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Letter To US Reprensentative

Letter to US representative

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

The Honorable (name)

U.S. House of Representatives

Washington, D.D 201515

Dear Representative (name)

The legislation addressing “same-sex marriage” is of paramount interest to me because I am a certified teacher. By taking at the present situation, it could be seen that same-sex marriage is becoming more common than ever before. Same-sex marriage has been legalized but still, there could be seen various negative impacts of this issue. This fact cannot be denied that on June 26, 2015, U.S Supreme Court that denied to the same-sex marriage would be a violation of the Equal Protection clauses of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution. It is a serious issue of the present time as more students are getting attracted to this false fascination. Marriage, since ages, has been considered as a legal contract between a man and woman that is concerned with sexual and emotional support. Childrearing is another major thing that is concerned with marriage. Homosexual marriage is a challenge for all above-mentioned things. There could be seen visible impacts of this challenge as my students to question me and they are supporting same-sex marriage. This issue was not taken seriously before as it became now, as it is shaking the grounds of human basis and society that has been following some set norms since centuries.

This practice of homosexual marriage is shaking the ground of our spiritual beliefs. It could be seen that this is becoming a root cause of many health risks and promoting diseases in people. It won’t be wrong to say that gay marriage is immoral that are imposed on the majority by the minority. Gay marriage is actually redefining the sexual morality as well and these marriages are reducing the numbers of children in society. My students used to ask me many questions and are not considering it immoral. By taking a look at the statistics, it could be said that this type of marriage does not work as long as the natural opposite-sex marriage works. There has been seen many reports that gay marriage is enforcing government to change its law and that would be having a direct effect on others.

One of the reasons why this act and practice should be discouraged is that same-sex marriage is promoting the trend of adopting children whose life is totally at risk. One the main question raised by my students is regarding the children that as they are going to be raised by same-sex parents, they would be having quite different concepts and beliefs about marriage. There is a need to take timely steps for addressing this political issue as there comes great responsibility on government and other authorities that could take some effective steps for making a difference in the situation that is challenging our norms (Klesse,et,al,2018). Though this fact cannot be denied that public polling was conducted for passing this act but there is a need to review this bill that is legalizing same-sex marriage as it greatly affects the moral teaching and students are raising many concerns regarding this issue.

Although I have read many reports of your position in the newspapers, I realize this may not fully represent your viewpoint. Therefore, I will look forward to your reply expressing your opinions and your current stance on the issue.

Thank you for the consideration of my viewpoint on this matter. I believe it is an important issue and would like to see the legislation that has been passed to be amended by taking religious, social, political and moral teachings in consideration, to ensure effective educational services for the students involved.

Sincerely

Your name,

Address

Phone number

Email-address

References

Klesse, C. (2018). Bisexuality, Slippery Slopes, and Multipartner Marriage. Journal of Bisexuality, 18(1), 35-53.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Libertarian Party Of Illinois: Lpillinois.org

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Political Science]

[July 30, 2019]

Libertarian Party of Illinois: lpillinois.org

Introduction

It is the politics of a country that drive its overall mechanics. In this way, the political institution of society is held much importance in good governance. It is this reason that many politicians exist and work in the diverse political system of the United States of America. These political parties have their own working offices and websites to manage communication with all the relevant stakeholders in the system. For this purpose, consider the example of the Libertarian Party of Illinois and its web page on internet- lpillinois.org.

This is the website ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fqbcxhP7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Libertarian Party of Illinois\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Libertarian Party of Illinois”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":771,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/YEBG2G38"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ZD9MNZ2P/items/YEBG2G38"],"itemData":{"id":771,"type":"webpage","title":"Libertarian Party of Illinois","container-title":"Libertarian Party of Illinois","abstract":"Welcome to the Home of the Libertarian Party of Illinois! If you love Liberty and Peace, you've come to the right place. The Libertarian Party is the only political party that fights for all of your rights, all of the time.","URL":"https://www.lpillinois.org/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Libertarian Party of Illinois”) which is very interactive. On the Home page, there is a long description of the political activities of the libertarian party. The mission statement is there to guide the end-users about the dynamics of the website. This website is user-friendly and there is much information to guide the users about their interests such as donations, campaigns, voluntary activities, media news and et el. This is the reason that most of the residents are content with the information which I provided by the libertarian party on their website. This website of the libertarian party in Ilinois is remarkable and it deserves B grade in political websites.

Some of the shortcomings in this website are that users are bit constrained in the sense that there are amounts fixed for the donation which is limited in approach. Moreover, the media section is lacking vigour and not much interactive in essence. The news and the various activities of the parties should have been running either on the Home page or the media page. The campaign section is not much information as the complex procedure of campaigning need visual understanding as well. Hence, these are some of the shortcomings that need rectification to make it more outstanding in outlook.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Libertarian Party of Illinois.” Libertarian Party of Illinois, https://www.lpillinois.org/. Accessed 30 July 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Liberty And Life, And Professional Ethics

Liberty and Life, and Professional Ethics

Your Name here

College-Undergraduate

Date Here

Stem cells are the primary cells that have the ability of self-renewal by using mitotic cell division. Stem cells in mammals can be categorized as embryonic stem cells, umbilical cord stem cells, and cord blood stem cells. Using stem cells for treatment has many advantages as they help in lowering the symptoms of the diseases that are being treated while significantly reducing the intake of medications. However, using stem cells can produce tumors and treatments using stem cells require radiation that can be harmful to remove previous cells from the patient’s body before transplant. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the government to make certain policies so that the research in the field can be continued while also ensuring the morality of the ways through which these cells are accessed.

In the US there is no direct ban on stem cell research yet there is a ban on funding and using stem cells in any treatment. However, the government should subsidize the stem cell research as these cells can potentially cure many diseases like cancer, spinal cord injuries and diabetes, etc. The only issue government had regarding the use of stem cells was to use embryonic stem cells taken from aborted babies although it is not entirely true as stem cells used in research are the unused embryos from the Vitro fertilization process.  

While discussing the morality most of the people are concerned about destroying human embryos as people believe that even during the Vitro fertilization unused embryos should also be given a chance to live. For instance, Anne McLaren in her article mentioned that human embryo from stage-one and onwards possess moral values that are equal to newborns so to use them for research is highly unethical and can be considered as murder. However, there are many other methods from which the stem cell can be accessed.

Bibliography

Lovell-Badge, Robin. "The future for stem cell research." Nature 414, no. 6859 (2001): 88.

McLaren, Anne. "Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research." Nature 414, no. 6859 (2001): 129.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Marijuana Legalization In Texas & School Choice In Texas

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Marijuana Legalization in Texas & School Choice in Texas

Topic # 1

Texas state marijuana laws are extremely strict, as certain laws prohibit the use of even two ounces of marijuana. Marijuana is a drug with exceptional recreational usage. Therefore, prohibiting the use is not good for every citizen, although the selling of this drug to teenagers should be stopped and the seller should be charged with a fine or imprisonment. It’s high time that laws in Texas regarding marijuana should be revised and decriminalization of marijuana should be necessitated all over the state like other states i.e., Columbia, and Washington (Press, 2019). Adults should be allowed to possess at least up to 10 ounces of marijuana. The state law should at least decriminalize marijuana’s recreational usage, if not legalizing the state law. The impact of decriminalizing the marijuana usage will make it easy for the people who want to use it for medicinal purpose, it will also reduce the population in prisons and it will ultimately save the fiancés of the government.

Topic # 2

If I were a member of the Texas legislature, I would definitely support the school choice program. As this program is really beneficial for the community and its members, specifically the new generation is going to have the right choice of education which would be beneficial in future for society and the country. The school choice program helps parents and their children to choose best-fit school and program and this will enhance the tailored education for students, i.e., specific education for certain students according to their needs and calibre (Dallas News). It also strengthens the community and gives a sense of empowerment and relief to the parents. This program also initiates the changes or alterations in the educational needs of the student according to the time and situation. This will further bolster all the avenues of education and its situation. Therefore, making this program into practice will benefit a lot of people, and overall community.

Works Cited

"Legalizing Marijuana." The Forum at Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. N. p., 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2019.

"Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick Vows To Push For School Choice 'Session After Session' | Education | Dallas News." Dallasnews.com. N. p., 2019. Web. 12 Apr. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Marijuana's Ten Biggest Victories Of 2018

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Marijuana's Ten Biggest Victories of 2018

Introduction

The legalization of Marijuana has been a serious issue in the United States for decades. This article by Tom Angell identifies the ten most significant victories for Marijuana in 2018. Due to changes in the presidency, the new U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions have annulled the state marijuana laws which were protected in the Obama era. This change has sent waves of uncertainty over the cannabis supporters and the cannabis industry. Despite the conflict with federal law, many other states have considered legalizing the medical or recreational use of marijuana. Due to the development of democracy, many political factors have changed since 2016. Presidential elections helped uncover the central issues of the American society through engagement with students. The discussion of this essay would summarize the ten most significant victories for marijuana in the year 2018, and to what extent it reflects our constitutional structure, social movements, and civil liberties (Marijuana's Ten Biggest Victories Of 2018, n.p).

Discussion

Identification

Lawmakers legalized marijuana which allowed adults to grow and preserve small amounts but not provides sales. Vermont became the first state to have legalized marijuana as it signed in the legislation. Despite all the efforts made by administrative authorities to undermine any activity linked with the promotion or support for marijuana legalization, the legislation got signed. Moreover, other states were also added to the bill where marijuana got legalized, such as the Northern Islands, and U.S. territory. It became the first law to have cannabis allowed for recreational use across the border. These laws signed by the government were a step closer towards enacting and revolutionizing marijuana legalization in the country. But, other states ended the legalization through votes, so that places, where it is needed, can be done so while the areas where it is not required can be dependant on social and presidential factors. These were issues which described taking matters personally.

Moreover, the second victory states as the legalization of medical cannabis at the Red States. Other states came towards its legalization through idealizing the political reality. States like Missouri, Oklahoma approved for medical cannabis. Then the third victory was analyzed as the legalization of marijuana at the Midwestern state. Michigan was the first state in the Midwest to have approved for the adult-use marijuana. The fourth victory was winning the governors races through pre-legalization. Despite the votes for enabling marijuana use, the new government body was also elected to run such campaigns which promise. Mexico became a gateway towards surpassing marijuana across the international borders into America. This has driven political control over the situation through prohibiting lawmakers to act on the allowance of marijuana. Another victory to be encoded can be seen as members of Congress acting to fix the marijuana gap through inducing rapid evolution of the politics.

Politics have a major role in the changing intellect of marijuana support on the state level. It stopped states from changing their laws concerning the use of marijuana and viewed ending national prohibition by addressing a dozen Congress reforms. The sixth step towards the reform was noted as the change in prohibitions to support marijuana and use the tough primary challenges to arrest federal narcotics agents. During the congressional period, the use of marijuana became highly disregarded, but the democratic parties supported its use strongly while advising the legal and political parties to vote for. The seventh victory was the new Trump administration and his support over the Marijuana Bill. He ended the long marijuana prohibition following the recession through Obama’s time when the administration used to respect local legalization. The eighth victory towards certain drug legalization include the use of hump and making it legal.

Canada and Mexico administration supported and legalized cannabis across there states so that the political parties along with interest group and social campaigns can benefit from this. Mexican administration backs the legalization of cannabis through speaking with the U.S. administration over the border. The unconstitutional phase of growing large amounts of marijuana was however still prohibited by the foreign and state officials in the constitutions. The subsequent regulation of cannabis production leads to marijuana becoming legal nationwide. These prominent ten wins over the year account for the most important constitutions and policies which are removed and added. Many governments were involved in having won the decision of legalizing marijuana in this previous year. The social movements along with the courts and political parties had a huge role to play in the advanced marijuana legalization bill and the policy reforms. The marijuana policy has reformed significantly on federal and international levels. It is even well for the movement heading for the next year.

Conclusion

The aforementioned summary on the marijuana ten biggest wins in 2018 discuss the federal and international policies that were evolved along with the legislation that was signed. The marijuana legalization bill may even become more useful for the next year. These efforts may progress even in 2019 while other federal reforms are established. The struggle of democracy that is linked with the legalization of marijuana analyzes the evolution in the political system and government works (Greenberg, n.p). An approach taken by federal and international governments into legalizing marijuana can deliver the constitution, foundation, public role, social movements, and elections into the change. The presidency of the early Obama era had restrictions, but it had a free flow of marijuana trade but for legal purposes. However, the Trump administration has offered relaxation of marijuana win.

Works Cited

Top of Form

"Marijuana's Ten Biggest Victories Of 2018." Forbes.Com, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2018/12/06/marijuanas-ten-biggest-victories-of-2018/#7cbbad1b32df.

Greenberg, Edward S, Benjamin I. Page, David Doherty, Scott L. Minkoff, and Josh M. Ryan. The Struggle for Democracy. , 2018. Print.

Bottom of Form

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Media Bias

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Media Bias

Media biases have affected the decisions of the public and this has caused a change in the values of the conservatives and liberals. Conservatives perceive that liberals are more biased and progressive. On the other side, conservatives have their own biases in the media where they are thought of as creating a layer of fear and divisionary thoughts among the public.

Bias is considered negative and is defined as the deviance from realities and as an absence of one or more conditions. Media bias means supporting and favoring a particular party, individual or any huge group, and shows one-sided opinion and favoritism which may result in controversies. Media bias is a concept that uses the belief systems which contradict the agreements and disagreements about any topic or area, which has an impact and meaning. Media biases can be used for positive or negative motives. Both ways change the perception and the decision-making power of an individual or group. The decision is to be made according to observations and investigations of individuals, but media is becoming the reason for change in the decision making power of people. Media is attracting the public towards it to make decisions based on their broadcasting and tv shows. There are ideological views on some major outlets in the US which show media biases to their linked parties.

The assumption that media is biased, draws attention towards the perspective that media has to be unbiased while treating political issues and politics.

There has been a continuous competition between progressive liberals and conservatives in politics. There are biases in the mainstreaming of new issues by United States media. Media biases affect decision making and public opinions during poling season. It can also impact public opinions. Broadcasting is done in such a way that public opinions change and start reacting based on their broadcasts. People change their opinions without observing and investigating whether Media outlets have favored the liberal members to cite their sources in a disproportionate order.

The Progressive Liberals and Conservatives and Media Biases

Most popular media outlets like the New York Times, USA Today, Fox News Special Report and Washington Times have faced critique from conservatives. These media outlets have shown a major bias towards the liberals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N23axudA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Groseclose and Milyo)","plainCitation":"(Groseclose and Milyo)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"Yc717msV/CWBZ28dP","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/9LKCC9WZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/9LKCC9WZ"],"itemData":{"id":234,"type":"article-journal","title":"A Measure of Media Bias","container-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","page":"1191-1237","volume":"120","issue":"4","source":"academic.oup.com","abstract":"Abstract. We measure media bias by estimating ideological scores for several major media outlets. To compute this, we count the times that a particular media o","DOI":"10.1162/003355305775097542","ISSN":"0033-5533","journalAbbreviation":"Q J Econ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Groseclose","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Milyo","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005",11,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Groseclose and Milyo). The associations with the political parties has made it easier for media groups to give coverage in elections. For reporters, it might not be easier to ignore the biases towards one particular party or candidate because of their ideological beliefs. This is meant to be unattainable and undeniable because of the natural biases of humans and human behavior toward a specific target area.

