Constitutional Convention

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Political Science]

[Date]

Constitutional Convention

Compromises of the Constitutional Convention

There were basically five constitutional conventions made, and each of them has its own importance throughout history.

Great Compromise

The aim of the Great Compromise was to ensure that every state would be represented by a single vote in Congress.

Three-Fifths Compromise

After the decision was made that it will be a population on which it will be based the representation in the House of Representatives, delegates from Southern and Northern states have to face the issue that how will they count slaves.

Commerce Compromise

The aim of this compromise was to made only tariffs allows on imports from foreign states and not exports from America.

Slave Trade Compromise

It abolished the slave trade.

The Electoral College Compromise

Here, citizens vote for electoral that are bound to some candidates who in turn votes for president.

Difference between Trustee and Delegate

When it comes to the difference between trustee and delegate, it is clear that the trustee has the mandate for making decisions on behalf of people. Meanwhile, a delegate model of representation is parallel to it. Delegation tends to see the representatives as the mother piece of people whereas the trustee model tends to give trust all rights and powers for making decisions.

Incumbency Advantage

When it comes to the incumbency effect, it can simply be understood that there are a number of benefits for being an incumbent which tends to put challengers at a disadvantage. The idea behind this effect is that the incumbent wins in the majority of the cases. It has been suggested by the effect on members of Congress to recognize that office is a gained, it results in coming a natural set of benefits for reelection purpose. There are certain advantages such as if a representative has been in the office for more than one year and makes a stride towards major change, he is required to be given more time for making his vision a reality.

Creating Your Ideal State

Creating your Ideal State

Sandra May Li

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Case Study: Venezuela

Creating Your Ideal State

Dictatorship means in which the basic rights and public interest are heavily violated by the people in charge of governing the state. When the system of dictatorship is enforced on the public, the general public is not allowed to criticize any policy of the government, or even suggest that matter. Any attempts made at Activism of change in the political system are often met by violent responses by the state's ruling apparatus such use of extra-judicial violence or surgical killings on the people in opposition to government's policies CITATION Mag15 \l 1033 (Magstadt, 2017). After the overthrow of such type of governance in the state, there is an urgent need for a political system that is progressive. This is important as the system of dictatorship always thrive in the situation of instability, and a lack of strong apparatus of law and order in a country. In this paper, we can site the case of Venezuela as it is the most recent case of a state banishing dictatorship and continuing on the path of experimentation of democracy in its state.

Outline

This paper focuses on several questions posed. The case study taken in this case is the state of Venezuela as it has experienced a recent regime change from dictatorship to a democratic form of government. Additionally, this paper also outlines several research questions that were posed beforehand. One of those is related to the structure of governance that should be implemented by discussing different branches of government and the role that they would play in the running of the state. Also, there would be a suggestion regarding the international organizations that the nascent governance setup should partner will to enhance its capabilities and stabilize its governance structure. Besides that, the paper will explore the initiatives that the government should take to improve the quality of life of its citizens while trying to give suggestions on the economic structures required for their adoption.

Governing system and principles

The governance style that is under discussion for implementation in Venezuela is the tried and tested system of democracy. In this system, there is a leadership that comes to power by the will of the people that they govern through the process of elections as laid down in a constitution that is established in the state beforehand. The various system of democratic states in the world have few characteristics in common. For one, there are always three branches of government in these states, which are the executive, the judiciary and the legislative. Another is that the system created to offer a complex array of checks and balances to ensure that the power does not amass in a few hands, as it is in the case of dictatorship. Specifically, the legislature makes the laws, the judiciary translates them and the executive implements them.

Public Welfare Initiatives and Socialization Practices

Several good public initiates are needed for the citizen of Venezuela to bolster their faith in the current system of governance. The citizen will be allowed to exercise their right to vote periodically to exercise their right to self-determination. A well-detailed electoral process will ensure that the citizens of Venezuela get a stable system of governance, which will provide the public with opportunities for growth in almost every sector of their country. Also, there will be a well-structured educational program, which will strive to offer free education to the general public without undue hindrance in its process. This would be necessary to educate the citizens to divert any efforts made by the few for the return of dictatorship in the country. Therefore, the socialization of citizens will be crucial towards the integration of the public in the leadership of the country. These layers of system are also necessary to instill a sense of unity among the public, which can help in public integral as it is the focal point of the democratic system of governance.

Economic Structure

The new economic structure that will be adopted by the state will be the free-market system. Under this structure, the government will try to empower certain structures of the market will being an external observer. This system will also encourage trading in the country. Also, the free market will create structures that will increase the activities of commerce in the country which will widen the scope of the market overall. This will also encourage the general public to purchase and sell goods and services, to both internal and external parties. Another noteworthy aspect of this system is that it will provide subsidies that will encourage imports and exports in the country, forging long-lasting trade partnerships. Hence, it can be assumed that the free market system can be beneficial for the overall stability of Venezuela.

Role of International Organizations

After the end of the dictatorial regime in Venezuela, it will aim to the United Nations. This will help the United Nations Security Council to help keep a check on the implementation of the democratic process by the international community. This will also help Venezuela in forging long-lasting international ties with the major powers of the world, like the US, UK, France, China, Russia as well as emerging powers such as India and Brazil. In addition to that, Venezuela may also consider joining the World Trade Organization as a member to facilitate its trade ties with other organizations and countries. Numerous agreements are already in place, such as numerous subsidies that might use for the implementation of favorable rates and means to increase its imports and exports. Therefore, Venezuela will seek second to join the organizations. Specifically, the UN requires a country to sign for its membership and to ratify such an agreement in the stipulated timeframe while the WTO permits for seconding by an existing member state as the basis for membership.

Combating terrorist threats

To combat terrorist threats from various other states, Venezuela will engage in diplomacy with its neighbors to address its concerns. This act will help the state machinery to take preemptive measures to cater to its security concerns that may pose a serious threat to the existence of Venezuela CITATION Ras19 \l 1033 (Rasheed, 2019). At the domestic level, the country’s legislative apparatus can pass strict domestic laws that to facilitate its drive to combat terrorism in the region, both internally and externally. Under these laws, there would be strict penalties for any sort of terrorist or insurgent activities in the state. This will play a crucial role in changing the diplomatic outlook of the state as well. In short, these external alliances and strict domestic laws will give both the necessary support of the international community as well as internal stability to the state.

Conclusion

The end of dictatorship in Venezuela will state a new chapter in the history of Venezuela. The implementation of this democratic system will result in instability in different aspects of this state like governance, economy, and security. On an added benefit, the act of joining a trustworthy international organization will build international goodwill for the state, which will also help the state in the establishment of a sound and progressive trade practices for the betterment of its public. So, we can conclude that the aforementioned measure can create an ideal state which can cater to the interest of the general public and help in the integration of democratic values in the state.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Magstadt, T. (2017). Understanding Politics Ideas Institutions And Issues (11 ed.). Cengage Learning.

Rasheed, A. (2019). Why Terrorist Groups Form International Alliances. Strategic Analysis, 349-351. DOI:10.1080/09700161.2019.1625166

Death Penalty

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Death Penalty

Introduction

Death penalty is also called Capital Punishment. There is a continuous and long term decline in the cases of death penalty in American society despite a slight increase in the executions in the year 2018. It is significant to note that death penalty was favored in early 60s and 70s, but the stance of mounting fear of crime and cynical manipulation of death penalty by many politicians for their personal interest has lowered the shift of death penalty. (Clarke, et, al. 2018). Certain studies have been brought into practice in order to know the status of death penalty in terms of future. It is important to note that death penalty in American society has become a complex issue because there are different views in favor and against the imposition. There is a clash between the point of views that either encourage or discourage death penalty because there is a continuous shrinking between the government and interest groups to push for strong laws in order to mitigate crimes. (Clarke, et, al. 2018). Death penalty is more like a boat in which American society is stuck, taking into account that agreeing with death penalty is not satisfactory and ignoring it will lead to social destructions.

Discussion

In the year 2018, twenty-five people were executed, and about forty-two were sentenced to death, taking into account that it is the fourth year with fewer than 50 executions each year and less than 40 death sentences. In accordance with the statistical data public opinion about death penalty is also at historical lows. It is significant to note that both governments believe that death penalty is an expensive and risky action taking into account the difficulty of questionable methods and unsorted guilt; still it is important to keep morals and ethics functional in society. The opinion from interest groups have highlighted that death penalty is a violation of human rights; none of the entity in this world has the authority to assign death sentence to anyone else. Amnesty International is against execution policies, taking into account that it is the cold-blooded killing of an individual. (Sarat, & A, 2018). It is significant to note that Gallup poll informs, about 56% of Americans are in favor of death penalty while about 43% of people are opposing it. In the year 1994, the ratio of death penalty in American society was 80% which has reduced to almost half in the present time. Americans are more like a spotlight regarding the "death penalty” taking into account fairness and applicability. 49% American believe that death penalty is applied fairly while 45% believe that death penalty is a sheer manifestation of power in order to achieve desired intents by risking the lives of others. Government and interest groups are themselves captured in an untraced condition regarding death penalty.

There are pons and cons associated with death penalty. One of the major benefits of death penalty is deterrence. It is significant to note that death penalty is one of the effective tools in crime deterrence. In accordance with the views of “advocates of death sentence," the fear of death penalty will keep criminals away from potential crimes such as murder and rape. (Sarat, & A, 2018). It is asserted that death penalty has "hardened criminals." It describes the phenomena of state’s interest in legalizing death penalty, taking into account that death penalty is a source of catharsis for victims, and it is a valid tool that can help to eradicate crime and negativity from society, The central idea of this stance is the analysis of murders where people lose lives in while short term punishments can allow criminals to be back to their earlier practices. Research has highlighted that death penalty is a positive stance in criminal justice system, taking into account if a criminal is granted life imprisonment for committing murder or rape, it will only add into the burden of government because the survival of criminal in prison is doing no harm to the criminal. On the other hand, death penalty is an approach that will punish the criminal for his actions, taking into account that it will be an example for others not to opt those habits again. (Sarat, & A, 2018). There is a clear contrasting picture between the actual schedule of inmates in terms of imprisonment and the stance of death penalty that will not only share the burden of state, in fact, it will also create an example for others to follow the right path. This aspect ultimately paves the way for another spectrum according to which, death penalty plays a major role in reducing the crime rate.

It is important to note that historical accounts have affirmed that death penalty has reduced crime rates to a greater number. Death penalty is a tool that can empower society by challenging crimes and opting for the strategies that can act as a shield against crimes. The advocates of death penalty believe, death penalty is not only about hanging criminals, but there also are several other clean and humane ways to punish crime by sentencing to death, and there is nothing wrong in adhering to morals within the society. In a nutshell, death penalty is viewed as a stance that can allow society to enact to morals and values because rebellious attitude is always one of the social hurdles that has paved the way for other social issues. (Deffendoll, 2019).

As death penalty is a coin with two opposing pictures on both sides, it can be asserted that many of the theorists have inferred certain cons associated with death penalty. One of the significant cons associated with death penalty is questioning the stance that is not crime deterrent. It is highlighted that death penalty is a tool that has threatened the baseline of society because not all the criminals are having criminal motives behind their actions. There are a lot of criminals who commit crimes under some emotional, social or psychological hampering. There are a lot of cases in which death penalty is questioned because the criminal is not appropriate to be questioned because of illness. (Clarke, et, al. 2018). The same phenomenon reveals that there are a lot of cases in which an apparent criminal is not actually a criminal; in fact, he is a dummy criminal. It refers to the fact that there are many people who use power to manipulate case and engage an innocent entity in the crime, referring to death penalty. Usually, there are evident errors at the end of juries and judges taking into account that it can lead to devastation because death penalty cannot be undone and there is no way out to address the taken life of an individual.

Research has highlighted that although it is asserted that expense for inmate in prison causes a lot of economic deprivation and economic burden, in fact, death penalty causes more economic consequences. It is asserted that drugs and lethal injections that are used to punish a criminal are more expensive than the assumed cost. It is important to note that that the electronic chair, gas or injection that is used to impart death penalty is not easy to go in fact they are much expensive; sometimes they had to be imported. (Deffendoll, 2019). Taking into account a humanitarian approach, it is inferred that death penalty is a precursor of depression and feelings of guilt. There are a number of problems that arise as a result of death penalty in the family of the victim, taking into account that the familial relationship gets stained by the title of "hanged member." It is highlighted that many of the people who are responsible bringing death penalty for others fell a victim to depression; people spend a tormented life fighting with guilt. It is asserted that death penalty is not humane, in accordance with a utilitarian approach, it is inferred that it is not morally good to take someone’s life just for the sake of human decisions, an entity itself doomed to commit mistakes. It is asserted that death penalty is a hampering to actual human conduct. (Sarat, & A, 2018).

Conclusion

Taking into account the pros and cons, I think death penalty should be banned because there are many other types of punishment that can be used. It is important to note that the essence of manipulation is so strong that it is hard to trace actual criminal so it is not morally fine to sentence someone to death. Taking into account the humanitarian approach, it is important to note that none of the human in this world has the right to snatch another human being’s life. Only that person is eligible to infer death sentence who has himself not committed a crime or is equally understood to the basics of crime, knowing actual criminal. Despite this justification, it is important to note that death penalty hardly occupy space in actual conduct f world is considered as “own place”. There are several other punishments that can be given to a criminals but death penalty is error that can never be mitigated because crime and criminal has a long history taking into account such modes of justice should be implied that can keep the institutions of society in coordination, adhering to values such as peace and harmony.

Work Cited

Clarke, J. W. (2018). The lineaments of Wrath: Race, violent crime and American culture. Routledge.

Deffendoll, Sara. "Book Review: American Exceptionalism in Crime and Punishment." (2019): 0093854818823034.

Sarat, A. (2018). When the state kills: Capital punishment and the American condition. Princeton University Press.

Democracy Paper

Political Science

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Democracy Paper

Turkey is a country in Europe and Asia. Its area is about 780,000 square kilometers. It has 81 provinces and the capital of Turkey is Ankara. The economic and cultural center lies on the European side of Istanbul. Istanbul was called Constantinople in the past ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zhL2gENs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Turkey | Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Turkey | Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":346,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/49QQ7FEJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/49QQ7FEJ"],"itemData":{"id":346,"type":"webpage","title":"Turkey | Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Turkey, country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe.","URL":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Turkey | Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History,” n.d.). Turkey was the core of the Ottoman Empire but later got independence in 1923 after the First World War. The history of the Turks extends over a period of more than 4,000 years. Around 2000 BC, The Turks first lived in Central Asia. Some of them spread throughout the region and left Central Asia to find states and regions independent empires in much of Asia and Europe. The republic got independence on October 29, 1923. The first president of the republic Turkey was Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was President for 15 years, and until his death in 1938, he made a wide range of social, economic, political, cultural, and legal reforms that remain unmatched. Under the leadership of Atatürk, the first grand assembly was created. It was a new legal and political system based on the principles of human rights, parliamentary democracy, separation of powers, national sovereignty, secularism, private property and the separation of state affairs and religion. The Arabic alphabet was changed to the Latin alphabet when new secular education system was established. They adopted new criminal and civil codes from European models. Women receive the same and equal rights as men. To reconcile a predominantly Muslim nation with Western civilization, it was a revolution that was unmatched.

There are three main powerful centers of Parliament of Turkey Society, which includes media, army, and patrons. As one of them is well organized and has physical strength, the rest of them have economic power. So they directly or indirectly influenced political and social decisions. People of Turkey cannot be successful in political life because they are unorganized and they couldn't give organized responses to politics solutions. But despite not being able to make good use of their political power, they have greatest possible power in a democratic one. Democracy is possible, but not inevitable, by separating state and civil society. The state must be capable of maintaining order, where people can stand out, gain recognition, and accumulate wealth ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Uh1PlfIZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE Middle East Centre Papers_The State of Democracy in Turkey_2015.pdf}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE Middle East Centre Papers_The State of Democracy in Turkey_2015.pdf, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":349,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/27Y9CUEK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/27Y9CUEK"],"itemData":{"id":349,"type":"article","title":"__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE Middle East Centre Papers_The State of Democracy in Turkey_2015.pdf","URL":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65217/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE%20Middle%20East%20Centre%20Papers_The%20State%20of%20Democracy%20in%20Turkey_2015.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE Middle East Centre Papers_The State of Democracy in Turkey_2015.pdf, n.d.). Because democracy is not cumulative, state government officials can manage and influence what individuals can achieve, such as industry and agriculture. Turkey has made big strides in the path to unified liberal democracy, but its revenue is easy to turn around. Maybe it's because the process is not owned by ordinary Turks, who see politics as being far from them. Turkish nationals certainly have views on all kinds of domestic and international issues, but their political participation is limited and low mostly to elections. Attitudes needed to trust democracy do not come naturally; they need a governance that has an idea of a democratic future, it should have the courage to face a number of diagnosed challenges. Eliminating and promoting corruption within the elite requires deliberate and strong leadership to essentially reconcile the secular government Islam. There is a need for requirements for public officials and senior citizens. There are two good reasons to be optimistic about the Turkish democratic system. First, despite the disability, democratic experience will continue. This delivers a strong and sustainable promise by government to people. The second is Turkey's approach to this issue that emphasizes the importance of modernization. As, Turkey, along with a specific model of modernization can act as a bridge between east and west.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY __lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE Middle East Centre Papers_The State of Democracy in Turkey_2015.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65217/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_LSE%20Middle%20East%20Centre%20Papers_The%20State%20of%20Democracy%20in%20Turkey_2015.pdf

Turkey | Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2019, from Encyclopedia Britannica website: https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey

Democratic Government

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT of USA

The government which is formed by the people for the people and through the people for the protection of their citizen’s fundamental rights is called a democratic form of government. The USA has rich, dominant and defacto democratic norms and values. Although, the democratic government in the U.S.A has been almost 200 years old, its compatible with the issues and challenges of the current era. The real cause behind the formation of this democratic government was the atrocities toward the settlers of the British monarch. During seventeen century British colonialized America as new land and started extraction of their natural resources through extractive policies. They violated the natural rights-life, liberty, pursuit of happiness and treated the settlers as slaves. Secondly, they imposed diverse types of taxation to pulled the money from America to Britain. When it became harder for them to face these mayhems, they (American) started the struggle for their freedom from British Monarch and in this way established a democratic government in the year of 1787, i.e., the world liberal democracy and the rest of the world copping it. The constitution of the USA was drafted under the Declaration of Independence which was developed back in 1776. Therefore, the USA celebrates its Freedom Day on 4 July each year. At first, they drafted an article of confederation that enshrined how to govern and democratically integrates the states, but in 1780s people of the U.S.A realized that the Article of Confederation is not enough to meet their rights in letter and spirit. So, the pioneers of the United States of America drafted a comprehensive and brief constitution for their country. The law of USA comprises of 7 articles and 29 amendments, and this whole constitution is a sample for the rest of the globe.

