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FEMA

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FEMA

FEMA stands for federal emergency management agency. It is the agency in America for homeland security. The agency created by presidential reorganization of 1978. It is the implementation of 2 executive order in 1979. The fundamental reason to create this agency is to handle the situation during natural disasters. FEMA help civilians before, during and after any disaster. The primary mission of the FEMA is that as a nation they work to develop, maintain and improve the capacity of the country, to protect, respond, and recover from all emergencies. The annual budget of FEMA is about thirteen billion dollars. This yearly budget further divided into proportions according to the states, sizes and population. FEMA has an official website on which annual report of all funds is disclosed every year. Size of FEMA varies with time to time. In 1993 the total budget was about 3.106 billion dollars with 4476 employees while at the end of the 1996 budget it became 4.328 billion dollars with a decrease in the number of employees up to 3930. Annual budget of FEMA 2018 shows the total amount used is about thirteen billion dollars and employees working for the agency are about ten thousands. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDOwWa47Gv,propertiesformattedCitationrtf (uc0u8220Fact Sheets FEMA.Govuc0u8221 n.d.),plainCitation(Fact Sheets FEMA.Gov n.d.),citationItemsid1173,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/UYUK8NX6,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/UYUK8NX6,itemDataid1173,typewebpage,titleFact Sheets FEMA.gov,URLhttps//www.fema.gov/fact-sheets,accesseddate-parts2019,1,17,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Fact Sheets FEMA.Gov n.d.).

President Jimmy Carter is the founder of FEMA. He signed two executive orders on the first of April 1979. The congressional act of 1803 was the initial part of disaster legislation and beginning of FEMA. In 1930s approach of the federal government related to natural disasters became popular after that authority was given to Reconstruction Finance Corporation to manage the loans for construction and repairing the public assets after the natural disasters like flood and earthquake. In 2003 FEMA became the part of the homeland security department of America. Billion dollars budget was given to FEMA to resolve the issues developed after the terror attack on September 11. Another department was established that focused on national security during emergencies and disasters. Furthermore, President Bush agreed to the post-Katrina emergency reform act in 2006. This how the mission of FEMA changed or expand over the years but the main aim of all these reforms is to improve the situation of the society and to protect them from natural or human-made disasters.

FEMA is owned by the United States Department of homeland security. The present in charge of the agency is Brock Long. He is the administrator of the agency appointed by Donald Trump who is the president of America. Brock Long is confirmed as the administrator by the Senate of US in June 2017. Both political and civil service leadership is effective for FEMA. Presidents understand the problems and importance of FEMA during emergencies, therefore, agreed to placement of credible managers as the in charge of the agency. During the Katrina emergency, President Bush pointed out Michael Brown, who resigned later in disgrace. He got the job through his friend recommendation who was the campaign manager of president bush. This shows that the favoritism was there which had a negative impact on FEMA. After this, all directors who are appointed have previous experience in FEMA. During the governance of Obama, initiative steps were taken by involving the public sector for disaster preparedness. This approach not only allowed the private sector to contribute during disasters but FEMA also reflects the commitment that citizens are not just the partner but a subordinate during an emergency. For instance, After the Katrina disaster, both government agencies and the private sector collectively prepared for the inevitable disaster. One side government announced funds on the other hand private foundations invested in insurance, canals, and other projects to adjust to the changing normal. These initiatives solved the administrative and political problems to some extent, but some problems are same. This includes the misfit of FEMA as the department of homeland security because it has its priority other than public welfare. FEMA still not the cavalry and have limited powers as most of the decision is made by the government, not the agency. The problem of inequality and timing is also needed to be solved. People with high status recover from disaster rapidly than the low-status people and time gap like during Katrina disaster made question on the credibility of FEMA ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDpKNpkeef,propertiesformattedCitation(Roberts, n.d.),plainCitation(Roberts, n.d.),citationItemsid1167,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/AS6NNYZF,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/AS6NNYZF,itemDataid1167,typewebpage,title5 things that have changed about FEMA since Katrina and 5 that havent,container-titleThe Conversation,abstractIs the Federal Emergency Management Agency ready for the new era of disasters,URLhttp//theconversation.com/5-things-that-have-changed-about-fema-since-katrina-and-5-that-havent-83205,languageen,authorfamilyRoberts,givenPatrick,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Roberts, n.d.).

Many severe incidence and response of FEMA show that the agency is no more effective and efficient. Other private groups, foundations, and agencies are much more responsive than FEMA. During Hurricane Katrina government performance was poor. FEMA underestimated the situation and expected the local authorities to manage the situation through their efforts. Shortage of troops, buses, violence, and lack of communication equipment were some fundamental issues during the emergency. Hurricane is one of the biggest natural disasters which was managed by the state itself. Overall the concept of direct government provision is not reliable. When there is only government involvement in any program, there can be the problem of lack of management whether financial or infrastructural. For instance, during Hurricane emergency, there were payment issues. Corruption was pointed out, and private firm like block grant did not get payments on time. In housing recovery worker was not professional, interview taken by the private organization. It was so unprofessional that the interviewers only asked a frequent question that whether the worker can work for long hours. City contractors began installing pylon on the recovery housing after the two years of tragedy where more than thirteen thousand homeowners are waiting for their house to be made ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION citationIDJSj63H6b,propertiesformattedCitationrtf (uc0u8220Hurricane Sandy Recovery Program in New York City Was Mired by Its Design - The New York Timesuc0u8221 n.d.),plainCitation(Hurricane Sandy Recovery Program in New York City Was Mired by Its Design - The New York Times n.d.),citationItemsid1170,urishttp//zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/SU9ZPMIT,urihttp//zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/SU9ZPMIT,itemDataid1170,typewebpage,titleHurricane Sandy Recovery Program in New York City Was Mired by Its Design - The New York Times,URLhttps//www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.html,accesseddate-parts2019,1,17,schemahttps//github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json (Hurricane Sandy Recovery Program in New York City Was Mired by Its Design - The New York Times n.d.).

FEMA need to solve primary issues like time management and worker efficiency. Non efficient workers leads to some serious impact during disaster. Most important problem is that FEMA should be separate from Department of Homeland Security so that the first priority of FEMA become the welfare of society rather than own profit of the agency. There should be proper check and balance on the appointment whether for an administrator or a worker. Proper trained and efficient employees are needed for the agency. Political impact on the agency should be less and partnership with private organisation should be increased.

Fact Sheet

Motto Prepared, Responsive, Committed.

Mission As a nation they work to develop, maintain and improve the capacity of the country, to protect, respond, and recover from all natural and man-made disasters.

Description FEMA stands for federal emergency management agency. It is the agency in America for homeland security. The agency created by presidential reorganization of 1978. It is the implementation of 2 executive order in 1979. The basic reason to create this agency is to handle the situation during natural disasters.

Budget

YearBudget (billion )Employee19933.106 447619964.328 3930.201813.99,981 Programs of FEMA

Federal Insurance And Mitigation Administration

National Continuity Programs

Integrated Public Alert And Warning System

National Preparedness Directorate

Grants Program Directorate

Offices of FEMA

Response And Recovery

Disability Integration And Coordination

Response And Recovery, Logistics Management Directorate

Response And Recovery, Recovery Directorate

Response And Recovery, Response Directorate

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL custom CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fact Sheets FEMA.Gov. n.d. Accessed January 17, 2019. https//www.fema.gov/fact-sheets.

Hurricane Sandy Recovery Program in New York City Was Mired by Its Design - The New York Times. n.d. Accessed January 17, 2019. https//www.nytimes.com/2014/09/05/nyregion/after-hurricane-sandy-a-rebuilding-program-is-hindered-by-its-own-construction.html.

Roberts, Patrick. n.d. 5 Things That Have Changed about FEMA since Katrina and 5 That Havent. The Conversation. http//theconversation.com/5-things-that-have-changed-about-fema-since-katrina-and-5-that-havent-83205.

Your Last Name PAGE MERGEFORMAT 8

FEMA Summary

Federal Emergency Management Agency President Jimmy Carter, Founder

1ST OF April 1979, Formed Brock Long, Administrator

United States of America, Jurisdiction Daniel Kaniewski, Deputy Administrator

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Subject: Political Science

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Film Discussion

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Should Americans pass the civics test in order to vote?

A civic test is more like a test, that is meant to justify the right to vote. The political process of voting in America has taken a new turn, according to which a test comprising of voting law, discriminatory effect and the actual intent of the law is demonstrated. In accordance with the movie, "Electoral Dysfunction," it is asserted that Americans should have to pass a civic test before they are given permission to cast ballots. The aim of test is just to make the voters aware of the government they are going to have in the future. Although several arguments are proposed to highlight that there is no logical baseline under civic test. Still, it would not be wrong to say that Americans should pass civic test because people should be made aware of the people about whom they are going to vote. It is quoted from history that, the adults in the United States are less towards voting as compared to the older Americans. It is interesting and equally devastating to note that in the last years, especially 2016 the youth voter rate turnout with about 30%. Civic education is confined to K-12 trajectory, taking into account that there is a lower exposure to civic education. The idea of civic test is more like a heed that can bring a mirror to actions in the political affairs of America. If America's politics is chosen on the basis of the older population who is not aware of current political affairs, it would not be wrong to say that people vote on the basis of rumors.

As the movie depicts, the idea of civic tests will generate a wave of awareness that could address the people nominated for election and the type of government they would practice. It also opens an insight for the fact that if immigrants are asked to attempt a test for a vote then why the local people can’t take test, despite knowing that general public would be more aware of the political affairs. Usually, people vote on the basis of the physical appearance or any fact they have heard about the leader. It is also highlighted that there are families in which voting a singular party every time is more like a ritual. Although it also argues that age doesn't impart equal intelligence, inferring, there are people who had never been to school. There is also an idea to consider that if a candidate passes the test he passed the test for life. Although it would affect the number of people who are uneducated, it is important to note that it will equally affect the people who are educated.

In a nutshell, I can be analyzed that in the United States, voting should be treated as an act of voting that has sound logic and a valid concern behind. This concern can only be initiated by associating specific measures such as civic tests. Such tests will allow the layman to know about the people who are elected for the government. As Electoral dysfunction highlights civic test to be a stance that can not only act as a "task to do" but it will also allow breaking the social, political and racial demarcations that have polluted the idea of election and the choice of governor. It would not be wrong to say that if it is the right of every individual to vote then, a civic test will enforce this right in an adequate manner because people would be accountable to their choices and decisions. There are several other aspects of knowledge associated with civic test, highlighting that it will strengthen the educational grounds by introducing such courses that can help children know political affairs.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Film Response Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Film Response Paper

Electoral Dysfunction is a movie that was released in 2012. The movie is more like a full-length documentary that uses humor as a tool to reflect the disrupting procedures in America. It would not be wrong to say that the movie depicts political attire, taking into account certain aspects of political system that can have an impact on America. The systematic problems of America are brought into limelight by using wit. As the title depicts, “Electoral Dysfunction" reflects the impairments in the electoral functions that is hampering the overall framework of politics. The micro and macro level political frameworks are addressed in a highly light tone. (Bassetti & Victoria, 2012). A humorist Rocca acted as a presidential election along with three graders that has a strong influence on the viewers due to its weak and amusing satirical essence. Mo Rocca underwent an investigation of an electoral system, and he put forth several interesting points such as, failure of the constitution, the guarantee to right to vote and the controversy that is associated with the laws restricting voter registration. (Electoral Dysfunction, 2012).

The film follows a lineage in which events take place in coordination, taking into account that the baseline of “dysfunction” is reflected step by step. The plot of film reveals that the right to vote is not mentioned in the constitution and Rocca tried to investigate the reasons why the right to vote is left, side by side struggling to find the cause of dysfunctional voting system in the world's largest democratic sytem. The film brings into insight the scenario of elections of 2008, where Indianan can be seen troubling with the laws of voter ID. (Electoral Dysfunction, 2012). In a simplified form, Electrol Dysfunction highlights the importance of voting, asserting that voting is an undeniable part of democracy still, many of the aspects are misunderstood. The stance of ambiguity can be understood from the analysis of election of 2000 where apparently Al Gore won election by half million votes but as a result of recount presidency shifted towards Goerge Bush in Texas. On the same baseline, a reflection of election of 2012 is portrayed where a tie is found between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama that resulted in the reformation of activists. (Alberto & Maurice, 2012).

An exegetical analysis of Electoral dysfunction reveals that the process of electing the president in United States is a core stance of relentlessly coy, taking into account the controversy that surrounds new laws paving the way for restriction to voting. (Alberto & Maurice, 2012). The struggle of Rocca infers that the examination of Electoral College, as well as the attempts to reform or abolish the voting curricula, actually reflects the political deviations that are a major tool in the disturbance of political happenings. It would not be wrong to say that dysfunction is a depiction of the fact that disruption is not confined to the upper strata, but the poll workers are equally questionable in the enforcement of subject mindset. (Bassetti & Victoria, 2012).

