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Assignment 3: Major Essay

Is Australia increasingly mismanaging its relationship with China

Introduction

Relations with China are one of the most significant facets of Australias foreign policy. China is undoubtedly becoming an emerging power in Asia and good relations with China will become progressively conspicuous aspects of the global interests of Australia. It is notable to mention that Australia is willing to develop good relations with most of the countries as it is developing a major economic interest in the region. However, for Australian policymakers, implementing and maintaining positive relations with China is one of the most difficult tasks. The time period of 1996 was a sign of the sensitive nature in Australia-China relations. That time period had raised some certain vital range of issues, which are significant when these countries bond together in managing the relationship (Chow, 2017, p.1186). Senior Chinese and Australian political leaders are not willing to meet each other on regular basis in order to ponder the bilateral problems or regional issues. Thats why it is obvious that the political affiliation of Australia with China is far less developed than the economic connection. Australian policy makers should consider this critical situation as China is a significant political and security actor as well as an economic power in the region. For decades, the strategic and political relations between Beijing and Canberra are underdeveloped which is detrimental to Australias interests. The worse relationships weaken Australias ability to employ its impact provincially. There is an absence of understanding and political reliance between Chinese and Australian decision makers, which could lead the bilateral relations into a crisis (Paramati et al., 2018, p.143).

Discussion

How Canberra should manage its relations with Beijing, by keeping in mind the political, economic, and military power of China, is a question that divides Australians. It is a well-known fact that the rise of China will have a significant impact on the security and well-being of Australia. China is entering a period of political uncertainty, but it is effectively maintaining its rapid economic growth. China is becoming a key investment and trading partner for Australia due to its economic growth and its success is aiding China to assert its position in the global and regional affairs. However, it is noteworthy to mention that the legitimacy of the Communist party is facing difficulties due to the decline of Maoist ideology and social inequality. It results in degrading the control of the Communist Party over peoples daily life (Babb, 2018, p.23). China will have to see a difficult period of succession due to the death of Deng Xiaoping as it may lead towards grudges and partitions within the party. Australia-China relation is at the verge of challenging time as a more aggressive Chinese foreign policy can make this worse, especially to get the support of the armed forces. A significant deterioration of relation among China and Australia has been seen during 1996 to 1999 when the foreign policies of Australia on the United States and China were subjected to strident public criticism. A Chinese publication used the metaphors to show that Australian policy makers are torn between its connection with the traditional allegiances and Asia. Australia had strong relations with the United States for more than a century, but its new policies about China seems like it is torn among its connections with Asia and the United States.

It is notable to mention that a nearly exclusive focus on the economic dimensions can have some unfavourable penalties. These include Australia being perceived as unwilling in order to continue an independent foreign policy or a risk of not getting the desired regional influence. Moreover, if the strategic and political relations between Beijing and Canberra remain underdeveloped, then it will not be possible for Australia and China to resolve problems. However, some people maintain that it is not in the interest of Australia to develop strong relationships with the one-party authoritarian state.

Australia and China in the Indo-Pacific century

The political leaders of Australia need to pave the way for straight discussion regarding Chinas rise in the region if they want Australia to be an innovative and constructive regional power. The political leaders of Australia need to pursue a foreign policy which demands reinforcement by keeping in mind the needs of Australia (Medcalf, 2018, p.12). No one knows that how China will use its power, so it gives rise to anxieties. There is a lack of trust among Chinese and Australian policy makers as the processes of Chinas policy makers are not transparent (Babb, 2018, p.23). It is significant to mention that the interdependence among China and Australia has grown exponentially. In the Indo-Pacific region, there is an ultimate conversion of political, economic, and military power (Medcalf, 2018, p.12). Both trends have the tendency to alter the multilateral and bilateral relationships governance architecture. In the Indo-Pacific region, growing economic, military, political power of Indonesia and India will also affect the future of Australia. However, that effect will not be anywhere near to the degree as China will affect its future.

Australias China rhetoric

No Australian political leader over the past 15 years has defined that gaining the trust of China is the foremost goal for Australia. The Prime Minister supported that both countries need to focus on their economic interaction as they are more likely to emerge as a power source in the Indo-Pacific region. However, it is critical to consider that Howard lived in a different era when he acts as a Prime Minister. In 1996, Howard took office. At that time, Australia was not much engaged in trade with China as its export only constituted less than five per cent of its overall exports. But now, nearly a quarter of all the exports of Australia are to China. Now the question is, What does Australia want from China Australia needs to build its relationship with China due to its own nationwide purposes. There are several complex regional and bilateral issues that need to be resolved. These issues can be fixed if Canberra and Beijing could find mutually acceptable ways in order to establish a meaningful political and strategic ties (Paramati et al., 2018, p.143).

Defence and Strategic Relations

Australia has probably the closest defence relationship with China. There are regular bilateral exchanges between the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) and the Australian Defense Force (ADF). However, the rise of China as a political, economic, and military power in the 21st century is widely viewed as a major strategic challenge for Australia. The world is seeing the relationship between Canberra and Beijing as an essential supplement to the economic ties between China and Australia. Australia-China Defense Engagement Plan is a critical part of their relationship. In January 2014, sixteen annual sessions regarding defence strategies were held in Canberra. While seventeenth annual session held in December 2014. The major points in these annual sessions include naval ship visits, high-level officer visits, humanitarian relief drills, strategic policy forums, and cultural exchanges (White, 2017, p.187). Australia has a strong relationship with the United States in the past due to the formal military alliance between Australia and the US. The United States has enjoyed military primacy in China since World War II. The US likes to have control over all regions of the world to maintain its supremacy, but with the uprise of China as an economic and military power, the US dream to control Asia is beginning to be wiped out (Wang, 2016). Chinas rapid economic growth in the last few decades is challenging regional American hegemony in the region. Now, Australia is concerned regarding its relationship with both China and the US. China has made a firm grip over the West Pacific stretching from Japan to Borneo due to emerging blue water navy, attack submarines, aircraft carriers, and long-range missiles. There is a notable effect of Chinas uprise in the Indo-Pacific region upon Australian strategic thinking. Many officials of the United States have stated that in any US conflict with China, Australia is more likely to contribute alongside the US. However, the disputed territories in the South China Sea and in the East China Sea is causing a problem for the previous concepts of homeland defence for Australia (Huynh, 2017, p.60). Australia is well aware of the fact that there is a relative decline in American power in that region. Australia also needs to prevent China from taking control over the disputed territory by sending military assets in the South China Sea (Huynh, 2017, p.60). Moreover, Chinas overspending on military capabilities has forced Australia to increase its defence budget as well.

There has been much debate in the recent few years over whether Australia needs to choose China, its important economic partner, and the US, its strategic ally. There are favourable chances that Australia will focus more towards China due to its important economic relations. However, the political and defence establishment of Australia persists tremendously in the indulgence of strong sustenance for the US alliance. With the release of Australias Strategic Edge in 2030 report by the defence analysts Ross Babbage, a storm has caused in Australian policy circles. The report suggested that Australian sovereignty will be a danger by the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army. The report also argued that Australias ADF will be in close cooperation with the US to dissuade and counterbalance the hastily intensifying PLA in Australias approaches (Brewster, 2015). China has announced that its economic, political, and military up rise is a peaceful rise. There are not violent or evil purposes hidden behind these strengths. However, China is well aware of the fact that US pivot is a strategic maneuver in order to decimate the power of China from that region by using Australia, which might cause Australia to be caught in the crossfire. China has warned Australia regarding such consequences in the Defense White Paper of 2009. That paper advocated that the Australian defence ministers are concerned about the Chinese military expansionism, so they upgrade their defence forces with a budget of 275 billion Australian dollars. 2013 Defense White Paper advocated that Australia does not approach China as an opponent. Australia should avail the positive opportunity to gain maximum profit by China with the assistance of the economic corridor.

It seems like Australia has started to mismanage its relations with China in the recent few years. The Abbott government seems to be an unabashed supporter of the United States. The government is willing to consider their previous alliance with the US as it has taken a firmer stance over the matter of maritime ambitions of the Chinese. It is obvious that the Abbott government is led by the US regional orders, threating its relationship with China. Australia has also established strong security relations with Japan which is a bitter rival of China. Australia has compromised its relation with China by intensifying military collaboration with the United States. Moreover, the groundbreaking purchase of Japanese submarines also disputed the relationship between Australia and China. Australia is increasing defence spending just to influence the Indo-Pacific region by its growing power, but it forgets that China is its major economic support. Bad relationship with China would be catastrophic for its reputation and influence in that region (Cheng et al., 2018, p.613). Therefore, the current Australian government must reconsider its US-led regional orders in order to make remarkable progress in the economic and political sector in the Indo-Pacific region.