According to communication scholars, there are no such media biases towards progressive liberal which would change values. Few of them have found some liberal superiorities among journalists but there were some exceptions too. On different levels of government, the democratic and republicans did not find any evidence which would show biases and favoritism towards progressive liberals in their media reports. The areas which were analyzed and examined for democrats and republicans were; selection of stories that favored a particular party over the other and more coverage given by the media to one party as compared to the other party.

The conservatives treat media as the product of ideologies that form public awareness which maintains the supremacy of ruling concerns and interests of the society. Media is considered as the primary actor of social control and journalists are considered as the guards who criticize the government but also support the government most of the time. There is an on-going topic that conservatives believe, media is more giving media coverage to liberals.

One can give examples of both parties towards which media is being biased in changing the behaviors of people, specifically the voting behaviors of people during elections. Both of the groups, the progressive liberals and conservatives can be held responsible for media biases and changing the behaviors during voting seasons. The historical events can be used as proof to show how voting behaviors were changed and what the impacts were.

Media Bias and Voting

The responses by 70 percent of Americans for the question: Does media bias is having an impact on voting agreed. Their responses were like the media bias is there in the media coverage and it has an impact on the voting behaviors and results. They were given many options to choose nay media outlets like New York or any other outlet which could be referred to as media. The introduction of the Fox News channel had an impact on the presidential elections and senate voting during 1996-2000. The conservatives gained 0.4 and 0.7 percentage points in the areas because of broadcasts by the Fox News channel. It was also found that it also changed the voting behavior of the senate by 3-8 percent, they were asked to vote for the conservatives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KMeZ4YkI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Media Bias and Voting})","plainCitation":"(Media Bias and Voting)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":21,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/T6GAZK6Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/T6GAZK6Z"],"itemData":{"id":21,"type":"webpage","title":"Media Bias and Voting","URL":"https://www.nber.org/digest/oct06/w12169.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Media Bias and Voting).

At the end of Barack Obama's presidency, USA Today editorial issued the news that's the president and his administration was free of any scandal which was an upsetting event for the conservatives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7eBg2uHr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Opinion | Media Bias against Conservatives Is Why No One Trusts the News Now\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Opinion | Media Bias against Conservatives Is Why No One Trusts the News Now”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":22,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/BU85AFJF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/BU85AFJF"],"itemData":{"id":22,"type":"webpage","title":"Opinion | Media bias against conservatives is why no one trusts the news now","container-title":"NBC News","abstract":"It might not be conscious, but the way that reporters treat conservatives in their coverage has always shown their liberal leanings","URL":"https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/media-bias-against-conservatives-real-part-reason-no-one-trusts-ncna895471","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Opinion | Media Bias against Conservatives Is Why No One Trusts the News Now”). There are fewer possibilities that and administration or a government would be free of -57150101917500scandals.

The news outlets have been showing the one-sided story and they show controversial content which changes the behaviors and their opinions get changed by the flow of time and media influence. These two pictures show that how media outlets are buys in creating misperceptions of people by sharing such news which create hype among people and people nowadays are only ready to believe on what they have been subjected to. They do investigate very few times which results in bad decision making and bad consequences like hatred among political parties and people.

0-1270

News outlets like CNN are considered as the most influential news media sources. The other part of the story is that such outlets are busy publishing critical and questionable news due to which people stop reading and watching these outlets. Media hype is not always good, it creates fear and anger among people. People tend to react in an aggressive manner and media coverages to increase their viewership and ratings, create issues intentionally.

Media outlets have to stay neutrals and they have to avoid imposing biases on the papers and news channels because of the change in all of the scenarios whether political or something else. The media has to be fair for any of the parties having an ideological thought and background. The media coverage has to neutral and it should be for all no matter which party is in front of the journalist of television anchors. Media biases play a vital role in changing the perceptions and opinions of general public by showing one side of picture, their media coverage is not fair enough to show both ends of the stories. Providing such content and coverage to public which disturbs the unity and peace is not good and supportive for the development of a nation.

Giving coverage to every event and political party, will encourage freedom of speech because everyone would be able to present and convey a message to public. They would be able to convey their aims, objectives, and motives of their concerned parties and organizations

.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Groseclose, Tim, and Jeffrey Milyo. “A Measure of Media Bias.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 120, no. 4, Nov. 2005, pp. 1191–237. academic.oup.com, doi:10.1162/003355305775097542.

Media Bias and Voting. https://www.nber.org/digest/oct06/w12169.html. Accessed 19 Oct. 2019.

“Opinion | Media Bias against Conservatives Is Why No One Trusts the News Now.” NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/media-bias-against-conservatives-real-part-reason-no-one-trusts-ncna895471. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Medicaid

[Name of the student]

[Course]

[Name of instructor]

[Date]

Medicaid and Medicare

Introduction

Medicaid is a federally and state governed program that provides health insurance and helps with bearing the medical expenses for low-income people. Citizens who have limited resources to afford the health care receive allowances from this program. It delivers health services to the poor adults, pregnant women, children, disable and elderly adults. It is primarily administered by the states that follow the regulations and requirements defined by the federal legislations. The funding procedure is jointly-carried out by both the states and the federal government. The eligibility criteria and scope of the services is established by each state. They are also entitled to define their own rate of payment and administer Medicaid programs as per their own standards.

Medicaid program history

Medicaid program was initiated along with Medicare program when President Lyndon B. Johnson endorsed the Social Security Amendments on July 30, 1965. Under the Title XIX of the Social Security Act, Medicaid was approved as a joint state-federal program in United States. It was part of the social reform movement ‘Great Society’ by Johnson. Its chief purpose was eradication of poverty and providing safeguards against injustices based on race and ethnicity. The notion of national health system was proposed in the early years of the independence. The legislation that made it mandatory for the private citizens to reimburse for the public health care system was extensively supported by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. In the 1900s, the national health programs were given their due attention and pickled up pace by the concern showed by President Harry Truman in 1940s. However, Congress failed to pass any policies on national health care plan. At the signing of the Social Security Amendment ceremony, President Johnson enrolled Truman as the first beneficiary of the Medicare ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7vM6j62b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Buchmueller et al.)","plainCitation":"(Buchmueller et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"VhDVXZd4/w5nyflSs","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/RAULJ7UJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/RAULJ7UJ"],"itemData":{"id":572,"type":"chapter","title":"The Medicaid Program","container-title":"Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume 1","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","page":"21-136","author":[{"family":"Buchmueller","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Ham","given":"John C."},{"family":"Shore-Sheppard","given":"Lara D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Buchmueller et al.).

The basic funding and guidelines regarding eligibility, reimbursements and costs of the services are provided by the federal government. However, states offer additional funding and have flexibility in the administration of the policy. It has been over 50 years now and the program has undergone various modifications albeit the main theme of the program remains the same. There are some mandatory actions that states must follow including the selection of individuals and the type of service that would be provided by the state. Initially, the Medicaid program was only accessible to the citizens who were the potential recipients of the financial assistance. The only eligible beneficiaries of the program were the elderly, disabled, individuals with dependent children while one parent might be absent or unemployed. With the imbursement of the Deficit Reduction Act in 1984, the requirements for membership in any of these groups were relaxed. However, upon the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the eligibility criteria for the Medicaid was broadened to include low-income adults, parents of dependent children, disabled, elderly and pregnant women.

The history of the Medicaid program can eventually be divided into three significant periods. The first period lies between 1965 and the early years of 1980s. During this period, the eligibility criteria of the program was extremely strict as it was exclusively based on the income. The fundamental features of the program, structure and selection of services and reimbursement were enacted during this period that still persist today. The second period comprises of the time between the early 1980s and 1996. In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was passed. According to this act, the definitions of the eligibility characteristics started to broaden albeit the basic route of admission to the Medicaid remained on the basis of financial aid. The last period of the program started with the approval of the PRWORA and concluded with the enactment of the ACA. Substantial changes were made during this time that were ensued in the construction of the rules that are still intact today ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UaLGSdQi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Koba)","plainCitation":"(Koba)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"VhDVXZd4/JebQKjxq","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ZD4KN7FA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ZD4KN7FA"],"itemData":{"id":573,"type":"webpage","title":"Medicare and Medicaid: CNBC Explains","abstract":"Medicare and Medicaid are often confused with each other as both are government sponsored health programs. But there are major differences. CNBC explains.","URL":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/43992654","title-short":"Medicare and Medicaid","author":[{"family":"Koba","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",9,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Koba).

What is Medicaid?

Medicaid is a partnership between the federal and state government to provide a series of programs for the health benefits of those who qualify. It has series of long term health care programs. Medicaid for Emergency Medical Assistance (EMA) for Non-Citizens is a program that covers various complicated and emergency medical circumstances for those who fall under the eligibility criteria but do not have American citizenship. Medicaid for pregnant Woman is a program that offers certain services for the pre-natal care for the pregnant women in need. The requirements for this program are more relaxed as compared to others. Temporary Cash Assistance (TCA) program is provided to adults who are responsible for taking care of the children under the age of 18 years old and lie under the standard income level. Anyone who qualifies for this program eventually becomes eligible for receiving Medicaid health insurance. Medicaid for Former Foster Care Children is provided to individuals until the age of 26 years old if they had received Medicaid at the time when they aged out of the foster care.

Medicaid for Children is available for the parents, guardians and caretakers and they may receive Medicaid on the behalf of the children under their care, are below the age of 21 years old and reside with the applicant of the Medicaid. Supplementary Security Income (SSI) Related Medicaid is provided to the individuals with low income and those who qualify for the SSI. Individuals who are either 65 years old or older or have any disability inevitably qualify for the Medicaid health insurance. They can apply without having the need to file for ACCESS application unless they need long term care services. Medical Needy Program is for the individuals who do not meet the Medicaid eligibility criteria but they need financial assistance in order to pay their outstanding medical bills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cbxmom8M","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sommers and Grabowski)","plainCitation":"(Sommers and Grabowski)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":376,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/T93K3GR6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/T93K3GR6"],"itemData":{"id":376,"type":"article-journal","title":"What is Medicaid? More than meets the eye","container-title":"Jama","page":"695-696","volume":"318","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Sommers","given":"Benjamin D."},{"family":"Grabowski","given":"David C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sommers and Grabowski).

What is Medicare?

Medicare is a federal health insurance program for people who are 65 years old or older, young people with certain disabilities and individuals with End-Stage Renal Disease. It is the permanent kidney failure and the patients are required to have dialysis or even a transplant in some cases. Other than these eligibility criterion, there are no income limits or any other requirements. Medicare has different parts in order to cover specific health care services. Medicare Part A is the ‘Hospital Insurance’ and covers the inpatient hospital stays, care delivery in the skilled nursing facilities and some health care services at home. Medicare Part B is the ‘Medical Insurance’ and it deals with the doctor’s services, outpatient care, certain medical supplies and preventive care services such as flu shots etc. it is imperative to keep it in consideration that none of these plans offer complete coverage of the patient’s care services. Medicare has several premium and co-insurance policies that are to be paid by the patients themselves.

Medicare Part D is the ‘Prescription Drug Coverage’ and it offers the original Medicare services, several cost plans, private fee for service plans and the medical savings account procedures. This part was introduced in 2006 when the Medical Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act was passed. It helps to move some expenses of the prescription drugs to the patients through the domain of the coverage gap. In order to be able to avail the Part D, an individual with Medicare should be enrolled in either a separate Prescription Drug Plan or the Medicare Advantage Plan along with the drug coverage. These plans are monitored by the Medicare, however, are designed and administered by the private health insurance companies. These plans may cover the costs of certain drugs while may not provide any coverage for certain drugs at all. Medicare Part C or the Medicare Advantage Plan is applicable when an individual has both Part A and Part B. The Medicare plans deliver all services in the Part A and Part B with some additional services. The Part C subscribers have to pay monthly premium along with copayments, however, they are less as compared to the coinsurance and deductibles as per the Original Medicare ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VXrzUyD7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}What\\uc0\\u8217{}s Medicare? | Medicare})","plainCitation":"(What’s Medicare? | Medicare)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"VhDVXZd4/OJxPkyG4","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/UQRP2ZZN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/UQRP2ZZN"],"itemData":{"id":579,"type":"webpage","title":"What's Medicare? | Medicare","URL":"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/your-medicare-coverage-choices/whats-medicare","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (What’s Medicare? | Medicare).

Difference between Medicare and Medicaid

Medicare and Medicaid are two different state-run programs. They are administered and funded by different organizations of the government and provide services to various groups. Medicare is the federally run program and it provides health coverage programs to individuals who are 65 years old or older. It may also be given to people who are young but have physical or mental disabilities. It is not based on the income of the individuals applying for the program. Medicaid, on the other hand, is a joint program run by the federal as well the state governments to provide the health coverage in case the individuals lie below the standard income level. If any individual fulfils the eligibility requirements for both the programs, they can receive both. Medicare and Medicaid in this case will work together in order to provide health coverage along with lowering the expenses of the health care services. Albeit, both programs are run by the government and are health insurances, the main difference lies in the covered services and the plans related to the cost sharing.

In a Medicare program, the medical bills are covered by the trust funds. Patients only have to pay some part of the total expenses by some deductibles from the hospital and other service costs. However, small premiums on monthly basis are needed for non-hospital coverage. As it is run entirely by the federal government, it is similar in all over the United States. It is administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services which is a federal government agency. Medicaid, on the other hand, is as assistance program in which patients do not have to pay any part in the costs to cover the total medical expenses. Sometimes, small copayments are required for the services coverage. As governments of the states are also involved in the regulation of the program, it may vary state to state. However, they are bound to follow the set guidelines by the federal government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xsdkutpH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Medicare et al.)","plainCitation":"(Medicare et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"VhDVXZd4/pVDFe2ya","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/XZH4NYJF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/XZH4NYJF"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"webpage","title":"Overview","abstract":"history, Medicare, Medicaid, HHS, CMS, 50th Anniversary, Anniversary, KeepingUsHealthy, Andy Slavitt, Sister Carol Keehan, Jason Furman, Diane Rowland, Nancy LeaMond, Steven Safyer, Secretary Sylvia Burwell","URL":"https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-information/History/","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"Medicare","given":"Centers","dropping-particle":"for"},{"family":"Baltimore","given":"Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard"},{"family":"Usa","given":"Md21244"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,5]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Medicare et al.).

Services provided by the Medicaid

The services to be provided via the Medicaid program are primarily dependent on the decisions by the states. However, there are certain mandatory requirements by the federal government that are needed to be fulfilled by the state departments. Federal government only releases enough funds based on the services provided by the organizations in the state and. Some of those compulsory services include; in-patient and out-patient hospital services, pre-natal care, vaccination for the adolescents, nursing facilities for the individuals who are older than 21 years, family planning and complementary supplies. It also includes the provision of rural health care clinic services, home based health care services, certain laboratory services including X-rays, pediatrics and family nursing services, nurse and midwifery services and the diagnostic, screening and treatment services for people under the age of 21 years old.

Role of Federal and State Governments

The major role of the federal governments is in the regulation of the financial matters of the delivery of national health programs. It is made efficient by the mandatory health insurance programs and several other social insurances while ensuring the service quality and patient safety. These agencies also take into consideration the proper regulation of the pharmaceuticals and the medical devices. It is also the responsibility of the federal government to device the health policies and guidelines for the national health programs. The federal government oversees the care programs in all states of the United States via the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. It is a federal agency and its responsibility is to ensure the regulation of all the policies and the federal principles in the states. It also manages the financial aspect of the programs. It establishes certain partnership contracts with the agencies of the states in order to administer the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The states, however, device the plans according to their needs, population health index, financial policies and other such agendas. They are responsible to decide the kinds of services to be provided through these programs and the people who might be eligible for being administered into certain programs. States decide these matters on the basis of the public health records, initiatives taken by the state agencies in order to promote health and other short and long term care services.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Buchmueller, Thomas, et al. “The Medicaid Program.” Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume 1, University of Chicago Press, 2015, pp. 21–136.