In a nutshell, electoral dysfunction is a documentary that paints the picture of a democratic system, accompanied by the actions that disrupt the democratic system. It is a thread that began from the analysis of the constitution to the assumptions announcing restriction to vote, taking into account that the title explores nationwide problems of fairness and accessibility in a highly light tone, accompanied by satire and wit. The recognition of oddities of “Electoral College” and the work out of voter IDs not only creates massive interest but it highlights the hidden facts having the potential to distort the political framework. It would not be wrong to say that documentary is embellished with eye-opening political frameworks that need a considerable amount of attention to maintain political stability.

Work Cited

Alberto, Maurice. "4.42 Mo Rocca." The Daily Show: 142.

Bassetti, Victoria. Electoral Dysfunction: A Survival Manual for American Voters. 2012

"Electoral Dysfunction (2012)." IMDb. N. p., 2019. Web. 20 Feb. 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2239126/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Final Exam

Political Science 1

Spring 2019

Final

Please answer the following ten questions using only your text and lecture notes. The exam is worth 200 points. Good luck!

Congress has specialized agencies that are designed to deal with specific tasks. These specialized agencies are known as committees. Primarily, these are four main types: select committee, conference committee, committee of the whole house, and subcommittee.

Standing committees are for speedy decision-making processes. They have experts on every important subject of the state. Conference committees are responsible for resolving deadlocks between the two houses of congress on the proposed bills. Sub committees deal with specialized legislation. Furthermore, select committee usually investigate scandals in the administration. Then, Committee of the whole house is the one which discusses every bill and then sent it for approval.

The House of Representative elects its own speaker. His purpose is to summons and prorogues the session. He is usually a biased representative who takes his party’s side openly. Whereas, the vice president’s role in senate is similar in presiding the session, but it is not a partisan position. He doesn’t take the sides while discussing any issue and casts his vote only to remove deadlock in any issue. The vice president is the link between executive and legislature in US political system. The significance of the vice president is more vis-à-vis speaker of House of representative.

The Congressional Budget office is very much important in the process of budgeting. This body is unbiased and non- partisan in its working. The main role of Congressional budget office is to provide information to congress about the finances. This body analysis economic conditions and public reports for better economic policies in the country. This office is important in its nature because it is the source of information for the congress which enjoys a dominant position in the financial matters. No budget can pass without the approval of congress members.

The Office of management and budget deals with process of making financial plan of the government. This is the source of help to the Executive branch or the president. The officials prepare the list of estimates and expense of the administration. This really ameliorates the burden of executive branch in the government as the proposal for grants or money is prepared by this office. Then, this proposal is put forward for debate and discussion. Moreover, it also analyses the working of several agencies of administration and their effectiveness. The president really gets an overall picture of the money spent and the money needed in the administration.

Everywhere around the world, the legislature controls the budgeting process. So, the budget of USA is controlled by the congress- the legislative branch of the US government. More precisely, it is the senate of US congress that has the final say in the budgeting. The president prepares the budget and ask for appropriations for the annual year. It is then debated in both houses and the senate allocates it. The role of congress is that it first approves of the financial plan of the president and its administration. Then, the president allocates a certain portion of funds to the respective departments of his administration.

Hatch Act is a federal law which illuminated the point that people working in the executive branch of the government are refrained to engage in any political activity. They are not allowed to take part in any political debates or acts. This act was passed to make executive more neutral in its operations. However, this Hatch Act does not apply to the president, vice president, and other high officials in the US government. This act is still applicable, and it should continue in order to make the executive branch more restricted in its use of power. This is a good step that prevents the abuse of authority in the executive branch.

The federal court system has a defined structure. The apex court in the country is the Supreme Court. Then comes circuit courts and the lowest tier is about district courts. The federal district courts are authorized to hear cases related to treaties and constitution. However, the federal court can only hear cases related to constitution. There are 94 district courts and 13 circuit courts in the country and one apex court. There are some other courts as well that owe their existence to legislature. Such courts are territorial courts, courts of military appeal, and the courts of the District of Columbia.

Defense attorneys exist in every legal system around the world. Their prime purpose is to provide help to the accused. So the defense attorney in our court system works on the same principal of helping the culprit in the legal process, and to negotiate plea bargains. He is the person who advises the accused about the possible repercussions in wake of his criminal activity, and suggest him the best way to deal with his crime. He is very important in the US judicial system. Defense attorneys are of two kinds: civil and criminal. Both protect people from irrational applications of law in the process.

Iron triangle is the mutually beneficial relationship among the dominant actors in the society. In case of US, it is the mutual consensus of congressmen, bureaucrats, and the special groups such as pressure groups in the political system. This iron triangle reflects the partnership of these three important stakeholders that shape and guide the course of American society and the importance policies in the administration.

Lobbying is the phenomenon of back-door influencing policy-making in the political system. This is the concept where pressure groups are involved and they project their own preferred versions of policy-making. This is legal but immoral in a sense that a few influential interest groups control the reins of government instead of people’s aspiration. Sadly, this has become a household name in the US political system where it is opined that lobbies control the congress officials. Private Citizens involved in this lobbying process. They are mostly owners of the big corporations that enjoy the influence over successive governments in US.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Final Exam Paper

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Title: Argumentative Essay

The American system which is largely based on the system of check and balances had remained under wide critique for decades. The popular critics argue that the system of check and balance have made the system too constrained. Neither the opposition and nor the government has ever remained in a position to openly play against the opposite part. The system of checks and balances have remained crucial in maintaining the supremacy of law in the U.S, but it has come with some inherent drawbacks. These drawbacks have been criticized from time to time by the critiques, who consider that such a system of check and balances erodes the transparency and makes limit the American governance system to work. The author of the quote has criticized the system of checks and balances in this way because it appears that this system of checks and balances are limited, as argued by Petterson ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fsREf3uF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Patterson)","plainCitation":"(Patterson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":643,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NZLGH3QW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/NZLGH3QW"],"itemData":{"id":643,"type":"book","title":"Out of Order: An incisive and boldly original critique of the news media's domination of Ameri","publisher":"Vintage","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Out of Order","author":[{"family":"Patterson","given":"Thomas E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Patterson).

There are other reasons also argued by him, which suggests that the system of checks and balances have become obsolete. For example, Wilson argues that the Veto system, which is considered as the Presidential prerogative has just been used four times, since the year 2011 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lr0TRuFT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson)","plainCitation":"(Wilson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":644,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/P58IXNYY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/P58IXNYY"],"itemData":{"id":644,"type":"book","title":"Congressional government: A study in American politics","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Congressional government","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Woodrow"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson). This suggests that the President was constrained, by the system of checks over him that he could not use his prerogative of the Veto power. Similarly, this political fashion goes over to the Congress who has also used it scarcely. This scarce use of the Veto power which exists in the hands of the President and rests with that of the Congress has been used very rarely. The next important thing which this system of checks and balances erode is the power of accusation of impeachment. There have been just three Presidents who have accused with the impeachment. In short, these are some reasons as to why the author has remained too critical about this system of checks and balances.

The system of the American federal government is designed in such a way that no law can be made while keeping it administratively independent of the other federal unit. For example, the legislature introduces the bill, it is then passed to the executive (the President), and finally, it can be tested by the people of the U.S, in the court. In doing so the roles of the political parties are undoubtedly controlled. For example, the anti-immigrant campaign hinted by President Trump during his election campaigns was curtailed by the U.S Supreme court, when it announced that this move by the President is of the political nature. This backlash by the U.S Supreme Court ruling conforms to that aspect of the quote where the writer mentions that the political parties are unable to rule.

The above critique on the American system of federalism appears much credible as the role of the Republican Party appears much controlled by the federal prerogatives which have been divided with other organs of the federal government. Chomsky has although a very different view of this and has credited the Supreme Court for ruling against the President’s plan of immigration ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"my0LQCRt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chomsky)","plainCitation":"(Chomsky)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":647,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Z9YUH5JV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Z9YUH5JV"],"itemData":{"id":647,"type":"book","title":"\" They take our jobs!\": and 20 other myths about immigration","publisher":"Beacon Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":" They take our jobs!","author":[{"family":"Chomsky","given":"Aviva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chomsky). But an unbiased approach suggests that this system of American governance has with time inculcated some dysfunctional attributes. These dysfunctional attributes are what the author of the quote has based them as reasons. Irrespective of the political moves of the Republican Party, it is much evidence that the system of this check and balances have constrained the Presidential powers. The other case that can be considered in this regard is that of the JCPOA (the Join Comprehensive Plan of Actions). If such a move is targeted by the Democrats (who initially have worked over it), the Supreme Court and then the legislature can override any such move.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chomsky, Aviva. “They Take Our Jobs!” And 20 Other Myths about Immigration. Beacon Press, 2018.

Patterson, Thomas E. Out of Order: An Incisive and Boldly Original Critique of the News Media’s Domination of Ameri. Vintage, 2011.

Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Routledge, 2017.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Financial Services Deregulation

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Financial Services Deregulation

Financial Services Deregulation, liberalization and other changes in economic policy are responsible for the emergence of new financial products that are difficult to categorize unequivocally in the traditional categories of banking, insurance, and the securities market. The active process of transformation of financial market regulation systems observed in many countries of the world is due to the need to adapt to new trends in the development of the world economy in general and financial markets in particular. The common cause of different countries for modern regulatory reform is financial globalization and its implications. The White House began in 2018 with the promised deregulation of the financial sector. The changes should relate to the relationship of poor US citizens and with banks, which today cannot issue loans to this part of the population.

The administration of the US President would like to amend the 1977 legislation on reinvestment, which limits the amount of loans to rich borrowers and provides affordable financial support to the middle and low-income class. However, the law does not take into account the poorest segments of the population, and this causes critical public feedback (Broder, 294). Donald Trump wants to achieve two goals at once with amendments to this law: to provide flexibility for financial corporations in meeting the requirements of the regulator and to provide financial assistance to the poor. The change in the law, on the one hand, will allow not to spend tens of billions of dollars to fulfill obligations, some of which are purely formal. Authorization to issue loans to the neediest part of citizens does not entail risks for banks and borrowers.

With low unemployment, high and steadily growing wages, even the poorest part of the population is able to serve the minimum and average debt burden, which implies paying a loan of about 20-30% of monthly income. Thus, the financial sector receives an additional driver of income growth from the non-credited population. Banks in aggregate will be able to earn up to $ 5 billion. XLF – ETF for the financial sector this year has excellent chances of becoming the leader of growth and bring its investors about 25% yield. The target price for XLF is $ 36 per share.

US market, its features and problem areas as an example, illustrating the alternative development of the system of regulation of the national financial market regulation system. Despite a significant increase in the number of countries that have implemented regulatory integration, its need causes many controversies and discussions. Under these conditions, the study of American practice in this area is of particular interest, since the system of regulating financial. The US market is one of the few in which the organizational structure has not undergone significant changes. The US Federal Reserve was founded in 1913 to provide a secure, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system. Currently, there are four main areas of responsibility: - implementation of the national monetary policy by influencing the monetary and credit conditions in the economy to ensure maximum employment, price stability and moderate long-term interest rates; - supervision and regulation of the activities of banks to ensure the sustainability of the national financial and banking system, as well as to protect the rights of borrowers; - maintaining the stability of the financial system and limiting systemic risk in financial markets; and - provision of financial services to depository institutions, the US government, foreign financial institutions, including the implementation of the main role in the functioning of the national payment system.

As for the insurance market, in accordance with the McCare-on-Ferguson Act of 1945, the regulation of insurance in the United States falls under the jurisdiction of states, rather than federal agencies

New, although insurance is subject to federal antitrust laws. This means that at the federal level there is no special legislation in the field of insurance business. Federal authorities are involved in regulating certain aspects of insurance related to nuclear insurance, as well as in managing national flood insurance, crime insurance and agricultural insurance programs (Winston, 90).

The US financial system is complex and diverse, consisting of a multitude of state federal and other government and administrative authorities, financial and administrative departments and agencies, private banks and corporations engaged in both domestic and international financial operations. Due to the enormous influence on the entire world economy and world finances, the US financial system is more than any other national system is part of the global financial system.

The rapid development of the US financial sector poses new challenges for its regulatory system. The main development trend is securitization, which led to the growth of the “periphery” of the American financial sector, including as a holder and creator of financial assets: first thanks to mutual funds and hedge funds, and then through mortgage brokers and private finance funds, and, accordingly, the reduction in assets of financial institutions that are part of the “core” of the US financial sector by 2 times in 1980–2006. On the one hand, this leads to a limitation of the ability of regulators to influence the financial sector, and on the other, it makes it necessary to increase this influence (Calomiris, 23).

Despite these and other problems, the US financial market regulators believe that the fundamentally established regulatory model corresponds to the state and trends of the financial sector. The Federal Reserve believes that, although there is a relative decline in assets of financial institutions belonging to the “core”, it still has significant leverage on the financial sector, since the largest and most important commercial and investment banks are tightly controlled. At the same time, the extension of strict control (in whole or in part) to financial institutions belonging to the "periphery" of the American financial sector, in the opinion of regulators, is inexpedient, since it can lead to the emergence of a "moral hazard" (Meerschwam,34).

The state budget occupies an important place in the overall structure of the US financial system in terms of the state's influence on the state of finances, economic conditions, the nature and directions of government economic policy. It is a powerful indicator in determining the long-term plans of large corporations and banks. This role is already evident due to the colossal size of government spending that directly and directly affects the state of the economy and finances, the activities of manufacturing and trading companies implementing government orders, banks and other financial institutions serving the budget programs of the US government (Beck, et.al 1637).