In 1776 the founders of the United States of America declared a declaration of independence and then drafted the constitution of the United States of America in which a blueprint of democratic government was enshrined. The current government of republican party is based on the same and legitimately follows all the articles and amendments of the constitution. For instance, the head of state and other members of the legislation are elected through direct adult franchise on a pro-rata basis of population. However, each state was given two senators to balance the law among the provinces. Moreover, a 3/4th majority was required to modify any article of the constitution, and the same is necessary in this time, for example, the majority as mentioned above must amend the clause which describes possession of firearms majority. Charter of America says that any citizen of 18 years old can cast a vote in favor of any candidate and the same practice is exercised in America in this century. If we are talking about seats in the senate and congress is an exact reflection of the constitution. In addition to the charter allows two terms of presidency and we can observe that the American's presidents strictly follow this rule. Furthermore, no government can disturb the check and balance system which enshrined in the manifesto of America. The charter of America grants equal rights to all its citizens irrespective of their caste color and religion; the presidency of Barak Obama shows that the legitimacy of the law is valid till the date.

The constitution of the USA has “ Bill of Rights" which defined the fundamental rights of a human being like protection, freedom of speech, citizenship rights, etc. The Government of the USA implies it in their letter and spirit. For instance, when the world trade center was attacked on 9/11 and killed about 3000 citizens the government of USA took a decisive step against the responsible (Alqaida) and thus started War on Terror against Alqaida. Since then fighting the longest war of their history. It causes about one trillion dollars to lose per year to the USA economy, but yet they want to eliminate the culprit of 9/11 attack. Similarly, the USA is introduced strict visa policy to safeguard their citizen from international Nonstate actors. It shows the commitment of the USA government toward their constitution.

Thus, from the above discussion, it was the inference that the whole constitution of the USA is fulfilling all the nitty gritty of a democratic government of modern era which accomplishes the fundamental human rights in their letter and spirit which lead it in the world order of states.

REFERENCES

http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document;https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript

Depends On The Prompt Chosen By Writer.

A Single President is Better than an Executive Council in the Executive branch

[ Robel Menghesha]

[Name of the Institution]

A Single President is Better than an Executive Council in the Executive

Introduction

Governments are the part and parcel of the modern nation-state system. Governments were formed to ensure the smooth functioning of the states and societies. There are three branches of governments such as executive, legislative and judicial branch. Every branch has its own spehere of competence. In the ancient world, legislation was considered the most important task in the society. However, things changed with the passage of time and this dominant position of legislature passed on to the executive branch of the government. The United States of America followed the same pattern of things and it was congress which had the powerful position in the American political system. However, the choice of presidential form of government and the doctrine of implied powers in the American Constituion made executive much powerful in its role and functions. This set of things went further changes and the American president became the most important actor not only in the American political system, but also in executive branch of the government. It is generally opined that American presidency is the toughest and the most powerful position on the face of earth. Undoubtedly, he is the person who directs and controls the working of world affairs after the New World Order. Now, time is ripe for such discussions that there should be an executive council in the executive branch and restricting the re-eligibility of the president and his four-year term. All this debate never ends, but the crux of the matter is that American president should remain the most powerful person in the executive branch. He does not need any executive council for the policy-making and policy-implementation. This ideal of executive council in the presidential system is just a lop-sided concept. If the choice of executive council was so prudent and opportune for America, the founding leaders would have added it as an essential ingredient in the administration of the state. Moreover, the executive council is not suitable for a nation with so much diversity. Another point of consideration is that article two of the US constitution mentioned no such executive council for the executive branch where power is divided among the people. In this view, the choice of single president instead of a body of several person in the executive branch is a much better option for US political system.

Discussion

To begin with, the desire of executive council in the executive branch instead of a single president is totally misfit in the American political system. The founding fathers of the United States of America never favored such concept of council for their executive branch. The founding fathers such as George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton wanted a strong president with immense authority 1(p.2824). The articles of confederation (AOF) had never mention the council and not even in the Philadelphia Convention where the final version of US constitution came out to run the affairs of all the states. If those prudent leaders of America wanted an executive council instead of single strong president, they could have framed the constitution in that way. Even in the past, those proponents of executive council had limited support among their fellows. Therefore, the American political system opted for single strong president, and is working smoothly since then. There is no need to incorporate features of privy council as widely practiced by their colonizers. There have been 44 presidents in the American political landscape, and all have their own set of achievements and skills. Hence, the American presidency does not need any executive council that could totally revamp the American political system.

Furthermore, the idea of single president is more compatible with the American nation and its style of governance. Americans were colonized by the Great Britain for a very long time. It was only through efforts of the several years that Americans got independence. Besides, the diverse nation of Americans followed the approach of revolutionary struggle to have their freedom. Americans were quite opposite in their temperament and their mode of governance. So, they opted for the presidential system, instead of the parliamentary system as practiced in their colonizers. Americans were not fond of weak executive at all and they wanted the strong leadership that could take the reins of the government. Americans wanted a weak executive as it is the case in parliamentary forms of governments. Moreover, the idea of several persons often creates much ambiguity in the policy-making process as highlighted by the George Washington in the debates. He opined that presidents would yield nothing if their power was curtailed 1(p.2825). The America nation did no object to the idea of single leadership position as well. Henceforth, for all such reasons, the concept of single strong and effective president had more merits than the idea of executive council of a few persons in the executive branch.

In addition, the choice of the single strong president was also due the reason that there Article two of the Us Constitution duly mentioned that single person as the president of the united states of America. If they had chosen the widespread proposals such as two-person or three-person proposals such as Virginia plan or the new jersey plan, the good governance of the newly independent country would have become the problematic affair 2(p.7). Already, the country was facing many problems at the time such as the irrational approach of the several states and their leaders. Even today, if this idea of executive council is implemented in the US political system, it would have created a chaotic scene in the country. This will initiate the conflict among states as they will contest for more and more power in the governance. This idea of executive council is not suitable for a country where diverse population is found such as the land of United States. Here, fifty different nations reside together and there is some good level of unity in the land too. This executive council will hurt the concept of “melting pot “and the “unity in diversity”. As a result, this body of executive council is not much promising for the American society and the American political system.

Conclusion

The powers and functions of American president are such significant that they make up the core of American political system. These powers are challenged and criticized very often. Every now and then, the critics come up with the plan of changing this presidential system and adding more limitations on the power of president. The antagonists propose the myriad alternatives to limit president’s power such as executive council, one-year term, limit on re-eligibility and the less authority in the foreign affairs. Nevertheless, almost 230 years have passed under the strong leadership of president, and this system is working fine in the political landscape of the country. There is no need to revamp the system with false ideals, and make it instable and inefficient in means and objectives. Such drastic change in the politics of the country will burgeon conflict in the territory of United States of America.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Milkis SM, Nelson M. The American Presidency. 8th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press

2.Nelson MC. The Evolving Presidency: Landmark Documents. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press; 2019.

Deployment Of THAAD In South Korea, And Conflicts Between South Korea, North Korea, China And US In Terms Of Global Goverance

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Deployment of THAAD in South Korea, and Conflicts between South Korea, North Korea, China, and the U.S. in terms of Global Governance

Introduction

What exactly is THAAD? THAAD stands for “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense” and it was previously known as “Theatre High Altitude Area Defense.” It is basically the United States’ anti-ballistic missile defense toolkit. It stepped into the production face back in 2008. Its main objective is to take down threatening ballistic missiles in what is said to be their terminal face. The main reason behind the development of THAAD was the experience of Iraq's Scud missile assaults back in 1991 amid the Gulf war (Swaine). THAAD interceptors do not carry warheads but depend on its own kinetic energy of an impact to take down the missile which is incoming. The system of THAAD is being constructed and designed and assimilated by Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control serving as the main contractor. The main framework and concept of THAAD were given back in 1987. Many communities which are outside the United States have contradicted against the rollout of systems that are similar to THAAD. The main reason for opposition by these communities is the pricing of these systems. People have carried out public protests in Korea against the THAAD system and its need in their land. This paper will be discussing the deployment of THAAD in South Korea, further, will also be deliberating the conflicts that are present between South Korea, North Korea, the United States, and China in terms of Global Governance.

Discussion

United States armed forces contribution in the Korean promontory has its fundamentals in the Korean War of the mid-1950s in the commencement time of the Cold War. In this, the United States boosted powers in the southern part of the landmass against socialist powers in the north, which were helped by armed forces of China and the Soviet Union now Russia (Swaine). At present, the United States is engrossed on defending South Korea under the standings of the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and South Korea or the Republic of Korea. The United States has almost 29,000 soldiers sent in the Korean landmass for that reason. In addition to troops provided by the United States, a considerable lot of South Korea's 630,000 troops and North Korea's 1.2 million troops are placed nearby to the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This makes it a standout amid the most dynamically armed borders in the world.

Overstepping upon UN Security Council statutes, North Korea proceeds with plain atomic improvement and long-run warhead missile advancement endeavors. In spite of the fact that the size of North Korea's uranium improvement program stays doubtful, United States intelligence organizations gauge that it has enough plutonium to create around six atomic warheads, and perhaps more than sixty.

North Korea is an atomic power with a complicated association with China and counteracting together a regional Korean conflict and a North Korean inside breakdown are basic United States national security concerns (Swaine). Alongside proceeded with weapons and warhead experiments, little scale military and digital spurs by North Korea present substantial dangers as every episode convey with it the latent for additional and possible wild intensifying. Out and expanding dangers from North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un are additionally reason for worry, as he guarantees that North Korean weapons would now be able to reach the U.S. regions and even the US terrain.

THAAD also is known as Terminal High Altitude Area Defense is a missile defense system which was developed and maintained by the all famous Lockheed Martin as mentioned above. This anti-ballistic defense system came into contact with the American government in 2007 after its production initiation in 1992 (Swaine). The expressed reason for THAAD is to safeguard U.S. military, united powers, population focuses, and basic framework from missiles.

South Korea chose to deploy THAAD in July 2016 in the midst of developing dangers from North Korea, yet Beijing is concerned that the framework's radar can enter its region and weaken the territorial security and stability. Following the gathering of the US and North Korean head of states, quick drawing closer, the issue may before long reemerge. At first, China voiced its restriction to the THAAD disposition and mentioned that South Korea pull back the framework, yet it ignored the request (Swaine). More than 16 months of allegations and friction pursued. Two-sided relations experienced the debate, bringing about an expected income loss of US$15.6 billion and a weakening of South Korean perspectives on China. Studies demonstrate that positive popular assessment of China fell from 24.1 percent to 15 percent back in 2018. More than 58 percent of individuals detailed a negative perspective on China in 2018, which was 33.5 %, 2 years ago.

THAAD

This anti-ballistic defense system comprises of the following 5 parts:

Launchers

Support equipment

Radar

Fire Control Equipment

Missiles

They carry a scope of 200 kilometers and can reach as much as 150 kilometers in elevation; it is higher than other rocket resistance framework. The radar, then again, can distinguish rocket dangers as much as 1,000 kilometers in range. THAAD rockets utilize motor vitality, devastating an approaching rocket via crashing into the coming missile (Swaine). A normal THAAD battery comprises of 6-9 dispatch vehicles, two flame control focuses, and a radar which is ground based. The dispatch vehicles are 12 meters long and 3.25 meters wide having 8 equipped interceptors or arsenals.

There are two conceivable modes for the radar. The primary is the forward-based mode, in which the framework is sensing for mark discovery and following of rockets amid the lift period of their direction. The secondary is terminal mode, with the point of target procurement and following in the terminal period of a rocket's direction as it drops towards its objective.

The U.S. has anticipated the organization of THAAD in South Korea since 2014. Official exchanges began toward the beginning of 2016, generally because of North Korea's fourth atomic test directed a month sooner. After a progression of conferences, the choice to send THAAD was made open by the Park Geun-Hye organization in July 2016 (Swaine). As indicated by a shared articulation between the U.S. and South Korea made the next day, the motivation behind THAAD is to go about as a cautious measure to guarantee the security of ROK and its citizen, and to shield Coalition military powers from North Korea's weapons of mass obliteration and airborne missile hazards. It was declared on July 22, 2016, that THAAD would be introduced to the Air Force of South Korea in County of Seongju, which is found exactly 200 kilometers southeast of Seoul. The south-focal area was deliberately picked so as to ensure the urban areas of Busan, Ulsan, and Pohang from North Korean rocket and airborne assaults. It is additionally where U.S. fortifications and supplies would arrive South Korea in case of an assault, and where the nation's major atomic plants, oil offices, and stockpiles are situated. Nevertheless, deploying THAAD in Seongju would not ensure Seoul with any kind of protection or safety. To all the more possible safeguard of Seoul, the present PAC protection arrangement of the South Korean armed force is being updated.

The location of the Air Force base was thus changed to a past golf and state club in Seongju after differences by close-by occupants. The positioning of THAAD was commenced before plan for April 2017, where 2 of the launchers were operational by May. As demonstrated by the South Korean ministry of defense, the clarification behind the liven up sending was to address the issue for a brief operational limit of the THAAD system, in light of an extended North Korea nuclear and airborne rocket threat (Swaine). The remaining four launchers were deployed by September of 2017. In view of the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), the duty to give the land and significant offices to have THAAD are held by South Korea. The U.S., then again, will give financing to the positioning and activity of a solitary THAAD battery framework whose estimated cost is around 1.3$ Billion. Strains quickly emerged in April 2017, after President Trump guaranteed that it was proper if South Korea carried the expenses. This was later withdrawn with the U.S. consenting to take care of the expenses of arrangement.

The unexpected organization of THAAD reported by the Park Geun-Hye organization partitioned general feeling in South Korea. As indicated by a Gallup Korea survey in July 2016, 50 percent of respondents were agreeable to the choice while 32 percent were constrained. Those in support referenced state safety and the nation's wellbeing as their fundamental contemplations, while the individuals who are in contradiction were concerned that the choice would adversely affect the nation's association with China and Russia. A few defendants likewise communicated a hesitance to be progressively needy on the U.S. armed force. As the choice was not exposed to an endorsement procedure in South Korea's National Assembly, a few commentators charged that the choice went past the system of the Mutual Defense Treaty between both countries. After President Park's accusation in a debasement scandal, THAAD turned into a focal issue in a presidential poll held in May 2017 (Sankaran and Fearey). The consequent victor, Moon Jae-in of the Democratic Party, battled to end THAAD arrangement dependent upon the further assessment of its disadvantages and advantages. President Moon had besides promised to improve Korean relations through a commitment situated strategy. In any case, he additionally asserted that THAAD would be "inescapable" if North Korea directed a 6th atomic test. North Korea's ensuing rocket and atomic tests brought about Moon backtracking from his battle promise and rather announcing THAAD a national need. The week following North Korea's 6th and most dominant atomic test on September 3, 2017, the staying four THAAD rocket launchers touched base in Seongju. In a Gallup survey the earlier month, 72 percent of respondents indicated support for Moon's structure to briefly send the extra launchers, with just 14 percent opposing this idea.

All things considered, probably the most grounded analysis of THAAD has been in Seongju, North Gyeongsang, where the framework is sent. While a general traditionalist fortress, the absence of conference over the choice to convey the framework has been viewed as undemocratic (Sankaran and Fearey). The region senator likewise expressed that he had just learned of the choice via media reports. Second, occupants have ceaselessly communicated their dissatisfaction quoting health worries because of radiation and the loss of land for the THAAD installation. Third, there are worries that there would be an expansion in hostile to social conduct that has happened around different U.S. army installations in South Korea. Finally, there is the dread that the nearness of THAAD will make Seongju a military target.

Pyongyang affirms that it as of now can assault the mainlands of the United States, American headquarters in the Pacific, and U.S. partners South Korea and Japan with atomic weapons and warheads. In March of 2015, North Korean Foreign Minister cautioned that Pyongyang presently "has the intensity of directing a pre-emptive attack." Pyongyang declared that its February 2013 atomic blast was of a "scaled down and lighter" atomic weapon that could be installed on a warhead, enabling the nation to make an accuracy strike at bases of hostility and explode them with a solitary blow, regardless of their position on earth and that North Korea can strike any nation with its nuclear warheads with complete accuracy (Sankaran and Fearey).

On September 30, 2016, South Korea declared the movement of THAAD to Lotte Skyhill Seongju State Club, more distant from the town's primary neighborhoods and greater in height, to reduce worries. Challenges proceeded, nonetheless, with hundreds setting up settlements close to the site boosted by different left-wing parties, which included the Labor Party and Green Party. On May 8, 2017, several occupants close to the Country Club recorded a request with the Constitutional Court to acquire an order against its development and operation. On September 6, 2017, as the last parts of the THAAD battery touched base in Seongju for arrangement, many rebels endeavored to obstruct the way to the base where they were to be introduced.

The deployment on THAAD in South Korea has been somewhat tragedy for China as the diplomatic between the ruling communist part of China and Trump’s America has been the lowest since 2017 (Sankaran and Fearey). In this delicate scenario, China has made strong relations with its neighboring states as political relations between China and America and ties between China and Korean states have become very serious and harsh. China's protests over THAAD are not right headed since North Korea represents a grave and prompt danger to South Korea and Japan. By sending rocket barrier frameworks and THAAD technology in East Asia, the United States is fortifying its security responsibilities to its partners in the district. In perspective on the way that somewhere in the range of 11 million individuals live in Seoul, which is only 35 miles from the outskirt of North Korea, they are powerless against an assault from Pyongyang. In this manner, a U.S. security duty must use every one of the assets available to it to ensure its partner full security, represented through rocket barrier THAAD technology (Sankaran and Fearey). On the off chance that there are no frameworks set up to capture a North Korean assault, a large number of more than thousands could be executed. In such a situation, the United States would battle to limit the extent of the dispute, in the midst of the enduring in South Korea.