It is notable to mention that Deng Xiaoping launched China on dramatic economic progress which has led many Chinese out of poverty. China is progressing rapidly in the region with 10 to 11 per cent GDP growth per annum. This results in a population shift into a series of new cities from the countryside (Wijesiri, 2018, p.1067). The primary goal of China was to produce cheap manufacturers so that many investors start their work in China due to its cheap labour. That plan worked for China and now it is one of the strongest power in Asia. Now, Australia wants to take the countrys relationship with China to new levels. Australia is willing to forge closer ties with China while maintaining a close relationship with the United States by keeping in view their traditional alliance. If Australia wants to maintain cordial relations with China, then it should reconsider about hosting US Marines in Darwin. Human rights and the treatment of the Tibetan people, Australias dealing with the Taipei government and the issues of the status of Taiwan, Australian alliance with the US and the conduct of aid and economic relations are all matters of excessive thoughtfulness for the relationship of China and Australia. Consequently, the rapidly expanding economy of China can lead toward the future problems of political stability. At the same time, driven by the concerns about America as a reliable ally and the worries about the impetus of Chinas rise, Australian policies has become more ragged. Australian policymakers are also concerned about Chinese influence in Australia itself. Therefore, it is safe to say to sentiments persist slightly divided on how far White paper should go.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, China is rapidly progressing towards economic modernization and its government understandably expects it to be a leading world economy. Australia-China relation is at the verge of challenging time as a more aggressive Chinese foreign policy can make this worse, especially to get the support of the armed forces. The Australian government needs to build political and strategic ties with China to establish strong political trust. Australia needs to reconsider its alliance with the US in order to gain economic support from China. The Australian defence minister is concerned about the Chinese military expansionism. Political leaders from both countries need to ponder the bilateral problems or regional issues. Current status of the Australian policies demonstrate that Australia seeks interest in trade with China, so it is unlikely to disrupt its relationship with it. The interdependence among China and Australia has grown exponentially. Australia must pursue an annual economic and strategic dialogue with China by keeping in view three strands, economics, politics, and defence. It is important for Australia to build strong strategic and economic relations with China if it wants to prosper in the Indo-Pacific region.

Bibliography

Babb, J., 2018. Australia, we need to talk about China Book Review.News Weekly, (3019), p.23.

Brewster, D., 2015. The AustraliaIndia framework for security cooperation another step towards an Indo-Pacific security partnership.

Cheng, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Xu, Z., Bambrick, H., Hu, W. and Tong, S., 2018. Assessment of heat-and cold-related emergency department visits in cities of China and Australia Population vulnerability and attributable burden.Environmental research,166, pp.610-619.

Chow, G.C., 2017.Capital formation and economic growth in China(pp. 1186-1221). BRILL.

Huynh, S.T., 2017. Australias Engagement in the South China Sea under the Prospect Theory Approach and Implications for Australia-Vietnam Relations.Asian Culture and History,9(2), p.60.

Medcalf, R., 2018. Reimagining Asia From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific. InInternational Relations and Asias Southern Tier(pp. 9-28). Springer, Singapore.

Paramati, S.R., Zakari, A., Jalle, M., Kale, S. and Begari, P., 2018. The dynamic impact of bilateral trade linkages on stock market correlations of Australia and China.Applied Economics Letters,25(3), pp.141-145.

Rory Medcalf, The Balancing Kangaroo Australia and Chinese power, Issues and Studies, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2014, p. 124, available at http//www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/balancing-kangaroo-australia-and-chinese-power

Wang, Y., 2016.Australia-China relations post 1949 Sixty years of trade and politics. Routledge.

White, H., 2012.The China choice Why America should share power. Black Inc.

White, H., 2017. Old Friends in the New Asia New Zealand, Australia and the Rise of China.New Zealand And The World Past, Present And Future, p.187.

Wijesiri, B., Liu, A., Gunawardana, C., Hong, N., Zhu, P., Guan, Y. and Goonetilleke, A., 2018. Influence of urbanisation characteristics on the variability of particle-bound heavy metals build-up A comparative study between China and Australia.Environmental pollution,242, pp.1067-1077.

Political Science PAGE 11

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Subject: Political Science

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Assignment 4



[Title]

[Name of Student]

[Name of College/University]

Introduction

Power is both slippery and elusive concept in the study of Political Science. In the international system these concepts of power, authority and force can be used as a successful approach. Some scholarships, in this regard, have claimed that these concepts can be used to analyze the global phenomenon in international relations. While some have defined these concepts as a means to end, and others as military forces of the states. Hans Morgenthau, the leading supporter of power views all the politics as a struggle for power ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5ksG7HmK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Holsti 1964)","plainCitation":"(Holsti 1964)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":391,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/UX93G4WT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/UX93G4WT"],"itemData":{"id":391,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations","container-title":"Background","page":"179-194","volume":"7","issue":"4","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","DOI":"10.2307/3013644","ISSN":"0361-5448","author":[{"family":"Holsti","given":"K. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1964"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Holsti 1964). He further says that human nature as an instinct to acquire power and dominate others. Once they acquired power, the next step is to use it. Now they are moving towards dominating others by creating a security dilemma. As the process of securitization and de-securitization are interlinked. Security of one state or an individual is insecurity of others.

Discussion

Morgenthau, however, failed the concept for further examination. For example, he implies that power is the major policy goals behind any political action. In this regard, Woodrow Wilson criticizes this by saying that there is a difference between ‘power politics' and other forms of power. Moreover, he further discusses the relationship between a nation's socio-political institutions and their way of conducting foreign relations. Democracies, usually do not go for use force as they have tolerance, morality, and justice. While in contemporary international politics, some scholars view power in terms of physical asset that nations keep.

Previously, the states and governments did not possess foreign policy instruments, therefore, they had to rely on the violence and use of force were the most significant tactics. But at many places, violence was the only means to influence others. While the current advancement in technology and military affairs became an alternative to the use of force. They form the alliance to counter threats.

David Lake views authority as “equal form of power as it is easier to acquire compliance by obligating others ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bAi2OyCl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lake 2013)","plainCitation":"(Lake 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":388,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"itemData":{"id":388,"type":"book","title":"Authority, Coercion, and Power in International Relations","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"www.oxfordscholarship.com","abstract":"Despite its central role in theories of international politics, scholars have an impoverished conception of power. Focusing almost exclusively on material capabilities and coercion, scholars ignore and even actively deny the role of political authority in relations between states. I attempt to demonstrate the importance of authority for world politics by showing how the concept makes coherent previously problematic or incomplete theories of international relations and produces new insights for future research. After distinguishing between authority and coercion as two major forms of power, I show that authority is central to variations in sovereignty, hegemonic orders, the conflict between developed and developing states, and the current debate over failed states and international trusteeship. International relations cannot be explained only by material capabilities and coercion. We need to bring authority “back in” to the study of world politics.","URL":"http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.001.0001/acprof-9780199970087-chapter-4","ISBN":"978-0-19-933329-5","language":"en_US","author":[{"family":"Lake","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",4,11]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lake 2013). As the actors on the global stage are bound together in a divergent relationship. Therefore, the authority has significant importance in contemporary international politics. The observation of the concepts: power, authority, and force are difficult today because finding asymmetries are hard as they are everywhere ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RF8DJWoD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hurd 1999)","plainCitation":"(Hurd 1999)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":390,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/9NWKNEBR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/9NWKNEBR"],"itemData":{"id":390,"type":"article-journal","title":"Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics","container-title":"International Organization","page":"379-408","volume":"53","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[The idea that the legitimacy of international institutions affects state behavior is increasingly common in discussions of international relations, and yet little has been said about what the term legitimacy means or how it works. This is peculiar, since legitimacy is widely cited in domestic social studies as a major reason, along with coercion and self-interest, that actors obey rules. I examine the concept of legitimacy, defined as the internalization of an external rule, as it is used in domestic studies and in international relations, and find that the existence of institutions that states accept as legitimate has important implications for theories of international relations. Using the norms of sovereign nonintervention as an illustration, I compare coercion, self-interest, and legitimacy as three motivations for rule-following by states. Self-interest and coercion, alone or together, are insufficient to sustain the pattern of behavior we recognize as the system of sovereign states. The degree of settledness of borders, especially among states of unequal power, indicates that the institution of sovereignty owes part of its persistence to the widespread acceptance by states of the norms of sovereignty as legitimate. This is important for international relations because the existence of legitimate rules signals the presence of authority, which is inconsistent with the received image of the international system as anarchic. I conclude the article by charting a course of further research into the ideas of legitimacy, authority, and anarchy.]","ISSN":"0020-8183","author":[{"family":"Hurd","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hurd 1999). Yet, power is the glue that joins ideational factors and interests with policy outcomes. On the other hand, DNI Krasner overtly rejects the assumption that the use of force can be explained by interest in terms of US involvement between two world wars ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zMVUDbLk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lake 2013)","plainCitation":"(Lake 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":388,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/M7GNE62B"],"itemData":{"id":388,"type":"book","title":"Authority, Coercion, and Power in International Relations","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"www.oxfordscholarship.com","abstract":"Despite its central role in theories of international politics, scholars have an impoverished conception of power. Focusing almost exclusively on material capabilities and coercion, scholars ignore and even actively deny the role of political authority in relations between states. I attempt to demonstrate the importance of authority for world politics by showing how the concept makes coherent previously problematic or incomplete theories of international relations and produces new insights for future research. After distinguishing between authority and coercion as two major forms of power, I show that authority is central to variations in sovereignty, hegemonic orders, the conflict between developed and developing states, and the current debate over failed states and international trusteeship. International relations cannot be explained only by material capabilities and coercion. We need to bring authority “back in” to the study of world politics.","URL":"http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.001.0001/acprof-9780199970087-chapter-4","ISBN":"978-0-19-933329-5","language":"en_US","author":[{"family":"Lake","given":"David A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",4,11]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lake 2013). He claims that these were the sociological and historical results of the US experience. David Easton also views this interaction in sociological perspective where authorities are binding to allocate norms and values and implement these values. As the political system has no capacity to permit all the demands in the system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AlbFvdtu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Evans 1970)","plainCitation":"(Evans 1970)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":392,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WMMN4QX5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WMMN4QX5"],"itemData":{"id":392,"type":"article-journal","title":"Notes on David Easton's model of the political system","container-title":"Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies","page":"117-133","volume":"8","issue":"2","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","DOI":"10.1080/14662047008447120","ISSN":"0021-9908","author":[{"family":"Evans","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1970",7,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Evans 1970).

