which will be explained under the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. The human unconsciousness is where all the past experiences and memories are stored (Talvitie, 2018). Sigmund Freud believed the fact that the personalities and behaviors of individuals are derived from the unique yet constant connections between the contradictory psychological forces. These forces function on three various stages of awareness: subconscious, consciousness and unconsciousness. In accordance with him, these three portions of the human mind play a significant role in inducing various behaviors. Freud divided the human mind into three different levels:

Consciousness

This term can be best understood by affiliating with having awareness. As mentioned above, the main things that are in human consciousness are simple. The events which qualify are mainly inclusive of the actions and proceedings that we can recall as the human mind activities. This view is faced with two challenges. The first challenge is that around 10% of the mind's work consists of conscious thoughts. The second challenge is that this notion does not explain the unsystematic events that are formed inside the human mind (Rothkirch, Overgaard & Hesselmann, 2018). However, the two processes that the conscious mind can explain are inclusive of directing the focus and imagining the unreal. It is safe to say that the conscious mind works like a scanner. It scans a particular event and makes a person react based on self-perception. Lastly, based on the importance of the event, it is stored in either the subconscious or unconscious part.

Subconscious

This is the part where the recent memories are kept that may require to be recalled. In short, the memories that are for quick recalls are kept in the human subconscious. A common example would be the phone number of a person who you just crossed paths with. This part also keeps in check the regular and recurring activities that a person keeps on doing for the rest of the day. These activities can be inclusive of various feelings, frequent views, and certain behavioral patterns. So, in accordance with Freud, the subconscious of the human mind is like the RAM (random access memory).

Unconsciousness

This is the part of the human mind where the past experiences and memories are stored. The memories that are present in the unconsciousness of the human mind are mainly events that are repressed due to the trauma associated with them (Allen & Reber, 2017). Further, some consciously overlooked unimportant memories are present in the unconscious part of the human mind. It is said that these memories that most people carry unconsciously form our habits, behaviors, and beliefs. It is safe to say that it is the warehouse of all the emotions and memories that a person has been carrying by birth. For instance, if a person has suffered great trauma as a child their consciousness might forget it but the unconsciousness part will not. If for instance, a person was locked in a dark room as a child, they might forget it but as an adult, they will feel afraid or uncomfortable in the dark. The reason behind this will be the repressed memory that is stored in the unconscious part of the mind. This is just one example of how the unconscious mind functions.

Conclusion

There is no doubt in the fact that the human mind is very complex. There are certain aspects of it, which are still alien to contemporary science. A lot of scientists have tried tapping into the human mind, but they have merely dabbled in the area. Both human consciousness and unconsciousness are quite complex in their own way. There is a reason that the idea of these concepts was deemed forbidden back in the day, because both the phenomenon were and still are quite complex to understand. The conscious part of the human mind works as a scanner and captures the simpler details. It is interesting how every individual’s consciousness will look at one single action differently and react to it contrarily as well. It is also quite interesting that how an individual can have a plethora of memories in their unconsciousness and never know about them. However, emotions that we are conditioned to feel from our childhood, stay with us unconsciously. The human mind is still a mystery and the concepts of unconsciousness and consciousness help prove it even more.

References

Allen, R., & Reber, A. S. (2017). Unconscious intelligence. A companion to cognitive science, 314-323.

Cuéllar, D. P. (2018). From the conscious interior to an exterior unconscious: Lacan, discourse analysis and social psychology. Routledge.

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72(9), 861.

Rothkirch, M., Overgaard, M., & Hesselmann, G. (2018). Transitions between consciousness and unconsciousness. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 20.

Talvitie, V. (2018). Freudian unconscious and cognitive neuroscience: From unconscious fantasies to neural algorithms. Routledge.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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Summary of the article: The rights of people with mental disorders: WPA perspective.

Like all other individuals, people with mental disorders also have numbers of rights. One of their basic rights is to find a professional in the healthcare field who would understand the nature of their mental disorder. Generally, it has been seen that people with depression are not categorized in the list of people having mental disorder as most of the time; psychiatrists fail to recognize whether a person is suffering from depression or not (Maj,et,al,2011). No instruments are present, for diagnosing the mental disorders, so more experience is needed in order to make this diagnose more substantial as compared to other medical diagnoses for which numbers of laboratory instruments and tests are available. In several countries, psychiatrists are much less in number and there is a need to increase this number by maintaining the quality of training as well.

According to the World Psychiatric Association, it would be helping for psychiatrists to educate other medical stuff, how to recognize people with any mental disorder. At the same time, expectations should be more realistic as no nurse could learn to diagnose patients with a mental disorder in one week. One the other hand, not a psychiatrist could leave all his work and patients to educate other medical staff about how to diagnose the mental disorder in people. Another major right of people with mental disorders is having access to intervene, for a disorder that has research design, available (Machin,et,al,2019). A third and important right of a person with a mental disorder is to get treatment is a decent setting where one would not be abuse and would be treated humanely. Fourth right of people with a mental disorder is to have complete access to normal life i.e. one must not be deprived of normal social life. Also, they must be given a chance if they have any suggestions for improving facilities and should be treated as active participants.

References

Maj, M. (2011). The rights of people with mental disorders: WPA perspective. The Lancet, 378(9802), pp.1534-1535.

Machin, J. E., Adkins, N. R., Crosby, E., Farrell, J. R., & Mirabito, A. M. (2019). The marketplace, mental well-being, and me: Exploring self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-compassion in consumer coping. Journal of Business Research, 100, 410-420.

Subject: Psychology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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