China's post-Cold War territorial strategy has been guided by three related objectives of keeping up well-disposed relations with neighboring states, advancing regional and local participation, and overseeing difficulties presented by the US partnership framework and its allies. Before the finish of 2018, China's outer condition around its southern and eastern outskirts went up against apparent US endeavors to contain China to guarantee its very own authority in Pacific an Asia. Chinese appraisals of the provincial security condition remain generally negative, distinguishing rivalry over power, favored institutional systems, and thoughts as real interferences to territorial network building

Current pressures in East Asia can be followed to two fountains of unsteadiness: the decrease of US authority at the worldwide dimension and the ascent of Chinese power at the local dimension (Sankaran and Fearey). The US and its relations with Asian allies specifically have essentially undermined the soundness of China's encompassing condition as smaller provincial forces have balanced their key arrangements in light of the aggressive turn in US-China cooperation's. The Asian-Pacific political and diplomatic environment is very crucial at this time as Russia, China and North Korea have joined hands to establish a stronger bond and inaugurate regional cooperation among states (Wu). Under such weak and aggressive conditions, China's ability to threat a serious showdown with South Korea is constrained. In spite of the fact that China responded furiously to Seoul and Washington's choice to install THAAD, there remains an essential enthusiasm for guaranteeing and maintaining good diplomatic relations with South Korea to keep the peninsula from turning into a US key headlock. In the meantime, the US and South Korea union itself faces developing difficulties that may weaken it after some time, including US conservation, local political and public issues in South Korea, and outer basic changes in Northeast Asia. Over the long haul, South Korea's quest for more noteworthy independence, alongside the headway of monetary multilateralism in East Asia, is probably going to pack the space for extending the collision.

China – North Korea

Territorial pressures over North Korea's atomic advancement under Kim Jong-un have powered dynamic discussion in China on the North Korea and China relationship. The ongoing example of two-sided relations recommends a need to reshape the conventional fellowship dependent on deviations in security welfares, political capacities, and monetary bonds between the two nations (Wu). A few onlookers infer that China and North Korea have gone their separate ways, reflecting long haul moves in China's North Korean approach. US-China standardization enlarged Beijing and Pyongyang's discretionary partition, China's financial opening weakened their monetary ties, also the normalization of relations between China and South Korea "annihilated" their political union. Though they seem to be on the same boat their vision and their goals are different, and it can be said that the infamous blood alliance has come to an end.

Moreover, the negative effect of the atomic issue on generally respective relations demonstrates that political and security pressures on the peninsula are progressively overflowing to monetary, diplomatic and exchange relations. As indicated by doubters, North Korea has lost its key position of an incentive and strategic partner for Beijing, and the possibility of essentially and gently settling the nuclear problem has passed. In any case, the peninsula's dubious future and its weight on China make it particularly imperative to maintain a strategic distance from such threatening relations with Pyongyang. Over the long haul, by no means can the United States and US-South Korea coalition accepts any type of control, be it military, of the northern piece of the landmass.

If the regional dimension is concerned, Beijing's harder way to deal with the North Korean atomic issue is recognized among the greatest triumphs of China's strategy adding to its improved encompassing condition since 2017. In any case, opinions are isolated on what clarifies Kim Jong-un's ongoing swing to commitment. From one point of view, the increasing outer weight made it unreasonable for North Korea to continue its atomic and warhead advancement. It reflected North Korea's worries about the dangers of war for its financial improvement and changed frames of mind toward its Asian partners (Wu). Then again, having finished its atomic advancement, North Korea looked for a more grounded position to consult with America. In spite of the mutual promise to non-proliferate, in any case, the key players in the landmass confound stayed stalemate over favored systems. Contradictions originate from the impression of the intentions behind North Korea's atomic choices. As reflected in Beijing's legitimate position, the reason for North Korea's atomic advancement is certifiably not a preemptive strike. However, it is self-preservation in the face of apparent dangers from the US-South Korea collusion.

Such a perspective on North Korea's thought processes raises two ramifications for understanding and considering the atomic issue and elective ways to deal with it. Initially, Chinese help limitedly affects sanctions, which ought to rather be reinforced in different ways. Assents may oblige Pyongyang's monetary assets yet leave its inspirations for atomic advancement unaltered. UN sanctions ignore key components molding their effect, for example, the strength of the North Korean economy, Pyongyang's compelling utilization of approvals to reinforce inward unity, and the presence of a functioning covert economy (Wu). Second, the security predicament on the Korean landmass is fundamentally an issue between the United States and North Korea. From this point of view, Beijing's proposition for the postponement of North Korea's atomic improvement as an end-result of the postponement of US-South Korean military activities, through bilateral meetings on non-proliferation and harmony, are the best alternatives for the landmass' long-haul stability. While North Korea should step towards non-proliferation, the United States ought to likewise consider Pyongyang's authentic security apprehensions. North Korea's nonproliferation and US-North Korea agreement on the most proficient method to accomplish remains the greatest essentials for more extensive territorial coordination ventures epitomized in Moon's discretionary activities.

China-United States relations

Chinese evaluations of the US-China affiliation concur on its aggressive turn. Washington's assaults against China can be followed to another "Trump marvel" notwithstanding what is distinguished as conventional policies of US strategy toward China, to be specific they are uncertainty and rivalry. While the principal year of the Trump organization delivered no accord on the heading of two-sided ties, the expanding impact of Washington's disciplinarians has presented genuine monetary and security challenges. There is an apparent agreement inside the US strategy network on the need to separate from China to shield US national interests and universal initiative (Klingner). Regardless of contradictions on the US-China exchange war, a large portion of the American open help a harder position on China. From a long-haul point of view, US strategy toward China has achieved another phase where keeping up US control preferences will remain a need center throughout the following few decades.

Alterations in US remote strategy and foreign policies mirror the expenses of globalization through broadening pay deviations, rising security dangers, and identity emergency. While Trump has initiated momentary changes in accordance with US strategy needs, the ascent of Trump can even be viewed as a motivation for the long-haul rebalancing of US-China relations, as indicated by some insights provided by Chinese sources. Numerous non-definitive sources have considered many conceivable Chinese reactions to a THAAD organization in South Korea (Klingner). These incorporate encouraging a huge increment in China's atomic warheads and the improvement of cutting-edge hypersonic weapons and man-made reasoning automatons and drones. Some non-legitimate sources associate the sending of THAAD to other guessed signs of the more emphatic U.S. position in Asia for the most part connected with the Obama government's local "Rebalance" strategy. This includes its all the more prominent way to deal with the South China Sea question, and the offering of arms to Taiwan. China and the United States are not on the same page about the deployment of THAAD. It is clear that the United States wants a stronghold in the Korean peninsula and in one way or the other, try to pressurize the area of influence of China is the surrounding regions as China's economy poses a great threat to the power and influence of America on world politics.

Trump's underlying weight-based way to deal with North Korea perceived the direness of the atomic issue. This and much more is happening on the Korean peninsula. Washington plainly organizes the objective of nonproliferation, with broad household agreement on favored procedures of pressure pursued by discourse, a harmony, and peace treaty, and the utilization of power. Be that as it may, Trump's quest for numerous arrangements in the course of recent years, going from military and financial dangers to notable summits, resulted in counterproductive impacts. Washington's policy of diplomacy and using force is deficient to change Pyongyang's atomic choices and is rather a key cause of provincial unsteadiness, strengthening the cycle of "extraordinary power amusements" on the landmass (Klingner). This procedure is somewhat intended to compel Chinese impact and oversee outer challenge on the Korean Peninsula. The most basic records caution that the United States is seeking after a "double" wedge system planned to partition China and the Korean nations to make its hold strong on the peninsula.

This US mission to "drain China's effect on the Korean landmass" is a piece of its more extensive Asia-Pacific technique as proven in its security and monetary commitment in the district. The United States has disjoined China-North Korea bonds by pushing for alteration through diplomacy and pressure, raising pressures among Beijing and Pyongyang, and making North Korea a developing key problem for China. To deteriorate China's financial organization with South Korea, the United States manifested the US-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, made South Korea join Transpacific partnership and controlled the policy-making of South Korea after it joined Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The China-South Korea THAAD question is an unmistakable result of Washington's wedge strategy that has heightened US-China key challenge and destabilized in general territorial relations. It shows Washington's threatening goals toward China and Russia, with South Korea just assuming an auxiliary job. The inclination of both the United States and North Korea to receive wedge strategies against one another to separate adversaries makes China and South Korea remote actors in Northeast Asia's security arrangements (Klingner).

US-China rivalry since 2017 has truly undermined China's encompassing condition by driving its neighboring states to pick allies. In settling on their vital decisions, US partners like South Korea stand up to a "double difficulty" of overseeing external and inner political problems. As demonstrated by THAAD issue, instead of "indiscriminately following" Washington, US partners have looked for a "dynamic equalization" among China and the United States dependent on monetary and security benefits. The United States and China are the two essential outside factors that impact Korean geopolitics (Klingner). Thus, it is important to comprehend the idea of their relationship, particularly as there is an exceptional vulnerability in their association today, during developing exchange struggle, the Taiwan issue, the South China Sea and the digital secret activities. There is an augmenting understanding that the United States commitment approach toward China for as long as 40 years has ended. At the end of the day, the US exertion to pressurize China into the worldwide request structured by Washington was a disappointment.

The disagreement regarding Seoul's choice to convey THAAD in 2016 fortified the above auxiliary limitations on the Korean Peninsula and immediately turned around the positive development of Sino-South Korean ties amid the Park Geun-Hye organization (Juan et al., 1261-1273). All the more critically, it had a more profound effect of solidifying shared doubt in the district, which has waited past Beijing and Seoul's October 2017 choice to dismiss their disparities. China's reaction in the form of striking back economically drew across the board analysis yet was genuinely misinterpreted. Both authorized and speculative discussions uncover a huge hole in positions on THAAD since US-South Korean arrangements to introduce the nuclear resistance system. In Chinese appraisals, three components affected Seoul's choice to install THAAD: the US gains in reinforcing key favorable circumstances against Russia and China, the danger of North Korean military, and residential as well as a political force in South Korea driven by ever so emerging conservationism.

Notwithstanding fulfilling the control of China and Russia, US advancement of THAAD was a piece of wedge methodologies of isolating China and South Korea. Not exclusively did THAAD organization reflect South Korea's remote approach reliance on the US partnership, however by connecting it to the North Korean atomic issue, Seoul made it troublesome for China to challenge the choice (Juan et al., 1261-1273). The THAAD experience revealed five trademark shortcomings in China-South Korea relations since standardization, including the absence of correspondence, powerless emergency board systems, restricted safety, and military trades, outsider obstruction, and patriotism.

In spite of South Korean emphasis on THAAD's assurance of national security interests, China's furious reaction comes from the recognition that THAAD cannot successfully react to North Korean assaults and rather deteriorates China's vital position which is important for China strategically. In any case, notwithstanding driving this exemplary security situation, THAAD organization was a noteworthy selling out against China, certifying that South Korea has "boosted the United States in the US-China rivalry." While the Sino-South Korean rivalry reflected "unavoidable" pressures emerging from the job of the US-South Korean collusion in this challenge, Seoul's help of THAAD above all came at the expense of losing confidence from Beijing. After over 25 years of corporation, the respective question of ‘trust' remains the greatest requirement on China-South Korea relations. Chinese reactions to South Korean general sentiment patterns since the THAAD question are centered around differentiating the master US introduction of Koreans against the feeble social establishment of China-South Korean relations. South Korean inclinations of lining up with the United States are credited to Chinese danger discernments, powers of patriotism, and a Cold War attitude further irritated by the THAAD issue (Juan et al., 1261-1273).

While THAAD was the heaviest hit to China and South Korean common discernments since the Koguryo history conflict, it likewise changed the direction of more extensive local associations. From the point of view of US provincial methodology, THAAD arrangement denoted the finish of Asia Pacific balancing and weakened China's key stronghold in Northeast Asia. It drove a "patterned downturn" in China's relations with the United States and South Korea, weakening involvement on the North Korean atomic issue, between Korean compromise, and landmass stability. The absence of trilateral accord on Korean land safety raised the requirement for changes in Washington's approach to Asia and Seoul's security arrangement with the United States, just as a progressively dynamic Chinese job in controlling the Korean land’s vital future. The impacts of North Korean military dangers, THAAD sending, and US rebalancing "went for reacting to the ascent of China" may repeat "another Cold War request" in Northeast Asia. The monetary repercussions of THAAD further underscored the difficulties of connecting Xi and Moon's provincial advancement procedures.

North Korea has over and again taken steps to utilize its atomic weapons store in anticipatory assaults against the United States, South Korea, and Japan (Juan et al., 1261-1273). As indicated by a senior North Korean military deserter, Kim Jong-un affirmed another war plan in which Pyongyang would utilize atomic weapons right off the bat in a contention—before U.S. fortifications touching base—so as to invade and capture all of South Korea inside seven days back in 2012. North Korea's activities since President Trump's introduction have uplifted the feeling of direness encompassing North Korea's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. Amid the initial 7 months of the year 2017, North Korea led almost 20 airborne rocket tests, in negation of UNSC statutes.

Under Kim Jong-Un's administration, more nuclear tests have been directed than at some other period in North Korean history: 13 under the rule of Kim Il Sung, 16 under Kim Jong Il, and 68 under Kim Jong Un administration through 2017. In contrast to his father, who passed away before he had the capacity to satisfy North Korea's atomic and completing intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) desire, Kim Jong Un quickened the two projects that altogether upgraded his influence toward South Korea and the United States. In any case, regardless of such saber shaking from North Korea, the leftists in South Korea trust that Kim's suggestions since January 2018 ought to be viewed as a component of his stupendous technique of raising pressures with the United States and South Korea so as to come to a compromise with Seoul and Washington (Juan et al., 1261-1273). Ongoing improvements on the Korean Peninsula propose recharged agreement on the objectives of nonproliferation and harmony, and Kim Jong-un's readiness to pick an alternate way from that taken by his dad Kim Jong-il. In any case, Moon's vision for North Korea's provincial mix echoes past fizzled endeavors of Korean compromise, including the reunification procedure exemplified in Kim Dae-Jung's Sunshine Policy two decades back.

The Panmunjom Declaration comparatively leaves open the topic of whether harmony treaty on formally finishing the Korean War will incorporate China. Chinese perspectives on territorial relations under the Moon and Trump organizations since 2017 reflect profound doubt over the practical ramifications of present North Korea discretion. South Korea's armed forces collusion with the United States remains a center logical inconsistency to the China-South Korean organization (Rogers, 35). China and North Korea have developed increasing alienation from their conventional relation as Pyongyang's military incitements have requested a reassessment of China's key needs. While Trump's "key vulnerability" has increased China's quandaries on the Korean landmass, US immovability on nonproliferation remains a continuous cause of obstacles in multilateral discourse. The THAAD case in 2016-2017 did not just try China's capacity to deal with its key inclinations on the landmass, yet in addition, extended common doubt with South Korea and the United States.

The improved local security condition since 2017 still shows normal interests of maintaining a strategic distance from expensive clash and the accomplishment of discretion in alleviating pressures. Be that as it may, the suspicion behind this reengagement brings up the issue of other persuading matters. As Chinese household discussions establish, late apprehensions were an unmistakable notice of the "base" commitment of the two Koreas requirement to avert a future situation of an unfriendly Korea over the Chinese outskirt lined up with US powers (Rogers, 35). Moon's dynamic administration on the Korean peninsula mirrors his central goal of recreating between Korean relations and the more extensive Northeast Asian geopolitical landscape. But his North Korea strategy is likewise a mainstream diversion from mounting social and financial weights in South Korea, where each summit with Kim Jong-un has supported his endorsement evaluations. Despite the fact that Moon's accomplishment in between Korean compromise is his greatest strategy accomplishment, it seems less encouraging when seen in a local setting.

Solutions

To successfully counter the dangers of nuclear armament and proliferation beginning in North Korea, the present UN and EU consents and customs must be executed with self-control and responsibility. The European Council and the European External Action Service (EEAS) ought to guarantee their full and far-reaching usage by EU part states. European proposals that could contribute emphatically to compromise could likewise be composed and explicitly brought into play by the European Union. Specifically, the EU ought to make the fundamental conditions for giving adequate budgetary, staff and specialized help for a conceivable demilitarization mission. Furthermore, North Korea could and ought to be motivated to think about a progressively sound and driven European arrangement to counteract the expansion of nuclear weapons and nuclear warheads (Rogers, 35). Against the foundation of the emergency encompassing the atomic concurrence with Iran, it is additionally time to overhaul the methodology received in 2003 for battling the expansion of weapons of mass destruction. The key self-sufficiency that the EU tries must not be restricted to the extension of military methods, however, ought to likewise be a mean to improve its conciliatory ability to act.

There is no uncertainty that the Chinese authority and the thinktanks that also include Chinese spectators and pundits are unequivocally restricted to the installment of the THAAD framework in South Korea. As communicated in various Chinese sources, it is the long range, advanced THAAD X-band radar framework that apparently stresses China the most (Sankaran and Fearey, 321-344). As we have seen, most Chinese immovably trust that in any event the organization of THAAD, while maybe giving some restricted guard against North Korean ballistic rockets, is fundamentally expected to fill the bigger need of debilitating China's key obstruction. While adding to a worldwide defense against nuclear missile attack framework hostile to both Beijing and Moscow.

Truth be told, Beijing could likely kill the vital impacts of a South Korean THAAD framework by essentially sending more ICBMs and growing progressively powerful counter-effective stances against it (Sankaran and Fearey, 321-344). It has definitely more limit in such manner that does North Korea. Also, as we have seen, some Chinese specified specialists recognize the points of confinement of the THAAD framework as connected to China. All things considered, Chinese endeavors to defeat THAAD could demonstrate exceedingly and develop a current offense-barrier weapons contest between the United States, China, and Russia. Along these lines, if really held, the specialized concerns with respect to THAAD do contain a few rationales. Be that as it may, the rationale is genuinely frail, and does not generally mirror the more profound sources of Beijing's nervousness. It might be troublesome for some outcasts to comprehend why most Chinese would object so firmly to a guarded framework purportedly intended to secure South Korea, a close United States partner, against an exceptionally antagonistic and combative, atomic furnished neighbor.

However, this reasonable response to a great extent disregards the profound Chinese sentiment of disdain and doubt that the THAAD choice worsens. Specifically, the THAAD choice worsens a current solid feeling of Chinese scorn against supposed endeavors by the United States to peer profound into China from close-by zones, removing delicate military data so as to debate China's security. This opinion, reflected in a considerable lot of the above sources, is like the disdain since quite a while ago coordinated at close-in the U.S. ISR tasks directed along the Chinese coast. Be that as it may, more essentially, for most Chinese, the THAAD installing result moreover speaks to a sort of selling out by South Korea and a related reinforcing of Washington's in general exertion to counter or contain China in the Asia-Pacific (Sankaran and Fearey, 321-344).