Consent, however, is different from other forms of social influence, because it involves the process of coordination and bargaining. While the use of force, coercion, and bargaining offers threats of punishment and rewards. Moreover, Krasner views ‘consent’ as a fiction and international law has been understood as the basis of consent. In addition, the international organization both expressly and implicitly based on the approach of consent. Besides, he does not reject the notion of ‘structure realism', that defines the structure as hierarchical in nature. He also did not deny the role of treaties in international politics as ‘Pareto-improving', and there are regimes that have been affecting the international system. Therefore, international law is functional only sociologically and sovereignty as a state personality as a fundamental unit of observation in this anarchic international system.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Evans, Michael. 1970. “Notes on David Easton’s Model of the Political System.” Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies 8(2): 117–33.

Holsti, K. J. 1964. “The Concept of Power in the Study of International Relations.” Background 7(4): 179–94.

Hurd, Ian. 1999. “Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics.” International Organization 53(2): 379–408.

Lake, David A. 2013. Authority, Coercion, and Power in International Relations. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199970087.001.0001/acprof-9780199970087-chapter-4 (April 11, 2019).

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Assignment: Essay - Creating Your Ideal State

Assignment: Essay - Creating Your Ideal State

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the institution]

[Date]

Assignment: Essay - Creating Your Ideal State

Introduction

The country’s name is XYZ which is located in North Africa continent. XYZ is a very populated country with the literacy rate at 45.6%. Poverty has increased in the last two decades due to which the general public decided to overthrow their dictator as the dictator never takes into account public concerns. XYZ is still in a developing phase with an agriculture-oriented economy and needs huge investment in its industrial sectors. The lack of economic growth was due to political instability occurred during the regime of the dictator as he restricted the trade with other countries and implemented exploited policies. The country also fell into heavy public debt and needs loans to manage governance. The tax rate was very high due to which people went on civil disobedience. Social protests were widespread all around the country and kept on going strong to the point of government dissolution. Now with the help of the military, fair elections are conducted in the country and people voted elected me to represent them internationally. The country is free from the dictatorship after 30 years but there are still some challenges needed to be resolved as a President.

Brief Overview

The foremost concern will be related to the internal situation of my country as there are some interest groups that will bring some issues into politics and make matters worse (Goodnow, 2017). So, first of all, the law and order situation will be put under control. Below is the detailed description of the areas needs to be focused on. It is obvious that I will have to create an entirely new structure of government for the government which will be appropriate for the people. The economic structure will be reorganized for the betterment of the country (Haggard & Kaufman, 2018). Economic and foreign policies will be formed in a way that will serve the interests of the majority. Measures to overcome terrorism will be taken as terrorism is one of the serious concerns for the country currently.

Domestic Concerns

As a President of the country, I will make the domestic concerns my topmost priority because people will be demanding the improvement in internal conditions from me first. The three areas that will be targeted instantly will be Security, Health, and Education. People do not want any compromise on their protection, their health matters, and their education so that they can seek employment and raise the families.

Government style and Principles

Government style and form is very important for any country as it decides how much power will be given to the head of the state and the accountability and authority on his part. As the people recently gained their freedom from dictatorship so they will demand a democratic system that listens to their concerns. This leaves me with two types of government styles to choose from. First is the Presidential Republic and second is Parliamentary system. After deeply reviewing the current state of the country, I will opt for a Parliamentary Republic system as the democracy is more at grass root level there (Hammar, 2017). In this system, the executive branch is accountable to the legislature, unlike the Presidential system. In Parliamentary system, if the parliament is not satisfied with the performance of the prime minister they can cast a vote of no confidence against him to replace him. A parliamentary system can bring quick reforms to the social sector and it has the power to enact laws for a speedy change. In this system, the judiciary system is empowered and not restricted giving more chances of justice and equity in the society.

Branches of Government

The three main branches under the parliamentary republic system of the XYZ country will be the Legislative body, Executive body, and the Judiciary body. Equal powers will be distributed among them and they will be created to keep a check and balance on each other. This way the government will become more effective with proper accountability and check and balance.

The legislative body is a purposeful assembly with the power to make laws. The executive body has the responsibility to enforce the laws on the general public. Judicial body is made of all the courts along with the Supreme court that does not allow violations of those laws and makes sure that the laws are interpreted.

Two Public good domestic programs

The two public good domestic programs will free healthcare treatment and free basic education for all the people of the country. Hospitals will be built in the areas where people have no access and community colleges will also be constructed for the people with no or little fees. These both programs will increase the human capital and will ultimately make the country economically stable.

Economic Structure

The mixed economy will be formed in the XYZ country due to the reason that it has benefits of all the types of economic systems prevailing in the world. It has the blend of free market economy, state intervention, private enterprises etc (Powell, 2019). This type of economic structure will suit the country's economy because the state will intervene where it is needed, there will be free trade and will motivate the self-interests of the investors and individuals.

Socializing citizens through civic education

In the case of XYZ, it will be very important for me to create civic sense and awareness in my people and unite them by making them realize their active role as citizens in society. National unity will be very necessary as the country is facing terrorism issues.

Foreign Concerns

Two international organizations

The two international organizations which will be opted for cooperation and coordination will be United Nations and Common Wealth of nations. They both are very active in security and economic issues. United Nations will be approached for the matters of security and the Commonwealth will be approached for economic matters. The rationale behind joining these organizations is that United Nations solely works for the purpose of keeping international peace and harmony. Whereas commonwealth of nations was formed to facilitate the countries and help the developing countries grow significantly. The main steps will be to sign the contract with them by mutual agreement on the points mentioned in that official document.

Tackling Terrorism

To tackle the terrorism issue with my neighboring countries, I will form an anti-terrorism task force on emergency basis whose responsibility will be to handle all the terrorist operations and the ways to deal with them. I will also take help from my military and provide them all the assistance they need. These will be the two ways of tackling this issue. First as the formation of the task force and second is the involvement of the military in sensitive matters of terrorism. International peacekeeping mission will also be carried out by diplomatic stances.

Conclusion

Above are all the details need to be considered by me while governing a state who wants equity, justice, and peace. Matters should be handled carefully where citizens are concerned and all the measures should be taken to satisfy them. Government is always for people and by people and no self-interest should be considered when the matters revolve around the majority.

References

Hammar, T. (2017). Democracy and the nation state. Routledge.

Goodnow, F. J. (2017). Politics and administration: A study in government. Routledge.

Powell, M. (Ed.). (2019). Understanding the mixed economy of welfare. Understanding Welfare: Social.

Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. R. (Eds.). (2018). The politics of economic adjustment: international constraints, distributive conflicts and the state. Princeton University Press.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Assignments

Political Science

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Urban Survival Syndrome and Affluenza Defense

Response 1

Affluenza is described as a throbbing, transmissible, informally transmitted circumstances of excess, liability, and anxiety subsequent to the persistent chase of more. It can also be defined as 'a quasi-illness initiated by remorse for one's own socio-economic preeminence’. The word affluenza is used to mention an incapability to recognize the penalties of one's activities due to financial privilege, for example, Ethan Couch’s case ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2Bj11Dps","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cardenas, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Cardenas, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":42,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/LQ4V6YEP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/LQ4V6YEP"],"itemData":{"id":42,"type":"article-journal","title":"Guilt. Punishment. Justice, but is it really?","container-title":"FAU Undergraduate Law Journal","page":"15","volume":"1","author":[{"family":"Cardenas","given":"Stefania"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cardenas, 2019). The urban survival syndrome is described as an excuse defense as a form of the abuse defense. For example, a person suffering from daily life of cultural discrimination and viciousness commonly observed in various cities in the United States causes a particular state equal to that initiated by survival in a violent battleground of war ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FzOT5QnZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mahoney, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Mahoney, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/M8RV6ESE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/M8RV6ESE"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"How Failure to Protect Laws Punish the Vulnerable","container-title":"Health Matrix","page":"429","volume":"29","author":[{"family":"Mahoney","given":"Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mahoney, 2019). Ultimately resulted in a state already existing in psychological filed with a name post-traumatic stress disorder.

Response 2

Daimion Osby killed two unarmed men in a community parking lot and argued that he shot them due to fear of life. He killed two persons because he has to save his own life and the argument was accepted as Osby was living in a community of the highest criminal rate using Urban Survival syndrome. Ethan Couch killed four persons at the age of 16 while he was driving under the effects of drugs and alcohol. He was sentenced for probation of ten years and subsequently for therapy in patient-facility ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nbXCMJrd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Westlund, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Westlund, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":43,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/8U52HJNR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/8U52HJNR"],"itemData":{"id":43,"type":"article-journal","title":"Answerability without Blame?","container-title":"Social Dimensions of Moral Responsibility","page":"253","author":[{"family":"Westlund","given":"Andrea C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Westlund, 2018). The attorney argued that he had affluenza (he had no idea for boundaries as his parents did not give any) and should be sent for rehabilitation instead of prison and later it was accepted and he was sent to prison for two years.

Response 3

An individual's actions should be justified on the basis of his circumstances such as urban survival is a state in which a person's actions should be excused as he is unaware of the typical situation. Similarly, the order of sentence should be declared on the basis of the actual situation not influenced by the status of wealth.