Koba, Mark. Medicare and Medicaid: CNBC Explains. 1 Sept. 2011, https://www.cnbc.com/id/43992654.

Medicare, Centers for, et al. Overview. 5 Aug. 2019, https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-information/History/.

Sommers, Benjamin D., and David C. Grabowski. “What Is Medicaid? More than Meets the Eye.” Jama, vol. 318, no. 8, 2017, pp. 695–96.

What’s Medicare? | Medicare. https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/your-medicare-coverage-choices/whats-medicare. Accessed 5 Nov. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Memorandum

MEMORANDUM

To:The Governor of the State of Georgia

From:Resident of the state of Georgia

Date:March 31, 2019

RE: The State of Georgia structure and its economic and policies

The purpose of this memo is to provide an illustration of some of the key aspects, which are important to the people of Georgia. It highlights the structure of the government, profile and economic condition of the state of Georgia, Budget Calendar, Fiscal policies, goal and objectives, and trends or forecast.

Profile and economic condition

The State of Georgia is bordered by Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and the Atlantic Ocean. It has a total geographic area of 59,425 sq. It is projected that it has a population of more than 8,684,715. It is a diverse states with racial distribution of 65.8% whites, 25.3% blacks and 2.1 Asia and the rest other races. The unemployment rate in Georgia is high and it predicted that the unemployment rate is at 4.8% and therefore, affects the people of Georgia. The economy of the state of Georgia depends on the manufacturing industries located within the state. There are textiles, food and pulp, and paper companies and therefore, these companies play a critical role in the development of Georgia.

The growth domestic product (GDP) of Georgia is high of $531.302 Billion and it is the ninth largest state in terms of GDP. Its median income is estimated to be $26,994. Recently, it joined the free market and therefore, it is one of the states where the free market is practiced. The state is, therefore, expected to experience constant economic growth. The inflation of the state is also low and according to the recent consumer survey, Georgia inflation stands at 18% and therefore, it is the lowest inflation compared to other states. It is also important to point out that the people of Georgia are farmers. Economic activities, which the majority of people does are farming and business. It can, therefore, be stated that there are several economic activities, which the people of Georgia undertake.

Organizational Structure

The State government of Georgia is just the federal government of the United States. It composed of executive, legislative and judiciary. Interestingly, Georgia was first referred to as executive Georgia in 1777 and it has been functioning for several years. The executive branch of government is headed by the governor, who is elected by the people of Georgia after every four years. The governor is in charge of the daily running of the state and therefore, he is being held responsible by the people through legislatures. The governor of Georgia is like the president and therefore, he is in charge of policy formulation and efficient management of resources of the state.

The state of Georgia has a legislative assembly which operates like the Congress. It is controlled by the Georgia General Assembly. The Georgia Assembly is divided into two houses, which is the Senate and the house of representative. The main function of the general assembly is to make laws and hold the executive into accountable. Every member of the Georgia Assembly is elected directly by the people from districts to represent the interest of the people. The members of the assembly are also elected after a period of time and therefore, the governor office, the general assembly is political officers whose holders are required by the law to seek reelection after some time. They are also required to hold the law and serve the people diligently and therefore, they have high responsibilities.

The last branch of government is the judiciary, which is headed by the chief justice. The judiciary has six different branches with each branch having distinct jurisdiction. Georgia has six different courts with each court having a different authority of the law. It has two appellate courts, the court of appeal, and the Supreme Court, which is the highest court in Georgia. However, it is important to point out that Georgia is one of the states, which still has county governments and operates effectively to deliver services to the people.

The branches of government in Georgia therefore, work together to pursue the bigger interest of the people and this could be attributed to the successful achievement, which the country has achieved over the last years. For effective and accountability of the government, the judiciary, legislative and executive work together as check and balance to ensure that no branch violates the constitution.

Fiscal Policies

Georgia State has a 2020 fiscal policy, which is meant to realign, the growth and development of the country. The governor presented a total value of 207 billion for the fiscal year. The budget projected the growth of 3.2% and growth of revenue by about 10% to mean the projected budget. The budget also proposed a 2% merit payment increment to all teachers. It is also proposed an addition of $16.5 million addition into the lottery fund and an increase of $3,000 to Pre-Kindergarten and assistant teachers’ salaries. It is also important to point that during the fiscal year the government proposed to direct 143 million to revenue shortfall reserve (RSR). The important fiscal policy for the financial year 2018-2019 is based on the increment of revenue. The government of the State of Georgia is working to realign its revenue collection to increase it by almost 10% with a lot of focus to be put on industries and businesses within the state. It is also noted that the set-aside core services, which can be used during economic recessions. It has a saving account, which is equal Based on the fiscal year 2019 budget the governor intends to continue investing a good part of his revenue in bolstering some of the core areas of government. It is projected that these core areas would be helpful in increasing the revenue ports for the state. However, the saving revenue of the state is more than 10% of the revenue which is 2.55 billion and therefore, it means that the state has enough reserve, which can be used during an emergency.

Budget calendar

The budget calendar for the state of Georgia is always on July 1st, it was proposed by the governor of the state in January. In Georgia, the budget is prepared by the executive and then presented to the general assembly of Georgia where members of the assembly get the opportunity to discount and make necessary amendment to the budget. It is important to note that the budget. The budget of the state covers both the projected income and expenditure and therefore, the budget calendar is an important day in Georgia. The budget provides a clear roadmap of how the taxes or revenue would be collected and utilized by the government.

Goals and Objective

The core goal of the state of Georgia is to deliver services to the people. Its main focus is on better health care, better infrastructure, and economic improvement. Its objectives are to improve the living standard of the people of Georgia hence making every citizen to live comfortably. It is, therefore, evident that the state of Georgia has improved its infrastructure; realign its policy to increase the economic growth of its citizens.

Trends and forecast

The state of Georgia is known as a political powerhouse. In history, major demonstrations of the civil right movement occurred in Georgia. Martin Luther King’s and other icon activists used the state of Georgia to launch various political and civil right movements to push the government of the 1960s to amend the constitution. However, some of the most trends issues are related to economic, business, politics and other social issues. There have been several anti-racial demonstrations in Georgia and this shows how Georgia is still playing a major ground for several political discussions in the United States. There are also demonstrations about abortion, which is going on within the state. The demonstrations are staged against the abortion bill, which is pending in the assembly where the members of the general assembly would abolish the abortion in Georgia. The pro-choice demonstrate to send a message to the governor and lawmakers that the people have the right to make a choice. And therefore, abortion should not be illegalized in Georgia. However, other issues trending in Georgia are related to gun violence, economic growth of the state and gender disparity. The debate has been held on how to bridge the racial and gender disparity among the resident of Georgia.

Summary

The state of Georgia is one of the leading states in terms of diversity and economic growth. The stage of Georgia has a population of about 10 million and it is expected to grow over the next year because of the larger number of young people. It has a high GDP, low inflation rate and unemployment rate, which is a clear indication of good economic growth. The structure of the government of Georgia is a compost of executive, judiciary, and legislative. Each of the branches of government has the head and therefore, the head of the executive is the governor. The country is experiencing economic growth and of recent, it joined the free trade to become of the state enjoying free trade.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Middle East Research Paper

Middle East research paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Palestine-Israel Conflict

Introduction

The Israeli Palestinian conflict is one of the world’s' longest-running and one of the most controversial conflicts. In a simplified way, it is a conflict between self-determination and self-guided movements, involving the Jewish Zionist Project and the Palestinian Nationalist Project. Both the projects tend to fight and claim to the same territory. In accordance with the historical contexts, Israel is the worlds’ only and single Jewish state that is located on the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea. Palestinians belong to the Arab population localized in the territory of Palestine. They wanted to establish a state that can be under their control that can be considered as a holy place (Hassouneh, et al. 2018). The conflict is traced back to 20 century where Both Muslims and the Jews are claiming lands, taking into account that Jews want to establish a national homeland while the Arabs resisted having an ideology that the land is theirs. There are several wars that are fought over this territory. Different international supporting organizational and world peace associations have tried to resolve the issues but the conflict seems to be irresolvable. The partition of this holy land in the form of three different areas added to intensify the conflict where Gaza is controlled by Hamas and, West Bank by Palestinian leaving another violent fight for land ignited (Hassouneh, et al. 2018). One of the approach or present solutions is the "one-state solution" where either this land will become one big Israel or one big Palestine. Israel-Palestine conflict is one of the most discussed yet unresolved issues in Middle East

Discussion

A reflection of history is important to understand Palestine Israel Conflict, where this conflict is more of a human rights struggle. The conflict between Palestine and Israel can be traced back to 20 century. Although there are two groups that have different religions, Palestine including Muslims, Druze, and Christians, taking into account that religious differences are not the major cause of this conflict. In fact, this struggle is on the basis of lands. Until 1948 the areas on which this struggle is going on was termed as “Palestine” in international connotation. Following the war, of 1948-1949, the land called Palestine was divided into three major parts, known to be the state of Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. The areas were particularly small, having an area of about 10,000 square miles or it can also be called as the size of the state of Maryland. The claims are not considered to be reconcilable if, one of the groups exercises any elusive control or, political nature over the other total authority (Hassouneh, et al. 2018). The claims of Jewish to this land are actually based on religious connotations. As per these associations, the biblical promise to the Abrahams and the descendants of Ibrahim is associated with this conflict on the fact that this was the historical site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel. Here, it is highlighted that the kingdom was destroyed by the Roman Empire. Also, the Jews need a haven from European anti-Semitism which is also one of the references. The Palestinians claim to the land are the product of the time that they have spent on this land, highlighting demographic majority (Ahmad, et al. 2018). They are presenters of the idea that any biblical-era kingdom can constitute the basis for any modern and valid claim. In contrast, the engagement of biblical arguments affirms that Ibrahim’s son Ishmael is one of the forefathers of the Arab community so it was the God’s promise, “of the land to the children of the Abrahams that will also include the Arabs as well” (Ahmad, et al. 2018).

General Overview of conflict

There is another reflection and understanding of this picture of conflict where Israel is one of the sovereign states and it has got the right to comply with all the presented constraints that are listed by the international human rights law for state sovereignty. The right to self-government is also one of the notions that is presented in intentional resolutions and international law, taking into account Palestine’s call for individual rights as well as self-autonomy that can be expressed in association with legal claims (Caplan, et al. 2018). So, this aspect highlights the political arrangement in Israel and Palestine that comprises attention for different factors such as human rights, sovereignty, and colonization. However, a chronological or sequential analysis highlight the human rights laws tend to presuppose a setting that is postcolonial in nature where sovereignty and self-auto autonomy are intertwined, in relation to the political order that is less than postcolonial impact (Caplan, et al. 2018). An exegetical analysis highlighted that the conflict between Israel and Palestine has a long history, which lasted from 1947, calendared in May, asserting a historical event of distinction and division between Israel and Palestine. This ebony was organized by the United Nations and it resulted in 54% of the total population to belong to Israel and the remaining population 31.5% for Israel. As a result of this scenario, there was a counter effect on the struggle that has been made by the people of Palestine so that they can live freely in their lands. Although, as per the ideology of Israel, the division was not fully satisfactory and they were seeking a large region. Ultimately, this chase for land resulted in terror widely spread in Palestine (Caplan, et al. 2018).

Role of forces

The scenario of this fight and conflict has a terrifying vision, where the soldiers of Israel are attacking the soldiers of Palestine, for instance, Ramallah, a region in West Bank. Palestine and Israel began to make a blockade for Palestine in Ramallah. This blockade was in the form of soldiers being sent by Egoz Battalion (Caplan, et al. 2019). As per historical contexts, Israel soldiers were chasing for Palestinians especially the ones who were considered as terrorists. This situation of conflict made the people, as well as the officials of Palestine upset, taking into account the worsening of a situation when the United Nation was not taking the matter seriously. Also, many people think that there were no special or considerable actions taken by the United Nation to stop the interference of Jews in Palestine.

Oslo Accords

After that in 1992, there were some efforts with an aim to incorporate peace in Palestine leading to Oslo Accords. The Accords paved the way for relocation by PLO from Tunisia and then it took ground in Gaza Strip and West Bank, resulting in the establishment of the Palestine National Authority. Despite this authority, the peace was not everlasting because the Oslo Accords were meant to guide by the ideology of the two-state solution. It was assumed that this ideology would be supportive enough to resolve the conflict but after two decades, Israel and Palestine along with their inhabitants was caught in a vicious, sad and frustrating cycle that was necessary to be broken to ensure peace (Soekarno, et al. 2019).

Security concerns and attacks

Security is one of the major issues that was faced by Israel. Because of the increasing threats to the civilians of Israeli civilians that were created by Hamas as well as other militants called Islamist Palestinian Groups. Also, Israelis do not have trust in the Palestinians and ultimately, they are unwilling to take into consideration any action that can compromise Israeli's security. It is also found that the involvement of Arab States is one of the reliable counterparts that have the potential to strengthen the willingness of Israeli's to compromise if they have any reason to believe in a stable and enduring argument that is also achievable (Soekarno, et al. 2019). Palestinian violence is also one of the major concerns or issue for Israeli’s, along with the United States and the European Union, that also refers to the violence against the Israeli civilizations and the military forces by the Palestinian militants as terrorism. The underlying motivation behind Palestinian violence is diverse, adhering to different reasons such as religions, demographics and the availability of lands as well. Among them, one of the major motives is the aim and an endless desire to destroy and destruct Israel along with replacing them with Palestinian Arab state. One of the most prominent Islamist groups such as Hamas is of the view that the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is also a religious jihad.

Suicide bombing is also used as one of the tactics that are used among Palestinian organizations such as Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and Al-Aqsa Martyrs Bridge along with some suicidal attacks that have received about 84% support from the Palestinians (Soekarno, et al. 2019). In contrast, in Israel, the Palestinian suicide bombers have been targeted in different aspects and visions such as shopping malls, marketplaces, civil buses, and different restaurants. From 1993-2003, the Palestinian suicide bombers have attacked Israel (Soekarno, et al. 2019). Also, it is highlighted that the Israeli government has also started and initiated the construction of some security barriers that are following scores of both, terrorist attacks and suicide bombings traced back in 2003(Worrall, et al. 2019). Also, the Israeli coalition government has also approved different security barriers in the different parts, especially northern part of the green-line between West Bank and Israel. According to the information gathered from IDF, from the time of initiation of the terrorist acts and fences that have declined by about 90%. By 2001, the threat of Qassam rocket that was fired into Israel from Palestinian Territories which was also of great concern for the Israeli defense officials (Worrall, et al. 2019). Later in 2006, the year that followed Israeli’s disengagement from the Gaza Strip, the Israeli government recorded that there were 1,726 similar launches, taking into account that it was four times more than the total rockets that were fired in 2005. Taking into consideration the data and the events in 2009, quoted by Waroll, (2019), it was highlighted that there were more than 8,600 rockets that had been launched, resulting in a massive disruption in social life as well as psychological trauma (Worrall, et al. 2019. Also, it was found that more than 500 mortars and rockets have hit Israel in the time span of January till September 2010, where more than 1,947 rockets have hit Israel in January till November in 2012(Worrall, et al. 2019).