In the US financial system (like many other developed countries), banks play a heightened role. In accordance with the Law of the Voice of Segal, banks are divided into commercial and investment. A special role is played by the Central Bank of the country - the Federal Reserve System (FRS). The role of the Fed is continuously increasing as the macroeconomic responsibility of the American government increases during all post-war decades, including in the 1990s. However, the Fed is only partially responsible for the supervision of banks and shares this function with special federal and state control bodies. A huge role in the US financial and economic world is played by commercial banks. The main financial center remains New York, which houses the headquarters of the largest banks with global networks. The activities of most of the smaller ones (from New York, California, Texas to Michigan and Arkansas) extend into the outback. In addition to commercial banks, US financial institutions include: depository institutions (savings and credit organizations), insurance companies (life insurance, property), pension funds, other institutions (investment corporations, mutual funds.

These institutions are essential because they account for more than 40% of financial assets that are directed to production targets. They play a key role in the short-term capital market. In the financial system, investment corporation banks play an important role, providing economic agents with credit resources for investment activities. Investment banks concentrate enormous financial strength, which is used both to influence the American economic environment itself and to carry out major international financial transactions.

The United States complies with standards and opinions issued by the different international bodies in financial regulation. The Stability Council Financial Stability Board (FSB), formed At the initiative of the G20, 70 institutions national and 6 financial institutions International. Its objectives are to evaluate the regulations to implement and coordinate the action of the national regulatory authorities. The United States conform to established standards by the FSB, as well as by the Basel Committee. The transposition of the Basel III Agreement of 2010 by United States in July 2013, agreement that aims to strengthen the capital level of banks and institute liquidity requirements, was not only judged satisfactorily (largely compliant ) by the Committee itself same, but also more advanced than that of the Union European. This agreement only concerns banks with more than $ 500 million in assets.

Despite these and other problems, the US financial market regulators believe that the fundamentally established regulatory model corresponds to the state and trends of the financial sector. The Federal Reserve believes that, although there is a relative decline in assets of financial institutions belonging to the “core”, it still has significant leverage on the financial sector, since the largest and most important commercial and investment banks are tightly controlled. At the same time, the extension of strict control (in whole or in part) to financial institutions belonging to the "periphery" of the American financial sector, in the opinion of regulators, is inexpedient, since it can lead to the emergence of a "moral hazard".

An example of such an approach (government regulation of the “core” of the financial sector and market regulation of its “periphery”) is regulation of hedge funds in the United States. The Federal Reserve has recognized the importance of the hedge fund industry as a key provider of liquidity and innovative trading strategies for several market segments. However, the regulator takes the position that regulation of size and leverage of private. It is therefore not enough to require more capital from banks and more liquidity from their balance sheets. Financial regulators must have a vision of all the financial risks that lie outside the banks and that could create a risk for the banking system. This implies more differentiated rules, more supranationality of financial regulation and more elaborate means for regulators (Ingham, pg 177).

The complexity of the US financial sector, expressed in a variety of types of financial institutions and the tools they use, and the corresponding regulatory model corresponding to it led to the development of regulatory harmonization processes. Thus, the proposed rules and regulations established by one body are open to discussion and criticism from other bodies; US financial market regulators are working closely on common market issues (for example, regulatory agreement on loan loss provisions); The Working Group on the Financial Market under the President has been established and is functioning; joint research is being conducted

Works Cited

Beck, Thorsten, Ross Levine, and Alexey Levkov. "Big bad banks? The winners and losers from bank deregulation in the United States." The Journal of Finance 65.5 (2010): 1637-1667.

Broder, Jonathan. "Financial Services Deregulation." CQ Researcher, 6 Apr. 2018, pp. 293-316, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2018040600.

Calomiris, Charles W., and Charles W. Calomiris. US bank deregulation in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Meerschwam, David M. Breaking Financial Boundaries: Global Capital, National Deregulation, and Financial Services Firms. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.

Ingham, Hilary, and Steve Thompson. "Deregulation, firm capabilities and diversifying entry decisions: The case of financial services." The Review of Economics and Statistics (1995): 177-183.

Winston, Clifford. "US industry adjustment to economic deregulation." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12.3 (1998): 89-110.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

FInd Your Representatives

Find your representatives

Congressman: Nancy Pelosi

Title: speaker of United States House of Representatives

District: D-CA 12th District

Address: H-204, US Capitol Washington, DC 20515 (202) 225-0100

Phone: (415) 556-4862 Fax: (202) 225-4965 

US senator in New York: Chris Collins

Title: US Representative for New York

District: R-NY 27th District

Address: 2243 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC 20515

Phone: 202-225-5265 Fax: 202-225-5910.

State representative at Assembly: Thomas J Abinanti

Title: Member of New York State Assembly

District: Assembly District 92

Address: 303 South Broadway Suite 229. Tarrytown, NY 10591

Phone: 914-631-1605 Fax: 914-631-1609.

State representative: Peter King

Title: Representative from New York

District: NY 3rd District

Address: Mossapequa Park District Office. 1003 Park Boulevard. Phone: (516) 541-4225 fax: (516) 541-6602 pete.king@mail.house.gov.

My city representative is Peter King who has been serving in politics since 2013. He is a republican and serving Fourteenth term in the House of Representatives.

City Council: Corey Johnson

Title: New York City Council

District: 3rd District

Address: 24 West 30th Street, Suite 1206 (between 7th & 8th Avenues).

Phone: (212) 564-7757 Fax: Email: district3@council.nyc.gov.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Aeembly. (2019). Thomas J. Abinanti . Retrieved 04 11, 2019, from https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Thomas-J-Abinanti/bio/

Bio. (2018). Kirsten Gillibrand Biography . Retrieved 04 11, 2019, from https://www.biography.com/people/kirsten-gillibrand-21044423

Collins, C. (2018). Biography. Retrieved 04 11, 2019, from https://chriscollins.house.gov/about/full-biography

King, P. (2018). Full Biography . Retrieved 04 11, 2019, from https://peteking.house.gov/about/full-biography

NYC. (2019). Corey Johnson. Retrieved 04 11, 2019, from https://council.nyc.gov/corey-johnson/

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Fnc 250

Difference beween IMF and Wolrd Bank

These two associations are extraordinary yet the real distinction is that World Bank has been set up as an advancement association while IMF was established as a helpful association.

World Bank gives financial guide to creating nations over the world while International Monetary Fund (IMF) lessens neediness, encourages that the rate of business is high, advances financial dependability and furthermore advances universal exchange.

The fundamental distinction between the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank lies in their separate purposes and capacities. The IMF supervises the world'smonetary framework's soundness, while the World's Bank will probably lessen neediness by offering help to center salary and low-pay nations.

IMF Country – Pakistan

Joined IMF in Pakistan, July 11, 1950. In January 2018, the World Bank anticipated the economy of Pakistan to develop by 6 percent in 2019 and same was the projection of International Monetary Fund. In any case, this year the economy had been conjecture to back off to three percent of GDP and cause was the predominant political emergency. The IMF brought down its 2019 financial development estimate for Pakistan and the district by 0.3 rate focuses to 2.4 percent. "Development in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan area is relied upon to stay repressed at 2.4 percent in 2019 preceding recuperating to around 3 percent in 2020," the worldwide loan specialist said in its World Economic Outlook update for January.

Different elements burden the district's viewpoint, including feeble oil yield development, which balances a normal pickup in non-oil movement (Saudi Arabia); fixing financing conditions (Pakistan); US sanctions (Iran); and, over a few economies, geopolitical pressures. The IMF brought down its projection for Saudi Arabia's total national output development this year to 1.8 percent, down from 2.4 percent in its October report. Anyway it raised its figure for one year from now by 0.2 rate focuses, to 2.1 percent.

World Bank Recipient Country – Pakistan

Pakistan's economy kept on developing in FY18, achieving 5.8 percent. Development was driven by higher utilization request, powered by accommodative fiscal and financial strategies; bringing about augmenting macroeconomic uneven characters. Current record deficiency (CAD) achieved 6.1 percent of GDP in FY18, up from 4.1 percent in FY17. The augmenting CAD mirrors the developing exchange shortfall as fares attempted to get up to speed with enduring increasing speed in imports because of high household request. Fiscal shortage augmented to 6.6 percent (barring awards) in FY18, switching fiscal union endeavors in earlier years. The fundamental explanations behind the fiscal slippage was an expansive increment in intermittent going through together with low income development (non-charge incomes).

Article Summary

As demonstrated by Nancy Birdsall, senior individual and building up pioneer of the Center for Global Development, the method of reasoning of an American president to ensure bolstered the American support for the WB is never again blunt as it has been." She further stated that the Trump's "America First" talk may make it more difficult for the America to blend support for the the American confident. Others fight that these worries are overstated and that any real effort to prevent the American applicant would invert release. It's a confounded delight. There is an incredible possibility that the America picked one will be supported. The world has an eagerness for the America remaining attracted with the World Bank. Earth shattering nations' relationship with the America matter essentially more than who heads the World Bank.

Works Cited

Birdsall, Nancy, “The World Bank Needs to Join the 21st Century,” Foreign Policy, January 16, 2019, pp. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/16/the-world-bank-needs-to-join-the-21st-century/

Peet, Richard. Unholy trinity: the IMF, World Bank and WTO. Zed Books Ltd., 2009.

Woods, Ngaire. The globalizers: the IMF, the World Bank, and their borrowers. Cornell University Press, 2006.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Foreign Policy

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Foreign Policy

The foreign policy of the United States of America (USA) is aimed at focusing on security by confronting terrorists abroad and strengthening internal security paradigms and migration controls and pursuing America First policy toward trade. The strategic policy pursuit by Trump pertinent to Europe is proving to be prudent and rationale. For instance, Trump stressed the European states to be concerned about their defenses rather than relying on the United States for protection. In the Asian region, the United States has comprehended the significance of impeding the vigorous advancement of China and confronting it on economic grounds potentially. For instance, the unilateral abandonment of the Trans-Pacific relationship is an explicit illustration of the manifestation.

A critical appraisal of the foreign policy pursued by America underpins the primary objective to launch a ferocious trade war with China instead of partnering with other states and organizations to establish an integrated mechanism of economic development and cooperation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"snQmA5fr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Trump\\uc0\\u8217{}s Foreign Policies Are Better Than They Seem\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Trump’s Foreign Policies Are Better Than They Seem”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2421,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/2Q3SSWWX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/2Q3SSWWX"],"itemData":{"id":2421,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump's Foreign Policies Are Better Than They Seem","container-title":"Council on Foreign Relations","abstract":"President Donald J. Trump’s actions have often been rash, ignorant, and chaotic. Yet some of his individual foreign policies are better than his opponents assert.","URL":"https://www.cfr.org/report/trumps-foreign-policies-are-better-they-seem","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Trump’s Foreign Policies Are Better Than They Seem”). In addition, a complicated state of affair with North Korea is intact for several years and the contemporary policy has perhaps aggravated the relations. Irrefutably, the nuclear arsenal of North Korea is a grave concern but the wishful thinking of the stakeholders has struggled to address it in true letter and spirits. In the Middle East, the implications of abandoning the Iran nuclear deal manifested in adverse consequences for the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dJxWsaTm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}For Energy Security Think EVs | American Foreign Policy Council})","plainCitation":"(For Energy Security Think EVs | American Foreign Policy Council)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2423,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/BM2F6SNW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/H8YOvGFC/items/BM2F6SNW"],"itemData":{"id":2423,"type":"webpage","title":"For Energy Security Think EVs | American Foreign Policy Council","URL":"https://www.afpc.org/publications/articles/for-energy-security-think-evs","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (For Energy Security Think EVs | American Foreign Policy Council). The intriguing relationship with the Saudi Crown Prince is of foremost significance which is not paid heed by the policymakers. Above all, the war on terrorism and the Afghan issue are causing the foreign policy to be formulated in varied structures and extending allies with states for a strategic purpose. A prudent solution of the Afghan issue will shape the foreign policy to maximize the national interest of the state and will irrefutably curb the menace of terrorism across the world.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY For Energy Security Think EVs | American Foreign Policy Council. https://www.afpc.org/publications/articles/for-energy-security-think-evs. Accessed 16 Apr. 2019.

“Trump’s Foreign Policies Are Better Than They Seem.” Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.cfr.org/report/trumps-foreign-policies-are-better-they-seem. Accessed 16 Apr. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Founding Documents

Name

Title of paper

My Name

Class Day and Time

Due Date

FOUNDING DOCUMENTS OF PAKISTAN AND U.S.A

INTRODUCTION

Founding document of any country is also known as the constitution which is a framework of government of any state by which they govern the country. After getting independence from British atrocity, thirteen colonies joined together after that they drafted their initial constitution-article of confederation. But by the time they realized that article of confederation does not deliver their all rights. Thus founders of the United States of America drafted a brief and authentic constitution of the United States of America. The charter of America was developed on September 17, 1787, and ratified by the thirteen states on June 21, 1788. And the constitutional history of Pakistan is very turbulent the reason that the constitution of Pakistan has been abolished, drafted, suspended and amended several times owing to ineffective governance. Now Pakistan has its final charter which was developed by the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1973 which contain 280 articles and has been amended 32 times.