Response 4

Ethan Couch on probation and Daimion Osby’s case, both of the cases were defended on actual circumstances and genuinely because of the fact that Ethan Couch was true to save his life and Daimion Osby was unaware of the rules and boundaries as he had not encountered these situations in his life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"odGrOpiY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mahoney, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Mahoney, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":44,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/M8RV6ESE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/M8RV6ESE"],"itemData":{"id":44,"type":"article-journal","title":"How Failure to Protect Laws Punish the Vulnerable","container-title":"Health Matrix","page":"429","volume":"29","author":[{"family":"Mahoney","given":"Amanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mahoney, 2019). However, the crime should not be left unattended in every situation, its court's duty to thoroughly observe every inch of the incident.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cardenas, S. (2019). Guilt. Punishment. Justice, but is it really? FAU Undergraduate Law Journal, 1, 15.

Mahoney, A. (2019). How Failure to Protect Laws Punish the Vulnerable. Health Matrix, 29, 429.

Westlund, A. C. (2018). Answerability without Blame? Social Dimensions of Moral Responsibility, 253.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Assignments

Discussion

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Discussion

Amber Guyger was guilty of Botham Jean’s murder and was sentenced to 99 years of prison. She explained that she misunderstood Jeans’ apartment with that of her and as she entered the apartment, Jean moved towards her. She had no motive to shoot Jean but the succession of events made her do that in defense. Her social media activities and chats with fellow officers provide proofs of racist remarks and felonious tendencies for example “No one ever thanks me for having the patience not to kill them CITATION Eli18 \l 1033 (Elizabeth Wiley, 2018)”. In her 911 call recording, she informed about incident but did not perform CPR using first aid kit, she had in her back-pack. The shooting cannot be justified because it is clearly dangerous to human life which falls under second-degree murder or manslaughter according to Texas criminal law.

Her explanation that she believed she was in her own house is not justifiable, because this assertion was a mistake. “ Lack of intent can be qualified as a defense ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2IJxNm2F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Texas Second Degree Murder Laws,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Texas Second Degree Murder Laws,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":66,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/5RA5CHBN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/5RA5CHBN"],"itemData":{"id":66,"type":"webpage","title":"Texas Second Degree Murder Laws","container-title":"Findlaw","abstract":"Learn more about Texas second degree murder laws, homicide, wrongful death, and other legal issues at FindLaw.com.","URL":"https://statelaws.findlaw.com/texas-law/texas-second-degree-murder-laws.html","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,25]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Texas Second Degree Murder Laws,” n.d.)” but the action carries a felonious nature, if justified for a person in uniform, will consequently result in many other incidents like that.

The sentence is justified when complemented with her social media records, text messages, racist tendencies and the use of a weapon without warning. The person in uniform must have a sense of responsibility to use a weapon for coercive purpose rather than direct shooting. According to Texas criminal law, “This charge will typically carry a sentence of between five and 99 years in a state prison and/or a fine of no more than $10,000 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"V0QACKFa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adlerstein, 1975)","plainCitation":"(Adlerstein, 1975)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":62,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/AYSIPFVF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5OlhLovK/items/AYSIPFVF"],"itemData":{"id":62,"type":"article-journal","title":"Felony-Murder in the New Criminal Codes","container-title":"Am. J. Crim. L.","page":"249","volume":"4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Adlerstein","given":"Jo Anne C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1975"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adlerstein, 1975)” .

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adlerstein, J. A. C. (1975). Felony-Murder in the New Criminal Codes. Am. J. Crim. L., 4, 249.

Jury finds Amber Guyger guilty of murder in shooting death of Botham Jean. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2019, from WFAA website: https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/special-reports/botham-jean/jury-finds-amber-guyger-guilty-of-murder-in-shooting-death-of-botham-jean/287-a88120eb-9a82-4b33-8be3-3ad1b2d9656e

Texas Second Degree Murder Laws. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2019, from Findlaw website: https://statelaws.findlaw.com/texas-law/texas-second-degree-murder-laws.html

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

– U.S. Foreign Policy- Perceptions-- How Do “they” View “us”?

Student’s name

Course ID

Submitted to

Date

U.S. Foreign policy- perceptions-- how do “they” view “us”?

US and Angola

US-Angolan countries have bilateral relationship. Diplomatic relations between the countries were established in 1993. Angola is the second major interchange partner of the America in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly due to oil exports. The United States imports from Angola: oil products and diamonds. American exports to Angola: cars, airplanes and iron and steel products. The US and Angola contracted a trade and asset contract that will help expand trade between the two countries. Angola's foreign policy defends cooperation with all states for peace, stability, freedom and development with reciprocal benefits. The relations between Angola and the United States are of strategic importance in the international arena, having regard to the experience of both States in the defense of sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as in the definition of internal and external policies for global progress (Barrett).

According to him, Angola is a country which, for the time being, is making significant, great progress towards development in various fields, and with the establishment of peace in 2002 and the way in which the country has resolved the armed conflict, Angola has become very important at the continental level. In this context, he said, the relations between Angola and the USA took on other political aspects, due to the capacity of Angola in the resolution of conflicts through the pacification policy. Thus becoming a hub for solving the problems that still exist in many countries. For the historian, the Americans consider Angola as a vital space and of interest, which can influence thanks to its policy, due to the maturity that the country has reached, after a long period of fratricides war. Angola has a lot to gain from the American experience, because it can transmit a lot in terms of military, strategies of fight against terrorism, the experiment in the field of autarky, independence in the area of ​​justice and democratization of the state. It was on May 19, 1993, under the presidency of Bill Clinton, that the United States had formally recognized the Angolan government, from that moment, the two countries had established their formal diplomatic relations.

For the first time in the history of American- Angola relations, laid the legal foundation for the economic and political benefits of the US in Angola. The congressional documents state that sub-Saharan Africa is a region rich in human and natural resources, and the continent as a whole has tremendous economic potential and is therefore of long-term political significance for the United States. It is noted that expanding trade and capital inflows create a favorable business climate, allowing to remove any barriers to trade and economic exchanges between the US and African countries. The United States is striving to eliminate tariff barriers for American manufacturers and help create "free trade zones" for American goods in these countries. Angola's accession to liberation in 1975 was tailed by the parting of thousands of Portuguese. The fight among the parties looking for seize power is noticeable by the interference of the characters of the Cold War.

The tone of some articles are very influential for the America and Angola. These articles cover all the points that helps to brings the close relationship. These articles and websites shows that America assistance seeks to emphasis on preventing main communicable diseases, formation health structures, amassed admission to multiplicative health and family planning services, and building capacity in nongovernmental organizations working in well-being support and health service distribution. U.S. help also encourages security sector and stabilization reform (Marcum)..

US government is particularly interested in the reforms underway in Angola and the fight against corruption undertaken by President João Lourenço. From the ambassador's point of view, this action may result in economic and commercial benefits for the two countries. The United States and Angola MADE A formal political relationship in 1993, with the energy sector at the centre of relations. Since the end of the war, in 2002, the objectives of the foreign policy of the United States in Angola have been to promote and strengthen democratic institutions, as well as economic prosperity, improve health, consolidate peace and security. The USA also participated, in collaboration with Angola, in the removal of land mines. The North American Ex-ImBank has a line of credit to support North American exports to Angola (Malaquias).

To conclude, During the civil war in Angola, the United States supported Anwar and UNITA. With the end of the cold war and the continued destruction of the peace process in Angola by UNITA leader Savimbi, the United States stopped supporting UNITA in 1993 and recognized the Angolan government. After Angola and the United States officially established diplomatic relations in 1993, President Dos Santos visited the United States three times (Tvedten). The two countries have expanded their cooperation in the fields of economy, trade and energy, and the relationship has developed smoothly. In 2009, the United States signed an agreement on trade and investment with Angola, and in June 2010 held the first meeting of the US-Ministerial Trade and Investment Committee in Luanda, the capital of Angola (Bryan, Bethany, Sean Sheehan, and Yong Jui Lin).

In April 2013, UNITA President Samakuva visited the United States. Angola is a beneficiary of the African Growth and Opportunity Act. At present, Angola is one of the three major partners of the United States in sub-Saharan Africa, the second largest export destination country in Africa and the third largest source of imports. It is an important oil supplier to the United States in Africa. In 2012, the bilateral trade volume between Angola and the United States was 15 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 15%. The United States exported 2 billion U.S. dollars to Angola and 13 billion U.S. dollars from Angola. The United States mainly exports machinery and equipment, food, steel products, electronic products and aircraft to Angola, and imports crude oil and diamonds from Angola.

Works Cited

Barrett, Alan DT. "Yellow fever in Angola and beyond—the problem of vaccine supply and demand." New England Journal of Medicine 375.4 (2016): 301-303.

Bryan, Bethany, Sean Sheehan, and Yong Jui Lin. Angola. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC, 2018.

Malaquias, Assis. "Angola: The Foreign Policy of a Decaying State." African Foreign Policies. Routledge, 2018. 23-42.

Marcum, John A. "Lessons of Angola." Foreign Aff. 54 (1975): 407.

Tvedten, Inge. "US Policy towards Angola since 1975." The Journal of Modern African Studies 30.1 (1992): 31-52.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

“If Men Were Angels, No Government Would Be Necessary

If men were angels, no government would be necessary

Introduction

Governments are established to organize, manage, and control people of a country or state. The concept of government has evolved through many stages in the human history. The role of government has been defined by thinkers, politicians, and philosophers in different ways. The authorities of a government is based on the ideology of a country s people about the relationship between government and public. If men were angels, no government would be necessary is a famous quote about the scope and need of a government, by James Madison who was one of the most influential founding fathers of America.