Different researchers Caplan (2019), Soekarno (2019). have highlighted that there were different debates within Israel addressing the idea of security concerns within the country. There are significant options that were introduced such as military actions such as targeted killings along with the demolition of the houses of terrorist operatives. Some other options were, unilateral gestures for promoting peace, diplomacy and increased security measures such as security barriers, different checkpoints and other roadblocks that all paved the way for security measures. It is also added that the wisdom and legality of the mentioned tactics and options were also called into discussion by different commentators. On the side of Palestinians, there was a lack of some internal consensus that was one of the significant challenges connected with political and ideological gaps between different camps of Palestine such as Fatah and Hamas. As a result, the Palestinians were unable to make inevitable compromises (Worrall, et al. 2019).

Role of different organization

It is also highlighted that the ideology presented by Hamas, is more extreme as compared to others, reflecting hostage on all the sides of its perception. Critically, it is found the extremism also holds significance within itself. Hamas was seeking a ladder that can enable or empower a more pragmatic approach towards people that can allow compromising the control of Israel in Gaza without compromising and adopting its ideology. It was the involvement of proactive Arab states that paved the way for a crucial ladder. the fight among the Arab movements and rival Palestinian has also become one of the major issues in the conflict resolution. This situation has also played a central role in making security policies for Palestinian militants as well as the leadership policies of Palestinians (Turner, et al. 2019). At the beginning of 1930, presenting revolt in Palestine, the Arab forces were frightening against each other, along with the skirmishing that happened with British forces and the Zionist and other internal conflicts that are continuous till the present day.

During the time of the Civil War, Lebanese, the Palestinian bathists broke from the Palestine Liberation Organization and it allied with the Shia Amal Movement paving the way for a fight, "blood civil war" that killed about thousands of Palestinians (Worrall, et al. 2019). thousands of Palestinians were killed in a campaign that was initiated by the Palestinian Liberation Organization that resulted in a crackdown on the informers of Israeli security service and its collaborators. Also, the Palestinian Authority was majorly criticized because of its harsh treatment with different rights groups and alleged collaborators who were all complaining that the labeled collaborators were denied fair trials. According to one of the reports, that was released by the Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Groups, there were less than 45% of people who were killed and they were actually guilty of informing the Israeli parties (Turner, et al. 2019).

In the context of Gaza Strip, the Hamas officials have killed and tortured thousands of the Faith members and the other Palestinians who were opposing their rule. During the battle of Gaza, it was found that there were more than 150 Palestinians who die within the time span of forty days (Soekarno, et al. 2019). Also, it is highlighted the violence among Palestinians was described as a civil war by some of the commentators taking into account the bloodshed and the violence. By the details recorded till 2007, there were more than 600 Palestinians who died during the violence and struggle between the groups, Fatah and Hamas (Soekarno, et al. 2019). It is also highlighted that the security concerns play a significant and central role in initiating the preventive measures in terms of conflict resolution in the issues of Palestine and Israel conflict. Both parties were making efforts and confront about protecting and saving their people from death and violence as well as peace measures taking into account that both the parties failed in the peace effort between the two groups.

Another aspect of Israel-Palestine conflict is the failure of the Arab League to resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict that is unsolved for the past six years until now. It is also highlighted that Arab League was formed on 22 March in 1945, in Cairo, taking into account that it included six members such as Transjordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria (Turner, et al. 2019). It is highlighted that Yemen joined Saudian League in 1945 on 5 May, where it is quoted to be the oldest functioning regional organization that has been conceived since its foundation. Also, this foundation is the part of ambitious and broad political projects that can pave the way for the creation of a single Arab state in the Middle State (Nichols, et al. 2019). It is also added that historians found that there is no doubt among the major institutional frameworks and the analysts in the Middle East also called the Arab League that has proved to be one of the bleak experiences of the regional corporation. Also, it is brought into insight that an analysis of the extreme and this regional corporation is worst at generating military and political corporations with an aim at managing the regional conflicts socially in terms of Palestine-Israeli issues.

As per the studies of Mark Zecher, the empirical findings of the latter claim are found, mainly in different comparative studies, highlighting that there were 116 conflicts in total. These conflicts occur between 1946 and 1977, taking into account that this data suggested that the successful mediation of Arab league can only be confirmed in the 12% of the conflicts (Nichols, et al. 2019). Also, the analysis of the major causes of the underperformance of the League is much prominent. This loophole refers to the ambitious goals and a power symbolic association that are capable of promoting a transnational ideology. Being specific in the context of Palestine Israel conflict, the major or disastrous failure of the members of the league is due to the ideology that agrees to the membership and vision offered by the Palestine government, localized in Gaza. Also, this event highlights a downsizing of expectation and the inauguration of a gradual process including both formal as well as informal adaptation of the legal features of the league along with internal procedures the can help to prevent the resolution of the conflict between both Palestine and Israel. There are several examples that can prove this fact, one such example is the year 2002, considering the Arab Peace initiative that was proposed to bring an end to the conflict between Israel and Palestine. It is also clarified that under this initiative, the Muslims, as well as the Arab countries, would be establishing some diplomatic relationships in Israel, leading to a successful conclusion of the peace process (Nichols, et al. 2019).

In the context of Arab counties, it was highlighted that a truce with Israel would be effective enough to promote the emergence of an arc of stability that would be leading from Demitarian to the Arabian Peninsula. This arc was assumed to play an insightful as well as a critical role in understanding the reality of the religious influence in Iran. This scenario paves the way for Tit for tat situation that carried undermining the major baseline of the peace initiates. The prime and the focused aim of the Arab League was to create a balanced relationship with the Israelis so that this step can serve as a goodwill gesture and a positive approach towards Israel that can curb the issues and complaints in the peace matters (Nichols, et al. 2019).

Role of US in conflict resolution

Along with the role of Saudi Arabia, it is hard to ignore the initiatives that are taken by the United States of America, it is highlighted that United States of American took and considered past history as a guide to promote resolution for the conflict between Israel and Palestine (Caplan, et al. 2019). The origin of the interventions of the United Nations was to address the conflict between Israel and Palestine which can be associated with the second world war. This historic association was used as a tool to address the creation of the state of Israel that was followed by different classes accompanied by the negative or arrogant attitude towards the states. This arrogance took the form of a protest. Under the impact of this ignorance and arrogant attitude, the creation of Israel as a state was followed by a denial of service by the refugees of Palestine. It is asserted that the soldiers and the volunteers were willing to get their land back and they required returning to the homes, after the War between the Jewish communities and the Arab communities will be over.

Another historical reference quoted by Caplan, (2019) highlights that the United Nations has already passed a resolution (194) that determined and approved the rights of the refugees of returning home rather than gaining compensation for the losses of the past. Also, the first UN partition plan was formulated under the regulation number 181, where less attention was given to discuss the loopholes. Rather it is asserted that the partition plan was actually designed to evoke a single solution “partition” of the Jewish state of Israel and the city of Jerusalem (Caplan, et al. 2019). Taking into account massive support by the Palestinian counterparts. Also, it is added that it was quoted that that there was some statement found to be spoken the different people, highlighting different arguments and views that were presented by different people as everyone was desperate about freedom and have a land that can give a freedom of life and living standards along with an open end with religious association. Some of the major powers that the Unites States includes the dominant interest of Europe and American after the second world war. It ultimately paved the way for security councils and it was one of the initiatives to victimize people while United States was trying to pose and attract the attention of people as if significant efforts are made by it to resolve the conflict and propose a solution. In a nutshell, all these powers were dealing with some of the major powers such as personal initiatives (Nichols, et al. 2019).

It is highlighted that after the creation of Israel and the partition plan, the United Nation was not basically involving the resolution of the conflict with so much attention, in fact all the attention was towards the humanitarians as well as political aid to the region. Another major concern was that the war between Israel and Egypt is the product of opposition by the foreign policies of Israel. In the same scenario, it is highlighted that the United Nation was a peacekeeper on both the borders Israel and Egypt (Turner, et al. 2019). Also, the UN Refugees Wars Agency played a central role in taking care of the refugees by the time they reach safely to their homes. These were the same refugees who were also mentioned in the Resolution of 194 taking into account the dominant European as well as American powers who were leading the Security council (Turner, et al. 2019). Also, the powers of the Security Council were used to make efforts that can prevent the involvement of the United Nation out of necessity so that conflicts can be resolved. All these powers were collectively supporting the Israeli state that was not admitting the pre-split to support the actual cause of a large number of refugees who were shifting and fleeing to Palestine.

According to the ideology and observation of Noam Chomsky, in his book, "What we say Goes" asserts that the United States of America has already seen and in the present time, it is also seeing the massive power base in Israel (Turner, et al. 2019). This understanding is enough to elaborate that powers of the Security Council which are not enough to take some prominent and significant political actions. In the same way, it is highlighted that that there were some unfair dealings of the United Nation towards the Israel-Palestine conflict, where the United Nations was attempted to solve the crisis several times but it was futile. There are some notable actions in this attempt of peace such as calling international peace conference on the basis of the present United Nation Resolutions along with 242 and 194 resolutions amongst the others, Also, the Israeli party negated and denied for their any kind of participation which pushed the United States to step back from its decision and attempts (Worrall, et al. 2019).

In addition to this, the General Assembly has played a major role in the extremism of the conflict, taking into account the repeated action accompanied by the calling off different parties for the case of discussion on human rights, it was 1988 when for the first time the Assembly took different and unprecedented steps so that they can hold a special session in Geneva (Soekarno, et al. 2019). This session was held after the refusal of the United States of America for proposing any grant to the Palestinian leader Yasser after taking into account that the visa was required to address and cater to the Assembly in New York. It is also important to note that Israel has accused General Assembly in terms of "Pro-Palestine” bias (Caplan, et al. 2018).

However, it was just an allegation, where the Assembly is actually unable to complete the parties so that they can work for peace management taking into account the resolution that was accompanied by symbolic and moral weight, void of legal binding. It is a view that the initiative for conflict resolution can prove effective only if the governor would be willing to risk the pleasures and displeasures of the United States (Turner, et al. 2019). In July 2004, the inaction of the General Assembly invasion of the security council and the International Court of justice has played a central role to evaluate the legal status of the “separation wall", the only solutions that is taken serious by the authorities in the worlds. Although the court has justified the illegality of the barrier, still the security council has accepted and enfold the court's ruling where the United States is sidelined in the conflict (Soekarno, et al. 2019). Between the time of March 30 and May 15, in 2018, there are different weekly demonstrations that are conducted by the Palestinians who are living in the Gaza Strip, where these demonstrations were carried out at the border between Israel and the Gaza Strip. During that time, Palestine was incited with the Nakba’s seventeenth anniversary. Nakba is the Palestinian exodus that involved the relocation of the embassy of the United States. This replication was held in the contrasted city of Jerusalem. This gathering was a combination of both peaceful as well as fearful reactions, where people threw rocks and other objects to expresses their anger and violence.

According to the information collected from the United Nations, there were 183 demonstrators who were killed and more than 6000 of them were wounded by the live ammunition (Nichols, et al. 2019). Also, in May, there was a horrible fight that broke out between both, the Israeli military as well as Hamas that is also associated and contributed to the violence of 2014. There were humbled of rockets that were fired into Israel, wherein responded, Israel came up with strikers on more than fifty targets in Gaza, in the time span of twenty-four hours. It is one of the pictures of violence that is portrayed in the global world. There are several other important scenarios that are reported by media of and on, with no way out. All these situations assert that there is a dire need to address this situation because it is a huge question mark of the organizations that are working to maintain world peace Also, nothing is more precious than human life, there are thousands of ways that can be used to address this issue what actually is required is a critical insight into this issue without considering any biases or any personal benefit (Nichols, et al. 2019).

Conclusion

It is evident that Palestine –Israel conflict is no old and religions are not just the only motivation behind the conflict. The conflict is connected with different dimensions such as land, human resources and the struggle for land. From the end of World War 1 till the end of 1948, the areas were called Palestine also called Holy Land. With the passage of time, this land was divided into three parts, the west bank, the state of Israel and the Gaza Strip. It is also highlighted that the failure of the Arab league to resolve this issue also added to the intensity of the situation, which may result in a war between the two nations. However, the disastrous failure of the Arabian League is also meant to agree on the membership of the Palestine government that is based in Gaza, along with a partial downsized of the expectations. The same ideology paved the way for a formal and informal adaptation in the legal features of the league along with other internal problems and procedures that is acting as a hurdle in the resolution of the conflict between Palestine and Israel. One of the most critical facts is the inability of the United Nation to address the issue, taking into account the intensification in the crisis in 1948 because of several different situations that added nothing to the situation. This failure of the United Nations is also associated with the involvement of the United States of America that is having its prime interest in securing a more powerful position in a region that is rich in natural resources and other resources. Although massive support is required still, the recognition of the state of Palestine by the United Nation is one of the major steps that has acted as a major contribution to the struggle of peace in the region.

References

Ahmad, A. M. (2018). Israel and Palestine Conflict from Linguistics and Fiqh Siyasah Perspective. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 18(1).

Caplan, N, D (2018). The Israel/Palestine Reader ed. by Alan Dowty. The Middle East Journal, 73(2), 323-323.

Caplan, N. (2019). The Israel-Palestine conflict: contested histories. John Wiley & Sons.

Hassouneh, I., Couleau, A., Serra, T., & Al-Sharif, I. (2018). The effect of conflict on Palestine, Israel, and Jordan stock markets. International Review of Economics & Finance, 56, 258-266.

Nichols, S. (2019). Failure of International Mediation in Ethnic Conflict: the Oslo Accords and the Israel-Palestine Conflict.

Soekarno, A. A., & Utomo, T. C. (2019). UNITED STATES’UNWAVERING SUPPORT TO ISRAEL: BIASED FOREIGN POLICY IN ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT UNDER PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP’S ADMINISTRATION (2016-2019). Journal of International Relations, 5(3), 492-500.

Turner, M. (2019). Fanning the Flames or a Troubling Truth? The Politics of Comparison in the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Civil Wars, 1-25.

Worrall, J. (2019). State Expansion and Conflict: In and Between Israel/Palestine and Lebanon. By Oren Barak. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, 292p. $105.00 cloth. Perspectives on Politics, 17(4), 1238-1240.

Subject: Political Science

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Midterm Exam

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Plato defines Oligarchy as the classification of poor and rich people by the government and government of greedy men who are money lovers and they are excluded from paying taxes which are used for a common goal. Oligarchy excludes the poor from participating in public life. Prioritizing rich people over poor will encourage the rich to get more wealth and political power will be limited to the rich ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rI1zRvFP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Winters)","plainCitation":"(Winters)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/EKRUVVBE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/EKRUVVBE"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"book","title":"Oligarchy","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","number-of-pages":"345","source":"Google Books","abstract":"For centuries, oligarchs were viewed as empowered by wealth, an idea muddled by elite theory early in the twentieth century. The common thread for oligarchs across history is that wealth defines them, empowers them and inherently exposes them to threats. The existential motive of all oligarchs is wealth defense. How they respond varies with the threats they confront, including how directly involved they are in supplying the coercion underlying all property claims and whether they act separately or collectively. These variations yield four types of oligarchy: warring, ruling, sultanistic and civil. Moreover, the rule of law problem in many societies is a matter of taming oligarchs. Cases studied in this book include the United States, ancient Athens and Rome, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, medieval Venice and Siena, mafia commissions in the United States and Italy, feuding Appalachian families and early chiefs cum oligarchs dating from 2300 BCE.","ISBN":"978-1-139-49564-6","note":"Google-Books-ID: trsFIM5h3P8C","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Winters","given":"Jeffrey A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",4,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Winters 11). Plato explains that excluding poor from public participation would lead to poor performances in military activities. Those who are ruling are in a smaller number and are scared to share weapons with the majority of the poor because they fear revolution. Divisions in people and lack of unity could lead to disturbances in the social setup and conflicts in the state system. People will desire the acquisition of material for happiness and there will be no use of spirit.