Explanation

Similarities in Constitution of the U.S.A and Pakistan

The U.S.A and Pakistan both have federal and provincial/states government and a bicameral parliament-upper house known as Senate and lower house is called a National assembly in Pakistan and Congress in the U.S.A. The most prominent and inspired feature of the Constitution of the U.S.A because it allows one pillar of government to check other components of government. Each institute of government practices their jurisdictions. However, the constitution of Pakistan permits the same. But all the parts of government try to interfere in other's domain. Both charters granted freedom of speech, religion, and security to its citizens.

Differences in the Constitution of the United States of America and Pakistan

In the United States of America, direct presidential elections are held, president of America serves as the head of state as well as the head of government. On the other hand, the constitution of Pakistan stipulates that 2/3rd majority is required to select the head of the government-prime minister, head of the state president. Interestingly, the founding document of the U.S.A has seven articles only and is amended 27 times in 200 years. In contrast, the constitution of Pakistan has 280 articles, and it is modified 32 times in 46 years. One clause in the bill of rights in the Constitution of U.S.A gives the right to keep weapons, but the constitution of Pakistan is silent on the possession of firearms.

Moreover, the 3/4th majority in Congress as well as in states is required to amend the constitution of the U.S.A, but now the country is facing severe problem regarding possession of arms due to 3/4th of majority it is difficult to change the right of ownership of weapons, on the other hand in Pakistan 2/3rd majority in parliament can amend the constitution quickly. Factually, both founding documents have some similarities and variations in it. American law has more legitimacy than the constitution of Pakistan. It is the reason why people inspired by the charter of the former country. Moreover, the U.S constitution had added Bill of Rights in it which other country has not.

Conclusion

From the paragraph, as mentioned earlier, we may conclude that the constitution of the U.S is more practical and useful due to its firmness but has some negative aspect, but it is still valid and reasonable as compared to the founding documents of other nations. Pakistan's charter contains all the laws, rules and regulations but bad governance make it less practical than the constitution of U.S.A. Therefore, the constitution of the United States of America is better than the other founding document.

References

Paper_Masters123

https://www.history.com/topics/united-states-constitutconstitutionion/

https://courtingthelaw.com/2015/09/08/commentary/a-comparative-analysis-of-the-constitutions-of-Pakistan-and-us/

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Fourth Amendment

Name

Instructor

Course

Date

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America is one of the necessities involved in the Bill of Rights. The Amendment deals with the protection of capricious investigations and apprehensions. It was recognized in response to the contentious writ of assistance, which played a vital role after the War of Independence (Newton).

Though, in some situations, the establishments have permitted a search to be conducted at a inferior level to that is obligatory for a probable cause. According to the Supreme Court, in order to conduct a search, the police must be able to demonstrate according to specific and articulated facts that, taken as a whole in a rational manner, it can be inferred that such facts would produce logical reasoning to give a judicial order to support their actions (Newton).

Normally, the courts reject doesn’t accept the evidence taken from random searches and seizures. The exclusionary rule applies in a criminal trial to both the investigation and accusatory phase. The exclusion rule isn’t applicable when the agent uses an invalid order in good faith. The good faith exception permits the evidence to be considered if it is collected by the police officer with good intention (Vile and Hudson).

In the Katz case, the consideration that the Fourth Amendment places a particular emphasis on the interference of the Government in areas enumerated by it is not rejected. The evaluation of the reasonable expectation of privacy established has been added - not substituted to the criterion of analysis of government interference in private ownership of common law. Thus, it can be said that the fourth amendment covers almost all aspects but with the rise in the use of technology, the regular updates are required for an effective system of law.

Work Cited

Newton, Brent Evan. "The Real-World Fourth Amendment." SSRN Electronic Journal (2016): n. pag. Web.

Vile, John R, and David L Hudson. Encyclopedia Of The Fourth Amendment. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: CQ Press, 2013. Print.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Gender And Politics

Gender and Politics

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Gender and Politics

Introduction

During the last few decades, there is a rigorous change that occurred in the world political system. In more than a hundred states, shares for females are adopted for their selection in government offices. The presence of allowances has given a significant edge to the countries to speed up the process of development and competition in the international movement of providing equal rights to every gender. Same is the case with the United States where the political institutions have to acknowledge the importance of participation of women, and it borrows the approaches from European rules for maximizing the representation of females in their offices. A primary purpose is to reduce the gender gap and to work according to the international norms.

Discussion

Summary of Case Study Topic

Concerning the women participation in politics, the United State is fallen behind most of the established democracies. From the century, there is no or less involvement of women in politics, and they remained under-representation in the local, state and federal level. Further the current participation of women in an election is unlikely to close the gender gap because of the social choice made by the public in a recent presidential election. Hillary Clinton was defeated despite her powerful induction in the political arena, which shows the acceptance and level of participation for women. However, reforms can provide varieties of changes from the experiences of European states and the push for broader social and institutional barriers for a similar political demonstration. For example, a female candidate should not have the concerns of approaching to legislature other state organs without any fear of being harassed or other gender-sensitive matters.

Major Issues

There are various challenges faced by the United States in reforming and increasing the involvement of women for political offices. Equal access is something that can be possible in contemporary society, but it is not so easy to provide it to the female gender. Expansion of ranked choice voting is a significant challenge in multimember districts, and it is followed by the institutional mandates along with the volunteer recruitment targets for well-resourced party mechanism.

It is imperative to recruit, support and help the women in disbursing their duties without any racial restrictions. There would be a high level of gender parity if the very fundamental issues were not resolved professionally. The establishment of gender parity targets and fundraising support is the issue that must be addressed through appropriate action committees’ contemporary barriers in the advancement of females in executive branches, state legislatures, and Congress is a case in point. The universal gender equality plans also fail because of the choices made by society and cultural restrictions which shift the public finances from females to male individuals.

Further, the advocacy for the gender programs is also weak in their nature, finance and technical support from people of US society. Many countries have made rapid progress in the field, but the US has not kept the same pace which it should be. There is only 19 percent of women that are holding positions in the Senate and Congress. Among the 200 members of the United Nations, the US has a ratio with the situation at 101. Although there is a significant improvement over the past decades and the current progress will not achieve the full legislative parity in the US Congress for another ten decades. Most of the socioeconomic and straightforward indicators are similar to the European states, but the US lags the values of providing an optimum level of freedom to female genders. Various western countries are improving their progress and offering multiple opportunities to females in the UK, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, France and Belgium. There parties and legislatures have more than 30 percent of female representation. These states have also increased the female involvement in leading the ministerial positions, parliamentary committees and both houses of the parliament.

Review of Pros and Cons

The debate about women participation in politics is continuously inviting the attention of people and social communities across the world. Many females are politically energized, but men still have the edge of being considered for the office and especially for leading a nation. There could be varied reasons for individuals to recognize the women as an outstanding member of the political process, but the review of benefits reflect that they should be given due importance. One of the significant facts is that there is enough evidence in the world to show the positive impacts of women leadership and their success in the government. With more women in power, everyone gets a benefit. Children, families, and females have a significant amount of policies under the leadership of their choice. Further, the US society can efficiently streamline its national groups through a fair share of genders in the decision and lawmaking process.

The election or the practices in political life often not require certain standards of education; rather it is based on the experiences and level of wisdom to run an office. For example, in the international affairs, the current scenario represented by a war-torn atmosphere would not have happened if there is a women President in the United States. Hillary Clinton was defeated which generate significant gap for gender disparities in the civilized societies like the USA. Further, the essential element is the soft corner that a woman can exercise under the umbrella of its best ideas and wisdom. An administrator like Donald Trump can make any mistake which could cause massive destruction in global affairs. Everything is not easy and as usual, as perceived by the people. No doubt a male person has more capacity to lead a nation in political affairs, but women also have the same abilities which are generally not recognized by our society. Parliamentary affairs require a defensive and logical debate among the parties in government and those which are in the opposition.

Any government in the best interests of people can use the soft power of females as members of the parliament and win races inside the house. Various other fields and professions are available for the equal representation of women where they can play a positive and progressive role. Especially in the matters related to foreign affairs and diplomatic channel, women have an edge because of the soft corner and the ability to talk more and more. On the negotiation table, there are varied reasons for winning the dialogue and one of the significant factor is the art of speaking politely and indirectly. It would be very wrong to say that women cannot have the ability to run the political office in the United States. The permanent representative of the US in the United Nations is also a woman who is dealing with the globule world effectively and professionally. Many success stories are part of female contributions in political practices and at the front of diplomacy.

As propounded by many the other side of the story is that the nature and elemental composition of women are to follow the footprints of male fellow. This concept has significantly influenced the American society where they are not ready to provide a chance for a female representative as leader of the nation. One of the significant factors is the traditional style of representation and male-dominated role in US politics. The founding father was also the fathers, not mothers who set a precedent that there should be a male leader. Women are playing their role in other professions and field of interests, but they are less in political practices. Further, the current stability and structure are also mounted by various factors that restrict a female naturally not to lead the 2.5 million people of America.

Various blunders and weaknesses were noted by the scientist of political science in the system of politics that were committed by a female representative. However after the revolution of 16th and 17th century where first ladies like Jane Austen and Virginia Woolf raise their voice for political and social rights. During the last few decades, these measures were also noted and implemented by US political leaders and a maintainable space was given to the female members in representation. Similarly, the rise of Hillary Clinton as a candidate for presidency led to reflect a sign of reformation in the entire process.

Giving preference to women creates troubles for the principle of equal opportunities and it implies that politician is elected because of their gender. There is a surprising fact that a woman because of its gender doesn't want to choose for the representation. They are well aware that running an office is not the child business, and it took heavy responsibility for representing small to large scale people in the United States. With their weak and unstable organs, they cannot make strong and powerful decisions. There is a need for rationalization of thoughts to counter the opposition in legislatures and to defend the stance of the nation at a global level. These qualities are less in females than the male politicians who can protect and take a certain level of stand over the particular issue.

My Position on the Women Participation in the US

The history of the United States is technically different from the rest of the world, as it is a male-dominated society. However, being a male and influential member of the community, there are specific rules that are devised for the functions and responsibilities of both genders. Since the last century, there are many reforms initiative taken by the states across the world. These reformations have also affected the United States in one or the other way. Following the guidelines directives of United Nation, it is taking considerable steps for the increasing participation of women in the process of politics and representing the nation at local, state and international level. I want to approach the matter of subject through a balance and manageable way. Why it is essential is the fact that without women we cannot complete a society. The natural law also supports the creation of two genders to end the community reasonably and sustainably.

If a society cannot be completed without the women, the process of legislation and decision making of political nature has relied on the prominence of women which should be participative. Further, the elimination of one gender from the entire process is not possible. We will have to arrange a maximum level of seats for the stability of the political process along with the economic boosting of USA. Various examples reflected the economic growth of countries through the services rendered by females.

These economic indicators have a direct impact on the politics and nature of works in the legislatures. Representation of female members is sufficient for changing the lives of those who cannot change their life without having struggled at a massive level. These few women can raise voice for those who cannot speak due to oppression and lack of education. A very wrong concept has generated over the last seven to eight decades, and we need to manage political participation by balancing their numbers with the male politicians. I will not support the overwhelming voice and participation of women but a reasonable choice like 40/60 percent in the lawmaking forums.

Conclusion

Concluding the discussion the case study provides the gaps that exist in the current political system that is operating in the United States. Women participation in this regard have various indicators, but their representation is increased significantly. The reformations and the measures taken are signs of change that have affected the entire globe. Various political institutions have acknowledged the importance of participation of women, and it borrows the approaches from European rules for maximizing the representation of females in their offices.

The principal purpose is to reduce the gender gap and to work according to the global requirements that are underlined by the United Nations. In the sustainable development goals SDGs, there is involvement of gender equality as the goal which must be achieved by every state of this world. United State has complied with those measures and giving a reasonable place to females for their active role in the political stability and transformation of political organs in a professional way. The basic rule of democracy which is the equal rights for all should not be violated under any circumstances.

References

Brown, R. B. (2018). Tax, Order, and Good Government: A New Political History of Canada, 1867–1917 by EA Heaman. The Canadian Historical Review, 99(2), 300-301.

Enright, K. (2018). Gender in Politics: A Comparative Study of Female Representation in the New York State Senate.

Gilmore, G. E. (2019). Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the politics of white supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920. UNC Press Books.

Lemaire, D. (2017). The stick: Regulation as a tool of government. In Carrots, Sticks and Sermons (pp. 59-76). Routledge.

Lester, J. (2018). Business Subsidies in Canada Comprehensive Estimates for the Government of Canada and the Four Largest Provinces. The School of Public Policy Publications, 11.

Rawson, N. S., & Adams, J. (2017). Do reimbursement recommendation processes used by government drug plans in Canada adhere to good governance principles?. Clinico Economics and outcomes research: CEOR, 9, 721.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Good Government

Good Government, Peace, and Order in Canada

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Good Government, Peace, and Order in Canada

Introduction

In the context of history, there are specific rules devised during the British era, where many Commonwealth countries used the legislative authority for the proper exercise of power. It was not limited to lawmaking instead of the check and balance over the functions of executive for its progressive and practical functioning. Same is the case with Canada where it lacks the constitutional documents which lead to the development of phrase, ‘Peace, Order, and Good Governance.' The slogan became the source and mechanism of power between the provincial and federal government. There are various interpretations, and over the 20th century, it explained the limits of central authority. Same was the concept which resulted in the issue of national identity and the beliefs for a peaceful kingdom, which implies that Canada would be a safer, gentler and sustainable country.