Discussion

The government is essential for protecting people of a country from one another. The need of a government arises as soon as a community comes to existence. When people live together in a society and interact with one another, conflicts are quite possibly to happen among them. The human beings have interests, priorities, and values. The conflicts can arise due to clash of any of these factors among them. Men are different from angels in the sense that they are bound by their needs and wants. A government is the only solution to manage their affairs through administration, justice, law, defense, and fair distribution of resources and opportunities.

James Madison was the fifth US Secretary of State and fourth President of the US. He co-founded the Democratic Republican Party that was the first opposition political party in the US history. He is considered as the father of the constitution due to his invaluable contribution to rafting and promoting the constitution of the United States. Madison was convinced of the immediate necessity of a stronger federal government after the war against England during his tenure (Gilje, 2019). He was, however, already an advocate of the stronger central government since he came to Congress in 1780s. Madison supported the idea of check and balance in the government system to give more authority to public so that they can avail the benefits of liberty, make better decisions for their welfare, and take prominent part in the election of their government representatives.

The background of the aforesaid quote by Madison is the inability of the federal government at that time to take crucial decisions for the state. After the US got independence from the British rule, the first constitution of the country was created in the form of Articles of Confederation. These articles were approved and enacted in 1781. The power was mostly with the individual states and the central government was unable to manage the national debt or maintain an army appropriately. Madison spent much of his time in exploring the constitutions and government systems of the other countries. After a comprehensive comparison and analysis of the political systems, he concluded that a stronger federal government is needed in the US without delay. That will ensure effective regulation of the individual states legislatures, and sufficient raise of federal money. Madison recognized also the fact that power accumulated in a few hands would lead to its abuse. Therefore, he suggested to develop a system of check and balance in the government so that no one entity has greater power over the other. He propose that governors and judges should have more authorities so that they could be able to manage the system more effectively.

Madison presented his radical and innovative ideas of establishing an effective government system in a convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 (Taylor, 2018). He categorized a government system into three branches legislative, executive, and judicial. Madison believed that a constitution is not the outcome of a single person s efforts. Instead, many thinkers and experts should contribute to develop it. He took detailed notes of the debates made in the convention, and further collected necessary data to help shape the constitution.

The necessity of a government can be explained by the theory of Karl Marx that says people become selfish for the sake of property. The cause of conflicts among them is also the same. Their interests urge them to create problems for one another. The philosophical approach of realism asserts the need of control over the affairs in a state. Without law and order, people cannot be managed to the full extent. People should not be over-estimated in a sense that they would follow the moral and ethical standards on their own. The masses of people cannot be tamed without the use of power. A government is the ideal institution that serves this purpose to the fullest when established correctly.

Madison emphasizes the need of a stronger federal government. His idea is based upon the fact that a government is meant for regulating the affairs of a state. In doing so, the government must be able to impose the rules and regulations on institutions, organizations, and people of the state. If a government lacks the necessary power, it cannot fulfill the purpose of its establishment. The stronger a government, the stronger will be its hold. The other point Madison emphasizes is that the government must have rules that control its own powers and authorities. An absolute or infinite authority possessed by a government can lead to dictatorship or some other form of government with absolute power.

Governments have protected people from external and internal hazards, as it is evident by many incidents in the history. In earlier times, it was a custom or need of that particular time that the government of a particular city or country used to build walls all around them for the sake of protection from enemies. The Great Wall of China is an ample evidence. Governments might have taken several forms during the course of history. However, their contribution toward provision and security of people s rights, though to varied extents, has been tremendous. The concept and establishment of a government transformed the human society from barbarian to civilized society. Without a government, a human society is not more than a herd of sheep.

The governments have played a vital role in the development of nations in the modern world (Wilson, 2017). Since Capitalism thrived in the US, it was practiced by the earlier governments that markets should work independently without any interference of the government. However, after the Great Depression in 1930s, the federal government led by President Roosevelt felt it obligatory to intervene the economic issues for efficient management of the public debt. His New Deal programs helped people to lead the path to prosperity with hope and confidence. For the first time, unemployment and poverty became important issues of concern for the government. The efforts made by President Roosevelt expanded the scope of a government s authorities and responsibilities by including affairs related to public welfare to its agenda.

The critiques vary to some degree in approving the government regulations for businesses. It is important to consider that the government regulations are essential for effective management of businesses and markets. The government regulations protect the interests of businesses and individuals and give them opportunities to thrive within the legal constraints as well. The government guarantees financial securities, business contracts, and purchase transactions to secure the property and assets of the public. The regulations may be against the advantages of some individuals or organizations, but many other individuals or organizations would benefit from these regulations. Hence, the government takes into consideration the betterment of the country on the whole.

The government in today s world do many things on behalf of the people. There are a lot of monitoring, organizing, and investigating activities that the governments carry out for the welfare of people. For instance, the government sets rules for pharmaceutical industry, investigates processes within the organizations, and ensures safety of public health before the launch of any medicine in the market. The hospitality industry is regulated frequently by governmental intervention to ascertain delivery of safe food to the consumers. The government establishes standards for manufacturing or importing vehicles to avoid any accidents due to flaws in production. The IT regulations ensure safe banking transactions made by businesses or individuals, preventing chances of cyber-crimes. All these activities cannot be carried out by any other entity other than the government. The government has enough resources to execute all these checks.

The role of government in regulating the markets of the country is indispensable. Besides applying necessary quality checks, the government monitors prices set by manufacturers and service-providers so that the customers are not deceived to pay more for what they buy. Sometimes, a business organization grows in a particular industry to the extent that it creates a monopoly in the market. It can use its influence and position to set prices that are unacceptable by most of the people. The government can impose regulatory measures on such an organization to protect people s rights. The government makes regulations to avoid any negative externalities, that is, to prevent any ethically or economically unacceptable outcomes of market activities.

The role of governments in improving the human lives is undeniable. The governments in the modern world is responsible for almost everything that is necessary for life. The intervention of governments extend to defense departments, armed forces, information hubs, markets, health institutions, and so on. The governments are responsible for clean environments, social justice, and provision of the basic needs to all people. The success or failure of a government relies on the authority it possesses as per the country s constitution. The power held by a government enables it to work efficiently for achieving its goals. Madison s works supported this idea effectively, and paved the way for developing a comprehensive and favorable constitution to this end.

The government ascertains the application of law to all. The law is left with no grace if it fails to bind everyone in the state to its constituents. The government is the only institution that can enable a country s law to bring everyone under its influence. A government can work objectively only if it is a democratic government, which has been established to create justice in the state, and has derived its powers from the people. The constitution describes the role of a government as to ensure justice, create peace, provides the defense, promotes people s welfare, and confers liberty and prosperity on people.

Conclusion

The quote, if men were angels, no government would be necessary , reflects the political thoughts of the great American leader, James Madison, about the need for a government. People unite to establish governments so that they will be protected from economic, social, political, and cultural hazards. The constitution today confers civilian rights on all individuals in that state inherently, protects their democratic rights to make a government of their own choice, and separates the powers of a government by subdividing it into legislative, executive, and judicial authorities. The constitution empowers the government to work efficiently and effectively for the collective benefits of all in the country.

Works Cited

Gilje, P. A. (2019). Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the British Challenge to Republican America, 1783 1795 by Michael Schwarz. Journal of the Early Republic, 39(3), 560 563.

Taylor, Q. P. (2018). The Three Lives of James Madison Genius, Partisan, President, by Noah Feldman. Oxford University Press.

Wilson, W. (2017). Constitutional government in the United States. Routledge.

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Subject: Political Science

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Base On The Essay

YE ZAYAR AUNG

Political Science: Essay

Realist theory of Democracy and Folk Theory of Democracy

As the world is trying to understand Brexit, election of Trump as President, the electoral surprises coming from Europe, a book is released which seems to make sense of everything that is happening in the democratic countries in the world. The book introduces a new theory which explains the way people vote and why they do that. In Democracy for Realists, written by Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels, it is argued that the fundamental reason for partisan allegiance which makes the contemporary system of democracy open to exploitation by all-powerful, unscrupulous elites who transform into leaders and further adding to this they argue that voting behaviour is rooted in social identities, group affinity and “myopic retrospections”. CITATION Chr17 \l 2057 (Christopher H. Achen) The authors of this book challenge what they call is “folk theory” of democracy. This theory assumes that policy preferences and ideology explain the voter’s behaviour.

According to the conventional perspective, democracy begins with voters, where a common citizen is given preferences of what kind of government should exist by electing a leader, obviously the election of leader depends on the what majority vote for. Under democracy a person becomes a leader and derives this legitimacy and power from the consent of the public. Such an idea of democracy has passed onto generations, not only confined to the United States but across the globe. At Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln regarded democratic government is of the people, by the people, and for the people.” CITATION Abr18 \l 2057 (Lincoln)This idea constitutes what can be called as “folk theory” of democracy, where appealing and assuring ideas are put forward by the democratic leaders who put forward the vision that common man lives under an ethical form of government which works in their favour.

The “folk theory” derives its basis from the ideas pinned during the Enlightenment era during the 18th century in Europe. Core assumption of this theory is that humans are rational actors who before acting upon circumstances accordingly. first asses them the “folk theory” of democracy recognizes the restraints of the citizens capacities and proposes that the voters can and do conform to the democratic functions. According to this theory of democracy, government is held culpable for its policies and actions by the public. However, Achen and Bartels argue that these are unrealistic expectations which rely on the citizens. CITATION Ant17 \l 2057 (Schwennicke) One most common expectation from an ordinary man is that he is well-aware and acquainted about variety of policy alternatives they face during elections; thus, they choose to vote for a candidate that most closely favours to their biases and preferences. The proponents of “realist theory” of democracy challenge another notion of “folk theory” that the political parties which are elected in the election meet the needs and preferences of their voters and tailor their policies according to the demands of ordinary citizens. There are further two models of folk democracy, firstly a populist one which has two forms namely direct democracy and representative democracy. The second model is leadership selection and retrospective voting.