Property related to family, society, and the state usury means to charge interest on an amount of loan ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DZw7hAzP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Plato)","plainCitation":"(Plato)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":121,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2DRM52ET"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2DRM52ET"],"itemData":{"id":121,"type":"book","title":"Plato: 'The Republic'","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","number-of-pages":"444","source":"Google Books","abstract":"First published in 2000, this translation of one of the great works of Western political thought is based on the assumption that when Plato chose the dialogue form for his writing, he intended these dialogues to sound like conversations - although conversations of a philosophical sort. In addition to a vivid, dignified and accurate rendition of Plato's text, the student and general reader will find many aids to comprehension in this volume: an introduction that assesses the cultural background to the Republic, its place within political philosophy, and its general argument; succinct notes in the body of the text; an analytical summary of the work's content; a full glossary of proper names; a chronology of important events; and a guide to further reading. The result is an accomplished and accessible edition of this seminal work, suitable for philosophers and classicists as well as historians of political thought at all levels.","ISBN":"978-0-521-48443-5","note":"Google-Books-ID: aPwPjVIxbGQC","shortTitle":"Plato","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Plato","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",9,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Plato 156). Plato argued that legitimacy in property will create greediness and lust, while for Aristotle, owning private property is better than a communal property and will be helpful in personal development and growth. People care a little for those goods which are owned commonly because people prefer to prioritize their interests over and common interests. For Aristotle, usury was a way to make money for self-interest; money made by money. Plato asserted strict limitations on holding private property but Aristotle believed that private property can increase efficiency that materialistic things could bring happiness. Private property holding can make people responsible for their own, otherwise, in communal property, people would assume that someone else is taking care of their material goods and property.

For Plato, Philosopher kings were only members who were capable of ruling the society Plato justifies the rule by elites ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aBsyP8UN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Habibi)","plainCitation":"(Habibi)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":124,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/3UMLA99Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/3UMLA99Z"],"itemData":{"id":124,"type":"book","title":"Plato's idea of democracy","publisher":"GRIN Verlag","number-of-pages":"9","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Scientific Essay from the year 2011 in the subject Philosophy - Philosophy of the Ancient World, grade: A, American University of Central Asia, course: FYS, language: English, abstract: This essay seeks to address the above questions. First it explains Plato’s concept of democracy, which shapes his attitude towards this form of government. Then it discusses my position towards Plato’s criticism of democracy, provides a definition of contemporary democracy, and finally shows how Plato’s argumentation can be applied to present day democracies.","ISBN":"978-3-656-18818-6","note":"Google-Books-ID: _o2ocqYbMI8C","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Habibi","given":"Naseer Ahmad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",5,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Habibi 17). Elites were those members in society who were able to pursue truth in politics and this will lead people to participate in the governance. Politics requires experts and those rulers who are trained and they are carefully selected. Plato and his teacher Socrates are the ones who challenged the democratic system. After the death of Plato, elites believed that the criticism about democracy is still valid and has a strong stand. For Plato common people were not much experienced and decisions being made would be uninformed. Politics was an attraction for those who wanted to gain power and to work for their own rather than working for the public. This lead to corruption in the state. Democracy for Plato originated when the poor people would kill their opponents, win the game and give all their equal rights and opportunities to rule.

Plato presented an idea of Ideal State, it was hard to be implemented but it looked easier. Plato wanted Philosopher kings to rule over the people because they were the only people who knew everything whether it is society or politics. The philosopher should become kings because they can successfully rule the republic. Decision making requires some skills and judgments and only experts have these skills. Philosophers, on the other hand, should have and develop such skills which would make them able to rule over people and they should be able to recognize differences between good and bad people, friends and enemies. A philosopher should be a seeker and lover of wisdom. The understanding of forms of government must be necessary for the philosopher-king and he/she should know how to work for the government without bringing self-interests and perform tasks in a proper way (White 44).

For Plato, Athenian democracy was not good he proposed a new form of society, he suggested alternative models of government because Athenian democracy was all about the citizens and decisions regarding justice and political were supposed to made by the citizens of Athens. This contradicted the idea of the Ideal state by Plato. Citizens were directly linked to the dominancy in the decision making and they were considered as a property in the democratic system of Athens. The democratic system in Athens directly supported the tyranny of citizens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O6VY2LKA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Held)","plainCitation":"(Held)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/273RNDFQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/273RNDFQ"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"book","title":"Models of Democracy","publisher":"Stanford University Press","number-of-pages":"362","source":"Google Books","abstract":"In a succinct and far-reaching analysis, David Held provides an introduction to major theories of democracy from classical Greece to the present, along with a critical discussion of what democracy should mean today. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated to take into account significant transformations in world politics. A new chapter on deliberative democracy has been added, which focuses on how citizen participation can be increased in politics, and how that participation can become more informed. Like its predecessor, the third edition of Models of Democracy combines lucid exposition and clarity of expression with careful scholarship and originality, making it highly attractive to students and experts in the field. The third edition will prove essential reading for all those interested in politics, political theory, and political philosophy.Praise for the second edition:“Held’s new book on models of democracy is itself a model of its kind—a meticulously edited, easily accessible, and clearly signposted critical analysis of theories of democracy from classical antiquity to the present day.”—Ethics“In this timely and thought-provoking study, Held provides a critical reassessment of major theories of democracy from ancient Greece to the present, along with his own prescription for revitalizing contemporary democratic politics. . . . This volume should be read and pondered by anyone interested in the future of democracy.”—The Annals","ISBN":"978-0-8047-5472-9","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Held","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Held 19). Plato was a truth seeker and he believed that in every aspect of life there should be the truth, whether it is life or politics.

The theory of an ideal state or a ruling is meant to be ruled by the philosopher-kings according to Plato. The philosopher king is the one who has more knowledge and skills about wisdom, justice, state, and people. There must be a way for law implementation because all are equal in nature, so if one has power, the all of people should have it ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I6Zuu7u9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wolff)","plainCitation":"(Wolff)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":99,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/I65V2UTG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/I65V2UTG"],"itemData":{"id":99,"type":"post-weblog","title":"Plato's Argument for Rule by Philosopher Kings","container-title":"E-International Relations","abstract":"Plato’s argument for rule by philosopher kings is neither persuasive nor realistic in theory, but traces of the characteristics of his ideal form of rule do appear in the modern state.","URL":"https://www.e-ir.info/2013/04/17/should-philosophers-rule/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Wolff","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wolff 20). Implementing ideas about the ideal state is not easier because they want to be part of decision making and they also want to be part of the government because for them it is their right. Platonic ideal state only included philosopher kings as decision-makers in Athens which means the denial of the rights of the citizens of Athens. Denying the due rights of people is hence not a democracy. Philosopher kings were sole decision-makers because they knew how to implement the justice system and how to make decisions to serve the justice system for the citizens of Athens. The ideal state by Plato does not support democracy, and democracy is important to provide facilities and give due rights to the citizens of the state otherwise there will be unrest in the society and violence will take base in the society.

In 507 B.C Kleisthenes introduced democracy in the state of Athens, people at that time celebrated for being a democratic state ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yJBfBOAt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hansen)","plainCitation":"(Hansen)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/B2ELS3JS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/B2ELS3JS"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Tradition of The Athenian Democracy A.D. 1750–1990","container-title":"Greece & Rome","page":"14-30","volume":"39","issue":"1","source":"Cambridge Core","abstract":"By 1994 no less than 2,500 years will have passed since Kleisthenes (in 507 B.C.) introduced democracy to Athens, and the anniversary will undoubtedly be celebrated by all nations that call themselves democracies, i.e., practically everywhere in the western world. But during the celebrations sceptics will probably ask at least two fundamental questions: first, how much do Athenian demokratia and modern democracy have in common and second, to what extent were modern democratic ideas and institutions shaped by looking back upon the ancient model? Was Athens the school not only of Hellas – as Perikles claimed in his funeral speach – but also of the political system and ideology that are universally accepted in the western world of today? Or, alternatively, is the Athenian example just one small piece in the great jigsaw puzzle that constitutes modern democracy and even a fairly unimportant piece, one of those elusive pieces that has nothing but sky or water on it and, accordingly, is almost impossible to place correctly?","DOI":"10.1017/S0017383500023950","ISSN":"1477-4550, 0017-3835","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Hansen","given":"Mogens Herman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hansen). Plato and Aristotle argued against the democratic government in Athens. Plato believed that opinions by the public will result in corruption in the government and democracy was only considered as the rule by people who lack knowledge about politics and skill. Aristotle believed that corruption is caused by democratic offices where people have the power to redistribute wealth by the rich and this will result in state destruction According to ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NSlshKyV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aristotle)","plainCitation":"(Aristotle)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2Z5V9LVQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/2Z5V9LVQ"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"book","title":"The Politics","publisher":"Oxford University Press","number-of-pages":"481","source":"Google Books","abstract":"The Politics is one of the most influential texts in the history of political thought, and it raises issues which still confront anyone who wants to think seriously about the ways in which human societies are organized and governed. The work of one of the world's greatest philosophers, it draws on Aristotle's own great knowledge of the political and constitutional affairs of the Greek cities. By examining the way societies are run - from households to city states - Aristotle establishes how successful constitutions can best be initiated and upheld. For this edition Sir Ernest Barker's fine translation, which has been widely used for nearly half a century, has been extensively revised to meet the needs of the modern reader. The accessible introduction and clear notes by R F Stalley examine the historical and philosophical background of the work and discuss its significance for modern political thought. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-953873-7","note":"Google-Books-ID: NAYUDAAAQBAJ","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Aristotle","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",2,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aristotle), the productions in the estate should be secured and everyone should not be allowed to redistribute. Both believed that common people lacked knowledge about decision making and electing their rulers. They will elect such people who will lack the knowledge and they will hold the charge of the government offices and power to rule them. For Aristotle, the main problem is the sharing of great offices of the state with poor people, poor people who lack knowledge and skills. Problems are because of poor mentalities and bad education systems, these both will help them in becoming criminals and they will make mistakes again and again.

Aristotle was in favor of that form of government which was ruled by the best, in fact, supported the aristocratic form of government which is based on merit rather than blood. He also supported monarchy over democracy. Criticisms by Aristotle were valid and they were insightful. According to Aristotle democracy was the government in which every citizen rules based on the numerical quality, the democratic system in Athens allows people to rule each other and no one is allowed to rule others and they do not have the right to rule others. The decisions being made by people on a larger number will result in bias, the goal will not be achieved and it would not be considered as a virtuous government.

Plato was against and he showed hostility against the democracy of Athens. There are several reasons but for Plato, the main reason to show hostility towards a democracy of Athens would be the execution of his mentor Socrates in 3999 BCE. He was executed by a few policymakers and according to Plato his friend was judged by a jury of children who had no knowledge about decision making and he has persecuted a chef who would make pastries.

Aristotle’s views against the democratic government are insightful because of the reason that everyone would be allowed to rule in the great offices of the government. Allowing every citizen to make decisions and rule over others would mean that everyone has the right to rule others which is against the rights of individuals in nature and according to the law. Everyone would be sovereign and there will be no value of the law. There has to be a proper law to run the government otherwise the state will be destructed and it will be no more peaceful state. While Plato is completely in favor of the government by the Philosopher kings who will be the rulers and they will be responsible for decision making for the people rather than making people part of the government policymaking and decision making for their development of states and societies.Both are right about the in capabilities and deficiencies of democracy because people who are ruling should know about politics and decision making and there needs to be a healthy education system to make youth and other citizens capable of knowing the state system and decision making. In addition to this good and better education system will help to overcome mistakes and crimes.

Works Cited

Aristotle. The Politics. Oxford University Press, 2009. ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aristotle. The Politics. Oxford University Press, 2009.

Habibi, Naseer Ahmad. Plato’s Idea of Democracy. GRIN Verlag, 2012.

Hansen, Mogens Herman. “The Tradition of The Athenian Democracy A.D. 1750–1990.” Greece & Rome, vol. 39, no. 1, Apr. 1992, pp. 14–30. Cambridge Core, doi:10.1017/S0017383500023950.

Held, David. Models of Democracy. Stanford University Press, 2006.

Plato. Plato: “The Republic.” Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Winters, Jeffrey A. Oligarchy. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Wolff. “Plato’s Argument for Rule by Philosopher Kings.” E-International Relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2013/04/17/should-philosophers-rule/. Accessed 12 Oct. 2019.

White, Nicholas P. A companion to Plato's Republic. Hackett Publishing, 1979.

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Subject: Political Science

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Movie Report 2

Haitham Aldafari

Enter the name of Instructor

Political Science

12 December, 2019.

Movie Report 2

The documentary ‘Occupation 101’ focuses on the effects of the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. The documentary covers the events from the upsurge of Zionism up to the second Intifada in Palestine. The documentary display, in a classic manner, the effects of Israeli unilateral disengagement plans over the ideological narrative of Palestinians. One of the main aspects of the documentary is to highlight the role of the United Nations and the United States in the resolution of the conflict between Palestine and Israel. It shows that right after the formation of the state of Israel, during 1947 to 1948, there was a deep urge among Palestinians to return to their homeland. In view of the massive sentiments supported by the world community at large, the UN passed Resolution 194, to compensate for the losses. Another resolution of the UN titled Resolution 181, recommended the geographical division of the territories. Some of these events are not visibly displayed in the documentary. Seeing the events depicted in the documentary, some scholars consider the role of the UN as naysaying.

There has been no second opinion about the fact that the role of the US, in this conflict had remained quite confrontational. The US support for the Palestinian people has largely remained persistent, despite the jeopardies inflicted by Israeli occupied forces. Irrespective of the general view of people and international media, the documentary Occupation 101 has largely avoided openly depicting this aspect. For one reason or another, the US media does not portray the exact image of what has been preventing the US authorities to play a decisive role in the resolution to the conflict. Therefore, for such reasons, the documentary Occupation 101 had not been able to maintain fame among US viewers. The role of the US in the resolution of the Israel- Palestine issue is dubious, as the state had been portraying facts in a distorted manner for the US population, in general. Bearing in mind, this role of the US, it is right to argue that US efforts had never remained true to what it has been portraying for the Palestinian people.

The denial of full humanness or dehumanization is the renunciation of the rights to people. The renunciation of rights is the worst form of oppression, one state can cause over the other. Palestine had been facing this issue since the inception of Israel. Other than Gregory, there are other scholars who had been talking about this form of oppression, as well. Gregory’s thinking are influenced by anti- Israeli narrative and therefore, he had been witnessing the worst humanitarian form in Palestine. Israeli state authorities call it self- defense, however, it defies all forms of self- defense. De-humanization in Palestine is the worst of all humanitarian crisis. Other than including the physical pain, Palestinians had been going through times, any human could not have witnessed. It is dehumanization and sometimes, it is more than that. The Israeli authorities also leave no stone unturned, to cause suffering to innocent Palestinians.