Discussion

Case Study Summary

Order, peace and the idea of good governance are inter-related with each other. These cannot be separated in any language and constitution of the world. Canada in this regard is supporting the basic rules for the distribution of power among the state organs. Fair explanation and technicality are divided among various holders of power. One of the significant aspects of this line or order and peace is the acceptance of a legislative authority over the other state organs. These three words are used in the British North America Act of 1867, to explain the control of parliament professionally. There are generally the tensions that occurred among the members of provincial and federal legislative authority for the scope of power distribution and the liberty of people.

The phrase is not only limited to the Canadian state; instead, it is implied by other state acts of Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. With the first proclamation of British Columbia in 1858, the concept appeared in Canada. Right from the time of its appearance, it became an integral part of the business that is running among the various organs and departments of Canada. For the success of any nation, it is essential that they should have distributed their power-sharing for the smooth running of the state work. The disruption and multi-power sharing power restrict the progress of a country.

Father of the confederation had provided the way for the creation of a system where one can use the jurisdiction over the national affairs. Disseminating the responsibility among the provinces and federation, it was mentioned that local affairs would deal by the regions, while alliance will have the jurisdiction for state issues. All the laws that are intended to make for peace and prosperity would be implemented and passed by the Government of Canada under the guidance and superior minds of an elected assembly.

In short terms, these would be defined by the parliament both by the lower and upper house of the organization. The committees of Parliament direct the proper use of resources, channels, and institution of Parliament. In the same way, the authority under the federation was interpreted as concerned with the four major branches of the judiciary, and those come outside the provincial and federal jurisdiction. A national concern, emergency, and the residual issues are pertaining under the description provided by the confederation.

Major Issues

Things were not so simple because all the powers cannot be given to the Parliament because of the legality and the people who are running it. The distribution of power is itself a difficult task which is mounted by various regions and elements of the state. Even the contemporary era is full of all the debates about capabilities of the parliament and those which are not in line with it. In the same way, military dictators along with the eras of war have constituted their basis for defining the concept of power. What is written in the confederation was very easy to read and to write. When it comes to the implementation of control which is taken by the parliament and the oversight of executive over its function, it seems something impossible. The concept of good governance cannot materialize unless the system of accountability is to strengthen and supported by the majority. There were many issues faced by the parliament and elected members, regarding the power which can be part of active delivery service for the masses.

Canada is progressing with every day of strengthening the oversight of parliament on the other organs. However specific barriers in the proper implementation and accessing to other agencies are creating significant problems. At present, it is a useful part of a world community and playing its role for human rights and gender equality because of the strong legislature and balance in the sharing of power. Other crises became part of the state like the strong coalition among the parties and those which are part of the government. The multi-party coalition creates severe tensions among the people and especially for the state to run its business reasonably. Combined parties forced the smaller to join them, but all of them are not delivering effectively for the peace, order, and progress of Canada.

Review of Pros and Cons

There are various opinions for the effective parliament and the system that could run it. The confederation designed what was not followed correctly. However, the power or the system that strive for peace and order should go through certain norms and values. There must be a respect for the majority and those who have more confidence in a nation than the one who has only perception and power. Parliamentary form of government has a positive sign, and it is good for any state. Bundle of examples identifies the success and economic progress of countries having strong parliament. Decisions of a majority and collective wisdom is beneficial than the person who came to power directly. The second significant benefit of the parliamentary system which is defined by the confederation is the sense of accountability and confidence put by the people on their representatives.

It became legal for members to use their better sense for the well-being of their nation. The violation of a law is also protected, and it creates a bridge between the other organs for ending their differences and serve the people collectively. However, various points required for the revisiting of a parliamentary form of government and the nature of parliament. The negative signs are supported by the fact that parties mostly fought for their rights and always tried to save the interest instead of dealing and affairs of the nation. A process is also slow, and decisions about the major issues are generally late. There is an intense need for reading, debating and excluding the points during the sessions of Senate and lower house.

There is no doubt that parliament is superior in the sense of representing people choices and needs but it is also a fact that it became a house for those who have specific personal interests and they prefer to save them accordingly. Most of the cases which are referred to parliament for decision or any purpose lacks implementation and timely move to achieve its target. The uneducated and non-experience people while running the committees and affairs related to different dealing fail to deliver. They also have a lack of power for reaching over any decision. With certain improvements and the facilities provided by other organs of the state, parliament can play a useful role. The reformations are essential like the one which was held by British models and the Westminster system. English tradition had a century of democracy that opens the lines for strengthening and exploring the institutions. The adoption of a constitution is also well supported by the principle that is derived from the United Kingdom. It can only work when given due importance and not to use it for the fulfillment of private interests.

Contrary to this, the presidential form of government is operating in the United States which is also successful, and dozens of presidents have performed their duties according to the responsibilities underlined in their constitution. The problem is not with the system; it is with the key agents who are playing around and giving their positive and negative services. Canada has various opportunities to serve and enjoy the liberties that are provided by the parliamentary system, but there would be the need for the early reformation to align it with best wishes of people. Only the services and performance can lead to failure and success of operations that are implying under the democratic norms and values.

My Position on the Good Government in Canada

Political parties and the key stakeholders of good governance in Canada are much better than the progress and success maintain by other neighboring nation. Even the countries are striving for the sustainability and smooth running of democracy which is already achieved by Canada. However, there would require some measure and reform process that could enlarge the values for protection of human rights including the minorities and those who are living in the country with a foreign passport. More than anything, the educational practices and initiatives taken by the government is a good step for strengthening the organs of state. People will accept any change that is considered legal only after they are sure about the understanding of a particular system. Only the education can provide them the insight requires for the democratization of norms and values.

The traditional views of dictatorship and a one-person rule are no more alive in the contemporary era of economic war. For winning this war, everyone in Canada will have to pay their role positively. Otherwise, the system can fail during any of international pressure or the insurgency that can develop over time. The guideline of the Westminster model and the confederation principle are fundamental to follow because the British parliament is said to be the mother of all the democracies in the world. One of the significant fact that can strengthen the existing system of governance is the fair use of people's resources and protection of rights in a professional way. A maximum level of satisfaction for any nation can resolve large to the small degree of challenges. A sensible approach is also required for the government to becoming a good and stable example for other countries of the world.

The presidential form or the autocratic system of governance can be active if the nation allows for its implementation and running. Without the consent of the ordinary voter, it cannot work and even not in the position to operate. States in the 21st century are defined by their economic powers and influence which they can use over the others. For the strong economy, there would be the need for stability which can only come through the protection of right and the support given to elected representatives. The founder of Canada was highly sensitive about the long term progress and its sustainability which everyone can see in the present era. The crux of whole phenomena is that Canada needs to work more internally than interfering in the affairs of other countries. There is no good news from the international world and especially the Middle East that Canada is meddling in the affairs of states. A nation is more important than the system because if the people will allow the government to be kind than it will be able to serve the country.

Conclusion

Concluding the discussion of the case study about the ‘Peace, Order and Good Governance’ was the slogan that became the source and mechanism of power between the provincial and federal government. There are various interpretations, and over the 20th century, it explained the limits of central authority. Same was the concept which resulted in the issue of national identity and the beliefs for a peaceful country. In this regard, Canada is supporting the basic rules for the distribution of power among the state organs.

There must be fair explanation and technicality that is divided among various holders of power. One of the significant aspects of this line or order and peace is the acceptance of a political authority over the other state organs. The Parliamentary form of government has the positive sign and it is good for any state. Bundle of examples identifies the success and economic progress of countries having strong parliament. Decisions of a majority and collective wisdom is beneficial than the person who came to power directly or without the support of masses. Future of Canada is bright and peaceful, following the active form and system of governance.

References

Brown, R. B. (2018). Tax, Order, and Good Government: A New Political History of Canada, 1867–1917 by EA Heaman. The Canadian Historical Review, 99(2), 300-301.

Lemaire, D. (2017). The stick: Regulation as a tool of government. In Carrots, Sticks and Sermons (pp. 59-76). Routledge.

Lester, J. (2018). Business Subsidies in Canada Comprehensive Estimates for the Government of Canada and the Four Largest Provinces. The School of Public Policy Publications, 11.

Rawson, N. S., & Adams, J. (2017). Do reimbursement recommendation processes used by government drug plans in Canada adhere to good governance principles?. ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research: CEOR, 9, 721.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Govermment 2305

Submitted by

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

Does Congress represent everyone ?

Representation means each and every person represented by their nominated representative from men to women, from white to black, from Christian to Jews and Muslims etc. According to Dovi, “Political representation occurs when political actors speak, advocate, symbolize, and act on the behalf of others in the political arena”( Dovi1). The president of the United States may be commonly referred to as "the most powerful man on the planet", his power inevitably meets inevitable and very serious limits: those that trace daily the US Congress, this obligatory partner of the chief of the state, which can be a formidable opponent. Because they did not want an invading "monarch" that would have reproduced the failings of the British Crown and threatened their liberties, the founding fathers had carefully weighed the institutional balance between the legislative and the executive, condemning them permanently. to compose with each other. We cannot understand democracy in America if we underestimate the central role Parliament plays in politics (Aleksandra1). That's what Barack Obama does has been constantly reminding his electorate, while he begged him to vote in recent weeks. He knew that without a majority in the House, the chair becomes a truncated power.

The congress represent states not communities or individuals. There is no representation on the bases of gender, ethnicity, race, color ,religion , disability etc. According to “Congress is unrepresentative because its demographic features do not mirror those of the general population”( William , Connelly and John1).The criteria to become the member of Congress are including; member of the House of Representatives must be 25 years old, be a U.S. citizen for at least seven years and be a resident of the state from which he is elected. Congress follow delegate model of representation. Congress need to be a representative of every citizen in USA. After every 10 years, USA goes to census, but congress never chooses representative according to census results. “LGB representation in the Congress, while refining with each election, is still under-half a true image of the US. This only contains congressmembers who have definite openly whether they are gay, lesbian or bisexual”( Morris, Sam, and Juweek1).

Works cited

Aleksandra Sandstrom. Services, WND News. “5 Facts about Religious Makeup of 116th

Congress.” WND, WND, 4 Jan. 2019, https://www.wnd.com/2019/01/5-facts-about-religious-makeup-of-116th-congress/.

Dovi, Suzanne. “Political Representation.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford

University, 29 Aug. 2018, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/political-representation/.

Morris, Sam, and Juweek Adolphe. “Does the New Congress Reflect You?” The Guardian,

Guardian News and Media, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2018/nov/15/new-congress-us-house-of-representatives-senate.

Murphy, Joe. “2019's Congress Will Look More like America than Ever.” NBCNews.com,

NBCUniversal News Group, 13 Nov. 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/diverse-slate-candidates-make-history-midterms-n932646.

William F. Connelly Jr. and John J. Pitney Jr. The Brookings. “How Representative Is

Congress?” Medium, Medium, 23 Mar. 2017, https://medium.com/@Brookings/how-representative-is-congress-c4605c61000d.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Government

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Women’s Rights in the Workplace

Response One

Women going for jobs are discriminated in terms of wages, gender, and skills in workplaces. Sometimes mothers who are breastfeeding or pregnant are not allowed to continue working. There are stereotypes surrounding women that suggest that women should be only limited to the role of a mother and not that of an employee or a worker. While discrimination against pregnant women is declared illegal on international platforms and new policies are made, discriminatory practices continue to discourage women to perform tasks in the workplace. Their skills and performances are ignored. There are other issues like lesser job opportunities for women in the job market, low wages and lesser resources. Women are excluded from performing tasks out of their homes and this has been going on for decades. Women are only limited to house chores, and it is perceived that women cannot perform tasks in workplaces and job market

Mothers having children and breastfeeding are not considered eligible for the jobs because they would not be able to perform the official tasks because they have family roles and this affects the work environment of organizations. However, these assumptions are wrong, and they are only stereotyping women because they try to keep a balance in every role. Barriers like stereotype stop women to progress and develop by having access to jobs in the market, and other sources of earnings, where they can prove themselves. Such barriers are in existence because of the physical appearance of women, biases, and policies, which exclude women from going for jobs, and other markets from where they can earn.