As a critique, “realist theory” of democracy was presented by Achen and Bartels as an alternative of the folk theory. In their book, they have given two reasons why the folk theory is completely wrong. First, public doesn’t care much about politics thus they don’t give it much though. Secondly, politics can be labelled as a domain where people act rationally, where people calculate and maximize their utility. Instead people pick up information from the political world and they are influenced by the state of economy and most importantly the affiliations they adopt to a certain political party or an individual since their youth. So not the political facts or the actions of the government but rather these loyalties drive the political behaviour of individuals. According to the realist theory of democracy the motivations that lead to a certain voting behaviour are rooted in social identity and attachment to a certain group. And this social identity becomes prominent in the course of a certain political event which strengthen individual’s attachment to that particular group. The policy preferences, as the realist theory suggests are just a by-product of the biasness developed by the voters. Realist view of democratic representation is based on identity congruence that exists between voters and the candidate contesting elections. CITATION Chr171 \l 2057 (L. B. Christopher H. Achen)

Moreover, according to the theory presented by Achen and Bartels, mostly it is during the political campaign that the parties begin reminding their voters about their partisan identities and convince them to go polls through informal communication which is done among the members of the group and formal communication by thr groups. The purpose of doing this is to prompt the voters of how their identity is connected with that of the group and its candidates. Many examples are available which show how group identities translate into political loyalty. However, one shortfall of this theory is that it does not answer how identities are constructed, though the authors do inform their audience that foundation of a social entity can be traced into ethnic, racial, religious ties but beyond this general description they don’t define what else social identity constitutes of.

Most appealing part of the realist theory of democracy, which explains voter’s behaviour is that the group affiliation intensifies when a political event makes that particular identity feel threatened, discriminated or noticeable. The proponents of this theory mention in their book Democracy for Realists, a perquisite for attaining greater scholarly intellect precision and actual political change lies in abandoning the “folk theory of democracy”.

The assumptions set by the realist theory of democracy are very much true if one has to analyse voter’s behaviour. There are many countries in the world where identity has shaped the politics and voter’s behaviour towards the political parties, be it India, Bangladesh or Pakistan, Rwanda which went through worlds worst genocide, Yugoslavia and in Europe, countries like Netherlands, France are now inclined more towards anti-globalization approach, where basic argument is saving the national identity of country which is in danger from the forces of globalization, migrants etc. Thus, the public now is keener to vote those candidates who talk about anti-immigration policies and more about keeping intact the national identity. Thus, it can be said that nationalism, which although holds a very negative connotation is now on the rise again in most parts of world and the reason is that the leaders of extreme right parties are exploiting the sentiments of national public by use social identity as a tool.

The general elections in Pakistan were held on 25th July 2018, after Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PML-N) completed its five-year tenure. A very new party came to power in the aftermath of the elections and PML-N was defeated. Imran Khan took oath as Prime Minister of Pakistan on 28th August 2018, who belongs from Pakistan Tahreek-e- Insaaf (PTI), the winning party. Though country is trapped into many crises, be it economic, terrorism, political but identity crisis in the country are becoming stronger. Pakistan is reaching new heights of identity politics, which is a very alarming situation for the stability of the country. Although democratic since past few years, but the politics of identity is seeking recognition in a very dictatorial manner whereby other groups are demonized and held responsible for the grievance that the particular social group suffers.

Pakistan has a very diverse societal makeup, and sentiments of exclusion in such a country push the nations towards division rather than adopting inclusionary approaches. The very foundation of state and society in Pakistan are shaken, because identity politics has gained impetus, its appealing to people and has successfully instilled hate against other groups. Groups like MQM, Baloch nationalist parties, Sindhi nationalist parties, Pashtun nationalist parties any others have been the sources of exploitation of political identity. For instance, for many years MQM exploited those who had migrated, called Muhajirs or Urdu Speaking community of Pakistan and won elections in major cities of Sindh. Before 2018 elections, Pakistan had two major parties, PML-N and Pakistan People’s Party, both of these parties have been involved in using identity card in their respective provinces to win electoral support. The politicians of the country without realising what a terrible strategy they’ve been using to cash votes by exploiting identity have sown seeds of conflict and hatred which have become hard to handle.

In the recently held elections, the voter turn out rate was 52%, where the winning party PTI scored 32% of the votes, i.e. it was successful in attaining 149 seats in National Assembly, while in previous elections it only scored 35 seats. PML-N, the major rivals of PTI gained 24% votes and attain only 89 seats, while during the previous elections they were the majority party that had secured 157 seats and formed government. PPP, the third major party, was able to secure only 13 percent of votes. CITATION Fre18 \l 2057 (House) These elections according to election observer missions have recognised that electoral framework of the country and its implementation conform the international values.

According to the Freedom House report of 2019, the elections in Pakistan took place in a very manipulated environment, and the force behind it was the military and judicial establishment, whose motive was to stop the Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, the incumbent of PML-N from coming back to power, while attaining clear majority for PTI. The year before election was turbulent, as it was marked with corruption charges against then ruling elites, and as a consequence Sharif, who was Prime Minister then had to step down from his position and was banned from contesting political office in the coming elections along with the sentence to prison. It has also been reported that state agencies had barred many new channels and journalists from speaking freely, or news coverage just few months prior to elections became biased and restricted. Despite all this, the opposition parties in Pakistan hold a very significant position, which are free to campaign, hold some share in power at both national and provincial level.

The new trends in the democratic societies show how the voters choose their candidate, based on their deeply rooted identities and with whom they believe their identity resembles. The assumption of the “folk theory” of democracy in such scenario look extremely flawed, because it can be seen in case of Pakistan, just one example, where people don’t vote as rational actors, calculating cost and benefit of bringing into power a candidate who might be incompetent, yet they cast their vote for that political party. Very little work has been done on realist theory of democracy. The political behaviour of individuals where their identities are exploited by political parties may not be exactly representing their real behaviour. The realist theory of democracy can be seen as new starting point for researchers to explore the voter’s behaviour under the realist theory of democracy.

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Christopher H. Achen, Larry Bartels. "Groups and Power: Towards a Realist Theory of Democracy ." Christopher H. Achen, Larry Bartels. Dmeocracy for Realists . New Jersy : Princeton University Press, 2017 . 301. Book .

Christopher H. Achen, Larry M. Bartels. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government . New Jersy : Princeton University Press, 2017. Essay .

House, Freedom. Pakistan. Election Report. Washington D.C. : Freedom House , 2018. Reprort.

Lincoln, Abraham. "Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: The 'greatest speech in the world' – that was only 273 words long." 12 February 2018. Independent. Speech . 22 April 2019.

Schwennicke, Antje. "A Discussion of Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels' Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government." Perspectives on Politics (2017): 148-151. Discussion.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Benefiting The Public Good

Benefiting the Public Good

Savita Raghunadan

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Benefiting the Public Good

Capitalism refers to the economic system which holds that the means of production should belong to private entities. The key components of such a system include capital goods, labor, entrepreneurship, and natural resources. Those who own natural resources, capital goods or entrepreneurship exercise their control via organizations or companies. Individuals themselves own their labor, and everyone within the system is motivated to make a profit. A prominent thinker who contributed to the idea was Adam Smith who was of the view that it is the self-interest that drives the baker, brewer or butcher to deliver our dinner, not their benevolence. The underlying idea is that a voluntary transaction occurs between the parties and stakeholders in which they exchange goods or services based on their rational self-interest and outcomes. A party can only obtain their benefit when they address what the other party needs from them, which helps them achieve economic prosperity. The central features of capitalism include private property, self-interest, market mechanism, and competition. Private property allows the private ownership of tangible and intangible assets to the individual, while competition guides their exchange by providing them with the freedom to exit or enter a market CITATION Nel82 \l 1033 (Nelson, 1982). The free interaction between sellers and buyers determines prices and improves efficiency within the system as each party is motivated by a higher reward.

The elements of power, order, and justice are central to all functional societies. Under the capitalist system, limited power is exercised by the government to protect citizens from fraud and force. Police power is used to protect individual rights while a military protects their rights from external aggression. The courts settle disputes and enforce contracts through their power. The government's use of power is only to retaliate against a party that has violated the right of the other by means of force. Under capitalism, justice is achieved in the political or social context in the sense that every person achieves only that what they can fairly gain as a result of their voluntary association with other individuals. All individuals are granted equal rights and a man’s right to keep that which he has earned is recognized. Thus, it is unjust to have someone else possess what the other has earned. Any item of material value has to be earned by the person under the system, which is proportional to that which he produces CITATION Ril89 \l 1033 (Riley, 1989). This gives rise to a social order in which a free market of ideas and products exist that is driven and owned by private individuals. The free market and the rights to private property serve as the basis for development, distribution of goods and trade within the social order. It establishes an order in which beliefs and actions at the individual level determine that society’s prosperity and development.

The capitalist system is based on the idea that every individual as an appropriate and natural concern for the other individual's well-being. This gives rise to a self-organized market in which mindful and rational individuals act and engage in mutual exchanges, with an inherent sense of responsibility regarding the rights, happiness, and well-being of the other individual. Individuals also recognize the government has the right to restrain those individuals that fail to recognize this responsibility. This ability of the market to organize itself serves as the basis for the public good that is achieved through capitalism, as long as certain principles and conditions associated with this free exchange are adhered to. Through this way, markets enable prosperity and progress for every individual in society by increasing productivity and efficiency. It thereby enhances the standard of living and provides society an incentive to innovate which in turn, achieves more efficiency, higher quality, and lower prices; hence, serving the public good.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Nelson, B. R. (1982). Western Political Thought: From Socrates to the Age of Ideology (2nd ed.). Long Groove, IL: Waveland Press.