Conclusion

The feeling of South Korean treachery (named by some Chinese as a "wound in the back") results from the solid Chinese view that, by acquiring the THAAD framework, a cordial Seoul had joined a developing United States, drove hostile to China security arrangement in Asia focused on an animated U.S. - Japan union. In spite of some good and bad times as of late, Beijing had seen Seoul as a creating accomplice of sorts, a U.S. partner, truly, yet more autonomous than Japan and holding fundamentally the same as, vigilant perspectives with respect to Japanese protection transformation (Sankaran and Fearey, 321-344). From the Chinese point of view, Seoul in this way stood separated from United States, Japanese, and other Asian worries over China's military ascent, concentrating significantly more on its antagonistic neighbor to the north while esteeming its expanding monetary and social connections with China. With the THAAD choice, be that as it may, South Korea was viewed as plainly moving far from Beijing also, toward an acknowledgment of the U.S. what's more, Japanese regulation endeavors.

Such an improvement seemingly produces a lot more prominent worry in China than any diminishment of its atomic impairment that THAAD may cause. Depending for the most part on political improvements in South Korea, it is conceivable that the THAAD arrangement choice will be turned around later on, or that Seoul will utilize a progressively restricted radar and dodge the sort of resistance incorporation with Washington and Tokyo that Beijing fears most. Until that happens, be that as it may, it is practically sure that THAAD will remain a noteworthy aggravation in China's relations with its Northeast Asian neighbors for the not so distant. THAAD cannot give foolproof certifications yet it sends the message to Pyongyang that the achievement of a nuclear torrent against South Korean urban areas is not ensured either. What's more, this is the thing that the United States is going for with its questionable installment of THAAD in South Korea, to counteract excessive clash between the two Koreas (Sankaran and Fearey, 321-344). The arrangement of THAAD, so, is an instance of relieving the most exceedingly bad impacts of war, the results of which will be inconceivable.

Work Cited

Swaine, Michael. "Chinese views on South Korea’s deployment of THAAD." China Leadership Monitor 52.4 (2017).

Sankaran, Jaganath, and Bryan Leo Fearey. What really bothers China about THAAD?'WHY CHINA BOTHERS ABOUT THAAD MISSILE DEFENSE'. No. LA-UR-16-23914. Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States), 2017.

Wu, Riqiang. "South Korea’s THAAD: Impact on China’s Nuclear Deterrent." (2016).

Klingner, Bruce. "South Korea Needs THAAD Missile Defense." Heritage Foundation Backgrounder 3024 (2015).

Juan, Yuxian, et al. "The constraints of Chinese tourists to visit Korea caused by THAAD using Q-methodology." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22.12 (2017): 1261-1273.

Rogers, Tyler. "Moon Orders THAAD Deployment Review." Arms Control Today 47.6 (2017): 35.

Sankaran, Jaganath, and Bryan L. Fearey. "Missile defense and strategic stability: Terminal high altitude area defense (THAAD) in South Korea." Contemporary security policy 38.3 (2017): 321-344.

Did The Supreme Court Decide Correctly In Plyler Vs. Doe?

PLYLER V. DOE

NAME OF WRITER

AFFILIATIONS

In the United states most, Americans can take going to school for granted. However, the situation previously was hugely different for the children of immigrants that are undocumented. Plyler vs Doe case is an important step to understand the concept behind the laws that defines the education right for children of immigrants. In 1975 the Texas legislature enacted laws for local school districts authorities to deny enrollment to undocumented non-citizen children. This meant that the children of undocumented citizens have to pay tuitions so that they can attend public schools while other children attended for free. In 1982 four undocumented immigrant families filed a class actions suit against the Texas school district. The district court held that the state law was a violation of 14th amendment protection clause. The united states supreme court granted cert. The policy makers look at this as way to save states revenue while for people it was getting their basic right of education.

The fourteenth amendment protects all the people within the state jurisdiction including undocumented immigrants. Immigration status is a non-suspect classification that meant that the law wasn’t subject to strict scrutiny. The children have no control over their parents unauthorized entry into united states neither they are able to change their own immigration status ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DfJzzz9Q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Plyler v. Doe}, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Plyler v. Doe, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/T7A9ZFTM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/T7A9ZFTM"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"legal_case","title":"Plyler v. Doe","page":"202","volume":"457","issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Plyler v. Doe, 1982). The children that are entering the country with their families are either unaware of the legal issues or cannot do anything. Furthermore, the constitution is for all people regardless of their background, where they live, how they got there is under the application of the law. Basic education forms the foundation of productive citizenships. Denying specific class or group of people from getting education will prevent them from contributing their part in nations progress. The constitution fails its scrutiny in providing quality education to undocumented immigrant children that it provided to other children. The right to education is a basic need of any person as much as a right to vote. The denial of education cannot be based on rational basis. The state has specific interests in reducing the burden on its capacity to provide high quality education but in this case, there were no substantial evidences that segregation of undocumented citizens will improve quality of education and limit its budget ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lcftTNBk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Access to Education\\uc0\\u8212{}Rule of Law,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Access to Education—Rule of Law,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":119,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/EFQA3WIR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/EFQA3WIR"],"itemData":{"id":119,"type":"webpage","title":"Access to Education - Rule of Law","container-title":"United States Courts","URL":"https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/access-education-rule-law","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Access to Education—Rule of Law,” n.d.).

Furthermore, denying a specific group their basic right to education can also promotes social discrimination in the society. Exclusion or any hate directed towards someone that have no control over it can cause worry and anxiety among individuals which in general have negative impacts on the morale of a society.

Today almost 11.1 million undocumented immigrants live in the country in which about 1.7 millions are those that came with their parents without knowing anything ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2f7IxvTa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burciaga, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Burciaga, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":118,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9UELQDIF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/9UELQDIF"],"itemData":{"id":118,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Promise and Reality of Plyler v. Doe","container-title":"Cracks in the Schoolyard: Confronting Latino Educational Inequality","page":"161","author":[{"family":"Burciaga","given":"Edelina M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burciaga, 2016). These 1.7 million people have contributed in some way or shape towards the economy of the country. If they were denied their basic human rights their would have been more unemployment and increase in crimes.

The law is for “all persons within a jurisdiction”, and hence unauthorized immigrants should be treated like any other person under the 14th amendment. The discussion however was on the definition of persons in jurisdiction that whether unauthorized immigrants are counted under jurisdiction or not. These ideas were solely based on the concept that migrants might not be able to own any property and not on the basis that they might have rights at all ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oEQkHIYr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Calabresi & Barsky, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Calabresi & Barsky, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":116,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/8MJFNIWB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KfR9yuY2/items/8MJFNIWB"],"itemData":{"id":116,"type":"article-journal","title":"An Originalist Defense of Plyler v. Doe","container-title":"BYU L. Rev.","page":"225","author":[{"family":"Calabresi","given":"Steven G."},{"family":"Barsky","given":"Lena M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Calabresi & Barsky, 2017). However, the court ruling was in favor of the illegal immigrants and it considered them to have equal protection of the law with jurisdiction within that state.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Access to Education—Rule of Law. (n.d.). Retrieved October 17, 2019, from United States Courts website: https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/access-education-rule-law

Burciaga, E. M. (2016). The Promise and Reality of Plyler v. Doe. Cracks in the Schoolyard: Confronting Latino Educational Inequality, 161.

Calabresi, S. G., & Barsky, L. M. (2017). An Originalist Defense of Plyler v. Doe. BYU L. Rev., 225.

Plyler v. Doe. , (1982).

Discussion 1:

Discussion 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion 1

It is true that the casting vote is not a fullproof defense against any type of oppression and tyranny, but it is rightly the best one against such factors. Despite this fact, the new generation takes this opportunity for granted which are the rights that are very hard earned by the older generation. This is the case in almost every democracy and the United States of America offers no exception in this case. In the US the voting turns out is often lower as compared to other democracies. In the elections of 1996 fewer than half voting-age adults voted. In 2000 the number was slightly better in Florida. It has been noted that despite the efforts to bring more voters to the poll the voters turn over is always low, and also only the adult individuals participate and cast their votes. Majority of the US population put this blame on the government policy that they lower the age limit to 18 due to which such youngsters have lack of civic duty, lengthy and boring campaigns that seems dull to the younger generations and also other negative TV aids them to turn off their interests. Another reason that the adult voters turnout is more as compared to the youngsters is that most of the benefits that they government introduce go to these senior citizens from Medicare to social security to Medicaid they are specified for this population, so their interest is greater than any other age groups (Magsdadt, 17).

The political parties grab the attention of these voters by introducing various policies which include health benefits and other social securities and by doing so the adults automatically cast their votes to that specific political group (Frisco et al., 2004). The interest groups try to sway public policy by influencing elected officials and also the public opinion by various mass media campaigns. Money and memberships are also quite vital for the success of these interest groups. Organizations having a large group of citizens with the same interests have a clear advantage. AARP is one example with many like-minded people with clear goals, and more than half of the adults belong to this group which makes it the biggest such group. So by all this evidence, it is clear that most of the political parties target the adults by introducing many policies in their favor.

References

Frisco, M. L., Muller, C., & Dodson, K. (2004). Participation in voluntary youth‐serving associations and early adult voting behavior. Social Science Quarterly, 85(3), 660-676.

Magsdadt, T.M. (2013). Understanding Politics: Ideas, and Issues

Discussion Question

Discussion Question

[Author’s name]

Discussion Question

Crafted Question

How the prospect of rogue states enhances the risks of wars at the global level? How can the danger of rogue states can influence the entire world? Which ways can be adopted by powerful countries to deal with the threat of rogue states?

Response

The evolution of rogue states eventually changed the phenomenon of wars for the world in an extensive manner. It is observed that conflicts of citizens at inter-state level eventually threaten the security of the international community. The approach of interstate wars ultimately makes it essential for powerful countries to intervene in the whole situation and makes the world a better place to live. The threatening power of rogue states can be damaging for the societies in the form of improper utilization of different financial and physical resources. The functioning of rogue states turned as a great threat for the other countries when it comes to the approach of global security. The issue of adoption of nuclear weapons by North Korea is one significant example to explain the dangerous impact of rogue states on the other countries of the world. The desire of acquiring the power of mass construction can create tribulations for humanity at a massive level.

The regressive behavior shared by the rogue states makes it essential for the other powerful countries to take necessary practical measures. Aggressive behavior by the rogue states can cause major threats to the internal and external security as the action of one country ultimately influence the other nations. The growing concern of terrorism at the international level is one of the major consequences of the issue of rogue states at the global level. There is a need for conscious intervention by the power countries to propose better solutions to the troubles in case of confronting rogue states. Fruitful negotiations and proper use of power are two basic options for the international world to eliminate the risk of war associated with the role of rogue states.

Discussion Question And Reading Reflection

Discussion Question and Reading Reflection

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Discussion Question and Reading Reflection

Discussion Questions

Why Marxist theories considered the term relative autonomy for the state despite the fact that Marxism system supports social welfare state concept?

Modern capitalists are infrastructural strong and despotically weak. Is this means that they do not exercise autonomous control as a state due to dependence on other factors?

Why is the state considered autonomous in terms of power when the only entities that have power are the state elites?

Is the autonomy of the state related to powerful governance?

Background for questions

The main reason for suggesting such questions to the reading is that the state is regarded as autonomous in the entire text but powers it possesses makes the reader doubt in the state's potential. Giving the example of the democratic state at one point in the text, it is made clear that even the democratic countries have outside influence from other entities. So, if this is the case then the autonomous power of the state is limited and restricted in some areas. Politicians decide the power that the state will reflect and they cannot do this without the support of civil society.

Reflection on Reading

This article is related to the autonomous power the state holds and the origins, mechanisms, and results that the state has with respect to the major power groupings of the civil society. In the definition of the state, two main aspects were focused which are, centrality and territoriality in relation to the two essential types of powers that the state has i.e. infrastructural power and despotic power. The paper argued that these two powers of the state help in becoming the state autonomous through its ability to a territorially centralized form of an organization. There are many theories on the origins and powers of a state which cannot be considered as false. But at the same time, it can also be not denied that these theories are reductionist in nature and have reduced the autonomy of the state. In these theories, the state is viewed as a mere pre-existing structure that is there in the civil societies for ages. State theories like Marxism, liberalism, and functionalism etc. have treated the state to be a place where social differences occur, interest groups conflict arises, individuals are represented and institutionalized. Although there are many points of contradictions in these theories the one similarity they have is that all of them underestimates the autonomous power of a state. Using terms likes relative autonomy is one of the examples of their doubts about the supreme authority a state possesses. The factors that lead to this underestimation of the power of the state includes unpleasant politics. First sense in which the state gets associated with is the despotic power. This power is possessed by the elites of the states, the actions which are accessible to the elites without undertaking predictable, institutionalized cooperation with the interest groups of civil society. Despotic powers are unlimited in the states that have left a significant mark in the world's history. In capitalist societies, people often associate the infrastructural power to the state because they believe that the state has the power to penetrate civil society. In both cases, no matter how strong democracy is, politicians are often directed by outside civil groups. This is why states in the modern world are regarded as weak in one sense but strong in others. They are weak when it comes to despotic power as the civil society is strong there and never allows the elites to excess more power. But they are strong in the infrastructural sense as the government penetrates the civil society strictly. It can also be interpreted that there is a battle of power between the state elites and the civic groups in which one often wins while others have to obey the command.

End Notes

Mann, Michael. "The autonomous power of the state: its origins, mechanisms and results." European Journal of Sociology/Archives européennes de sociologie 25, no. 2 (1984): 185-213.

Do You Think Mainstream Media In The United States Today Supports Or Undermines American Democracy?

Is Mainstream Media Promoting American Democracy?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Is Mainstream Media Promoting American Democracy?

Thomas Jefferson is said to have proclaimed that if he had to choose between a government without newspapers and newspapers without a government, he would choose the latter without any hesitation. Today we live in a society where media play a key role in shaping our understanding of the world. Media is the means of connecting the common man with the government. It makes and breaks the opinions of the people. Acting as a watchdog, the media plays a crucial role in shaping a healthy democracy. The essence of democracy is freedom, and the essence of elementary freedoms such as freedom of speech and thought lies in free networks of communication and information. Therefore the various media of information such as newspapers, online publications, and electronic media, must maintain high standards of ethics and objectivity (as the theories go). However, despite such theories, ideals, and proclamations, U.S media does more disservice to democracy than it does service.

After Trump’s ascendence to the presidency, a debate has evolved over the role of the Fourth Estate in a robust democracy. Most Americans believe that it is now harder than ever to remain informed and know which news is true and which is fake CITATION Gal17 \l 1033 (Gallup, 2017). People are increasingly becoming skeptical about the role of media and have begun to perceive it as partisan and biased. Although they believe that media continues to play a critical role in the democracy of the U.S., they see the role as rather negative.

The public of the United States is divided over the question of responsibility to ensure that the masses have a balanced understanding of the new and information they receive. 48% of Americans believe the news media have this responsibility whereas nearly 48% say individuals themselves are responsible CITATION Gal17 \l 1033 (Gallup, 2017). People are more skeptical about social media than they are about mainstream media. TV and Newspapers are the most trusted.

Opinion control is a pre-requisite for the consolidation of power and maintaining a position of power CITATION Noa \l 1033 (Chomsky, 1988). Thought control becomes all the more important in freer societies such as the U.S, where the power elite cannot simply employ the tools of violence. The first casualty in this power game is the people and the second one is a democracy. Democracy aims at promoting free thinking and informed decision-making. Free media requires a robust democracy and democracy itself is strengthened by free media. But employing media to control people’s thoughts damages the democratic values of American society.

In order to push a particular narrative, fake news is generated. The Guardian defines fake news as a piece of information written with the intention to mislead the public, thereby gaining political or financial benefits. The tools employed to this end include sensationalism, exaggeration, false, attractive and attention-grabbing headlines and so on. It is a part of their drive to increase ratings. Since, in such scenarios, headlines become more important than fact-checking, the ultimate result is a heap of fake news. One pertinent example in this context is the New York Times running a fake news story which accused Vice President Mike Pence of a shadow campaign for 2020. Misinformation is the norm of the day. Day in and day out, articles such as “The case against climate change” are published despite all the scientific evidence to further a certain political narrative and serve vested interests. Even public healthcare has been criticized many a time by several journalists in their publications. Whoever is powerful holds sway and defines reality.

One democratically problematic aspect of contemporary fake news is algo-journalism. Algo-journalism aims at using data and algorithms to produce personally and emotionally targeted news. It is also called empathic media. The Cambridge Analytica Scandal revealed that the likes and dislikes of people were exploited to design such an election manifesto that appealed to the public. The empathically optimized news is not only used for furthering political agendas, but it is also employed to create an effective advertisement, thereby giving rise to insane consumerism.

Fact checking is eschewed in favor of sensationalism. There are dozens of examples of factual mistakes in the news stories disseminated by the mainstream media in the past several years. Mistake-ridden news is most often related to conspiracies and sensational scandals. For example, CNN issued several corrections when it reported Trump-Russia collusion. Another pertinent example is the suspension of ABC's Brian Ross over fake reporting that Trump orders his security advisor to contact Russian counterparts.

Today's mainstream media is driven by ratings. This trend began with CNN when it was the sole newsgroup reporting live on the ground in the Cold War. Every other newsgroup followed suit. The whole competition now has been reduced to "Nielson ratings". Unfortunately, serious journalism doesn't attract people's attention anymore.

It is a failure of media that despite the information explosion, so many Americans are in the dark. They are not accurately aware of their rights. Democracy aims at fulfilling the rights of people, creating an active civil society that is not only aware of its rights but is also capable of holding its government accountable. With the media's major focus on promoting consumerism, specific political narratives, and increasing rating, the real objective, and function of media have suffered.

The American media has failed to perform its primary function of civilizing as well. Very recently there was a discussion about the Atlantic hiring a person as a columnist who thinks women getting abortions should be hanged. The functioning norms of the media have indeed deteriorated over the years.

Most journalists seem to have succumbed to a psychological phenomenon called group-think. In group-think, most reporters in think the same. They aim at evolving a common narrative. Thinking that others also think similar results in the belief that they are all right. Moreover, individuality is discouraged. Media's groupthink results in another bias that is called confirmation bias. Those incidents which promote their agenda are highlighted and exploited. For example, only such incidents will be picked in which a white person shoots a black person in order to promote the view that racism is rampant in America.