Response Two

American Civil Liberties Union ensures the provision of maximum job opportunities to those women who are stereotype and discriminated. ALCU is working for women's rights in the workplace by providing jobs so that they would earn a living. ALCU is also trying to remove the barriers and solve issues in the workplace against women. The traditional mindsets have excluded women from working in the market and have undervalued the work performed by women. Pregnant and breastfeeding women workers are fired from their jobs because there are no such policies for women so that they will keep a balance between children and workplaces. Along with these discriminatory issues, there is a rise in the issue of unequal wages for women in the workplaces on which the American Civil Liberties Union is working. However, the American Civil Liberties Union ensures that there will be no wage gaps, and all workers will be paid according to their designations and skills. They will be given salaries equally, regardless of their sex, ethnicity, identity, age, physical disability or race. To avoid discrimination in wages, the Equal Pay Act was enacted in 1963. Only 17 cents were increased and the average earning was 78 cents on dollars as compared to earnings of men before the Equal Pay Act of 1963 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"k3CEqWPu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Women\\uc0\\u8217{}s Rights in the Workplace\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Women’s Rights in the Workplace”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":540,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/DFT628GI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/F0XOCTdk/items/DFT628GI"],"itemData":{"id":540,"type":"webpage","title":"Women's Rights in the Workplace","container-title":"American Civil Liberties Union","abstract":"The ACLU works to ensure that all women—especially those facing intersecting forms of discrimination—have equal access to employment free from gender discrimination, including discrimination based on sex stereotypes, pregnancy, and parenting; discrimination in the form of barriers to working in fields from which women have traditionally been excluded; and the systemic undervaluing of work traditionally performed by women.Although pregnancy discrimination has long been illegal, workers who are pregnant or breastfeeding are often fired or pushed out of the workplace. This practice is rooted in the stereotype that women should be mothers, not workers, and it is reinforced by workplace policies modeled on traditional male norms.The ACLU works to end wage discrimination in the workplace and ensure that all workers—regardless of sex, race, national origin, age, or disability—are able to bring home every dollar they rightfully earn. As a result of discrimination, including employers’ reliance on gender stereotypes, women lack parity with men in earnings. On average, women today earn just 78 cents for every dollar that men earn—an increase of only 17 cents on the dollar since the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was enacted. The figures are even more dismal for women of color. Black women are paid only 64 cents and Latinas only 54 cents for every dollar that white men earn. Obstacles such as punitive pay secrecy policies and weak remedies in some of our laws make it difficult to challenge the ongoing wage gap. A range of barriers prevent women from having an equal opportunity to succeed in jobs from which they have traditionally been excluded. These can include formal barriers, such as physical ability tests unrelated to job performance or bans on their ability to serve in combat units, but they can also include other forms of discrimination and unconscious bias, including policies that force women out of non-traditional sectors like shipping and factory work when they become pregnant or return to work after having a baby. Finally, the work of caring for children, sick family members, and elderly parents has traditionally been assumed to be, and often is, “women’s work.” This caregiving work, although essential to society, tends to be undervalued and is often either unpaid (when women combine care for their own families with paid work) or underpaid (when they work in caregiving occupations, such as in nursing homes). Workplace policies still fail to account for these obligations, and workers with child or elder care responsibilities often face sex discrimination and harassment, which inhibits their advancement in the workforce.","URL":"https://www.aclu.org/issues/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Women’s Rights in the Workplace”). The final work of the American Civil Liberties Union is for the mothers having children by making new policies, but these policies of the workplace failed to entertain the requirements. American Civil Liberties Union has to work on these policies, which will help mothers to keep a balance between their workplaces and their families, but women are traditionally assumed that they are only made for the tasks inside the walls of homes.

Response Three

ALCU ensures that it is working to overcome the discrimination, stereotyping of women and the wage gaps in the workplace. The wage gap is an emerging issue that needs to be decreased and only one act cannot help to overcome this issue, therefore every institute, organization, and the workplace has to make sure they are providing equal wages to all regardless of their gender, race, and ethnicity. ALCU has to make policies for mothers and pregnant women to provide safer places and employment opportunities rather than firing them from their jobs by ignoring their skills and their performances.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Women’s Rights in the Workplace.” American Civil Liberties Union, https://www.aclu.org/issues/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace. Accessed 9 Nov. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Government Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Government Essay

Introduction

The role that is stated in this essay is the role of a Governor. This particular role in the Texas plural executive is chosen because of its esteem along with the issues this role have to deal with. A governor is responsible for taking care of a whole city by imposing different legislations and executions (Bustillos, pp. 6). Choosing this office out of all other roles is mainly because of the issue that is facing the executive and the goal behind solving this issue. Moreover, after addressing the issue, the accomplishment is also something valuable. All of this discussion would be evaluated below along with providing options for dealing with the issue. The other paragraphs of this discussion would deal with the role, issue, goals and what the governor has accomplished so far. Moreover, the discussion of this essay would include options which would deal with these issues. Each option has different advantages and disadvantages.

Discussion

Identification

The two main issues that are becoming a concern for the governor are school vouchers and abortion restrictions. The school vouchers are a considerable problem as parents are being observant and restrictive of paying too much cash for their children’s studying. However, the voucher measures the scope of the child's private school study program (Epple, pp. 92). The flexibility of the school choice and the low-income school's separation from the church is a measurement which the Governor would have to review. Moreover, the second dispute and problem are the abortion restrictions, in which the governor regulate some items. Such as prohibiting abortion coverage under an insurance plan and refusing any abortion practice during any health complication outcomes. The governor can try to solve this problem by passing an anti-abortion bill and the first issue by promoting low-income schools for parents to afford. These are the options which I chose to implement while dealing with the problems identified.

The advantages of these options are that it will provide more opportunities for students to have admission in low-income schools so that more availability of programs and study options are available. Moreover, the resources which can be utilized in other things can be utilized for the same aspect of rural Republicans. Furthermore, the advantage of having to prohibit abortion coverage or restrict any anti-abortion bill would require females to have a health insurance plan. Moreover, the disadvantage for using these options illustrate as the governor's role of not being able to utilize enough resources towards the other issues that need more attention but rather these issues which are more trivial (Mucciaroni, pp. 18). Student subsidies and anti-abortion while providing health insurances would require a substantial amount of money from the government. As a governor, I would have to tackle these issues by delivering a solution while using the resources that are available.

Conclusion

The options which I chose to deal with the issues is aforementioned, and the reason why these options have been selected is because of its possibility. If more health care programs and health insurances are provided, unnecessary abortion would not be required. Moreover, if a plan for building a school structure is subsidized, so more opportunities for children and flexibility for parents can be created (Lavena, pp. 114). Also, the governor can solve these issues more reluctantly and promptly while dealing with other state issues. The connection of ethical decision making with the choice I made refers to the importance and ambiguity of understanding. As a plural executive, a Governor is required to make an action plan for the state and deal with all the issues that are being faced by the people and the children of all communities.

Works Cited

Bustillos, Dan. "Political Pitfalls in Policymaking: The Texas HPV Vaccine Policy Saga." Narrative inquiry in bioethics 6.1 (2016): 6-10.

Epple, Dennis, Richard E. Romano, and Miguel Urquiola. "School vouchers: A survey of the economics literature." Journal of Economic Literature 55.2 (2017): 441-92.

Lavena, Cecilia Florencia. "Whistle-blowing: individual and organizational determinants of the decision to report wrongdoing in the federal government." The American Review of Public Administration 46.1 (2016): 113-136.

Mucciaroni, Gary, Kathleen Ferraiolo, and Meghan E. Rubado. "Framing morality policy issues: state legislative debates on abortion restrictions." Policy Sciences (2018): 1-19.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Government Research Paper

[Name of Student]

[Name of Professor]

[Name of Class]

[Day Month Year]

Political Socialization

Introduction

The concept of political socialization is either thought too narrowly – at high school level – or too broadly that comprises all political learning ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xrKXVxHr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","plainCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"itemData":{"id":100,"type":"article-journal","title":"Political Socialization","container-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","page":"209-233","volume":"3","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","ISSN":"0360-0572","author":[{"family":"Niemi","given":"Richard G."},{"family":"Sobieszek","given":"Barbara I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niemi and Sobieszek). The study if often includes learning prior to the age of adulthood but one field of the study convince that political ideas begin at early in childhood. Political socialization is a particular form of political learning in which individuals develop opinion, beliefs, values and attitudes that are conducive for becoming good citizens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DTukgFCF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Publisher)","plainCitation":"(Publisher)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":112,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/AM5KKBWR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/AM5KKBWR"],"itemData":{"id":112,"type":"chapter","title":"Political Socialization","container-title":"American Government and Politics in the Information Age","publisher":"University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution.","source":"open.lib.umn.edu","URL":"https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/6-2-political-socialization/","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"Publisher","given":"Author","dropping-particle":"removed at request of original"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",11,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Publisher). While political learning is a broad concept of understanding formal and informal and the active and passive ways of political interactions. While the contemporary study finds that the process of socialization covers the whole life. Therefore, in a complex social structure, people do what others are doing.

The agents of socialization include mass media, parents and teachers. The parents and teachers play an active role while media a passive. The active role of parents influences their children behavior in various ways. Parents constantly shape and reshape the behavior and in return child shapes the politics. This will eventually lead towards the development of political legitimacy where they develop trust and confidence in that particular political legitimacy such as through elections. While political leaders behave in questionable behavior. Peer groups have potentially influenced the process of political socialization of young are more likely to adopt patterns and behaviors to whom they have the relation.

The role of Media

Media plays a significant role in our socialization and it is denoted as mediated culture by the sociologists it reflects the behavioral patterns of individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PlaKPXSP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Genner and S\\uc0\\u252{}ss)","plainCitation":"(Genner and Süss)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"chapter","title":"Socialization as Media Effect","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Socialization is a lifelong process in which individuals learn and interact with social standards, rules, and values. Media are a key socializing influence among other major agents of socialization. Media effects on socialization have been identified in research in developmental psychology, sociology, media and communication studies, and pedagogy. Findings suggest that repeated mass media exposure has potential for learning (cognitive, social, or cultural skills) and long-term implications for behavior (prosocial or violent) and the cultivation of worldview and values (political views, gender stereotypes, body images). Increasingly pervasive information and communication technologies play a crucial role in socialization processes. Some of the most important aspects of socialization are formed in childhood and youth. Thus “digital natives” have been the subject of intense academic debates about the impact of the Internet on the socialization of younger generations. Media literacy can be considered a developmental task and a goal of media socialization.","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138","author":[{"family":"Genner","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Süss","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Genner and Süss). Media is viewed as a power agent of socialization that constructs the social process of individuals. These agents of socialization construct individuals' norms and values, and their interaction with appropriate behavior ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yVgrPq0U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Genner and S\\uc0\\u252{}ss)","plainCitation":"(Genner and Süss)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/D758N9UE"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"chapter","title":"Socialization as Media Effect","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"Socialization is a lifelong process in which individuals learn and interact with social standards, rules, and values. Media are a key socializing influence among other major agents of socialization. Media effects on socialization have been identified in research in developmental psychology, sociology, media and communication studies, and pedagogy. Findings suggest that repeated mass media exposure has potential for learning (cognitive, social, or cultural skills) and long-term implications for behavior (prosocial or violent) and the cultivation of worldview and values (political views, gender stereotypes, body images). Increasingly pervasive information and communication technologies play a crucial role in socialization processes. Some of the most important aspects of socialization are formed in childhood and youth. Thus “digital natives” have been the subject of intense academic debates about the impact of the Internet on the socialization of younger generations. Media literacy can be considered a developmental task and a goal of media socialization.","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138","author":[{"family":"Genner","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Süss","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Genner and Süss). The extent of influences an individual feels depends on their experience, personality, and stage of life. The process of socialization is to become a member society and categorized by societal adaption process, psychological developmental tasks, and milieus. Eventually, this process consumes time and requires certain rules before becoming deep-rooted individually. The entertainment and news media brings depictions that include values and beliefs for developing a political culture of the US ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gMFeSHol","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","plainCitation":"(Niemi and Sobieszek)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QGEW6CBU"],"itemData":{"id":100,"type":"article-journal","title":"Political Socialization","container-title":"Annual Review of Sociology","page":"209-233","volume":"3","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","ISSN":"0360-0572","author":[{"family":"Niemi","given":"Richard G."},{"family":"Sobieszek","given":"Barbara I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1977"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Niemi and Sobieszek).

Currently, the internet plays a significant role as an agent of political socialization because of the amount of information available on social and political media sites. Moreover, there are online platforms where these individuals engage and influence political leadership by taking part in those political processes. Young people, particularly these days, have maximum participation and establish their political identities. Those identities in return shape global politics like that of trump. According to a recent study on presidential preferences, political typologies and perspectives conducted by 8th-grade students, the trump supported Trump because they need to build a wall so that that they could keep the Mexicans out ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dFkbbm4O","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Derek Anderson and Joni Zyhowski)","plainCitation":"(Derek Anderson and Joni Zyhowski)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/L2A5SZYS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/L2A5SZYS"],"itemData":{"id":114,"type":"webpage","title":"Journal of Education & Social Sciences","abstract":"This mixed-methods study examined the political typologies, perspectives, and presidential preferences of 115 8th-grade students both six weeks before and on Election Day 2016. Data from the Pew Research Center's Political Typology quiz, surveys, coursework, and classroom observations revealed the students political candidate preferences were stable, though their political ideologies were quite malleable, with more than half (55\\%) of the students' political typologies changing over the six weeks. After the election, most students expressed disdain and fear, yet few were able to express actions they could take to engage in the political process.","URL":"https://geistscience.com/papers/view/JESS1705105","author":[{"family":"Derek Anderson","given":""},{"family":"Joni Zyhowski","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Derek Anderson and Joni Zyhowski).