Riley, J. (1989). Justice Under Capitalism. Markets and Justice, 31, 122-162. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/24219468

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Brief Summary

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Political Science

[Date]

Brief Summary

Introduction

Of many threats facing global security, human trafficking is probably the biggest threats. Numerous men, women, and children hailing from vulnerable socio-economic backgrounds fall prey to human traffickers every year. The repercussions of human trafficking are rippled all across the world and at every level of society. Human trafficking is a lucrative business as it generates about $150 billion every year. Of the $150 billion, $99 is made through sex trafficking. An estimate by the International Labor Organization suggests that there are more than 21 million victims of human trafficking. Sadly, about 5 million of those victims are sexually exploited. Most human traffickers are based in Asia and Africa. Women account for 55 percent of trafficked victims while 98 percent of these women experience sexual exploitation. According to Palermo Protocol, 2000, human trafficking has been defined as “The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.” (UNCATOC, 2000)

Discussion

The Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2019, portrays a grim picture regarding the victims of human trafficking (TIP Report, 2019). The thing that has shocked me the most in the TIP Report, 2019, is that there is a lack of clear understanding in many countries about the exploitive nature of this heinous crime. Furthermore, I have learned from the TIP Report, 2019, that human trafficking affects a country in multiple ways. The TIP Report has called on the governments around the globe to develop a clear understanding of the implications of the issue (TIP Report, 2019). Moreover, governments across the world must enforce measures through practice and policy. I have also learned that in many countries human trafficking criminals are often given less severe sentences because their cases are heard under labor courts and labor laws. Moreover, there is a dire need to train law enforcement officers so that they easily identify human trafficking victim. Finally, in the report, many praises are a heap on the governments that have been working hard to combat human trafficking. However, there is room for improvement as the governments must understand that human trafficking poses a serious threat to global security. The TIP Report has called on the governments to implement robust domestic legislation which prosecutes human traffickers.

Conclusion

There are a total of 4 tiers in which countries are placed after evaluated on the efforts they are putting in to combat human trafficking (TIP Report, 2019). The placement of countries based on the efforts on different tiers has been made mandatory under the "Trafficking Victims Protection Act". The countries who are placed in Tier 1 are the one which complies with the standards acceptable under the "TVPA". Tier 3 is given to the countries that do not comply with the recommendations of the "Trafficking Victims Protection Act". Australia is a country belonging to Tier 1 in the TIP Report. Australia has initiated different anti-trafficking measures aimed to curb trafficking. They have created a special police unit to help the trafficking victims. Australia has enacted measures that provide legal and medical support to the victims of human trafficking. Unfortunately, China, despite being an economic force, has been placed on tier 3 due to its lack of efforts directed at addressing the issues. China has failed to impose any laws to address the growing issue of forced labor. Furthermore, the imbalance in the population has provided criminals to bring in women by tricking them. This fact was recently highlighted when a gang of Chinese men was busted who married Pakistani women and took them to China only to work in the sex industry.

Works Cited

" OHCHR | Convention For The Suppression Of The Traffic In Persons ." Ohchr.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 31 Aug. 2019.

" OHCHR | Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women ." Ohchr.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 31 Aug. 2019.

" OHCHR | Slavery Convention ." Ohchr.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 31 Aug. 2019.

" OHCHR | Supplementary Convention On The Abolition Of Slavery ." Ohchr.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 31 Aug. 2019.

"United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime." Unodc.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 31 Aug. 2019.

TIP Report, State.gov. N. p., 2019. Web. 31 Aug. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Case Study

Case Study

Name

Institute name

Case Study

Introduction

This case study is about the lead poisoning cases in children in New York and the role of the government to overcome this emerging issue. It affected the population severely from age one to six. There were a lot of deaths recorded from this case, and some other issues like kidney disorders, retardation, and epilepsy. It was mostly found in slum children who ate chips which included lead. Some children were eating the paints on the walls. Children were peeling the paints from the wall. According to the medical research, 20 microgram per 100 ml blood is the normal range of lead in human. While 40 microgram per 100 ml blood is more is a dangerous level which can cause lead poisoning. According to the doctors, 40 microgram lead per 100 ml blood can cause mental damage to children. In New York, 60 mcg per 100 ml blood was recorded in many extremely dangerous patients. The cases of lead poisoning in New York started in 1940 which was continued till the 1960s. In 1940 the government had banned painting the interior walls of homes. However, in slum areas in the 1960s, it still existed in many buildings. In 1959 painting the interior walls in New York were declared as, but still, there were some houses in slum areas which were painted. Initially there were no symptoms of the lead intake in patients for some time; however, after a certain time, unspecific fatigue and nausea were the possible symptoms of lead poisoning. There were many deaths occurred due to lead poisoning which was reduced to a great extent in the late 60s. There were only two death cases recorded in 1969 which was clear evidence of the success of health care administration. The health department had played a vital role to control this issue. However the role of public administration, in this case, was not significant, and other concerned departments did not play their roles in a good manner. It was not possible to eliminate this poison from the body. Up to a certain level, the amount of lead could be reduced; however, the retake of lead could create problems. It was treated with chelating agents who draw out the amount of lead from the body. The chances of complete recovery become lower when the children were poisoned. According to a survey report in 1968, 121,000 children were affected with lead poisoning due to the intake of wall paints.

Moreover, children born in such an environment were at risk, and there were some cases recorded that children on three months had lead poisoning. A three months child cannot eat wall chips. The children during that time were found dead in their blood; these cases varied from 6000 to 30000. Here we will discuss the role of the government agencies to overcome this issue. According to Kianoush et al., (2015) lead poisoning also called plumbism is one of the threatening environmental and occupational problems which affected millions of the population including both children and adults all over the world. Occupational lead exposure can be reduced in the wealthy countries by minimising the high dose occupational lead exposure of the adults to the sub-clinical exposure in younglings at the large scale. It was first believed that children have lead poisoning due to the paints of walls. However, there was some evidence which proved that some breastfeeding children also have this issue. These children have problems due to the lead-contaminated environment. There study found the possible link between the blood lead concentration and various health complications in children and adults. The appropriate preventions and clinical management can control and eradicate these risks. As lead is a toxic element which is stored in our body, its excessive amount can cause many health complications, and its removal is possible to a great extent, preventive measures are also helpful. Chelation therapy is the standard treatment for controlling this issue. Moreover, the new researches found that there are some medications which are less toxic such as garlic tablets which can be used for treatment when the case is mild to moderate. Lead can be found in many sources, in the environment. There are some areas where the water is lead-contaminated due to the plumbing materials. There are many causes of lead poisoning, not limited to the wall paints, but also in the air, water, and food. In case only the wall paints were highlighted, we will discuss various causes and its solutions in the study.

Discussion

Initially, it is tough to identify the lead poisoning even the people who were healthy had a higher level of lead in their blood. The signs and symptoms did not appear until it reached the dangerous level and accumulated in the blood. Lead-based paint and the dust contaminated with lead in the old buildings are the conventional sources of lead poisoning in children. Other sources of lead poisoning are contaminated soil, water, and air. Adults working in different factories and workshops especially working with batteries, home renovations and auto workshops are more exposed to lead (Tirima et al., 2016). There is a treatment for lead poisoning however the precautions would help to protect a person and family as a whole from the exposure to lead prior to the harm caused by it (Tirima et al., 2018). In Nigeria, there were 500 to 600 cases of childhood deaths due to lead poisoning. The causes identified there were contaminated water. The water included an excessive amount of lead which was caused by the lead made low graded pipes. According to Megavern (2018), there is a dramatic decline in the blood lead level in children in the USA in the past few decades. However, the exposure to lead remains a significant risk for the people and a potential public health issue. Especially in the cities such as Buffalo, New York, where most of the people are poor, and the houses and buildings are old. The lead poisoning is associated with racial and economic segregation which makes it a significant issue of environmental justice. This research evidences that the cases of lead poisoning were declined after the actions taken by the government. The public policy of the government was successful, and the lead poisoning was decreased up to a greater extent. It is not easy to assess which local policy had the most effect the prevention from the lead exposure. There were only 139 cases of children with lead poisoning in 2013, while there were 191 cases of children with lead poisoning recorded in 2016 in Buffalo city of New York. Government intervention in this success cannot be denied. Government policies and their steps had taken the city to get rid of this public health issue. According to Yabe et al., (2015) when the level of lead in blood reduced from 45 µg/dL level in children there are lower chances of mortality in the affected children. In children, this disease is very common, and they are more vulnerable to the effects of lead in their bodies. The public policy also involves the role of management such as the recruitment process, budgeting, communication with the public through a different medium.

Role of government

During the whole scene, there was no significant role in the government seen to control this major issue. Only the health department has done significant work and succeeded in this issue. If the government took proper and in time actions, the results would be different, and there would be least losses from this striking issue. The housing and development administration had taken the responsibilities to repair the house and remove the internal paints of the patients. However, there is no evidence that any government regulatory authority had repaired any home. The role of government was not significant, and it was due to the institutional racism. The victims of this issue were mostly the non-white Americans, poor and politically unorganised.