Over the years social media has emerged as a great power and has resulted in unprecedented challenges human rights and democracy. Various forms of misinformation and propaganda have existed for decades if not centuries. But it is a point of concern that so much power resides in one platform: Facebook. Two big political campaigns of 2016 i.e. Brexit in the Uk and election of Donald Trump were expected to lose. However, Facebook completely reversed the situation. It uses algorithms to know the likes and dislikes of people, what is important to them. The constantly lingering threat to privacy is another point of concern. Comparing mainstream with social media, those supporting mainstream media argue that it has been working far better than social media when it comes to media ethics and responsibility. However, it must not be forgotten that websites such as Facebook are not news platforms and in fact are exploited by the same revenue-driven news corporations. It is to be noted that Facebook lacks a competitor. This situation has given rise to a myriad of the social problem. Mark Zuckerberg does not recognize facebook anything more than a technology company CITATION MIn \l 1033 (Ingram, 2016).

Trump calls the mainstream media “fake news” but he himself is the beneficiary of media. CBS CEO Leslie Moonves said about Trump, “His candidacy might not be good for America, but it’s damn good for CBS." Throughout his campaign, trump manipulated media in several ways. He would abuse those reporters in his campaigns who were his bitter critics and provided easy access to those who were compliant. He even threatened to change libel laws. Cable news organizations made a record-breaking $2.5 billion during election season CITATION Vic17 \l 1033 (Pickard, 2017). Media coverage to President Trump during elections resulted in normalization of populist politics. Trump received 327 minutes of broadcast at night, Hilary 121 minutes and Bernie Sanders 20 minutes CITATION Tyn16 \l 1033 (Tyndal Report, 2016). Since most of the media outlets are rating driven, President Trump became their all-time favorite since he is a controversial person.

Private ownership of major media companies has resulted in making the American media industry an avenue for income generation. All the big media corporations exist primarily to increase profits. In 2012, more than 90% of all media companies were privately owned. It was the Telecommunications Act of 1983 that resulted in the flourishing of private media channels. The other side favoring private corporation argues that since media acts as a watchdog over the government, only a private and independent media can perform these functions of accountability properly. However, the practice of media suggests that they also collude with the government. Hence the existence of an independent regulatory body is of utmost importance.

Another media failure is the journalism crisis in America CITATION Vic17 \l 1033 (Pickard, 2017). The newspaper industry has lost more than one-third of its employees since 2006 because of revenue decline. The decline in revenues can be attributed to a shift from paper circulation towards online dissemination. This economic pressure has further intensified the efforts for revenue generation through sensationalism.

The failure of American mainstream media on several counts demands structural reforms to avert the threats to democracy. There is a need to develop a long term policy. Profit should be taken out of the news. New methods to reduce commercialism in the news industry must be introduced. Some steps to be taken towards this end include the building of public funds for the broadcasting industry, dismantling media monopolies, preventing market concentration. CITATION Vic17 \l 1033 (Pickard, 2017). Facebook has recently introduced its own fake-news checking mechanism which is a step in the right direction. Indeed educating people as to how to identify accurate news and reliable sources is the need of the hour. New watchdog institutions made of experts should be introduced. Some experts have also recommended external oversight of facebook.

The role of media in promoting democracy cannot be denied. A free, fair and non-partisan media is the 4th pillar of any democratic nation. But, unfortunately, the present landscape of mainstream media in the U.S. presents a dismal picture in this regard. Today, public trust in media is at all time low. Instead of serving public interests, the media seeks to divert attention from the critical issues CITATION Qui18 \l 1033 (Quinn, 2018). Half of the Americans do not believe global warming can harm them in their lifetime CITATION Gal17 \l 1033 (Gallup, 2017). Since democracy works best when people make informed decisions, the media has only harmed democracy by engineering public opinions. Mainstream media may still be better than social media when it comes to accurate reporting, it is important to note that even social media is used by news media to promote their own news stories. Today, America needs a media which serves as a watchdog over the government, informs people of their rights and helps them make informed decisions, and promotes the democratic values of pluralism and tolerance.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing Consent.

Gallup. (2017). Survey on Trust, Media and Democracy.

Ingram, M. (2016). Sorry Mark Zuckerberg, but Facebook is definitely a media company. Fortune.

Pickard, V. (2017). Media Failures in the Age of Trump.

Quinn, S. (2018). Global Research Organization. Retrieved from https://www.globalresearch.ca/mainstream-media-obscure-most-important-issues-from-public-eyes/5648348

Tyndal Report. (2016). Tyndal Report.

Do You Think Mainstream Media In The United States Today Supports Or Undermines American Democracy?

Do you think mainstream media in the United States today supports or undermines American democracy?

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Do You Think Mainstream Media in the United States Today Supports or

Undermines American Democracy?

Democracy grants the essential meaning to the legal and political structure of self-determination within the social, cultural and economic paradigm. It is a state of government established after fair voting system by the citizen either indirectly directly to elect the representatives. The United State of America (USA) is a democratic state which aims at strengthening the fundamental principles of freedom, equality and freedom of expression. Media plays instrumental role to deliver information to the people in the political, economic and social context. However, the relationship between media and the incumbent president of the United States, Donald Trump, remained contentious since the very beginning of his presidential tenure. A wide range of critiques have abashed the manner wherein Trump treats the media and other groups have abashed the attitude of media towards the president. Amid these controversies, it becomes imperative to assess the impact of media on democratic development in the contemporary age. Irrefutably, the freedom of the press is an explicit illustration of the strengthened structure of democracy in the United States. Since media has been offered the rights and privilege to report and investigate the matters independently, it ought to advance to strengthen the democracy rather than bashing it. The relationship between Trump and the media must not desecrate the fundamental principles of democracy. Media does not undermine democracy in the United States but there exist certain element which cast adverse impacts on the spirits of democracy caused by the radical confrontation with the policymakers.

To begin, it is essential to underpin the fundamental principle of democracy which is accountability. It calls for the accountability of not only the individual politicians but also the decision making entities and political parties. A similar notion of democracy is cherished in the United States. Free media casts a significant impact to ensure the credible flow of information to the public pertaining to the advancement in political and institutional sphere. Besides, media is always deemed to present subjective view and refrain from highlighting the objectivity. The philosophical comprehension and the inclinations of media personnel are reflected in the publications and reporting to some extent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N9hEq69U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Media in the United States \\uc0\\u8212{} Global Issues,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Media in the United States — Global Issues,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":131,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/XPW44ZQK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/XPW44ZQK"],"itemData":{"id":131,"type":"webpage","title":"Media in the United States — Global Issues","URL":"http://www.globalissues.org/article/163/media-in-the-united-states#MediaPowerisPoliticalPower","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Media in the United States — Global Issues,” n.d.). The primary purpose of the free press is serving as a discriminator of truths in a democratic society. However, media has assumed a critical role in the United States which transcends the democratic paradigm.

Besides, media is termed the fourth branch of government. The role of media is dominant in maintaining the balance of power in the American political system. Since the very first full day in the office, Trump radically criticized media by terming them the most dishonest beings on the earth. One of the prominent instances the mentioning of the news outlet as the hub of generating fake news. The interest of the public has remained fragmented where the perception of political affiliation and the credibility of the media has essentially remained the same. The trends in media can enable the political actors to amplify distrust and polarization which has been the case with Donald Trump ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AV2kHKqu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How Democracy in America Can Survive Donald Trump,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“How Democracy in America Can Survive Donald Trump,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/NGH369H2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/NGH369H2"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"article-magazine","title":"How Democracy in America Can Survive Donald Trump","container-title":"The American Prospect","source":"American Prospect","URL":"https://prospect.org/article/how-democracy-america-can-survive-donald-trump","ISSN":"1049-7285","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Democracy in America Can Survive Donald Trump,” n.d.). In the past, none of the American presidents reflected such an immense extent of resentment and bold treatment of media similar to Trump. He has proved willing to utilize the distrust in media to impugn he media organizations and reporters as the enemies of the public. These radical views irrefutably harm the democratic culture where the institutions of the state are being blamed blatantly without the provision of evidence. Several liberals are now seeking to emulate Trump’s approach thinking they will gain benefit by bashing the media outlets as Republicans did. These trends desecrate the harmonic development of society and urge the mainstream media to depict a discriminatory attitude toward such persons.

Furthermore, Trump has exacerbated and accelerated the degradation of liberal democratic institutes. His views have delivered the message to the public that objective truth has almost perished from society. The media outlets have been portrayed as the potential sources of maligning the democratic progress in the United States. The radical and excessively negative attitude of Trump toward the media has cast a detrimental impact on the public perception of mass media ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hDY3JdIf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/6AG86QI9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/6AG86QI9"],"itemData":{"id":135,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy","container-title":"Common Cause","abstract":"1","URL":"https://www.commoncause.org/democracy-wire/trump-and-the-media-a-test-for-democracy/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy,” n.d.). For instance, even the valid and rational questions of the media outlets have even shunned by the President in an imprudent manner which is an explicit illustration of the distrust, resentment and hostility toward the media. All of these instances are harmful to democracy where media is a fundamental pillar. Moreover, the deliberated instances demonstrated the abashment of media subjected by Trump and the political stakeholders. It is essential to manifest the discriminatory role of media toward the political stakeholders, especially Trump, and the consequences on democratic principles.

A critical appraisal of the matter reveals that democratic advancement lies at the very heart of ensuring accountability across the board. Media assumes a potential role amid these circumstances to identify and highlight the forces that ought to be held accountable. If the political stakeholder exhibits a radical attitude which aims at persistently abashing the mass media and terming their information and news as fake, mass media struggles to contribute toward sustainability of democracy. However, the media organizations ought to introspect their role and adhere to the values of honesty, integrity and truth. It is evident that various media outlets have established grievances with political stakeholder which are apparent in their reporting. It is one of the most detrimental aspects of democracy because media is the pillar of democracy. When the information is forged and manipulated as per the inclinations rather than the truth, accountability becomes elusive. It then creates a distorted state of events as depicted in contemporary American society.

Likewise, the fundamental element which advanced democracy in society is a cohesive means of interaction and collaboration between the institutions of state and political stakeholders. Both the print and broadcast media are the essential organs of democracy and their credibility and validity directly or indirectly cast an impact on democracy. For instance, when the mass media publishes and broadcasts a fake or contentious new, the citizens tend to believe they live in a society devoid of equality, truth and democracy. Irrefutably, the media should not adhere to credible news and information for the sake of democracy only. It was created in the first place to propagate the truthful flow of information and enlighten the public. Moreover, the role of media is also essential to be assessed in the paradigm of social development. The social constructivism is vested by mass media in the contemporary era. The social, economic and cultural values nourished by the public are shaped as per the demonstration of the state of affairs from the mass media ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hDY3JdIf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/6AG86QI9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/6AG86QI9"],"itemData":{"id":135,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy","container-title":"Common Cause","abstract":"1","URL":"https://www.commoncause.org/democracy-wire/trump-and-the-media-a-test-for-democracy/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy,” n.d.).Media manipulation, scandals and political propaganda challenge the inaccuracy, bias and reliability in the United States. The public faces the adversity after news channels and print media are entitled to be representing a specific political entity. Consequently, the views of the public are concentrated and manipulated which undermine the democratic structure.

Primarily, the media enterprises in the United States are divided into three types as mainstream media, media conglomerates and several small companies. The press is assigned the role of watchdogs of democracy and further termed as the fourth state in the democratic system. The timeline of the historic events reveals media has always remained a powerful force strengthened by institutions and the support of the public. It is evident from the deliberation that the political system is dependent on media and media is dependent on the political system. The First Amendment of the constitution advocates for a free press and freedom of speech in America. The citizens of America also take profound pride in the freedom exercised by the mass media. Amid these developments, the news propagated by the media can never be termed blatantly as fake. It will cause the public to lose the trust in journalist and refrain from believing the news which is published. It is the prominent menace of abashing media regardless of the need and paying heed to the consequences.

All of the deliberated instances above explicitly illustrate the relationship between democracy and mass media. The mass media is a source of informing the people about the developments and offering a rational and just critique devoid of any bias. The press conferences held at the White House makes the president questionable in front of journalists. In the contemporary era, journalists are not afraid of asking harsh questions and the onus lies on the policy makers to listen to them with patience and refrain from targeting them as a response. Both media and politicians have to collaborate to rejuvenate the spirits of democracy in society. However, it is an accepted reality that their relationships can never be amicable. Mass media will continue to unleash the scandals and frauds in addition to asking harsh questions and printing harsh realities. It will resultantly cause the politicians to establish a defensive and ruthless attitude toward the mass media. Besides, the addition of fabricated and manipulated news further aggravates the issue. Democracy receives the grave impacts amid these radical developments. However, media is, to a significant extent, responsible for strengthening democracy as not all the media outlets are keen to propagate the fake news ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Yh5K8IY4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Trump Punks the Media Once More | The American Spectator,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Trump Punks the Media Once More | The American Spectator,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":137,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/MVMC7Q38"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/MVMC7Q38"],"itemData":{"id":137,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump Punks the Media Once More | The American Spectator","URL":"https://spectator.org/trump-punks-the-media-once-more/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Trump Punks the Media Once More | The American Spectator,” n.d.). There exist certain news channels which have maintained a committed and integrated attitude while spreading the news and information.

To conclude, media is an important organ of democracy and deemed as the fourth branch of the government. In the United States, the confrontation between media and the political stakeholders has aggravated which was primarily initiated by Trump in the first place. Mass media should never be termed as the propagator of the fake news as it desecrates the belief of the public. It further leads to dismantling the sustainability of democratic principles. Since media is a potential tool to highlight and investigate frauds, the distrust of the public can cause it to lose its credibility and the fundamental responsibility. Thus, the onus lies on the politicians to keep account of the words and terms they utilize to target the media personnel and outlets. Likewise, the mass media ought to adhere to the primary responsibility of spreading information and offering a critical analysis of the current state of affairs without discrimination or bias. A democratic society is established under the influence of these values in true letter and spirits. The American society advances on the primary values of democracy and the mass media and politicians should exhibit reverence by limiting themselves in their domains and striving for the welfare of the public. To sum up, the mass media does not desecrate democracy in the United States but possesses elements which can shake the basis of democracy.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY How Democracy in America Can Survive Donald Trump. (n.d.). The American Prospect. Retrieved from https://prospect.org/article/how-democracy-america-can-survive-donald-trump

Media in the United States — Global Issues. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2019, from http://www.globalissues.org/article/163/media-in-the-united-states#MediaPowerisPoliticalPower

Trump and the Media; A Test for Democracy. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2019, from Common Cause website: https://www.commoncause.org/democracy-wire/trump-and-the-media-a-test-for-democracy/

Trump Punks the Media Once More | The American Spectator. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2019, from https://spectator.org/trump-punks-the-media-once-more/

Do You Think The US Is A Democracy? Why Or Why Not?

Name of student

Name of institution

Name of instructor

Date

Is the US a democracy?

To determine whether the US is a democracy or not, we have to look at different branches of the government and how they either enhance or hinder the principles of democracy within the system. By looking at the principles of democracy which include equity, equal opportunities as well as human dignity. Though the government of the US might fit within the definition of a democracy, I tend to believe that it is more of republic than a democracy. There is a very slight difference between a republican and democracy. The constitution plays an important role in this difference. Within the United States, the powers of the president as well as other representatives who are elected by the majority are controlled by the constitution. This is one of the features of a republican form of government.

Another feature of the republican form of the government is the majority have the say while minority is right. When voting is done, the citizens of the country and tasked with the duty of ensuring that they elect the leaders who will represent them in the government. They have to trust the person they are electing that he or she will be able to deliver to their expectation. They have the say in this case. When the minority who have been elected go and form government, they are tasked with coming up with laws on behalf of the people. This means that the people have tasked them with the duty of making right decisions on their behalf.

Another factor that makes the US a republican is the fact that they have the sense of majority rule. It is not possible for any person to make rules on behalf of the citizens before a new law is enacted. That is why the country continues to engage the public when coming up with laws that affect their welfare as citizens. Though the minority is sent to form the government and make laws on behalf of the citizens, the citizens still control their operations. In case the people feel that the person they elected is not performing to their expectation, they can as well go ahead and elect another new member to replace the one they currently have. The constitution provides for different ways that can be used by the citizens to remove any of the representatives as long as they have lost faith in the person. It is through this that they can force the senior government officials to resign and give them the opportunity to elect a leader that they prefer. In the US, there have been many cases of leaders getting impeached constitutionally to give the citizens the chance to elect the new leaders that will take the position.

The common welfare of the people is the goal of the government. Even in cases where the government might not be in good terms with the other neighboring countries then the goal is to safeguard the welfare of the citizens they have. There have been many cases where the US has been forced to come up with laws that enable them to improve of safeguard the welfare of the citizens. In this case, the government is divided into three parts. These include the legislature which has the duty of making laws for the country, the executive that is charged with running the government as a whole while the judiciary is tasked with the duty of enforcing law and order within the country. Each of the sections of government within the republican is headed by a leader. The legislature is headed by the speaker of the House of Representatives; the executive is headed by the president while the legislature is headed by the chief justice. In the US, the government is formed by the Republican Party which operates under the rules of a republican system.

Works cited

Gould, Lewis (2003). Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. ISBN 0375507418.

Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011).

Does The Rapid Economic Growth Of China, A Communist Country, Pose Any Threat To Western Democracies?