Discussion

President trumps attraction falls in the realm of political socialization because he has created a substitute reality where facts do not exist. Because an individual’s political behaviour is both nurtured and natured ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RHYcII7E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chauncey DeVega)","plainCitation":"(Chauncey DeVega)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/ZULBX4XS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/ZULBX4XS"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"webpage","title":"Historian Rick Shenkman on Donald Trump: “All the worst things in American history piled together” | History News Network","URL":"https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/169617","author":[{"family":"Chauncey DeVega","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chauncey DeVega). In this regard, the threat for shutting down of federal government for not allocating five billion dollars is a cardinal example ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"s5wlyv4c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE)","plainCitation":"(MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":104,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/5ESYL2PC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/5ESYL2PC"],"itemData":{"id":104,"type":"webpage","title":"The border wall will divide this Texas town, displacing or blocking homes - but where?","container-title":"www.latimes.com","abstract":"Some locals consider the wall a vital safeguard; others dismiss it as a wasteful stunt. Most wish the government would be more forthcoming about where it will erect barriers spanning 37 miles of the Rio Grande Valley. Throughout the valley, residents have grown frustrated and distrustful.","URL":"https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-roma-texas-wall/","language":"en","author":[{"family":"MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE). At another point, the engineers have concluded that the building of the wall could be catastrophic for the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MTrHxXy8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Josh Huskin)","plainCitation":"(Josh Huskin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":106,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/N5GWTG5S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/N5GWTG5S"],"itemData":{"id":106,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump’s Border Wall Could Cause Deadly Flooding in Texas. Federal Officials Are Planning to Build It Anyway – Texas Monthly","URL":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/trumps-border-wall-cause-deadly-flooding-texas-federal-officials-planning-build-anyway/","author":[{"family":"Josh Huskin","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Josh Huskin).

Social psychology suggests that politics is about group identification and group cohesion. While the supporters of Trump have a shared sense of resentment and most of them are neither economic nor environmental. While he addresses social and cultural resentments. He is less concerned about the environmental disruption caused by the building of the wall for wildlife and people. The 1954 miles wall involves six different eco-regions, ranging from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xht7a0x1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Parker)","plainCitation":"(Parker)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QN4DRAKQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/QN4DRAKQ"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"webpage","title":"6 ways the border wall could disrupt the environment","container-title":"Environment","abstract":"Trump's plan to build a wall from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific could come with unintended consequences for wildlife and people.","URL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/how-trump-us-mexico-border-wall-could-impact-environment-wildlife-water/","author":[{"family":"Parker","given":"Laura"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Parker). The will disconnect more than fifty per cent of the wildlife species and most of them lie in the south of the border. In addition, the wall will stop them from escaping floods, fires or heat waves. In this regard, the pygmy owl is at potential risk.

Apart from all this, the wall border affects the seasonal migration by affecting birthing sites and animal migration between Mexico and California. In addition, this has also fragmented populations of Sonoran pronghorn and there could be fewer chances of re-establishing Mexican grey wolf colonies. This in return will affect the plants and seeds. On the other hand, there are deep concerns that the construction of border will also affect three members of Native American communities that include the Kickapoo Tribe, Lipan Apache and Ysleta Del sur Pueblo ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HkJYzefF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities})","plainCitation":"(The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/3QNT8JNZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/PlleVRGT/items/3QNT8JNZ"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"webpage","title":"The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities","URL":"https://law.utexas.edu/humanrights/borderwall/communities/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities).

The construction of will bisect plants, animals along with 62 species and endanger all these habituates. Moreover, apart from increasing the soil erosion, the will wall will change the flow of water and the patterns of wildfire. During the Bush administration, heavy floods occurred when 700 miles fence was built. During the rainy season of floods, the barriers performed as dams. There were torrents into the city of Nogales result in a loss of millions of dollars.

Conclusion

It will, however, take years to construct a border wall that Trump had promised during his presidential campaigns. While the immigration process of completely depends on actions and reactions of the global community and international society. However, recently, Trump has proclaimed that it will take two years to construct the border wall. That for sure, affect the American norms and values both internally and externally.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chauncey DeVega. Historian Rick Shenkman on Donald Trump: “All the Worst Things in American History Piled Together” | History News Network. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/169617. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.

Derek Anderson, and Joni Zyhowski. Journal of Education & Social Sciences. https://geistscience.com/papers/view/JESS1705105. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.

Genner, Sarah, and Daniel Süss. Socialization as Media Effect. 2017. ResearchGate, doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0138.

Josh Huskin. Trump’s Border Wall Could Cause Deadly Flooding in Texas. Federal Officials Are Planning to Build It Anyway – Texas Monthly. https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/trumps-border-wall-cause-deadly-flooding-texas-federal-officials-planning-build-anyway/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.

MOLLY HENNESSY-FISKE. “The Border Wall Will Divide This Texas Town, Displacing or Blocking Homes - but Where?” Www.Latimes.Com, https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-roma-texas-wall/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.

Niemi, Richard G., and Barbara I. Sobieszek. “Political Socialization.” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 3, 1977, pp. 209–33. JSTOR.

Parker, Laura. “6 Ways the Border Wall Could Disrupt the Environment.” Environment, 10 Jan. 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/how-trump-us-mexico-border-wall-could-impact-environment-wildlife-water/.

Publisher, Author removed at request of original. “Political Socialization.” American Government and Politics in the Information Age, University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution., 2016. open.lib.umn.edu, https://open.lib.umn.edu/americangovernment/chapter/6-2-political-socialization/.

The Texas-Mexico Border Wall - Affected Communities. https://law.utexas.edu/humanrights/borderwall/communities/. Accessed 23 Apr. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Govt 2305

Student name

Submitted by

Assignment

Date

Is Teen Curfew ordinance effective ?

As often happens, some kind of law or regulation is adopted, but it is not sufficiently implemented for various reasons: due to the fact that there are no special services that would control children, due to the workload of police officers, as well as patrol post service. Therefore, despite the existing law, it is not effective enough. Now it is becoming clear that additional measures and mechanisms are needed to regulate this activity. The history of teen curfew is not new. These energetic measures are part of a larger national movement to "put children to bed", that is, safe. At present, some 300 cities have a curfew for minors, and their approach has been approved by the Ministry of Justice. Because of its draconian nature, the curfew has the advantage of bringing voices to the politicians who offer it and reassuring anxious parents. But is it really effective?

Curfews are restrictions on finding children unaccompanied by their parents at specific times. A child who is a minor is recognized as a person under the age of eighteen. At this time, the child cannot walk outside without being accompanied by parents or guardians, and also be present in those places where being in a place can negatively affect the child’s health and mental condition, physical, intellectual, spiritual and moral development. As a rule, these are abandoned buildings, buildings with access to the roof, attics and basements, various drinking establishments, clubs, bookmakers, shops selling sexually transmitted goods, and other places not intended for children. The list of these places may be expanded by regional authorities and vary from region to region. In addition, regional authorities can reduce curfew hours and impose age limits in accordance with cultural and other local traditions.

Mom and mayors like to impose it. Mostly studies are in favor of teen curfew however few studies shows it ineffective. These rules of the “curfew” in USA, which to some seem to be a restriction on the freedoms of adolescents, look liberal against European countries. In Germany, teens under 16 cannot leave home alone after 10 pm. This applies even to concerts - either organizers or parents must take their children home. Another example of tight adherence to youth time is the UK.

In the first place, he is accused of undermining the constitutional rights of young Americans. Of course, we have already banned minors from things that adults can do freely, such as drinking or smoking. But should we also forbid them the last cinema sessions? As the constitutional rights of young people are not clearly defined, the law is not very explicit on this point. Since the beginning of the decade, Washington has repeatedly tried to institute a curfew, but each time its plans have been thwarted by justice. The curfew that was reintroduced on 7 September was passed in 1995 but suspended fifteen months later by a federal court declaring it unconstitutional. In June, a court of appeal invalidated this judgment.

It is mainly criticized for curfews to penalize young people from ethnic minorities, particularly blacks. In a number of states, police have been found to be arresting "facies" youth and have been targeting ethnic minorities, particularly for traffic offenses.The main players in the new rules for teenagers, of course, are the parents. The task of the police is to ensure that nothing happens to the children on the streets. The task of parents is more difficult - to explain why these precautions are needed. Even the most democratic parents, remembering themselves at the age of 15, understand that adolescents sometimes need to be protected from themselves. And alcohol, or rather its certain availability, plays an important role here. Most thefts, rapes, fights, accidents occur with adolescents in a state of intoxication. But still teenagers find an opportunity to buy beer in our stores, this is facilitated by its low price. Catch and work with all the children drinking beer on the streets, for the police - a super task. And here the main role should be played by parents. Psychologists say that you need to talk with children.

Works cited

Wilson, David B., Ajima Olaghere, and Charlotte Gill. "Juvenile curfew effects on criminal

behavior and victimization: a Campbell Collaboration systematic review." Journal of Experimental Criminology 12.2 (2016): 167-186.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Govt 2305

Student name

Submitted by

Assignment

Date

Teen Curfew ordinance

However, the most compelling argument against curfews is probably the lack of evidence establishing their effectiveness. According to Jeffrey Butts of the Urban Institute, a think tank, many mayors and police officers flattered themselves with the effects of the curfew, while the results were simply due to the decline in the crime rate. throughout the country. No consistent study, he says, has demonstrated a link between curfew and the decline in crime. The most comprehensive work on the subject seems to prove the opposite. Their authors, Mike Males and Dan Macallair, CJJP, examined a series of curfews in place in California between 1978 and 1996, and found that the most severe counties had not experienced a larger decline in crime than those that did not( . had not applied a curfew( Trollinger949). In fact, it is hardly surprising that the curfew has little effect on crime: most offenses attributed to minors are committed between 3 pm and 8 pm, between the end of classes and return parents at home. Another study concluded that juvenile crime rates correlate not to curfews but to crime rates among adults in the same community”( Bailey, Hugh, et al1).

What is the violation of the curfew fraught with? The child may be detained by the police or the juvenile committee. If at the same time he did not commit any offense, then most likely he will be delivered home and handed over to his parents, after which a penalty will be imposed on the parents, If this incident occurred for the first time, then legal representatives can receive only a warning, but they will have to explain why and, most importantly, through whose fault the child was in a place prohibited for him. Detain children and adolescents only for violating the "curfew" is impossible. The exception is cases when a minor refuse to give his name and address of residence and does not have any documents with him. In such a situation, he can be taken to the department for identification.

Works cited

Bailey, Hugh, et al. “Curfew an Ineffective Distraction from Real Solutions.” Connecticut Post,

25 July 2012, https://www.ctpost.com/opinion/article/Curfew-an-ineffective-distraction-from-real-3735234.php.

Trollinger, Tona. "The juvenile curfew: unconstitutional imprisonment." Wm. & Mary Bill Rts.

J. 4 (2015): 949.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Gun Control

Gun-Control Laws

[Name]

[Institute]

[Date]

Table of Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc6397810 \h iii

Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc6397811 \h v

Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc6397812 \h ix

Policy Implications of The Research PAGEREF _Toc6397813 \h xii

References PAGEREF _Toc6397814 \h xiii

Gun-control laws

Introduction

The United States of America has more than 200 million of firearms. The country experience 640,000 crimes every year and of those violent crime 16000 are committed by using guns, specifically hand guns. Some of the native people say that there should be strong gun-control laws to reduce the rate of crime and blood sheds. But others believe that gun laws should be less strict because guns are helpful in many circumstances. The 2011 Gallup poll find out that 44 percent of the native were in favor of the strict gun control laws and 43 percent say that laws should remain the same as those are now but 11 percent people were in favor of making gun control laws less strict. Twenty years back the result of the same poll showed that eighty percent were in favor of strict gun-control laws. Today still people are asking for strict gun-control rules but the number is not same as 20 years back. Millions of the people in America believe that gun service a very legitimate purpose in their community and guns are not the issue but those individual who uses it for crime needs to be punished (Crf-usa.org, 2019).

The issue is that firearms are responsible for 31000 deaths and 74000 injuries with the United States each year. Most of these issues are related to violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X5zQwZxU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siegel, Ross, & King III, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Siegel, Ross, & King III, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":329,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/V947NRZ5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/V947NRZ5"],"itemData":{"id":329,"type":"article-journal","title":"The relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981–2010.","container-title":"American journal of public health","page":"2098-2105.","volume":"103(11)","author":[{"family":"Siegel","given":"M"},{"family":"Ross","given":"C.S"},{"family":"King III","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siegel, Ross, & King III, 2013) . The issues is important because the data shows that quite a number of people are in support of flexible gun-control rules and rest of the native Americans says that the country should have strong gun-control laws. Arm related mortality rate is increasing day by day with in the United States. Strong decision needs to be taken whether the gun-control rules are flexible or strong. Several researches show that the firearm prevalence has a direct impact on the rate of homicide ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1QHVVaxi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siegel et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Siegel et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":329,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/V947NRZ5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/V947NRZ5"],"itemData":{"id":329,"type":"article-journal","title":"The relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981–2010.","container-title":"American journal of public health","page":"2098-2105.","volume":"103(11)","author":[{"family":"Siegel","given":"M"},{"family":"Ross","given":"C.S"},{"family":"King III","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siegel et al., 2013). The risk and benefits of gun ownership should be examined.