Gregory’s view of the dehumanization of Palestinians is the absolute manifestation of what form it takes. Palestinians had witnessed the oppression, brutal killings, homelessness and vagrancy. It is what one thinks with dehumanization. It has been portrayed, but in a slight form. Occupation 101- the documentary is therefore, much related to the issue of Palestine. It creates a close image among people’s minds about what the Palestinians and Israelis are fighting over and what Palestinians are facing, as a result. It takes into account the political differences, the sufferings of Palestinians, Israel’s belligerent attitude, and portrays a future image of a Palestinian state. It is for all such reasons, Gregory said, “some lives do not count”.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Movie Review

Movie review

The film Recount (2008) portrays the flaws of the American electoral system. The two reasons for Al Gore’s loss of Florida’s 25 electoral votes are; mistaken votes for his opponent and denial of votes to minorities. although both parties received equal support the mishandling of recounts acted in the favor of Bush.

Al Gore forced Florida to recount votes but the process was manipulated that ended in the favor of George W. Bush. The films consider mismanagement as the central factor behind Al Gore's defeat. Florida adopted fixable ballot designs that were not consistent with the election rules and caused voter errors. The evaluation of the ballots revealed that more citizens of Florida would have chosen Gore over Bush. The film shows that the voting system broke down that reflects the manipulations.

Al Gore was more popular because he had won the popular vote but lost the electoral vote. This was due to the fact that many minority voters were denied to vote. Minority population was more pleased with Gore and if they were allowed to vote the probability of his victory was high. This is due to the fact that Gore managed to won popularity vote. He more popular among minority population but state’s decision of denying voting rights lowered the chances of Gore’s victory. This reflects the absence of a fair electoral system in Florida.

Manipulation of recounts was the prominent reason behind Gore’s defeat because his support from states was not different from that of Bush. It was the first time in the history that a significant number of minority voters were spoiled just for securing the victory of Bush. Many black voters couldn't register their votes who were expected to vote Gore. The overall analysis indicates that errors in ballots and lower black voters resulted in Gore’s defeat.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

N/A

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Racism in Legal System

Introduction

There have been many instances when the racial discrimination is being carried out during the way jury selection has been carried out (Brown, 2003). The case of Batson v Kentucky stands out the most in sense that how the jurors are not supposed to be excluded based on the prosecutor’s usage of the way peremptory challenges are supposed to be worked out (Brown, 2003). Despite such instances, there is a long history of racial discrimination being carried out during the jury selection and it has remained one of the persistent problems in the United States.

Discussion

Looking at the American legal system, there are many examples of how the racial discrimination has an important undertone during the course of the whole process, in May 2016, there was another case of Foster v Chatman where there was a deliberate effort being made to make sure that how the usage of the peremptory challenges are faced so that the exclusion of the eligible potential African American jurors can be achieved to make sure that all white jury can be placed in terms of the way violation of the Batson in Georgia was supposed to be working out. It was the same jury that sentence an 18-year-old Timothy Foster to death for the murder of an elderly white woman at the given point of time (Brown, 2003). As a matter of fact, the observation was being made where the inference was made that how the two peremptory stories based on the new race are being allowed and how the issue of the racially motivated perspective is being developed at the given point of time (Morehead, 2016).

Now the key thing that has to be noted in this regard is that the legal system is the cornerstone of the value preposition of the nation and maximum effort is needed to be made to make sure that the problems that are bound to handicap the legal system and the semblance of racism in the legal system is needed to be sorted out in the appropriate manner (Fukurai et al. 2013). The way intractable problems and challenges in the legal system are some of the biggest issues that are presented by people at the given point of time (Brown, 2003). The effort must be made by all the stakeholders to make sure that in terms of the peremptory solution, all the instances where the racism has prevailed must be worked out (Tucker, 2017). There is a need to make sure that the structural changes in the system are brought in the fore, but equally important is the assertion that how the endorsing alternatives of the current system are needed to be worked out so that legal ethics in terms of the racism are being worked out (Fukurai et al. 2013).

Conclusion

There are variety of solutions that can be implemented to make sure that the racial discrimination in the legal system can be sorted out (Joy & McMunigal. 2016). The first thing that must be done is that how more inclusive and representative juries are needed to be created (Joy & McMunigal. 2016). The other thing that has to be done is to make sure that there is a need that plausible alternatives are needed to be created for the peremptory challenges and that has to be concluded by making sure that the current system of the peremptory challenges are needed to be aligned in the manner that it comes across as the best alternative for the racial discrimination. There is also a need to make sure that the change in attitude is needed to be brought in (Joy & McMunigal. 2016).

Works Cited

Brown Jr, Lonnie T. "Racial discrimination in jury selection: Professional misconduct, not legitimate advocacy." Rev. Litig.22 (2003): 209.

Fukurai, Hiroshi, Edgar W. Butler, and Richard Krooth. "Race and the jury." Race and the Jury. Springer, Boston, MA, 2013. 3-11.

Joy, P. A., & McMunigal, K. C. (2016). Racial Discrimination and Jury Selection.

Morehead, Jere W. "When a Peremptory Challenge Is No Longer Peremptory: Batson's Unfortunate Failure to Eradicate Invidious Discrimination from Jury Selection." DePaul L. Rev.43 (2016): 625.

Tucker, S. W. "Racial Discrimination in Jury Selection in Virginia." Va. L. Rev. 52 (2017): 736.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Date

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Purpose of the Essay

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role of Electoral College in the electoral process of the US, and take a position on whether the abolishment or reforms are needed to make the electoral system of the country flawless and representative of the popular vote.

The Electoral College

The Electoral College was established as part of the constitution by the founding fathers of the country. It was established to create a balance between the democratic power of qualified citizens and the authority granted to the electors representing their respective states. The electors’ votes are also representative of the democratic power of people belonging to the related states, however, indirectly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u4qydf4c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Webster)","plainCitation":"(Webster)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":81,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/M5E3E2RL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/M5E3E2RL"],"itemData":{"id":81,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Purpose, Structure and Limitations of the Electoral College","container-title":"The Geography Teacher","page":"101-105","volume":"13","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Webster","given":"Gerald R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Webster). The Electoral College is not a place or building; it is an institution that was meant for creating a compromise in powers to realize democracy in its most complete form. It is a process as well that comprises selecting the electors, making arrangements for casting votes in favor of the President of the Vice President, and finally counting of votes by Congress to declare the ultimate winner.

The number of electors in the Electoral College is 538. A candidate has to win at least 270 votes to be elected as the President. The selection of electors is done through the convention systems of respective political parties. The number of electoral votes of Washington in the Electoral College is 12. This is because Washington has ten representatives in the House of Representatives of the US, and two senators. Similarly, every state has the same number of electors as it has the members in Congress, with two senators additionally.

The presidential elections are held every four years. Voting for a candidate in election means voting for the President. When people vote for their favorite candidate, they are voting for the elector associated with the candidate. This elector will finally have an impact on choosing the President. The certificate of Ascertainment is an official document that is issued by the governor of the state after the presidential election. It enlists the names of all candidates as well as their respective electors who have supported the President in elections. These electors meet in December of the presidential elections in their states where they vote for President and Vice president. The electoral votes are counted in a Congress session in the following month of January. The official tally of electoral votes takes place at the House Chamber by members of the House as well as Senate.

Pros and Cons of the Electoral College

The role of the Electoral College has been debated over by many critiques, politicians, and common people. It has occurred five times in the history of the US that the Electoral College changed the winning position of a candidate who had a lead in the elections voted by the public. In 2000’s presidential elections, Al Gore had won more votes in the general elections. However, George W. Bush beat him by securing a clear lead in the electoral votes. A similar thing happened in 2016's elections when trump won by 74 electoral votes and Hillary Clinton had a defeat in spite of getting a mandate of 2.8 million votes of the public. Therefore, in this perspective, it becomes necessary to think over the pros and cons of the Electoral College whether it is inevitable for the sake of democratic rule or not, whether it needs reforms to improve the electoral process or not, and so on.

Pros

The Electoral College has a long tradition in the history of the country. The founding fathers of the nation have established it to make things fair and balance the opposing powers. They founded it because they thought it the best way to make democracy rule. The electoral college was founded to ensure that the government should be made by the votes of qualified voters. The votes of electors were thought to nullify the effect of those voters who are deemed unaware of political thought and insight. The electoral process is meant to ensure that the most capable person should be elected to govern people. Therefore, eliminating the electors’ vote would possibly end in concentrating all power in the hands of common people who are and are not liable to make mistake in making the most important decision in the country’s affairs.

The electors' vote reflects the consent of the whole state in the electoral process. The opinion of an elector is representative of the state, and it ensures that the people of the state back the vote of that elector. This process is thought to guarantee the involvement of all states in forming the government. Since electors come from all states or regions of the country, they guarantee representation of all groups of people of the country, including people with low wages or social status.

The Electoral College makes the results of elections certain and declares a firm decision about the election's outcome. A winner by popular votes may lose against the electoral votes. However, it happened only five times in the long history of the country. When Barrack Obama succeeded popular votes, his Electoral College victory superseded his victory in general elections. This means the electoral votes usually reinforce the popular votes of people, only strengthening the decision about President’s election ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s66E7eNz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Blais et al.)","plainCitation":"(Blais et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":78,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/HKKJK6M7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/HKKJK6M7"],"itemData":{"id":78,"type":"article-journal","title":"Electoral and Party Systems","container-title":"The United States and Canada: How Two Democracies Differ and Why It Matters","page":"48","author":[{"family":"Blais","given":"André"},{"family":"Bowler","given":"Shaun"},{"family":"Grofman","given":"Bernard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Blais et al.).

Cons

The critiques hold the opinion that the Electoral College is not supported by the justifications that held fast in the era of founding fathers. People can get awareness and necessary information about any political party through modern communication channels and tools. The Internet has made it accessible for all users to know about any issue relevant to them. The thinkers who hold opposing opinions to the Electoral College say that it can be abolished making the necessary amendments in the constitution. They further claim that the abolition of this process should not be repented for any reason. Many reformatory amendments have been made to the constitution, and this change should also be considered a normal improvement in the political system.

The Electoral College accumulates power within a few states that decide the fortune of the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RLmbj76H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stonecash)","plainCitation":"(Stonecash)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":79,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/THZ7IMLT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/THZ7IMLT"],"itemData":{"id":79,"type":"chapter","title":"The Electoral College and Democratic Responsiveness","container-title":"Electoral College Reform","publisher":"Routledge","page":"87-98","author":[{"family":"Stonecash","given":"Jeffrey M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stonecash). History has evidence that only a few states play the dominating role in the electoral process, as it is obvious in the Trump-Hillary elections of 2016, when the political battle was fought only in eleven states predominantly.

The popular vote seems to lose its weightage in the election. No matter how much is said in support of the electoral vote to represent all states, the main purpose of democracy is deemed to be unattained in presence of the Electoral College.

Suggestions to Improve the Electoral College

The Electoral College has proven an important institution or process under the constitution, as it is evident from the above description. Therefore, the idea of abolishing the Electoral College is not reasonable. However, certain reforms are also inevitable to be made so that the electoral process becomes more credible.

The most important amendment to be made to the Electoral College system is that the electoral votes of a state must not be given to a candidate who does not have a majority win in the popular votes of the state ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uo1BpvWK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bugh)","plainCitation":"(Bugh)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":77,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/XNC5LCXD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/XNC5LCXD"],"itemData":{"id":77,"type":"book","title":"Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-317-14527-5","author":[{"family":"Bugh","given":"Gary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bugh). This amendment will reinforce the public opinion and the weightage of popular vote will not decrease.

Another reform essential and workable is that every district in the state should be allocated one electoral vote and the winner in every district will get this electoral vote ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zY5XjdWF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Streb)","plainCitation":"(Streb)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":80,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/IZJFJPIT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/wreEcalP/items/IZJFJPIT"],"itemData":{"id":80,"type":"book","title":"Rethinking American electoral democracy","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-315-72072-8","author":[{"family":"Streb","given":"Matthew J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Streb). Further, the winner in the state will get two electoral votes reserved for the state-wide winner.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Blais, André, et al. “Electoral and Party Systems.” The United States and Canada: How Two Democracies Differ and Why It Matters, 2019, p. 48.

Bugh, Gary. Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities. Routledge, 2016.

Stonecash, Jeffrey M. “The Electoral College and Democratic Responsiveness.” Electoral College Reform, Routledge, 2016, pp. 87–98.

Streb, Matthew J. Rethinking American Electoral Democracy. Routledge, 2015.

Webster, Gerald R. “The Purpose, Structure and Limitations of the Electoral College.” The Geography Teacher, vol. 13, no. 3, 2016, pp. 101–05.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Nepal's Stolen Children

Wonsehlea Teah

Enter the name of Instructor

Political Science

September 24, 2019

Nepal’s stolen children

Why did you choose this documentary over the others?

I chose this documentary as it talks about a largely unknown area of human trafficking. The Indo- Nepal border crossings may have some beautiful sights to visit but before the release of this documentary, hardly anyone has known this dark aspect of the human trafficking. The most important element which attracted my attention was the easy passage the traffickers find. The documentary talks about a horrifying aspect that how many womens are being trafficked to India via illegal crossings.

The Nepal/ India border is an issue for human trafficking. What could be done to make it more secure and less present with activity?

In the documentary the police officer talks about the human resource building, I think this can be the most useful way to curb this menace. If the women officials of Maiti Nepal are given an authoritative charge, this can serve the purpose of curbing human trafficking at the borders. I have observed that there was lack of coordination among state authorities and officials of Maiti Nepal,.I believe encouraging both sides can help in making the border crossing more secure.

What are the positives and challenges for Maiti Nepal at the border? Is it helpful to have former victims police the border with police?

There are many positives for Maiti Nepal since they have rescued more than 12,000 women’s from traffickers in a short time span. I think the Maiti Nepal faces so much challenges in their task, as they don’t have the state supervision. The former victims of the human traffickers are helpful in sorting out the illegal activities as they have been through same experiences. The thing that can serve their purpose of ending human trafficking is state supervision, which can be helpful in achieving their goal.

Maiti Nepal is a survivor led organization. What are the positives and negatives of this type of leadership?

There are few organizations in Asian region which voluntarily work to curb human trafficking. There are many positives and a few negative aspects of such organizations. For example, these organizations work in collaboration with the state authorities and help in rooting out bad elements from the society, this is a positive aspect ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lmp1DB3D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Nepal\\uc0\\u8217{}s Stolen Children - CNN Video})","plainCitation":"(Nepal’s Stolen Children - CNN Video)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":326,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KNLRWBDL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KNLRWBDL"],"itemData":{"id":326,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Nepal's stolen children - CNN Video","source":"edition.cnn.com","abstract":"Actress and anti-sex trafficking activist Demi Moore partners with the CNN Freedom Project to shine a light on the shocking trade of human life in Nepal.","URL":"https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/05/22/spc-cfp-nepal-stolen-children.cnn","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nepal’s Stolen Children - CNN Video). However, sometime their functional procedures get overlap with state responsibilities. This is a negative aspect which can be easily mitigated by putting in small efforts.

What did you think of the Prime Minister’s response to the issue of human trafficking? Was he committed to fighting it?

The Prime Minister’s response to the representative of DNA foundation was satisfactory. He could had made sure that the representatives should meet the trafficker without any hindrance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wcFl6Dqy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Nepal\\uc0\\u8217{}s Stolen Children - CNN Video})","plainCitation":"(Nepal’s Stolen Children - CNN Video)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":326,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KNLRWBDL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/KNLRWBDL"],"itemData":{"id":326,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Nepal's stolen children - CNN Video","source":"edition.cnn.com","abstract":"Actress and anti-sex trafficking activist Demi Moore partners with the CNN Freedom Project to shine a light on the shocking trade of human life in Nepal.","URL":"https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/05/22/spc-cfp-nepal-stolen-children.cnn","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nepal’s Stolen Children - CNN Video). I observed that the Prime Minister’s response was not enthusiastic, throughout his statement he didn’t appeared committed to fight human trafficking.