China Threat

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Introduction

In the era of geopolitical competition, there are two emerging powers, one with the United States as a rising democratic power and the other, China as a rising authoritarian power, where the amalgamation of democracy with some liberal values have brought a for front to the United States grand strategy. A critical analysis highlight that the history of China is both at the same time, it is fascinating as well as complex. The culture of China has been defined in both terms, as a peaceful lineage as well as a warlike situation. It is highlighted that China was created as a result of conquest and it is the reason that China has essentially been ruled by a complete series of different warlords. China is found to be an underperforming country in the age of the world taking into account the political decisions by the Chinese Government. It is also important to note that China has become quite noticeable with the West overtime, on some of the major key fronts. One of the stances is the wake of certain tension happening on the Korean peninsula, where China has taken up the pressure by the US, on the Kim-regime of North Korea. It is termed as one of the significant changes in the policy of China, adhering on the fact that China has also acted as supporter/ backer of the North Korea government but it has backed off because of the cutting resolutions of the United Nations that can be seen as “Temper Tantrums’. China has its strong communal roles and Chinese are found to be obsessed with their set paradigms . According to one of the researches, "China’s neighbours understand the need to get in with China but there is no illusion that China feels the same”. In the meantime, China is often seen as unwilling to change or even bother the basic human rights base that is taking place within the border. China is not found to be abiding by the global norms of the code of conduct. If the context of political stance is highlighted, it is found that the United States as well as China, drew schism been the political prominence of both United States as well as China, where a large quantity of money is aided to the China . Today, China claims to be one of the developing countries, where the underlying merits are disputed and many of the people observe that this admission as something with the essence of the global role played by the Chinese government for the continuation of the aid of dollars. Addressing the cultural influence, the cultural adaptation of Chinese is easily eclipsed by the cultural variation of India, where the majority of the events are planned and performed in China. If a comparison between the political influence of the US and China is made it is evident that China has comparatively a very long way to go before becoming hearty of politic affairs in the context of the United States. Although it is the word of mouth, this paper aims at the analysis of the rise of China and analyze if it is a threat to the West or not.

Research Question

Does the rapid economic growth of China, a communist country, pose any threat to Western Democracies?

A global perspective highlights that in international politics, even in the global world, there exists a chase to authority and rule. This chase of authority and rule is something that has attracted the attention of different analysts and argumentations so that they can express their view of which power in the world is moving ahead in adherence to the different appealing and significant factors. The factors or the eligibility standards are military power, economic power, international relationship and particularly the type of government that a country or a state have. All these factors collectively pave the way for critical analysis and criticism on which country will lead the world. Within the past, America is the superpower of the world, is criticized and many times disused in terms of its growth in relationship to China that has grown with leaps and bounds in the past few years. Apparently, China and the United States are not actually allies, in fact, they are the two dimensions of the world one being highly democratic another being communal. Tension arises in the analysis of the measuring convergence of different factors where China seemed to gain a lot of power after the Cold War. This distribution of power is the point of conflict also the point of comparison. The question is whether China will be able to rule the world in association with the political authority and the set history or communism or China has to shift to democracy . Another dimensions of this problem are the analysis of the fact that either China’s communism is a threat to the democratic power of the United States because democracy is considered to be one of the most idealistic aspects of authority. The threat perception is shaped and designed by the strategic safety net, which emerges from the states’ dependency on the cooperation with the other countries or states that are surrounding it. Also, within the framework of strategic safety net, there exists a notion that this ideology highlights and suppressed the self-interest behaviour of the one who is opting for this ideology. Other daemons of the problems, it had to assume the future of China because of the increasing growth, also because of the loopholes that are significant to push China to the backstage of the world Also, many of the researchers and the analyst think that China has appeared to be a model for many of the democracies and the communities and this ideology highlighted that the political approach of China will get equal praise and admiration if China is taken as a model.

The problem of China as a threat to the United States is a perception of an illusion rather than reality, where the dispersing schools of thought have moulded this platform into a fire where the US thinks that China will soon be dangling on the world stage and it will be a great push to the democracy of China. An apparent, as well as a collective view, highlights that China has both, an illusionary as well as a real impact. This illusion will be converted into reality, but it will take a long time for China to overcome the basic gaps that are questioning and compromising its growth. On the same platform and stage, it is asserted that China is not at all a threat to the West because China is planning and trying to groom its position that is solely in reference to what China wants for itself. Also, China sees itself at a stage where there would be a more global success rather than apolitical competition. However, the illusion of China model to be appealing also needs to be eradicated because China has a history that is too brutal for a developed country and a superpower to be suitable. So, it is asserted that China is nothing more than a source of motivation for the world powers, especially for the West to work on its policies and reconsider its actions so that it can maintain its global position. In addition, China is not a threat but a subsidiary that is trying to improve itself, however, if there are any such aims, China has to travel a lot to reach that stance of West, provided that within that time span West will be more ahead.

Literature Review

The rise of China as a major economic power from a poor developing country in four decades is spectacular. According to Zhao, (2016) from 1979 to 2017, the real gross domestic product of China has grown with an average annual rate of about 10%. Historians quote “the economic growth of any country can be traced back to the choice of policies and political steps taken by the Chinese”. China is termed as a communist economy because communism plays a major role in the formation of historical myriads. The communist party of China was formed in 1921 guided by the control of Mao Zedong. He was the first one to proceed with the revolution as the communist party gained control in 1947. This approach can be traced back to the notion of the Soviet model of development that was embedded within Chinese society. Heavy industries were developed along with a surplus extract from the peasant. The consumer goods were left to secondary importance. Also, in the Sino-soviet split, a breaking of political relations between the Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Mao split from the traditional approach of Marxism-Leninism and a new approach was formulated. The World Bank has quoted that China has experienced global fastest sustained expansion by exceptional economic upheaval in history and it has lifted more than 800 million people out of poverty.

Although the global fastest sustained expansion was a positive initiative, still it does not satisfy the critical outlook of the progress of China from nothing to the world's second-largest economic power. There are four major factors that have contributed to the success of China. One of the factors is the attempt by Deng Xiaoping, opening up to the world policies and the Equity Joint Venture Law that allowed foreign capital and Western companies to enter China that altered the domestics landscape from obsolete and traditional to modern and dynamic. The second-factor that strengthened China’s economic status is the State Strategy outline in the Five Years Plan. This strategy led to the gradual functioning and empowering of the Chinese economy in the FYP. The third factor in empowering the Chinese economy is the role of the "labour force". The labour force of 786 million people in 2017, allowed China to become the world’s factory in the time span of three decades only. The fourth and most effective factor was that of China’s diaspora. According to the information provided by the World Bank’s Migration and Development Brief, the Chinese diaspora has sent remittances of about $64 billion in 2017 despite living in other regions of the world. Side by side, many of the Chinese who gained expertise in different skills came back to China and used their skills to empower the economy of China.

Today, China ranks first in terms of economic size on the basis of purchasing power parity basis, merchandise trade, foreign exchange reserves and value-added manufacturing. The rapid economic growth rate of China has led to a substantial increase in bilateral commercial ties with the United States. According to the data collected from US trade Centre, the total trade between the two countries grew from $5 billion to $660 billion from 1980 to 2018. Today China is one of the largest merchandise partners having the third-largest export market and it is one of the largest sources of imports. According to Roland, (2019), the emergence of China as a major economic power is one of the most discussed concerns among many of the policymakers. Many economists claim that China has used unfair means of trade practices and these practices are one of the sources that are threatening the democratic policies of the United States. It is also highlighted that China's use of industrial policies has promoted and protected the domestic Chinese Industries or firms, favoured by the government. The Chinese government views the growing economy as one of the vital features to maintain social stability, taking into consideration the challenges that are faced by China in developing its economy. Many critics have argued that this attempts to address economic challenges threaten to undermine the competitiveness of the United States’ IP intensive Industries. In addition, as China has become one of the largest and growing markets for the US exports, it is argued that the trade and investment barriers can limit the opportunities for the United States firm to sell its product in China.

Along with it, the history of China entails different periods and passage of time and fruitful trade with its neighbours, also there are a lot of extensive proofs, on which China is seen isolating itself from the eternal influences and becoming a closed society. All these experiences are known to have a profound as well as a long-lasting impression on the Chinese culture as well as Chinese thoughts. Within the last century, there are different difficult extremes associated with the outlook of China. Certain events such as the Civil war, and the occupation by the Japanese in both 1930 and 1940 were few of the instances that brought the Chinese Communist Party and leader Mao Zedong in a dominant power in 1949, that is also termed as one of the most turbulent time spans for China. It was the struggle and impact of China Civil War that there came the People's Republic of China (PRC). In addition, it is also termed as one of the beginnings of the isolation of China it has an aim to relativize itself. It was the strength of the political streams of Mao Zedong that China became prominent in different technologies along with some potent natural resources, still positioning China at the twenty to thirty years back standards of technical occupation.

Later it was the political efforts of Deng Xiaoping that paved the way for a series of reforms that brought a radical change in China. He not only encouraged international trade but he also enforced and started foreign capital investment. As a result, China's phenomenal entry into the world merit was given a sudden boom. There were some specific goals driven policies that were brought into practice such as modernizing China and making it more independent and self-centred. In order to understand the progression of China, it is more important to discuss and have a look at the role performed by China in Asia and then the world. one of the major issues, as well as the topic of interest, was political stability. Many of the Chinese were of the view that the United States is one of the major representatives of the major and underlying values of the Western civilization and these values are in conflict with the Eastern values, whose core is found in China. The evaluation of China’s view highlights that there was a period of Condemnation observed after 1989 and it was the time of the Tiananmen Square Massacre, where the western culture tried to normalize its relationship with China. Meanwhile, military issues in China were also highlighted. The economic reforms that were promoted by Deng Xiaoping paved the way for a period of spectacular growth. During that time, the average Gross Domestic Product of China developed with 9.3% between 1979-1993. It was the time when the world experienced one of the massive growth rate periods which was counted to be 2.6%. it is also important to note that the within last fifteen years, the overall economic growth of China is shifting from 37 to 11 number within the time span of 10 years only. As a result, China is rated as solvency to large foreign country reserve after the United States of America.

Although China’s performance is found to be much impressive, there has always been a dire need to maintain the overall growth by China. One of the reason is, there is a massive population in China, it represents a larger ratio of the domestic market along with a cheap labour source that makes up about eight hundred million people in total. An analysis of military reforms highlight that the Chinese military also underwent some massive changes in the middle of 1980. There was a threat of the Soviet Land attack and it diminished as well as directed the attention of People’s Liberation Army (PLA), taking into account that this threat was stirred into some regional disputes. In addition, it is highlighted that PLA initiated its focus on the safety of limited at which downturn in the relation of China with its neighbours in the west, also, there was a revision of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Another important role was played by the Gulf War that directed Chinese leadership to have a closer look at the conflict. As a result of this attempt, the Chinese learned a lot of lessons from the Gulf War. With the passage of time, it is highlighted that China gained a lot of logistics support which acted as actual combat compatibility. Secondly, China got a shift from a massive reliance on the manpower to industrial development, and in the end, there was a decline in the reliance on the civilian population that was meant to fill the army's and which was required when the concept of arbitrated people’s war was brought to an end. As a result, there was a massive shift in the military tragedies because China initiated a Military modernization program. Also, China's economic growth was brought parallel to the modernization program. Also, it was due to the secrecy of this underpinning military matters, the size of Chinese military expounded taking into account that 1996 China’s budget was $8.7 billion, also IS independent estimate vary from $ 8 billion US to $100 billion. Regardless of the intent estimates that official Chinese defence budget highlights that there was a 200% increase from 1988.

It is important to note that from the past 1988 till now, China has the world’s largest military and it comprises of 2 million men, making it the thirst world’s largest air force. This army comprises of 5,300 crafts. However, there are some loopholes in the form of poor training some of the obsolete training and the transition of the new doctrine. China has promoted trade with other countries to promotes its armies in the form of weapons such as aircrafts an increase of the aircraft as well. By today, China is also planning to bring into the process the role of multi-role fighters, that are also known as XXJ fighters, that will be having a stealth design. Today, China is playing its prime attention to amplify the supporting aircraft as well. The defence system is also incorporated and expanded but the purchase of different air defences system requirements that are up to date and more technical. This plan includes the incorporation of destroyers and fighters who knows how to works with different weapons technologies. Certain evidence is "Varyag", "PlAAF" and PLAN". Rapid Reaction Units (RRU) is also one of the troops that are turned and better equipped as compared to the regular army, that is capable of deploying on short notice and protect China from any of the life and political threats. In the last few years, nuclear attention is also prominent, with the support of Russia. Also, China has an active space program that is guided by the information dominance policy. There are major attempts for the plans to counter stealth radar, intelligence sites and the technical vehicles.

A western strategic picture conveys different information taking into account that Canada’s strategic policy brought China in the confusion in terms of Space Massacre. Since 1996, the government of China has been looking for a balanced approach that can differentiate between trade relationship and the human rights, however in March 1996, there was a massive ability to destabilize the Asian Pacific Region, where attention was brought to “One China” policy. China brought into practice a four-pillar strategy that was used in some major principles of “comic partnership”, sustainable development, peace and security as well as “human rights, good governance and the rule of law”. All these aspects and visions highlight the progression of China as an economic power, that is combined with the large-scale programs that can modernize its military and empower the question of this power will be used to incorporate the political stability. It was 1997, the Canadian Department of the National Defense Strategic Overview highlighted that with some external appearance, China is more assertive and empowering in its nationalism along with territorial claims and the modernizing solitary capabilities that are causing a lot of uneasiness in the region. One of the major trouble is that of China's long-standing claim of territories in the South Asia Sea. In addition to this, political unrest is also important to address, in the second areas of concern, addressing political issues, it is highlighted that the communist regime is maintaining strong control on the massive challenges of the large and complex country. One of the major occupations of this regime is the intention of China to stay in power. China sees this issue as one of the major efforts or the human rights that can encourage democracy as one of the attempts to maintain the internal affairs of the state. Also, the China and the US governments are conducting policies that are meant for the engagement and encouragement of both democracy and human rights There is a dire need for China to understand the Chinese leadership and the attraction of China that need to be balanced under the impact of close cooperation that is placed on it. The framework of the combination of the large and prosperous economy along with a modernized and advanced military and community regime will determine the potential of China to offer some security challenges to the West early in 21 century.

The Chinese government has tried to address these problems and issues by implementing policies that can increase the role of the market in the economy, it will boost innovation and make the overall customer spending as one of the driving forces of the economy. Also, the government has tried to expand social safety net coverage that can encourage the development of less polluting industries and overcome the official government corruption. Keeping challenges aside, the attempts of the Chinese government has empowered the global economic projects and policies, giving special attention to infrastructure development. China’s Belt and Road Initiative is one of the grand strategies that is used by China to finance its infrastructure in different regions such as Africa, Europe, and Asia and in other countries as well. It is highlighted that China's economic initiatives are capable of increasing and expanding the investment markets by increasing the “Soft Power” globally.

Today, there is a hot debate on the influence of China on the democratic countries of the West. According to Nuruzzaman, (2016) for many years till now, there are a lot of democratic authorities who are primarily concerned with the future of China in terms of its influence on the world. As the Chinese communist party has planned to take steps that can intensify and empower its control on media and free expression, China is termed as an external observer through the lens of economic development because China saw the countries developing while being an observer which is now termed as a code of updated economic strategies and growing republic. The democratic powers of the world headlong rush into the unconditional, rather than principled and measured agreement with China that has resulted in evident problems. China is posing a serious and insidious threat to liberal democracy, which may result in democratic weaknesses by acting aggressively to the West. The Chinese model of autocratic Capitalism supplied with what is missing since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. It is also referred to as a plausible and alternative path to national development and prosperity. China’s rulers through their model are positioned at a superior stage because it preserves social order and harmony while liberal market democracies elevate a selfish invidiously above the collected good. This is a view, echoed in some fast-growing Asian countries such as Singapore and Vietnam. The United States and Europe have hoped that the engagement of China would encourage political upheaval much like other post-communist states that exist in Soviet Orbit.

In the short term, China seems more likely to become a more formidable ideological and economic competitor to the liberal democracies of the world. It is found that Europe and the United States are offering everything except for the coherent and concerted response to the challenger, taking into account the lack of cooperative attitude of USA. Trump’s American first nationalism is replete with the threatened trade tariffs along with the withdrawal from the rise in the climatic record. There was significant criticism of the European defence system that is spent in indifference to human rights because it makes the markets transatlantic cooperation more difficult than ever. It is highlighted that this fraction will only intensify if the national populist parties will breakthrough in some other countries as was done in Italy.

There are three major factors that promote China as a threat to the democratic powers of the West. One of the major factors is the cultural and geographical factors that are making China a threat. An example of it could be the neo-conservatives in the Bush Administration which is one of the significant factors that still sticks to the baseline of Communism. According to Samuel Huntington, it is the clash of civilization and the unholy alliance between Confucian and Islamic civilization that will be the most fundamental threat to the West. For the people, who use this logic, it is found that the ultimate response would be a containment policy and a confrontation that would be possible when required. Geo-economics and geopolitical factors are ranked second to the major threats to the democratic power of the West. According to many of the realists, China has shed off its ideological straitjacket as one of the power in terms of economy, population, and territory. China has planned to peruse its interests and respects in its own traditional way. It is then argued that Nationalism can drive China to a clash with the United States, taking into account the stance that the latter refuses to accommodate or adjust the relationship with China as a rising power.

There are many scholars who think that democracy can unleash popular nationalism and strong nationalism that will make China more aggressive towards the United States. The third threat is the collapse and fall of China in the context of opposition to the previous two perspectives towards the United States. It is highlighted that there are a lot of critics who thought that if China will suffer from a Soviet Union-style sudden death syndrome as a result of which it will spin out of control more worse results are expected in this scenario. These three aspects and features are the reason that the United States’ often oscillated from demonization to romanticism of China, leading from containment to engagement. The US-China relationship has observed a massive shift as a result of the conflict taking into account the essence of competition, restoration of the conflict and confrontation that is rarely featured with cooperation. According to one of the American China specialists, the neutral relationship between China and the United States is a sweet and sour Sino American relationship.

In developing countries such as Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, the problems appear to be much worse. It is highlighted that China appears to be a product of mixed influence and operation under economic aggression on a large scale that can exert undue influence over other countries. According to the study by the International Republic Institute, it is examined that Beijing strategy in 13 countries warns that the world-wide campaign of China represents a significant and clear threat to the US economy and the strategic interest. It is asserted that the Chinese Communist Party is employing and practising a unique set of tactics in the information as well as economic domains that undermine the developing countries and institutions as they depended on China to grow. According to one of the reports, “These actions, that are in conjunction with China’s support for likeminded and liberal partners, there is growing advocacy for the authoritarian model. This model has the potential to draw some of the fragile democracies into China’s orbit and push them away from the democratic West and the United States”.

It is evident that almost all the countries try to exert their influence and China is the world's second-largest economy in the world that is growing very fast, automatically playing a global role. According to the IRI report, it is argued that the United States and its different partners should try to educate their own citizens and then the people in the vulnerable countries about the underlying reality of China’s investment. This will influence the economic practices and help the countries to bolster their democratic imitations so that they can become more reliant to malign activities. It is asserted that the West is not having an easy time, China is one of the threats to the West because of the challenging approach to the world with equal resistance to democracy. Meanwhile, the Chinese are sceptical and not fearful of the world trades. They consider their past colonial and communist dates as positive motivation. The open polls show that the Americans believe China is to be considered as the cause of destruction for manufacturing labour. They also think that by and large, China will one day suppress the economic wealth and strength of the United States because many of the companies of the United States are dependent on China for their future growth and it is one of the signs of approaching threat. It is observed that the political implications of China’s rise in economic power are more than profound. The growing powers of China clearly question the fact, for how long the United States can continue to dominate global politics because the post-Western world has already started to be constructed.