Despite the rising in gun shooting violence, rare federal legislation has been approved within the United States. There were initial 5 establishment of the gun-control legislation and only three changes have been done in the gun-control legislations in the 75 years of the country. The first piece of legislature regarding firearm control is the 1934 National Firearms Act (NFA). Its aim is to ban shotguns, machine guns and rifle typically of sawed-off shotguns, silencers and mufflers. And the Act also says that weapons in possession of individual should be registered with the Secretary of Treasures.

Then in 1968, the Gun control Act was approved and it was passed to do some amendment in the definition of fireman and it also expended the definition of “machinegun” it was a revision of the previous act. Then in 1986 the second major act was passed called, “The Fireman protection Act”. It brought significant changes in gun-control legislature. It says to reduce the record of licensed dealers and it also reduced the cost of falsifications of records. In 1993 the third major change happened in gun-control laws. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act was passed due to the efforts of President Bill Clinton who had long campaign to control the access of handgun. The aim of this act was to have a five days period for waiting to have license of those who want to have handguns ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4xpFRBg0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hummer, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hummer, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":330,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/7TJGXFUU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/7TJGXFUU"],"itemData":{"id":330,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gun Control in the United States: an Analysis of Federal and International Policies and Applications.","author":[{"family":"Hummer","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hummer, 2016).

The purpose of this research is to compare strict gun-control legislation and flexible gun-control legislation of states and their impact on gun shooting violence with the United States. This proposal is important because it will identify the facts that whether the gun violence need to be controlled through flexible or strict gun-control legislation. It will also identity other measures to control fire arm violence within the country.

Literature Review

In the United States gun is seen as an important symbol that was used to get independence from Great Britain. The recent mass shooting have started a new debate of the rights of gun-control within the United States. Gun violence has increased within the States and Gun violence can be defined as the cause of terror of death or harm by using firearms. As a result of gun violence multiple national tragedy occurred in the United States and the question raised that whether the main problem lies in the legislation or is it the issuances of the ownership of unlicensed guns. Some says that the USA governments need to control gun distributions and some say that a well operated Militia that is the right of people to have guns is necessary for a Free State. The constitution of the United States does not say that gun-control is unlaw full but people interpret this in a way that such strict laws prohibit their right to keep guns given by the 2nd amendment of the constitution (Victor, 2016).

However, strict gun control is defined as legal sanctioned designed to have scarcity of fire arms within the general public. The policy of gun scarcity within the public can help to reduce the act of criminal gun violence. Americans feel very reluctant to give up the rights to have guns. Well planned firearm policies could be helpful in reduction of criminal activities within the states (Stell, 2004).

Reforms in the laws of gun-control can be brought more successfully by the State legislature than the Congress as that is more close to the community. But states laws are not uniform throughout the states and very strict gun laws in one state can be challenged by the flexible gun-control laws in another state. The weaker laws in the neighboring state become a common standard. Virginia has one-gun-one month law which he state legislation has passed in the year 1993. Handgun are not allowed in Washington but are trafficked easily in other states. Virginia has put some restrictions on the sale of handguns and a person cannot have more than one handgun in month. After this strict rule the rate of gun violence declined in Virginia (Smallarmssurvey.org, 2019)

Florida presented the first “Stand your ground law”. The laws remove the restrictions on using force in self-defense. The state government is asking the local individual to stand on their grounds if they are able to prevent the harms that they are going to face. The law in Florida raises the age to buy and use rifles but also allows the school staff to get trained in using arms. The law does not ban the use of semi-automatic rifles as used in the incident of Parkland. NRA is asking to revisit the age restriction provided by the state law as people at age 18 are considered adults. (BBC News, 2019).

Several states have laws that make the owner of the gun liable for the loss occurred using that gun. These laws are extremely controversial and have increased the rate of injuries related to fire arms. From 1990 to 1994 12 States were following the rule which makes the owners of the gun responsible to have firearms unless that gun is out of the reach of children. The law reduced the rate of unintentional shooting in Children by 23 percent. Also the rate of fun related homicide also showed tremendous decrease. This statics show that laws related to safe storage of guns also have some great impact on controlling gun related violence within the country (Cummings, et.al, 1997)

The research methods used by those researchers to quantitatively analyses their research topic was based on the statically data that were conducted by dividing the States into three categories. Those divisions were based on the restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness of their firearm laws. The analyzed data taken from state homicide and suicide rate within a specific time period. The research in criminal justices documented the role of gun-control in suicide rates and the result shows that the increase in suicide rate from 1962 -1975 was accounted by the rate of suicide while using guns. Guns were also seen imported in huge amount within the same time period. Studies were conducted that whether strict gun-control rules are helpful in the reduction of homicides in USA. The studies showed that the stickiness of the rules were unrelated to homicides but had lowered suicidal rates in the period 1960-70. The study further showed that the regions with greater number of ownership of guns have high suicide rates using guns and the overall rate of homicides also increased. The rate of suicide and composite are mostly effected by the gun ownership not by the strictness of gun-control laws. The study suggested that more focus should be on the ownership of the guns rather than the flexibility or strictness of gun-controlling laws in order to prevent homicides and violence within the country (Lester, 1988).

The research gap that was found after going through the researchers in criminology and criminal justice gave a new dimension to my research question. The literature review showed that the effect of strict and flexible laws on homicide in uncertain but ownership control of gun has a major effect on the rate of homicide and suicide. The literature review showed that this variable of ownership control of gun should also be included in the research question in order to get the inside of homicide and gun related violence inside the country.

Modified research question:

The research question is being modified after the literature review and the research will be based on the research question, “what is the impact of strict and flexible gun control laws of the states and controlled gun ownership on the rate of gun violence?”

Hypothesis:

The research hypothesis is the main endeavor of research and it is the center of focus while conducting a research. It states that what the research is going to find and the hypothesis is tested based on the methodology being followed throughout the research. Hypothesis in a quantitative research is based on variables (Statistics Solutions, 2019).

The hypotheses based on the research question are:

H1: Strict gun-control laws reduce the rate of gun violence within a state.

H2: States with flexible gun-control laws have low rate of gun violence as compared to states with strict gun-control laws.

H3: Stats that has focused on the controlled gun ownership has successfully reduced the rate of gun violence.

Variables:

Variables are the foundation of any quantitative research. There are three types of variable that a quantitative research is based on. Those are dependent variable, Independent variable and controlled variable.

Independent variable will be manipulated in way that it will show some eff4ect on the dependent variable and if it is not allowed to manipulate that it will be assumed that independent variable have some effect on the dependent variable. The independent variable is the one which cause a change and a depended variable will change by the independent variable (Irlbeck, 2002).

The dependent variables that this research will going to focus is the gun violence and it will be denoted by “throughout the research. And the independent variables are strict gun-controlled laws, flexible gun-controlled laws of the states and controlled gun ownerships.

The variables will help to identify the increasing rate of gun violence and their correlation will reveal that what sort of laws are needed to minimize the rate of killing using guns within the United States. Their effect on the dependent variable will be checked by collecting data through survey.

Data collection tool:

The data collection method that will be used to conduct this research is an online survey. The sample size for the data will be the states will the least effective gun-controlled laws and the ones with the toughest gun-controlled laws. The literature review shows that Florida has some flexible gun-controlled laws and California and Washington-DC has strict gun-controlled laws. Some educational institutes within those states will be selected and the students will be sent the survey questions after having their consent.

Research Methodology

Sampling:

Sampling is a process being followed by a researcher to choose samples.

Sampling can be done firstly, by identify the population of interest. Population f interest is that group of people whom the researcher is going to take data from. Then the researcher will specific a sample frame, that will highlight the group of people you will participate as a sample in the research (Marshall, 1996).

Unit of analysis in a research is what is going to be studied through the research and what aspects of the said topic are going to be analyzed. Unit of analysis shows the scope of the research studies and it highlights the boundaries of the research. To be more specific, the unit of analysis could be school/college and students etc. Unit of analysis set boundaries for data interpretation (Marshall, 1996).

The sample will be collected through online survey. 300 students from any educational institute will be selected for this survey, up to 100 government and private employees and 100 community members will be selected randomly for this survey. The unit of analysis will be taken from Florida and California based on the fact that California has got the strict Gun-control laws and Florida has flexible gun-control laws. As students are affected more by gun violence so the research will select more from this population. The survey will start after asking for the consents of the participants. They will be send consent papers through their email and survey question will be attached to that. If they sign the consent paper then they will have get the option to process further. The consent form will let the participant know that their information are in safe hands and will be protected by the researcher. It will also reveal the purpose of the research and it will also tell the participant that their involved can make this research successful.

Data Analysis:

Data analysis is the extraction of meaningful information from the mass of data. There are various sorts of data analysis approached and methods. Data preparation is the first stage of data analyses its aim is to shape raw data into something readable. Second step is the Data Validation. Its aim is to make it clear that data is being collected based on pre-set standard and without showing any biasness. Data Validation occurs in four steps, Fraud is the first step which aims is to make sure that the particular individual was involved in interview or survey. Screening is the next step which is to make it clear whether the interview is according to the research criteria. The third one is “Procedure” and this step is useful in order to check whether the procedure of data collection and doing research is being completely followed (Bryman & Burgess, 2002). I will pick up random respondent and will reach up to them through emails.

However, Data Editing is the second step in which, large data set includes error mostly so basic data checks needed in order to make sure that there won’t be any error. The raw data world be checked that if there is any ambiguity in the data that might change the accuracy of the collected set of data. Data coding is the most important step in data analysis. It is assigning values to data and grouping them. This is the completion of data setting and after that data analysis step stars. The common quantitative Data Analysis methods are the inferential statistics and descriptive statistics. In descriptive analysis data is being summarized and the pattern in the data is identified. The descriptive statistics are Means, Mode, Median or percentage, range and frequency. This set of statistics provides absolute numbers. Any of the methods can be used to analyze the data. Like percentage is the best method to identify the gender distribution of the participants. If there is one variable the Descriptive Statics is used. the other option is inferential statistics. In this method the researcher generalize the data by applying the method of correlation and regression analysis. This analysis is mostly done by software like the SPSS (Bryman & Burgess, 2002). 

I will choose interferential statistics because the selected population is huge and I will be able to generalize the results. I think the result should be similar to what other researchers have got. The impact of strict and flexible gun-control laws will not be affecting gun violence as much as the controlled gun- ownership does. Because it has been seen previously that controlled gun- ownership has changed the rate of gun violence.

.

Policy Implications of The Research

If the results of the research were like the same as predicted, for instance the impact of strict and flexible gun-control laws will not be affecting gun violence as much as the controlled gun- ownership does. Then based on my research controlled ownerships o gun is important than the nature of gun-control laws. If the criminal justices agencies chose my research then they have to request the state legislative body to bring reforms in the gun-control laws of their respective states and Federal government should also be notified. Some of the implications would be that people will not question the state that their right to keep guns has been snatched by the state but now they will have the rights to have guns but its ownership will be controlled through laws. The gun owner will have to follow laws in order to use and keep that gun. He/ she will be responsible for any kind of ill activity that is being done using that done. He/she will make it sure that the gun is kept out of the reach of children.

As the previous results show that the rate of criminal actions are decreased in states with controlled gun ownerships so gun violence will lessen down and community will be in peace. The legal consequences of the implications of this research would be that, the gun keeping age will be decided and the responsibilities that come with the keeping of the gun should be properly decided.

Research Limitations:

The research is time bounded as I have to provide the results to my institute within some specific time.

It is not considered all the states due to lack of time and low financial capacity. The research is not going to include 100 percent of the population again due to the said issues.

References

Crf-usa.org. (2019). [Online] Available at: http://www.crf-usa.org/images/pdf/gun_policies.pdf [Accessed 25 Apr. 2019].

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hummer, C. (2016). Gun Control in the United States: an Analysis of Federal and International Policies and Applications.

Siegel, M., Ross, C. S., & King III, C. (2013). The relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981–2010. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), 2098-2105.

Victor, H. (2016). Gun Control in the United States. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs.

Stell, L. K. (2004). The production of criminal violence in America: is strict gun control the solution? The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 32(1), 38-46.

Smallarmssurvey.org. (2019). [Online] Available at: http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/L-External-publications/2000/2000 OSI Gun control US.pdf [Accessed 25 Apr. 2019].

BBC News. (2019). NRA sues as Florida signs gun-control law. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43352078 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2019].

Cummings, P., Grossman, D. C., Rivara, F. P., & Koepsell, T. D. (1997). State gun safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms. JAMA, 278(13), 1084-1086.

Lester, D. (1988). Research Note Gun Control, Gun Ownership, and Suicide Prevention. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 18(2), 176-180.

Statistics Solutions. (2019). Research Hypotheses - Statistics Solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.statisticssolutions.com/research-hypotheses/ [Accessed 25 Apr. 2019].

Irlbeck, S. A. (2002). Human performance technology: An examination of definitions through dependent and independent variables. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 15(2), 84-95.

Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family practice, 13(6), 522-526.

Bryman, A., & Burgess, B. (Eds.). (2002). Analyzing qualitative data. Routledge.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

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