Which story impacted you the most from this documentary?

In the start of the documentary, a women was introduced who just met her daughter after many long. I felt that story was really sad and has impacted in different ways. For example, it reflects the hardships such women’s face and how hard it is to see your children so helpless.

In all of these documentaries, there is a leader for the cause and mission. How is that uplifting yet in the real world, how is that unrealistic and challenging?

Anarda who is the leader in this documentary, has really surprised many in the world. Since the world is facing such menaces and they are real. Her story can bring enthusiasm to people working in the same areas. It is also challenging since it involves threats at every level. So one who overcomes such threats like Anarda did can be the real hero.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Nepal’s Stolen Children - CNN Video. edition.cnn.com,

https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/05/22/spc-cfp-nepal-stolen-children.cnn. Accessed 24 Sept. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

New Jim Crow Laws: Today In America

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

New Jim Crow Laws in America

Introduction

The rebirth of the caste system in the United States was the result of the fact that millions of African Americans were locked behind the bars and then they were relegated to a status of the second class in the up thrust of society with negated rights and regulations. It would not be wrong to say that Jim Crow is a realistic account of the truth that nations had to face over the course of time. In accordance with the impression of "triumph overtake” the election of the celebrities such as Barack Obama a majority of Black men in a number of urban areas were under that correctional control or saddled with the record of crime. Jim Crow Laws were wiped off the record of history a long time ago taking into account that an unmet of American population was warehoused in prisons and trapped in the parallel social universe. There was a sheer negation of both human and civil rights such as voting right, the right of legal discrimination in employment, access to education, public benefits and the right of employment along access to other facilities of life. (Erevelles, et, al. 2014, pp. 81-99). Today, it is not adequate and socially permissible to use race as a stance of discrimination, social contempt, and exclusion. In accordance with Jim Crow, it is asserted that it is actually lawful to discriminate and differentiate against the convicted criminals in all the passages of life. Initially, all actions and crimes committed by the Black population were considered under the title of felon either it was a minor drug crime or if there is any form of breaching. Under the impression of law, the old forms of discrimination were highlighted taking into account that it was a redesigning of racial castes in America.

Discussion

The origination of the Jim Crow can be traced back to the time when there was extreme and great Backlash against the reconstruction. The Southern conservatives vowed to redeem the South and acted in support of the Ku Klux Klan that was more like an instrument to redemption. Klan perpetrated as a terrorist campaign that reconstructed leaders and other governments by scaring them with mob violence, bombing, and lynching. The campaign worked to remove the troops from South and slashed funding from the Freedmen's Bureau so that Black can be left on their own. It is significant to note that ten of the thousands African Americans were arrested they were made to work with fines and court costs making them work in order to get rid of the charges. Although there were a number of people who were not able to pay their debts, they were sold and made to work as forced laborers to work on railroad, corporation work as hands and operate through the South. There was an extremely high death rate acclaimed by lack of concern towards the health of the employee such as other White populations. (Erevelles, et, al. 2014, pp. 81-99).

In accordance with the passage of Thirteen Amendment that abolished slavery, there was a major loophole, i.e. slavery was still treated as legal punishment. During the decade that followed redemption, there was ten times increase in the population of convicts, then the recorded ratio of the general public. It is significant to note that African Americans were actually relegated to a state of near defenselessness. Taking into account the success of Redemption in the reassertion of hegemony in terms of Southern Whites, it was inferred that there was no clear information that could address new social order. It is highlighted that the racial prejudice that soaked among the White population was also targeted adhering to the movement that enjoyed progression in the South, adhering to the public discontent. (Glasser, 1999).

The potency of the alliance between African Americans and poor White conservatives restored to the tactics that are utilized at the height of redemption that range from intimidation to terror and bribery. An analysis of the segregation laws highlights that the reaction to the stance of Bacon’s Rebellion was about 200 years earlier and it paved the way for a wage between poor Whites and African American. The racial bribe-initiated programs and the partnership of populist movement assembled other Whites who were realigned with conservatism. With the turn of the twentieth century, several laws were incorporated that refranchised Black and created a pool of discrimination against them in almost all aspects of life. It would not be wrong to call Jim Crow as one of the new social orders and it was also a return to sanity as well as a final settlement. (Glasser, 1999).

Death of Jim Crow

Unlike reconstruction, that was defined and elaborated under the stance of debates that characterize beginning and end, Jim Crow was far more ambiguous. Under the impact of Brown vs. Board of Education, it was considered as death of Jim Crow in 1954 taking into account that there was abroad public opposition to the code of conduct in the North. There are a number of scholars who argue that the end of Jim Crow was not treated as a highlight in the Civil Rights Movement. A decline of the Jim Crow was actually accompanied by the migration of the Blacks in the north and increasing influence in the NAACP. (Alexander, 2012). World War II has played a significant role in creating an impact on the public perception of racism, adhering to the fact that the United States was more like a blatant opposition to Nazism and it was oppression against the European Jews. It is asserted that the US was an unapologetically instrumented in terms of the racial caste system. It is significant to note that the blight in the record of the country that was framed under the impact of the free world was more like a fearful impression because African American became more susceptible to the impression of the communist authority. By 1944, the Supreme Court brought an end to the White primary election in Smith Vs. Allwright taking into account that the state laws that were in favor of segregation in interstate buses were actually termed unconstitutional for two years.

The stance of desegregation was actually picking upstream in terms of the law school of Black that was inherently unequal and inferior in all the respects of comparison to the law school for Whites. The same stance was observed in McLaurin vs. Oklahoma in 1950 that required the state of Oklahoma to desegregate the law schools. The chipped away timeline of “separate but equal” doctrine laid down the foundation of another system that was both alive and well. (Horsford, 2019, pp. 257-275). By that time, desegregation across the South was brought to a screeching halt and grassroots movement was a reaction that was later termed as the Civil Rights Movement. The employment of boycotts sit-ins and other marches activated as a blazed step against the terrorist stance of White mob violence. They persisted again police dogs, fire hoses, bombings, and beatings, taking into account that by 1963 it modified into a literal mass movement. It is significant to note that President Kennedy announced an introduction to civil rights bills. After the assassination of president Kennedy, resident Johnson committed to the aim of racial assimilation that resulted in the form of the movement named as Civil Rights Act of 1964. It was then completed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that removed a number of barriers to enfranchise African Americans. (Alexander, 2012). The restoration of voting power to African Americans had a swift and potential impact on diverse spectra. One of the facts was voter registration among the Southern Black, taking into account that the rate grew from 19.3% to 6.13%. In Mississippi, it went from 6.7% to 66.5% where Blacks were actually allowed to live in public areas that were initially reserved for the White population. Although all these approaches were a massive success, still civil right leaders went apprehensive taking into account that Blacks were made to stay locked up in poverty by the time no economic reforms are incorporated.

It is significant to note that Anti-poverty efforts also became evident and central to the doctrine of Civil Rights the evolved into “Poor People’s Movement”. It ultimately influenced the efforts that were made for economic inequality. The Poor People’s movement was an approach that crossed racial boundaries in the pursuit of economic justice. One of the major supporters of this approach was Martin Luther who brought Americans to the timeline of interracial alliance to Washington. He observed that there has been a wide degree of progress for Blacks by the time of Civil Right Act of 1964 but that was the last transformation that was both meaningful and deserved radical redistribution of the political and economic power in America. (Horsford, 2019, pp. 257-275). With every preceding movement that initiated multicultural condition under the influence of economic justice, there was a unique form of backlash, it was more like effective adaptation of the culture of post-Civil Rights Movement in America that did not endorse the overt racism. However, the new racial caste system was more like traction and widespread success that paved the way for new race-neutral language.

Birth of Mass Incarceration

In accordance with the rhetoric of “Law and Order” that was employed in 1950, under the impact of southern leaders chalk out ways and mobilized under an opposition to the Civil Rights Movement. The same influence usage was then underpinned under the timeline of “colorblind” vernacular of the new racial caste system. The Civil Rights Activist were involved in direct action and proceedings that could desegregate the public avenues and opportunities and then these actions were reformed by the White lawmakers and police as criminals who enforce the scene of justice among Whites who were against the civil rights legislation. It is asserted that other segregationist took a step ahead taking into account that they insisted on an integration that explicitly caused crime. This impression gained traction despite the publication of FBI reports in terms of the dramatic increase in the national rates of crime. The conservatives denounced and degraded the civil rights activists who suggested that the uprising was caused by the widespread police brutality. It asserted that if Blacks will conduct themselves according to set laws, they will not have to address and cater to police brutality. It is significant to note that there was an acceptable change in discourses, highlighting the blatantly racist agenda from segregationists. (Horsford, 2019, pp. 257-275).

The title, “Cracking down on crime" became a word of mouth that was sung by the lawmakers and politicians across the spectrum of time. There was no discrimination between violent rebellions, tactics of direct action and other traditional crimes taking into account that it was all addressed under the title crime in streets. A major role was played by the Great Depression adhering to the America race relationships and party alignments. “New Deal” was a platform that was initiated by President Franklin in order to mitigate the sufferings among the nation. It is significant to note that these programs were so much diverse however they included Blacks as their beneficiaries at few capacities of implication. The poor and working-class Whites responded with great passion to the economic freedom and African Americans as well taking into account a prompting ascendancy of the Democratic New Deal that paved the way for coalition in the electoral policies from 1932 to 1960. (Riss, 2019, pp. 1064-1064)

As soon as Southern Strategy was formulated, the dominance came to an end, taking into account that law and other codes of conduct were embraced by the White working class and it paved the way for racial reforms that were highly resented. It made Southern conservatives to rely on the fact that creating new majorly with support from White South and remain support from the votes of the blue-collar voter from big cities. It is asserted that Nixon believed and emphasized that the major problem is Black population, taking into account that a new system is required that can mitigate the over appealing impression of Blacks.

Under the impact of liberals, a response was generated for anti-welfare attacks by addressing the role of social reforms in catering to the root cause of crimes. (Alexander, 2012). It was highlighted that the polarizing image of the poor population is either deserving or undeserving, paving the way for a serious Debate. Although the poor and working-class people belonging to White population bore a disproportionate share of the cause of integration, finding it relative to the wealthier counterparts however the affluent White liberals were not included in the category of ordinary working-class people. It would not be wrong to say that law and order became the catch line of Nixon campaign, accompanied by a transformation in the beliefs that address poverty among the working-class population of Whites. (Alexander, 2012). Although there was a shift in terms of code of rights and regulations till there were certain social and political crises that are associated with the aftermath of Civil Rights Movement taking into consideration the widespread controversy on the equality principle. It is important to note that the political clashes were Watergate and Vietnam War area also included under the same stance. Conservatives during that time highly condemned welfare because it was treated as a battle between the lazy Black people and the hardworking White people. Nixon highlights a tag, “War on drugs” that was issued after declaring that all the drugs are illegal. Drugs were termed as a public enemy of the first category. It is evident that Black people were a major target of the castigation that was incorporated under the stance of seemingly neutral workfare queens and the criminal predators.

Although the major assumption and agenda were not colorblind because it failed to address racism, still, it is treated as an apparent promotion of anti-racist approach. Welfare queen is termed an anecdote that was shared by Reagan and it incorporated a coded language that intended to convey greedy ghetto and lazy Black mother. The sentiments of same nature were initiated in terms of food stamps that appealed to White American. Despite all these scenarios, Reagan was one of the major supporters of the federal involvement in terms of fighting crimes taking into account that it was a jurisdiction between local law enforcement authorities and state. (Riss, 2019, pp. 1064-1064) Over the course of time, it was also deciphered that the aim of war against drug has nothing to do with the usage of drugs, in fact, it was one of the extensions of addressing public concerns about race. It is more added that a media offensive was launched with an aim to maintain support and justify the War on Drugs. The campaign had a strong connection with the sensationalizing of the crackdown, addressing the role of Crack cocaine in the neighborhood of the inner city. There were several other changes that were brought into practice such as the economic collapse, disappearance of blue-collar urban factory jobs and the shift in globalization that moved job option to broad countries with the union. It is significant to note that the workers were paid with low wages as compared to that of United States.

It is highlighted that the major role of the police was not to unconstraint the legal rules in the execution of the war on drugs, in fact, police discretions play a significant role in maintaining the war on drugs. The systematic destruction of the Fourth amendment facilitates police discretion where colonial opposition was generated to impose the seditious liberals. (Glasser, 1999). American Revolution was also the product of humiliation from police harassment and other arbitrary searches that paved the way for rebellious attitude. It is asserted that the stance of targeting Black people was so strong that police was not actually trained to spot the criminals involved in drugs badge and drug supply, in fact, they were trained in years of unreasonable searches and spot that could enforce discrimination. Operation Pipeline is one of the major examples of this idea taking into account that it trained more than three hundred local and state law enforcement agencies so that they can strive for pretextual traffic stops and other searches for interdiction of drugs. Community Policing was another major topic of interest taking into consideration that it was mutated into military policing Congress that was convinced to pass the Law Enforcement Act with Military Cooperation. The law facilitated federal, local and state police to undergo analysis and access the military framework addressing research, military abuse, weaponry equipment, and intelligence. It is also highlighted that the financial incentives for local enforcement were also not utilized paving the way for misapprehension in terms of accounting for a surge in any drug activity that would be illegal. (Riss, 2019, pp. 1064-1064)

Conclusion

It can be asserted that “The New Jim Crow” focuses war on drug and the impact of this fact on mass incarceration, taking into consideration that drug conviction was one of the major abuse of explosions in the United States over the course of time. It would not be wrong to say that drug offense formulated an account that addressed two third rise in the federal inmate population and there was more than half rise in the state prisoners between 1985 and 2000. Overall about half million people were jailed and imprisoned under the stance of drug offense when compared to an estimate of 1980, asserting a 1, 1000 percent increase. It is highlighted that more than 31 million people were arrested for drug offense calculated from the data when the drug war began. The war on drug was more like a nation that was itself not clear. A number of prisoners were caged just because of possessing drugs, provided that the drug war has nothing to do with dangerous drugs. It is asserted that this book is more like an ideology that challenged the nation and era of colorblindness. It is highlighted that it is clearly legal to incriminate and formulated a bond of differentiation against the convicted criminals in which legal framework discriminate against the African Americans. It was assumed that targeting Black people under war of drug was just a system of racial control. The functionality of the United States criminal justice system is actually operated as a system that was designed with an aim to control the racism influence by adhering to the principles of colorblindness. It would not be wrong today that The New Jim Crow is more like an approach that challenged the community of civil rights in order to impart incarceration at the front baseline of racial justice in America.

Work Cited

Alexander, Michelle. The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press, 2012.

Erevelles, Nirmala. "Crippin’Jim Crow: Disability, dis-location, and the school-to-prison pipeline." Disability incarcerated. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014. 81-99.

Glasser, Ira. "American Drug Laws: The New Jim Crow." Alb. L. Rev. 63 (1999): 703.

Horsford, Sonya Douglass. "School Integration in the New Jim Crow: Opportunity or Oxymoron?." Educational Policy 33.1 (2019): 257-275.