Argument

The rise of China is more like a pressing question, taking into account the ideology of the communist party to shore up the life instinct after a cultural revolution that was meant to change the nation. This change paved the way for three major crises called, ideological beliefs, the confidence in the future of the China and the faith in the CPC. One of the major aspect to note is the launching of "Made in China 2025". One of the states led a policy that tends to seek the answer to China's position in the highly technical global world. The aim of this government is to make use of government subsidies along with the mobilization of state-owned enterprises and initial intellectual property accusation that can surpass the western umbrella of prowess in industrial development and technology. As per the information from the United States and the other industrialized democracies, it is highlighted that these tactics are not only undermining the Beijing’s stand adhering to the international rules of trade, in fact, it is a security threat as well. There are several arguments posed by Washibon such as reliance on foreign investment, theft of intellect, and property, the discriminatory treatment of the foreign investment and the massive input of cyber espionage. It is one of the evidence of the invisible political tension that address which of the power would survive in future adhering to the leadership stance. It is highlighted that President Xi Jinping highlighted that they are looking for as well as offering a solution to China's search for human so that a better social system can be claimed. A year later, it was declared that there is a calming new trail for the developing countries which can help achieve modernization. Along with it the extension of the Chinese Communist Party to reach the obverts and revert to a repressive dictatorship is more like a responsive mode of authoritarianism. All these aspects have paved the way for issues in the form of question series and hatred that calls for a new Cold War, that incorporated both a new democratic model and international order. It is the confidence of the communist party and the suspicious observation by the united states of America that has highlighted that it is not possible for China to undergo economic as well as industrial development under the impact of same political adherence and a communist role. The political values of China are in contradiction the world strategic vision and approach towards growth and development. For many of the observers, it is highlighted that the growth of China as a revolutionary power is acting as a prime threat for the United States as well as the global structure. There are some critical logics that are proposed for this vision highlighting that the ideological and cultural factors are making China a major threat. also, the ideology of China is not acceptable in the neoconservative who is positioned in the Trump administration. In terms of cultural factors, it is highlighted that West is going to face an unholy alliance in the form of “clash between Confucian and the Islamic civilizations”. The points of geopolitical and geo-economics factors are also significant. It is highlighted that China has brought a massive shift in its size addressing population, economy and the territories, taking into account the aim to pursue its own interest and respect. Nationalism is also one of the topics to be discussed, taking into account that China is driven to a clash with the United States, in all the possible terms that facilitate the existence of a state. So, it is highlighted that If the USA will refuse to accommodate or bare the leadership with China in terms of rising power, then there is a chance that China will react more furiously towards the USA which might lead to some warlike incident in the history. Also, the collapse of China is another potent vision to be addressed, highlighting that if China will suffer from a Soviet-Style Sudden death sundry, and then if it moves the spin out of control, then there would be worse scenarios. There would be some massive issues in the form of the refugee problem, the failure of the state and then the crisis such as warlord cries, nuclear weapon destruction and proliferation, that can lead the world to face some huge challenges of the time. In addition to this central threat, there are a lot of threats that are proposed by the countries who are surrounding China taking into account the question of sizing the Chinese ethnic groups and the increasing dependency of the world over China population is also something that is worth considering. It is also important to note that during the present time none of the hovering states in the Asian Pacific region is in competition with China, as well as there is no adoption of clear Anti-China policy. it is evident that there are a number of riots that have occurred in different areas such as Malaysia, Philippines, and other strong resents in Myanmar. At the macro level, it is highlighted that the US aim to have a more proactive attitude towards China, although it is found to be more defensive still a vision of the Sino US from the micro-level highlight that China can take some nice initiatives if there is a removal of communal ideology as well as authoritarianism because the American are strong believers of doctrine of universal peace. Also, it is highlighted that the democratic countries do not fight wars against each other so, in order to promote long term internal and external stability, the Communist Party of China should learn how to play the card of democracy.

The experts of the International relationship usually cite and infer the balance between the power of theory as one of the most crucial and important factors in determining the states of the world, adhering to the context of both present and future, as per Roland (2019) it is highlighted that the United States should consider emerging and empowering tendencies of China as a considerable threat to them, taking into account disputable position in the world of hegemony. It is important to note that the rule of China would only be possible if China will be grown enough to match the strengths and compatibilities of the United States. Actually, the reality is China is not the middle of power, in fact, China is middle in terms of the international political influence as well as the military might. Despite apparently growing Chinese economy is something that is very catchy for the political world and the other superpowers, still, it is very clear that China has to work a lot in order to be considered as a superpower whose political leadership will be a matter of fact.

Although it is observed that in the past fifty years the Chinese statistics of the economy has not only been admirable, in fact, it is found to be unreliable. This fact is confirmed by the reports that have been issued over time by both the international organizations as well as the government itself. Taking into account the volatility of the growth pattern of the Chinese government, the volatility has been dropping because the plans proposed by the government are useful for that particular time, rather than log terms approach that can help to address the economic challenges. It is also important to note that in future, the greatest sign of modernising would be the high economic rise in the Total factor Productivity (TFP) growth in China. Although the capital injection is counted in the major source of growth of the economy, still the greatest source of growth has paved the way for the 7-fold increase in the TFP level. One of the important facts is, there are billions of Chinese have been lifted out of poverty and this eradication of poverty is very real, evidently shown by the Chinese economic growth. It is also important to note that although China is growing as a rich country not as rich people, taking into account that the individualist wealth is not that prominent casting a failure to reach the economic status of the Western nations. In accordance with the per capital rankings, China is lagging heavily taking into to account the sheer number of citizens that it has. There is some prominent banking problem, taking into account that a problem exemplified in the number of the non-performing loans, however, another example is the number of non-performing loans as per the Segal claims, it is at 25% or even greater. It is important to note that a number of justifications are given still the government of China and its overall growth if not decades then probably centuries away from the parity in the United States, taking into account the per capita economic development and the standards of living.

Also, China has an average military, where the Chinese forces are equipped with better tools and they are trained better than that of the major Asian neighbours. A comparison with the eastern countries highlighted that Chines can be considered as the spec rate military power. The dispute between Japan and Taiwan over the Senkaku Island is one of the major examples of this stance. Although there is a lot of charisma that is made over the islands, still China has not used its military forces in capturing the island. There are rare options to assume that China will be having a victory over Japan. Even China did not hold a military advantage over the other new Border States such as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. addressing the technology framework, it is highlighted that China is far behind because the military technology that is promoted and presented by China is comprised of the poor production of the Western equipment. In recent weeks, it can be claimed that China has a massive reserve force that makes it one of the upper hand militaries which means very less in modern warfare. A comparison with the United States highlighted that China still poses a very small threat to the American Interest as a whole, whereby China is a military nuisance.

In the broader context, it is highlighted that China Is no doubt accumulating but the intention being interpreted by the neighbours assert that there is a “containment versus engagement” conflict. In the same way, the US should seek to contain in a way that there is the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It is questioned either there are more present and if there is a context for predominance that was out in Southeast Asia taking into account that it is not clear whether on should see a balancing behaviour of the sole describes or the observers were realists or other should try the visions that that the impression of which, the East Asian countries should accept a chines regional hierarchy. Analyzing the reading from the scholars such as John Inkberry, he claims that the China’s rise doesn’t have to trigger a more racing hegemonic transitions, in fact, it is due to the peculiarities of the current international order as well as the fact that the China's growth is only possible because of the insider role that is played by the United States. In this framework, it is noted by Thomas Moore, although there is an economic juggernaut, still, China is nonetheless set to remain and maintain a “Networked dragon” taking into account the most distinctive feature of the participation in the world economy, how it has been imported into the global community of China. It is asserted that the debates on the progress of chains are highly polarized however these debates are also problematic. It engages the issue from the reductionist presumption that one should make choice and pick one side or the other of the argument. Also, any nation that can be at once same or at a different side a there is a challenge where all the opportunities should depend on what is promoted by the International order. So, here what is required initially is to look into the issue of national order which could assert if China is threatening or not. From a broader and the Westphalia outlook, it is found that the current order is one where the nation-state continues to play a central or the crucial role in the international relationships along with a control on the world’s most powerful means of technology. Also, it is an order in which the predominantly nation-states cooperate by user interactions such as instructional as well as multilateralism taking into account that the states are caught in a global commodity chain which paves the way for increasing interference and the natural vulnerability. One of the interpretations of this world order can be interplay era in which different stares are in competition with each other they interact with cooperation by some key institutions and practices towards the preservation of some common goals, such as peace of Westphalia in 1648 and it as codified as United Nation Charter. Also, the Inter alia, these principal common goals are the preservation of the state system and the maintenance of the external sovereignty of the states that have an individual existence. Another interpretation of the international order is the agency rather than the structure. It is evident that the current international order is “western” and after WWII, the US-orchestrated as well as dominated. It is more like a normative or an empirical statement. So, the answer to the position of China as a threat to the United States and its democracy is not that simpler. Analysis from a contemporary Westphalia standpoint China is not at all a threat, here China is just adding some power to its masculinity. There is no doubt in the fact that the growth of China is something very attractive for the global world in the same way China is in a dire need to protect its maritime routes as well as the neighbouring and the unbearable security and ability. Also, the military rationale of China is also based on the ideology of asymmetric power, but it is weaker in the traditional military terms. It is one of the areas that China is sending hails roost, internal and sober security that is neither unconventional weaponry not it is nuclear. China is seeking toil interest in her neighbourhood that is patrol in the South China Sea where the severity over a large number of islands is disputed in terms of neighbouring countries such as Malaysia or Philippines, the special relationship of China in North Korea is also something that comes adventures in the region as well as in the abroad.

Conclusion

It is asserted that China depends on a much like Asia and the work dependents on China. It highlighted that China is direct to the US and it has, therefore, no interest in a direct confrontation it US as a major competitor. Here, it is highlighted that China doesn’t pose any kind of challenge and it will not try to cash in as much as a from the current situations. If there is a challenge posed by China in the contemporary world or the contemporary Westphalia understanding of the international order in the context of US-led hegemonic projects. As per recent studies, it is predicted that at the end of the present decade, China might surpass the US one of the major or enteral economies of the World. As per the continuous growth, China will be shaping the global institution and its policies on the international paradigm. And ultimately China will be needing help from the US because China alone cannot lead the world. Also, the Chinese powers and the world will collectively undergo some of the major structure adjustment however China will be reshaping the global order. In the same way, US would be facing some significant issues such as the economic crisis and the financial meltdown.

The market logic highlights that China can be a source of competition between different markets especially or the US and the rest of the world. This competition encourages others to go for more investments, have better services and adopt for better goods, Also, the action of China in circulating more money and resources in the past years and the lending of money by China's banks have impacted the economic actions of the other countries in the global competition. Furthermore, this competition can also impact the double standards of the western world by promoting a positive review of the existing policies. Also, the west and the United States intention to preach human rights and most of the IMF and the World Loan Programs have supported the packages that are concerning human thoughts and democratic development. Here it would not be wrong to say that the United States need to think and then rethink about the policies and the double standards China is bringing their cynicism to the fore. So, it can be said that the China doesn't pose a threat to the current system of the United States, however, there is a challenge as well as an opportunity for the hegemony that is led by the United States. Also, "threat-talk" is prevalent, especially in the United States. In addition to the realists, the neoconservatives are increasingly positioning to China is never-ending attempt to reproduce the lost essence of nationalism that is acting as an external threat and making it barbarous to the others. However, an analysis of the orientalist approach is prevalent for centuries in the Western world especially in the United States culture taking into account that the post-Soviet era has promoted an "othering" tendency that has shifted to so call rogue nations such as North Korea, Iraq. Iran, Libya, Venezuela. In conclusion, it is highlighted that if threat discourse continues to increase and the care becoming dominant by being not confined to the policymaking and the intellectual circles but also in popular media and press then the idea of Chinese threat could well become a self-fulfilling's prophecy. Also, in contrast, increasing discourse framing a more positive and intellectual tone can generate positive notes and good wills for both the parties, leading to a more positive global future.

References

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Exclusion of Evidence in a Trial

Introduction

The contemporary state of journalism looks quite different than it used to be, and the host of other social media sites have changed the field of journalism even further by giving empowering average citizens to make and report news like never before. Nowadays, people get their news quite instantly and most of them come through social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and other blogs. The rise of social media as a means to obtain and share information and news has formed the social media networks. These networks are online publications who work as a community of editors and writers that what news is and what is not, known as a kind of ‘news bank'. The social media sites permit users to submit and share videos, pictures, articles and other news stories. Later the editors determine the items that need to be featured. For them, these publications are an excellent way to get noticed and express journalistic freedom. While many of the stories go viral and bring a few hours of fame to the potential publications and writers.

Description

The founder of eBay launched a new social journalism project with an aim to bring global news directly to viewers through social media and inspire a community of readers to contribute by pitching stories. Moreover, the readers will have to comment and share the stories. Social media sites like this are natural process seeing the number of social media sites present to share and use. One must wonder for the future of Fox News, CNN, BBC and NBC. It has been years that the concept of “citizen journalism” has widely been used to pronounce the reporting by average citizens. The idea came during the events of the Occupy Wall Street movement and the Arab Spring where journalists were not present. This unavailability created a vacuum that the average citizen has been filling by using tools like Facebook, Twitter and blog writers. The prevalence of citizen journalism was increased by social networking and made it possible for average people to report the news. Most of the time, these reports are quicker than the other traditional networks who have to send photographers and reporters. However, currently, certain key news publications are accepting citizen journalism as the social news networks are changing with the passage of time.

For Americans before countering various elements of trust on the social media sites, it is important to create a working description of the trust itself. The information on social media sites is disposed to change. It is probably reliable due to its editorial and structural features of the social media sites. Because there exist a lack of professional gatekeepers who could monitor the quality of information on these sites. In addition, numerous information genres tend to converge on these sites. Therefore, it becomes difficult to distinguish information and the social media sites are a relatively new phenomenon as a lot of behavioural and environmental cues are missing in the social media sites.

Conclusion

Lastly, social media sites will continue to change the course of journalism and the way it was being gathered. However, traditional journalists would possibly find sources and disseminate information by exploiting social media tools. In this regard, an eyewitness can become a reporter, but the people still require a traditional journalist to confirm the facts. Perhaps in the future, journalists will not be pure information disseminators but in fact truth disseminators. People would see the happenings on Twitter, Facebook and blogs, but confirm it through BBC, CNN and Fox News.

Ecuador

Ecuador

Ecuador- United States relations

After the withdrawal of Ecuador from Colombia in 1825, the United States established diplomatic relations with the new country in 1830. United States opened its embassy in the year 1847. Both countries share historical relations and a history of economic partnerships ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aUPdzwuq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beittel, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Beittel, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/tviPkaBa","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IBVQ4B4T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IBVQ4B4T"],"itemData":{"id":396,"type":"book","title":"Ecuador: Political and Economic Conditions and US Relations","publisher":"Congressional Research Service Washington, DC","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Ecuador","author":[{"family":"Beittel","given":"June S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beittel, 2013). Their shared goals include working for economic prosperity, democratic supremacy and regional security. The present regimes in both countries are working to foster bilateral partnerships and enhancing mutual partnerships. Despite sharing warm relation and increased level of partnerships both governments had faced numerous challenges. Immigration remains one among the pressing issue among both countries.

Bilateral Economic relations

The United States is one of the leading trading partners of Ecuador. United States export includes machinery, petroleum products, technology oriented equipment, organic substances and transportation related tools. United States has allowed duty-free access to Ecuadorian companies which in turn benefit the bilateral trade ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EUaNmSzV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gallegos, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gallegos, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/yZMAMPua","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DFFUBHX4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DFFUBHX4"],"itemData":{"id":400,"type":"article-journal","title":"Political change, state autonomy, and post-neoliberalism in Ecuador, 2007–2012","container-title":"Latin American Perspectives","page":"143–157","volume":"43","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Gallegos","given":"Franklin Ramírez"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gallegos, 2016). From quite a long, both countries are experiencing unhindered supply of equipment, in result are securing financial gains. On other hand through the enactment of generalized system of Preferences, the United States has become the beneficiary of reduced taxes on its import including crude oil, bananas, shrimps, prawns and plantains. A tilt in the bilateral economic relations came in 2017 when the former government of Ecuador terminated around seventeen export-related agreements. This termination also impacted the bilateral investment treaty signed between United States and Ecuador ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7RITIHOe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gallegos, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gallegos, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/yZMAMPua","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DFFUBHX4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/DFFUBHX4"],"itemData":{"id":400,"type":"article-journal","title":"Political change, state autonomy, and post-neoliberalism in Ecuador, 2007–2012","container-title":"Latin American Perspectives","page":"143–157","volume":"43","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Gallegos","given":"Franklin Ramírez"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gallegos, 2016).

The present administration in Ecuador has, however, showed keen interest in renegotiating a new agreement. Economically both governments are facing very low trajectory in their bilateral relations with Ecuador showing keen interest to enhance trade and financial relations in all fields. Both states have signed various commercial agreements also, which remains beneficial for both the United States and Ecuador. United States has invested billions of dollars in the manufacturing sector in Ecuador.

An interesting aspect of the relations came in 2000 when Ecuador became fully dollarized ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R33Oy7uZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beittel, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Beittel, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/tviPkaBa","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IBVQ4B4T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/IBVQ4B4T"],"itemData":{"id":396,"type":"book","title":"Ecuador: Political and Economic Conditions and US Relations","publisher":"Congressional Research Service Washington, DC","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Ecuador","author":[{"family":"Beittel","given":"June S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beittel, 2013). The impacts of dollarization remain dominant to date. To counter these aspects, the Ecuadorian government is introducing reforms to modernize the economy. The Ecuadorian government want to develop its economy to reap equitable growth. In March of this year, Ecuador remained successful in approving an IMF program which they believe will benefit them in making ‘new economic policy’.

Immigration issues

Although with the introduction of some laws pertaining to immigration in the United States, many Ecuadorians became successful in getting permanent residence in United States. However, with the passage of Immigration reform and control act of 1986 in Ecuador, the immigration from Ecuador to United States increased ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eVgGPx6X","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiarda & Kline, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Wiarda & Kline, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/U49jKeZB","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X83LCBV9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X83LCBV9"],"itemData":{"id":402,"type":"book","title":"A concise introduction to Latin American politics and development","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wiarda","given":"Howard J."},{"family":"Kline","given":"Harvey F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiarda & Kline, 2018). At present many Ecuadorians who live in the United States work illegally and send money back via illegal channels. But compared to other immigrants in America, the Ecuadorians remain successful in getting legal permits and permanent residence status. Recently, both the governments have inked agreements to stop the illegal immigration from Ecuador via the border with Peru and via the sea routes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n3V3Tf2x","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wiarda & Kline, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Wiarda & Kline, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/U49jKeZB","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X83LCBV9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/X83LCBV9"],"itemData":{"id":402,"type":"book","title":"A concise introduction to Latin American politics and development","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Wiarda","given":"Howard J."},{"family":"Kline","given":"Harvey F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wiarda & Kline, 2018).

Financial relations

The United States and Ecuador share strong bilateral relations. However, for multiple reasons, Ecuador has remained fail in getting over the financial crisis, it faced from time to time. United States had various times helped Ecuadorian regimes financially. The United States Agency for international development (USAID), multilateral financial institutions of United States and Inter- American Development Bank have helped in supporting the foreign commercial finances of Ecuador. Along with this United States partners with Ecuador in multibillion-dollar projects to help the Ecuadorian economy. The United States Peace Corps and its institutions relating to fighting narcotics have invested around $70 million in Ecuador up till 2010 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mPgD5mkT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Silva, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Silva, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/kulvxac6","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5YEBRJTV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5YEBRJTV"],"itemData":{"id":404,"type":"book","title":"The return of the state, new social actors, and post-neoliberalism in Ecuador","publisher":"Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Silva","given":"Verónica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Silva, 2016). The United States also remain principal trading partner of Ecuador. During the years 2010- 11, Ecuador exported goods of worth $6.04 billion to United States. From 2011 and onwards the financial relations between both countries have experienced 35 per cent increase. It is also one of the largest beneficiaries of the duty-free entry. It was successful in securing this via Andean Trade Preferences Act (ATPA) in 2002 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7w0gjrCN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Silva, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Silva, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/kulvxac6","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5YEBRJTV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5YEBRJTV"],"itemData":{"id":404,"type":"book","title":"The return of the state, new social actors, and post-neoliberalism in Ecuador","publisher":"Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Silva","given":"Verónica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Silva, 2016). These benefits have witnessed increased renovations many times. From 2010 and onward the financial relations have experience manifold increase. The bilateral partnerships have risen to a level more than $5.4 billion.

United States involvement in Ecuador

Ecuador’s northern border with Colombia has remained an epicentre of narco-trafficking and illegal activities. Both Ecuador and United States have shared concerns over illegal movements across their borders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9kKa6lzR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pineo, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Pineo, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/mYJoPOHs","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/GKYDZGJC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/GKYDZGJC"],"itemData":{"id":406,"type":"book","title":"Ecuador and the United States: useful strangers","publisher":"University of Georgia Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Ecuador and the United States","author":[{"family":"Pineo","given":"Ronn F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pineo, 2010). Historically, both United States and Ecuador have partnered in efforts to curb such elements. At present, both countries are linked through various bilateral agreements to ensure counter-narcotics and illegal trafficking of drugs and humans. The United States has helped in building the military capabilities of Ecuadorian army. Despite threats of human smuggling and narcotics United States have refrained from entering the conflict zones ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GWbZeeX6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pineo, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Pineo, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"a4BHwroN/mYJoPOHs","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/GKYDZGJC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/GKYDZGJC"],"itemData":{"id":406,"type":"book","title":"Ecuador and the United States: useful strangers","publisher":"University of Georgia Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Ecuador and the United States","author":[{"family":"Pineo","given":"Ronn F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pineo, 2010). Rather, United States military is assisting Ecuadorian military to enhance their skills in countering conflicts. The political affairs in Ecuador have long remained in turmoil. Under this pretext there has been disturbance on the borders of United States and Ecuador. However, both states have remained limited to their borders. United States has always condemned political rhetoric’s which aimed at destabilizing the political regimes in Ecuador. Despite sharing such long political, economic and financial relations, both countries have limited history of political involvement in each other affairs. United Sates efforts for building the economy and reinforcing the financial structure of Ecuador suggests that, United States want strong neighbors and reliable partners.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Beittel, J. S. (2013). Ecuador: Political and Economic Conditions and US Relations. Congressional Research Service Washington, DC.

Gallegos, F. R. (2016). Political change, state autonomy, and post-neoliberalism in Ecuador, 2007–2012. Latin American Perspectives, 43(1), 143–157.

Pineo, R. F. (2010). Ecuador and the United States: Useful strangers. University of Georgia Press.

Silva, V. (2016). The return of the state, new social actors, and post-neoliberalism in Ecuador. Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.

Wiarda, H. J., & Kline, H. F. (2018). A concise introduction to Latin American politics and development. Routledge.

Editorial

Editorial on Bernie Sanders

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Editorial on Bernie Sanders

Bernie Sanders is a famous American politician who has been the longest serving independent in the U.S congressional history. He was born and raised in New York City. As a student, he was involved in the Congress for Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. As an independent, he accomplished many things. He made his distinguished career as an elected official and a social activist. He has provided his services as a senator, a mayor, and a congressional representative. He spent a large time of his life as a public servant representing the middle-class and lower class American people. One of the greatest achievements of Bernie is his votes against wars. He was of the view that wars lead to huge destruction and disasters, and this prediction of his was correct. He established a housing land-trust known as the Burlington Community Land trust for the affordable housing of people. As mayor of Burlington, he ran a tight ship on a tight budget, grew the economy, and attracted local businesses by creating trade associations, giving new entrepreneurs start-up funding, and offering technical assistance. During his time in the House of Representatives, Bernie passed more amendments than any other representative serving with him.His greatest works included expanding free health care, reducing the cost of college, cracking down on child labor, holding the IRS accountable, increasing winter heating funding for the poor, and fighting against the corporate welfare. In the Senate, Bernie has been no less productive than in the House. He protected the troops, greened the government, restricted the bailout to protect U.S. workers, helped veterans’ kids, exposed corruption in the military-industrial complex, and supported treating autism in military health care. He is a ranking member of the Senate Committee on the Budget and serves on the Committees for Children and Families, Veterans Affairs, and Clean Air and Nuclear Safety. He is one of the most thorough, effective, and wise men in the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ox40Enx5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Freeman, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Freeman, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":238,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/ASV2QEDM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/zQiT8c1c/items/ASV2QEDM"],"itemData":{"id":238,"type":"webpage","title":"Here’s A LONG List Of Bernie Sanders’ Accomplishments (WITH CITATIONS)","container-title":"AddictingInfo","abstract":"There are plenty of people spreading the lie that Bernie Sanders hasn't accomplished anything. Think again.","URL":"http://addictinginfo.com/2016/02/19/heres-a-long-list-of-bernie-sanders-accomplishments-with-citations/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Freeman","given":"Antiphon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Freeman, 2016).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Freeman, A. (2016). Here’s A LONG List Of Bernie Sanders’ Accomplishments (WITH CITATIONS). Retrieved October 24, 2019, from AddictingInfo website: http://addictinginfo.com/2016/02/19/heres-a-long-list-of-bernie-sanders-accomplishments-with-citations/

Election Campaigns

[Name of the student]

[Course]

[Name of the instructor]

[Date]

Election Campaigns

Election campaigns are extremely crucial for the political sustenance as it can be predominantly seen during the campaign financing, time devoted to the process and the subservience of the other political activities. The budget of the campaigns is estimated up to millions of dollars during the campaigns for general elections. Different canvassing methods are used including phone banking, advertisements on television, radio, internet and other means of public interactions. Intensive campaigning has the potential to change the voter’s views and reform the political views of the general masses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"07g0pt7k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Political Campaigns})","plainCitation":"(Political Campaigns)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":597,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/J8QL4QER"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/J8QL4QER"],"itemData":{"id":597,"type":"motion_picture","title":"Political Campaigns: Crash Course Government #39 | Season 1 Episode 39 | Crash Course Government and Politics","publisher":"PBS Digital Studios","source":"www.pbs.org","URL":"https://www.pbs.org/video/crash-course-government-and-politics-39/","title-short":"Political Campaigns","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Political Campaigns). However, recent studies have suggested that these campaigns have fewer effects on changing the behavior of the voters generally in its later stages. There are different opinions whether election campaigns do really matter or not. It is less likely that election campaigns have an influence on changing the political destiny of the country and behaviors of the voters. But it does not seem that these campaigns will stop despite showing no significant results as at present the research study is not sufficient to prove these theories.

Elections in United States are not merely based on the physical appearance of the candidates; rather there is whole process of psychological, ethical and moral evaluation. Such as during the presidential elections, Hillary Clinton was represented as a composed, experienced and indifferent. On the other hand, Donald Trump was considered as outspoken, strong and detestable. People are exhilarated to vote by the infamous claim that every vote matters and that the public can define the future of their nations. Voting does matter and the cumulative of all votes do shape the democratic face of nations as decided by the outcomes of the elections. However, it has been established via research that these different means of canvassing do no basically change the voter’s choices in general elections. But it cannot be deduced from it that political campaigns have no influence at all. Effective campaigns can still anyhow change the voters turn out if the candidates make additional efforts in improvising their stance on particular issues that matter the most to the public. Furthermore, the strategy of election campaigns should also be unique for a specific type of audience and there might be a need for making some unconventional choices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"J3G6WRkJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jacobson)","plainCitation":"(Jacobson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"f10p8Y3z/5yNOd0Pe","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/HkFX5Fcg/items/XBXKC295"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/HkFX5Fcg/items/XBXKC295"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"article-journal","title":"How do campaigns matter?","container-title":"Annual Review of Political Science","page":"31-47","volume":"18","author":[{"family":"Jacobson","given":"Gary C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jacobson).

The primary objective of political canvasing is to persuade voters and change their perspective about candidates. However, it has been established through political research studies that these campaigns do not have significant impact on changing voter’s behavior and turn out. Even the effect of persuasion done in the early days of the campaign changes in the last days of elections. Similarly, the effect of advertisements and news on television and other social networks is almost equal to zero and off the point. The presidential campaigns in United States have extremely limited effect on how people choose to vote. Due to partisan loyalties and various other structural factors, majority of the voters already make up their minds about their choices. Their candidates are primarily predetermined long way before the intense election campaigns begin. This leaves only a few chances for the candidates to persuade the voters in their benefits. Especially, the developments in the last few months of the campaign rarely make any difference in shaping views of the voters ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZfQybuzM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Broockman and Kalla)","plainCitation":"(Broockman and Kalla)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"f10p8Y3z/gw4qLiHz","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/HkFX5Fcg/items/C8U65QCT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/HkFX5Fcg/items/C8U65QCT"],"itemData":{"id":20,"type":"article-journal","title":"WHAT ELECTION CAMPAIGNS NEED TO LEARN TO PERSUADE VOTERS ABOUT CANDIDATES AND BALLOT MEASURES","container-title":"Scholars Strategy Netwrok","URL":"https://scholars.org/contribution/what-election-campaigns-need-learn-persuade-voters-about-candidates-and-ballot","author":[{"family":"Broockman","given":"David"},{"family":"Kalla","given":"Joshua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Broockman and Kalla). It has also been established by conducting surveys that canvassing can more readily bring about changes in voter’s views when there are no particular partisanships. But it is evident that election campaigns can improve the voter’s turnout especially in significantly competitive elections ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sJFuWiaT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(PEW)","plainCitation":"(PEW)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":595,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JE2S9RT8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JE2S9RT8"],"itemData":{"id":595,"type":"article-journal","title":"Fewer Voters Report Getting Robo-Calls, Campaign Ads Still Pervasive","container-title":"Pew Research Center for the People and the Press","URL":"https://www.people-press.org/2014/10/28/fewer-voters-report-getting-robo-calls-campaign-ads-still-pervasive/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"PEW","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,28]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (PEW). In short, it is needed to conduct more research and surveys on this subject in order to improve the progress of election campaigns and bring reforms as needed to achieve the primary goal.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Broockman, David, and Joshua Kalla. “WHAT ELECTION CAMPAIGNS NEED TO LEARN TO PERSUADE VOTERS ABOUT CANDIDATES AND BALLOT MEASURES.” Scholars Strategy Netwrok, Sept. 2017, https://scholars.org/contribution/what-election-campaigns-need-learn-persuade-voters-about-candidates-and-ballot.

Jacobson, Gary C. “How Do Campaigns Matter?” Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 18, 2015, pp. 31–47.

PEW. “Fewer Voters Report Getting Robo-Calls, Campaign Ads Still Pervasive.” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Oct. 2014, https://www.people-press.org/2014/10/28/fewer-voters-report-getting-robo-calls-campaign-ads-still-pervasive/.

Political Campaigns: Crash Course Government #39 | Season 1 Episode 39 | Crash Course Government and Politics. PBS Digital Studios, 2016. www.pbs.org, https://www.pbs.org/video/crash-course-government-and-politics-39/.

Electoral College

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Political Science

[Date]

Electoral College

Introduction

The Electoral College is the substantial part of the US constitution that proceeds to choose a President for the country. Through a vote in Congress, the president is elected in the United States. The electors of the Electoral College participate in selecting the president and the majority of votes by electors in favor of any Presidential candidate will make him or her win. Each candidate will have his or her own group of electors. Moreover, there is a proper process of selecting the electors that vary from state to state. Each elector has to vote in his or her own state, and then, in Congress, the votes of electors are counted in a joint session. On the other side, the popular vote does not count in the election for the US President. However, it represents the total number of votes a party receives. Sometimes some candidates receive more popular votes but could not make to get the seat due to the electoral process. A candidate regardless of the majority of popular votes is not eligible to be a president if he or she has less number of votes in the electoral process.

Likewise, the elections from the 21st century provide evidence that the majority of popular votes do not count in the selection of a president. It has become a matter of criticism for many of the activists that being a democratic system the popular votes have no value in deciding their President. There is a proposal presented by the National Popular Vote Inc. that aims to replace the old tradition. In this matter, the National Popular Vote Movement run by the same organization represents its own strategy, and it shares it on its website page. Comparatively studying the proposal of the National Popular Vote movement and the current process of the electoral process helps to identify which one is the best practice for the US in the current era.

Discussion

The National Popular Vote Inc. is working on a proposal that aims to include the popular vote in the Presidential elections throughout the country. It is a non-profit organization that analyses and educates the people about the plan they have presented about the popular vote nationwide. According to the bill introduced by the National Popular Vote, a candidate with the most number of popular votes in all states of the US and District of Columbia will be the president of the United States ("National Popular Vote," N.p). On the website of the National Popular Vote, it is mentioned that the bill has won 181 electoral votes and it needs further 89 more votes to be functional in the country ("National Popular Vote," N.p).

Moreover, the organization emphasizes that every vote in every state matters for electing a President of a democratic country. However, it claims that the presented bill will preserve the Electoral College and the authority of the State over elections. At the same time, it also highlights the shortcomings of the current system of “winner-take-all” of the electoral college that is practiced in almost the majority of the states. It makes a point that such systems have a negative influence on the governance of a nation and it has given an advantage to the people who cannot win the popular votes.

By favoring the popular votes in elections for president, the National Popular Vote for interstates is ineffective until it does not receive the majority of votes in the electoral process. It is an idea that does not require any constitutional amendment to get passed, and it does not touch the electoral process either. It suggests that most of the Electoral College votes for the candidate of presidential position should be given to the one who wins the most popular election throughout the country. This plan needs more signatures from the different states of land to be effective in the country. Completely replacing the older method can be done but it is impossible because of contemporary politics.

In comparison to the national popular vote, the electoral college violates some basic principles of equality of voters. It does not preserve the voter equality of every citizen by benefitting the smaller states only. It does not ensure the 14th amendment of the constitution that says “one person one vote” while electing a president for the country. On the other side, the Popular vote gives each voter an equal amount of power.

Secondly, the electoral college ignores what the general public wants by giving only 538 people to decide. A president is chosen being supported by a few people. Contrary to this, the national popular vote gives importance to the will of the majority. It is considered as a crucial step in the implementation of fairer democracy. It is a requirement for the democracy that every individual would freely vote for anyone.

Thirdly, the National Popular Vote encourages the participation of more number of people in choosing the president of the country. However, under the electoral college system, many of the people do not participate because they know that their vote does not count in electing the president. They can get the benefit of it only at local level but not at the national level. In case the National Popular Vote gets more importance, it will encourage the people to come out to support their candidate. However, the electoral college is the part of the US Constitution, and it would take time to get replaced. Therefore, the proposal represented by the National Popular Vote movement is the better option.

As per, the bill of the National Popular Vote ensures that the winner of the election is not only a winner of the electoral process but also a winner of the popular vote. It guarantees that the elected president will also be a winner of the popular vote. At the same time, the plan also gives an advantage to the candidates that they can campaign anywhere in the country instead of the "swing states" only.

Moreover, a democratic government listens to the voice of the majority. Likewise, the majority of the Americans favor the popular vote over the electoral college. In a survey conducted in 2016, about 54% voted in favor of changing the Electoral College to elect the US president (Dutton et al., N.p). They preferred the popular vote in comparison to the Electoral College. This reflects that most of the citizens are not happy with the current procedure and they want a change in the system. Therefore, the National Popular Vote proposal is an excellent option to implement in the country without interfering with the Electoral College.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the Electoral College is a constitutional process that selects a president of the country. However, it contradicts with the democratic system by do not give importance to the national popular vote. On the other side, the National Popular Vote Movement is working on a proposal that aims to include the popular vote in the Presidential elections throughout the country. According to the bill presented by the National Popular Vote, a candidate with the most number of popular votes in all states of the US and District of Columbia will be the president of the United States. After comparatively studying the Electoral College and National Popular Vote, the second one is a better option. There are several reasons to support the National Popular Vote Movement.

Works Cited

Dutton, Sarah, et al. "Poll: More Americans Believe Popular Vote Should Decide the President." Cbsnews.Com, 2016, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-more-americans-believe-popular-vote-should-decide-the-president/. Accessed 28 Mar 2019.

"National Popular Vote". National Popular Vote, 2019, https://www.nationalpopularvote.com/.