Riss, Arthur. "Making Black History: The Color Line, Culture, and Race in the Age of Jim Crow." (2019): 1064-1064.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

No Title

Political Science

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Political Science

The happenings on the US- Mexico border are a result of the regional crisis, taking into consideration that this situation will result in the immigration of almost one percent of the entire population of Guatemala and Honduras to the United States this year. It is asserted that the Mexican Government is vacillating between military crackdowns and humanitarian rhetoric where US border officials are continuously asking for help, accompanied by the furious attitude of Trump. It is assumed that Trump’s threats would cause massive collateral damage in the North American continent and there would be no objection to the migration of people who are arriving at the US Mexico border. This statement does not affirm the negation of crisis and problem, in fact, it deciphers that it is not something that is going to be solved in anytime soon. Migrants are categorized into different categories in accordance with the United States law such as, the people who seek to migrate because of economic reasons and those who migrate to reunite with their families, however, legal immigration is not allowed without papers. It is asserted that the people who flee persecution have a onetime right to apply for asylum, avoiding the obligation of papers. According to the Trump Administration, it is claimed that there are few people who are came to the United States are genuine asylum seeker, addressing a low rate of success of asylum in the immigration court. The actual percentage counts to be 10 % to 15% for Northern Triangle countries, asserting that the asylees are not “real”, where most of the causes are fraudulent.

It is asserted that the Asylum was granted in less than one-quarter cases in fiscal 2018 where asylees were from Salvadoran, Guatemala, and Honduras. However, Central Americans who are seeking protection are not assumed to be eligible for asylum, even though they are facing dire life choices and are in extreme peril. Beyond the asylum system, there are certain long-term measures that are quite challenging to be pursued so as to ensure that the vulnerable population in the nearby countries are not compelled to the dangerous journey of the north. In this scenario, Mexico is the central partner and player much like other smaller neighboring countries such as Belize and Costa Rica. The engagement and leadership of the United States is to deepen its engagement in the region to build asylum and protection of regimes for those who are affected and displaced by violence. It is found that Mexico has started to enlarge its asylum capabilities along with the provision of asylum and work opportunities in Southern Mexico to the immigrants of Central America. It is asserted that the United States and Mexico should establish a safe third country agreement where the International Community and the United States can be confident of humanitarian protection. An example of this scenario would be the case between the United States and Canada. In a nutshell, orderly, legal and safe migration should work through North America and Central America were serious security challenges in the Northern Triangle should be addressed with an aim to improve the economic prospectus of population. These goals are the basic necessity, where the United States can play a central role in supporting and advancing the promising efforts by these countries adhering to a sustained basis. Despite the crisis, it is asserted that the Trump administration and other federal agencies should opt for a solution that could resolve serious and long terms issue caused by migrant caravans.

Besides being a humanitarian problem, immigration is also an economic problem. There are a number of possible options given to deal with immigrants other than border patrolling. The federal government could build fence of 2000 miles from San Diego to Brownsville and hire several agents to patrol it, similarly number of government employees or agents could be sent to carry out business raids, deport undocumented immigrants, fine employees who are living and working in the United States, avoiding any employment and familial associations. Every national and non-citizen of the United States could be obliged to keep national identity card or any registration proof as a prerequisite that could be used to make a living. However, such options would be much economic adhering to freedom, economic growth and spending of the government. It has the potential to divert resources from national efforts to combat terrorism that are more prone to failure. Acceptance of the status quo would be another option because there are a number of people who are living without official documents and there are numerous people who are entering every year. There are millions of employees along with their families’ that could continue to live in legal shadows because they are afraid to appear before the authorizes and they are unable to enjoy the fruit of their hard work, moreover, they are hesitant to return to their homeland. It is assumed that status quo will incorporate a dual economy in which growing demand of the workers would be satisfied by the means of an underground supply, poor working conditions and artificially low wages, positioned at the bottom of labor pyramid. It is also a fact that status quo criticizes and question the rule of law by presenting a migratory system that is in rivalry with the legitimate aspirations of millions of people and laws of the economy. Another practical and appealing option would be to amend the immigration system by assessing failures so that it can conform to the realities of an effective economy system and a free society. A legalized migration system could bring a large underground market because it would encourage the US producers to empower their sectors. It would also improve the working condition and salaries of neumerous low skilled workers that would boost human capital. There would be a war against terrorism accompanied by the promotion of economic relations in other countries, especially with neighboring countries. However, the greatest progression can be made with the commitment and support of all parties such as Mexican government, Democrats and Republicans. There would be no progress without unilateral support of the government. The government should give support to humanitarian centers and groups. It would be more humane a less expensive to provide immigrants with shelter rather than stopping them because they seek a better life it is our humanitarian duty to guarantee a better life for them.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

No Title Needed

Client’s name

Professor’s title

The title of the course

29 April 2019

Federalism

Federalism is a political system in which sovereignty and governing power are shared between a national, centralized government and several provincial/state governments. Essentially, Federalism is a compromise between a Confederate System and a Unitary System. From its founding, the United States feared central tyranny. This fear was so great that, initially, the newly independent US was a Confederacy. However, after four years it became apparent that a marginally stronger central government was pragmatic in unifying the nation and solving its earliest problems. Though many vehemently opposed even a limited Federation, eventually it was agreed that a Federalistic structure would be adopted. As a result,

The central government was reinforced

The US Constitution was redrafted to give more influence to the central government

The Bill of Rights was fashioned to explicitly guard the privileges of people and states in contradiction of a possibly oppressive or dictatorial rule

Greater checks and balances were established to control the role of central government (bicameral legislature, greater power to US Supreme Court)

Furthermore, though the ideals of Federalism initiated a slight centralization, the cautious Founding Fathers were careful to ensure that many aspects of Confederacy still existed such as states possessing their own constitutions and forms of self-determined government and locales possessing their own rules and form of self-determined government.

Though in recent years the federal government has become more powerful, weakening the core values of shared power and limited tyranny, the ideals of Federalism continue to be an important political concept. Beyond the existing framework mentioned above, several prominent political parties such as the Libertarian Party, the Tea Party, and the Republican Party have taken up the banner of Federalism by advocating a return to limited government and relatively greater local authority.

Federalism is the separation of power between a more local government (in the United States these are the States) and an overarching government (the federal government). The problem of federalism has emerged owing to the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, there is the 10th amendment. This amendment gives any power not given to the federal government to the states or the people. This often comes into conflict with the supremacy clause found in Article Six. This clause has been interpreted to mean that Federal law is higher than state law.

Politics is the main element affecting federalism. The liberals have a belief that it is the job of the Federal government to deal with majority of issues that surface up for instance, racial bias, terrorism, unequal pay etc. However, the conservatives are of the opinion that dealing with such issues is the work of the states. Such a fact leads to the thought that when liberals (or conservatives) want to do something ( for instance regarding the state of education or healthcare in the country); they ensue a conflict. Politically, federalism has created a society of polarized apathetic un-involved citizens of gigantic proportions. It is the fundamental single feature of the American federal presidential republic that has an entire nation held hostage. Federalism was intended to represent one application of the concept of separation of powers between the national government and the provincial governments. Part of the idea was that separation of powers would prevent totalitarianism which it seems to do but at the same time it also equally obstructs the normal natural democratic aspirations of the population. The original founders were scared of the future given that they were creating the first democratic republic in the history of the world. The founders’ ideologies were good for their time but not appropriate in today’s world. Lastly, the political idea common to each and every single American citizen today is frustration with a government unable to act because of the obstructive nature of federalism.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

No Title Needed

Client’s name

Professor’s title

The title of the course

29 April 2019

Federalism

The idea of federalism is applied to and in the federal and State court systems in the United States through the doctrine of subject-matter jurisdiction. In the U.S. federal courts, subject-matter jurisdiction is a matter of two general types as set forth in the Judicial Code (Title 28, United States Code): federal-question jurisdiction; and diversity jurisdiction. Federal-question jurisdiction in the federal courts is where federal courts are able to take jurisdiction wherein the question presented in the particular Article III case or controversy arises (1) in federal law; or, (2) directly under the United States Constitution. This is within the federal government's constitutional ambit arising in its limited supremacy. Diversity jurisdiction (and its legal corollary, removal) arise when two elements set forth in the Judicial Code are satisfied: that the litigants are of diverse State citizenship, plaintiff versus defendant; and the amount in controversy exceeds the statutory amount. Both federal question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction are functions of the United States Constitution and the Judicial Code.

In my view, Federalism finds a great deal of expression in the Constitution. Thus, the Constitution was a document of enumerated powers. Article I sets out the congressional powers, while Article II and Article III set out the powers of the Executive and the Judiciary, respectively. The analysis was in theory quite simple. If Congress, for example, sought to enact legislation, one looked to the powers enumerated in Article I to determine if Congress had the authority to do so. If the authority did not exist, it was not a federal matter. Federalism finds further expression in the first ten amendments. This is particularly so in the Tenth Amendment which provides that powers not delegated to the Federal Government are reserved to the States or to the People. This follows quite naturally from a theory of enumerated powers. But it was considered of such import that it was explicitly set forth.

Federalism is also a dynamic construct. During different periods of our history the balance of power between the State and the Federal governments has shifted. Diversity-jurisdiction cases can be, and often are, brought initially in State courts. Where a case is brought in State court, a litigant, in its belief that a case or controversy satisfies federal law as to removal, may file a motion for removal or notice of removal, such motion in the United States District Court that comprises the applicable venue or such notice in the State court from which the case is being removed from State court to federal court. If a motion is required, and the motion is granted by the federal court, the case is immediately removed from State court to federal court. Otherwise, the notice simply serves to add the case to the appropriate federal court's docket.

Furthermore, the Erie doctrine prescribes that State procedural law (rather than federal procedural law) governs the litigation of diversity jurisdiction cases (usually that of the State wherein the federal court convenes). SMJ in State courts is set forth in State statute and under the applicable State Constitution. These prescribe that certain types of cases over certain types of issues, may only be brought in certain, specified State courts of appropriate jurisdiction and venue.

In conclusion, each level of government has its own court system. In the US, there is a hierarchy of federal courts topped by the Supreme Court, that rule on federal law, including the US constitution (which means whatever the judges would like it to mean these days). Then each state has its own system of courts, with its own supreme court. State court rulings are sometimes overridden by federal courts if the issue involves federal law (which trumps state law). State courts are aware of federal law, and rule accordingly. This includes the US constitution, which means whatever the local judge says it means, until he is overruled by someone higher in his state chain, or the federal chain.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

NOT SURE

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

US Constitution and How It Can Be Improved

Introduction

It’s a long document, that goes over the purpose of the various branches of government as originally planned and how they were supposed to function with each other. It also goes over the original articles of the bill of rights, while new articles added later are considered part of the document. It is good to note that the original 10 were more about protecting individual liberties and freedom and less along the lines of how the government should function (something covered earlier in the constitution).

A great way to better understand the constitution is to read the Federalist and Anti-Federalist papers which capture the discussion of the time regarding central government vs local government and the concerns both sides had as well as how to best solve that. This is what birthed the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights it contained. Amazon typically has a kindle book that is $0.99 USD to purchase that has all the Federalist papers and a large collection of the Anti-Federalist papers that were relevant to the discussion at large. It’s a pretty good resource mainly because it’s harder to find a detailed list of Anti-Federalist papers. If you just wanted a list of the Federalist papers that’s pretty easy to find, I have included a link for both the book containing both and a link of free access to the Federalist papers.

Description

A constitution, not necessarily the US Constitution, is essentially a dictator. A silent one. With a human dictatorship, everything in the country that must be done, must pass scrutiny by the human dictator. Laws must be upheld to this human dictator for approval before they can be applied, and usually in a human dictatorship, the human dictator simply declared himself exempt from those laws.

A constitution, or a virtual dictator, have similarities with its human counterpart, but it is the differences that matter. For example, you cannot corrupt the spirit of the constitution. You have to corrupt the human agency that purportedly claimed a superior skill in defining what that constitution means, aka ‘The Supreme Court’. In some countries, that is very easy, and in some other countries, it is near impossible. In contrast, with the human dictator, money is the fastest way to secure his favors, even to the point where laws that do not apply to him may eventually do apply to you.

So “what does the U.S. Constitution mean?”. It means the US is under a virtual dictatorship where the people have the right and freedom to alter this dictator as they see fit. The fact that it doesn’t truly force its own enforcement. Later, healthcare has also been listed as a right. How does a person expect to pay for healthcare, but not be allowed to know what they are paying for?

Cruel and unusual punishment is not legal. That said, the death penalty for several crimes is not unusual, and can be done with a minimum of discomfort.

A minimum number of people are allowed, in fact “qualified” to vote

What kind of qualifications? They are quite uniform as they are (federal laws at least) I will agree that, at a minimum, people voting should be able to prove that they are indeed qualified to vote, and are who they say they are.

Failure to explicitly establish the power of (and limits on) judicial review, which isn't in the Constitution at all.

I agree with this, at least at face value. I don’t think that courts like the Supreme Court should be allowed to make up things that aren’t in the constitution. Nor should they be allowed to change a law. It passes as a written document, or fails to be published.

Failure to establish a uniform, nationwide, non-partisan mechanism for drawing boundary lines for House of Representatives districts, i.e. prevent gerrymandering.

There is no such thing as a non-partisan mechanism for drawing those boundary lines.

Insufficiently clear and explicit separation of church and state. Failure to explicitly prohibit religious interference in the political process and vice versa.

It actually is quite clear. Congress shall pass no law respecting an establishment, or preventing the free exercise thereof. If congress didn’t pass a law respecting an establishment of religion, or preventing the free exercise of religion, we are good. This means that if a judge wants to wear a cross or put up the 10 commandments in a courtroom where he has the authority to decorate, then they should be allowed to. If someone wants to put up a nativity scene on govt property, that is fine as well. They just can’t ban any religion of doing something similar.

Failure to publicly fund elections and prohibit their private funding.

So… government spending tax payer dollars to elect politicians? What could go wrong? Do you suggest banning political coverage/discussion on news programs and talk shows?

Failure to explicitly exclude corporations from political or civil rights and ban their participation in the electoral process.

So, privately owned businesses can spend all they want on politicians, but if you allow people to buy into the ownership of your company, you can no longer say what you want and spend money as you see fit.

Failure to prohibit shareholder lawsuits that have the effect of discouraging good corporate citizenship and stewardship; i.e. lawsuits demanding that companies move jobs offshore or evade taxes.

Should there be any shareholder lawsuits for anything other than law breaking and/or fraud?

Failure to place limits on the ability of government officials to go to work in industries that they had a role in regulating, and the ability of citizens in industry from taking government regulatory roles in the same industry.

Citizens who used to work in a government agency regulating some industry, cannot apply for a job in the industry if they quit or get fired.

Confusion or uncertainty regarding the arms laws.

There is no ambiguity concerning the right to bear arms in the constitution… none.

The Electoral College.

The electoral college is arguably the foundation of the United States of America. This is how smaller states actually have a say in federal government. Seems so many people in the US don’t even understand what it means to be a “state”.

Unlimited terms for Supreme Court justices. Ten years should be the maximum.

While logical sounding on the surface, it would lead to a very volatile court.

Works Cited

Black, Eric. Our constitution: The myth that binds us. Routledge, 2019.

Fraser, Russell. A machine that would go of itself: The Constitution in American culture. Routledge, 2017.

Gee, Graham, and Grégoire CN Webber. "What is a political constitution?" Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 30.2 (2010): 273-299.

Siegan, Bernard H. Economic liberties and the constitution. Routledge, 2017.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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