Role of the Health Department

The health department has done its best efforts; however, there was no support from any government institution. They appealed for extra budget to take immediate action for the elimination of this issue. However, the government has rejected and didn't approve funds. They asked the budget bureau for funds approval which was dismissed for many years. The government has shown its discrimination and neglected such a sensitive issue. This issue was greatly ignored by both the health and the housing bureaucracies. There is no doubt that a proper and in time action would reduce the risk of losses. The health department had not only the challenges of funds but also its personnel. There was not sufficient staff to work on an emergency basis. The government had not taken this issue as an emergency. The dedicated and loyal employees left the health department because of the biased and unfair attitude of the institute toward this issue. Though the top management of the health bureau was receiving huge salaries along with other benefits. There were no fundings for the lead poisoning issue, while the elite of health bureau was wasting huge amount for personal uses.

Public policy and its steps

Public policy is used to address or order the needs of the citizens through the actions taken by the government according to the constitution. Public policy is the set of laws, mandates, and regulations which are established by the political process. According to In the case of lead poisoning in New York where the government intervention was not up to the mark. The government ignored the case because of the least political gain in terms of votes. The target population was from the slum areas where they didn't have many benefits. The time actions are very important for the government to reduce the impact of any disasters. In the USA the health care policies are issued by the National Health Council. The public policy is implemented through different stakeholders. It needs a higher input of the member organisations, which represent all the dimensions of the health care community. Health care requires a large amount of budget in all the countries around the world. The Public Policy and health care services are the thorough and comprehensible cross-disciplinary record of the goals of health care policy (therapeutic, social, monetary) and of the arrangement instruments that legislature can utilize (money saving advantage examination, passage obstructions, rivalry) so as to guarantee that limited resources are not misused in less productive activities to provide reasonable care to the citizens.

The public policy regarding health issues is hotly debated around the world. There is a policy set by the World health organisation regarding health issues (Vayena et al., 2018). The policy of WHO is for the whole world and It will be of exceptional enthusiasm to scholastics and understudies who need to extend their comprehension of wellbeing financial aspects, social approach and organisation, open strategy and government, political economy and the rationale of foundations. The involvement of health care on large can reduce the hazards of some fatal diseases. Government have huge budgets that can benefits masses. A policy set and carried out by the state for certain cause is going through several stages started from inception and ends with a conclusion. There is an agenda formation, then formulation stage, followed by adoption, implementation, evaluation and termination. We will discuss these steps in details.

Agenda Building

Before the development of a policy, a problem must exist which grab the attention of the government. The government is planning to take certain steps to overcome the risk of that problem. For instance, lead poisoning is an issue which was causing several deaths and other issues in the slum area of New York. The intervention of government and taking righteous actions is based on public policy. Before formulating the policy and implementation, there is a stage for building an agenda. This is done through the information gathering. In the health-related issues, the government identifies the issue by increasing the cases of deaths or other symptoms. Then government officials and the technical experts set together and build a plan. The agenda-building stage consist of information and data collection. The data is properly analysed by different stakeholders. For instance, if the issues are related to the health domain. The stakeholders are the health department, doctors, the local government, non-government organisations which are working in the health sector, and other concerned stakeholders. The health department gets its reviews and concludes certain issues from the experts who are directly or indirectly involved in this policy. For instance, the government agencies, the World Health Organization, local hospitals, local administration, and the federal or state level administration. Community representative could also be the potential stakeholder. In formulating public policy, there are two theories involved such as the top-down theory and the bottom up theories. However, there is a combination of these theories known as hybrid theories. The top-down theories state that the policy will be implemented and decisions will be made from the central government. While the bottom-up theories suggest that the decision will be taken by the local government and will be communicated and approved by the central government (Peters, 2018).

Formulation and Adoption

The policy formulation is to come up with an approach to solve the problem with a concrete and set solution. There are many options with the government, and they have to choose one of these options. For instant in case of lead poisoning government had to call all the stakeholders such as the local government for houses renovation, doctors for treatment plans, and other paramedic staff for the door to door awareness drive. The research organisation and labs to find the solutions for overcoming this issue. Once the policy is formulated, it is brought to the written form and share with all the stakeholders to adopt it strictly. The policy is adopted at all levels from the main office, large hospitals, to the small health care centres. The government at this level analyse budget for it as well. The government allocate budget for all the activities involved in the whole project or activities. The process of allocation funds involves a thorough analysis of the population, the cost of materials, human resource requirements, and other resources. The formulation stage is complex and needs deep insight knowledge and proper analysis of the given information. This information is taken from the authentic sources, or collect data directly through trustworthy employees. The public policy once announced and shared is implemented on the same day. The impact of public policy on the eradication of an issue is significant. In the case of lead poisoning government's role was not up to the mark initially, however, the problem was successfully solved, and the city was free of such cases. It was a success story which could be adopted by other departments or states, and get guidance from the actions taken during this case. It could be related to other cases as well such as the natural calamities, and the sustainability policy of the government. Such as floods, earthquakes, Storme and other disasters. After formulation, the process continues with the adoption of these plans. A policy when made is sent to higher authorities to pass it as a legislation, and the regulations are finalised by these authorities. The authorities could be the supreme court, parliament or the department.

Implementation

At this stage, the policy is carried out which is mostly accomplished by the institutions which are different than those who formulated and adopted it. For instance, the policy is made by the health department, approved by the government representatives, and adopted by the health department, and the local government. So it would be implemented by the local hospitals and the local municipal committee to provide the services o people according to the case of lead poisoning. Implementation stage is very challenging, and there are a lot of efforts required for the implementation of the public policy. There are a lot of challenges faced by the implementing party from the people, environmental, security, legal and so on. The implementation stage requires proper teamwork, competent and highly professional staff are required, and the role of leadership is important. There may be certain obstacles which could be hard to eliminate. However, that could be reduced up to a great extent. Proper implementation is the key to the success of the project. It is the main stage of the public policy, and all the work is done for the success of this stage. In many countries, there are some health issues so that they can get benefits and guidance for the case of the actions taken by all the stakeholders in the lead poisoning. The success of implementation requires the leadership and the commitment of staff who are directly involved in the process. The proper utilisation of the budget also influences the outcomes of public policy. Moreover, the implementation stage should be properly analyse, and the bottlenecks can be eliminated efficiently. The implementing partners can also the third party to whom the project is outsourced. The third party role may be very effective because of their expertise in the same field because of its repetition of work with different donors. However according to the agency problems the third party may prefer their interest and does not provide an attempt with their full capacity.

Evaluation and Termination

Evaluation of the public policy refers to find how well the policy is implemented, and how much it benefited the public and the affected population. It is not an easy task to evaluate every action because of limited staff and more work burden. The process of evaluation is usually based on the cost-benefit analysis which is used to understand the results of the project and how much it was successful. These projects are usually based on the cost and benefit analysis, how much fund is utilised and how many people were benefited with the utilisation of the funds (Birkland, 2017). The public policies are strictly monitored, and the reports are analysed from time to time. This analysis helps the higher authorities to take further actions and take additional steps to improve the outcomes. Termination of the project usually occurs when the required results are achieved. However, most of these policies once established not terminated easily. The termination of policy usually occurs when the policy becomes obsolete, and which is no more applicable. So the government tries to change it and come up with a new policy to replace the first policy. When the policy didn't work clearly, or it loses the support from the stakeholders and other elected officials who formulated and passed it initially. For instance, some policies have more cost than its benefits, so these policies are terminated. The government in the USA initially decided to reduce the speed limit on the roads to 55 miles per hours. This decision affected the fuel consumptions of huge vehicles like trucks. Then the government changed the policy again, to reduce the losses of the trucks.

Identification of causal factors

Symptoms in children

There are some symptoms and signs of lead poisoning in children which includes: The late development of their bodies, the metabolism and growth is slow downed by the accumulation of lead in their blood. The learning abilities of the children are steady, and their mental level is weaker than other children. The children with excessive lead in their bodies are feeling less appetite which leads them to the weight loss. Most of the children with lead poisoning are habitual of eating things like paints, chips, and soil etc. (Hanna-Attisha et al., 2016). These things increase the lead amount in the blood and the body of a child. These children become weaker and feeling fatigue and abdominal pain. In certain severe cases, they can lose their sense of hearing. Mostly they face digestive disorders because of the intakes of such toxic materials and other issues. These digestive problems include vomiting, abdominal pain, and constipation. Some severe symptoms are seizures and irritability problems. In newborn babies, the symptoms of lead poisoning are the premature birth, lower weight at the birth, and having steady growth.

Symptoms in Adults

The adults are exposed to the lead poison because of the exposure to the lead element in the workplaces. There are some symptoms which indicate the existence of lead poisoning in adults as well. It is hazardous for adults as well, and the possible symptoms in adults include: High blood pressure is caused by the excess of lead in the blood cells. Moreover, it causes joint pain and muscular pains in the body. It also causes difficulties in memory and concentration; a person can not focus on things and does not remember the daily tasks. Headache, abdominal pain, mood disorders and reduced sperm count is examined as the symptoms of the lead poison in adults (Pulzl & Treib, 2017).

Root Causes of the problem

Here we will discuss the root causes of the problem in the case study of lead poisoning. The root causes of lead poisoning were not so certain, according to the health department the lead poisoning was caused by the intake of lead among the children. The government focused on renovating the walls of the houses and removing the paints from the houses where the cases were recorded. The municipal committee's representatives visited their homes and removed the paints which were contaminated with the lead element. It was a very effective method to identify and remove the cause of the problem. They also provided proper treatment to the child and educated the patients and their parents regarding the prevention and precautions. However, initially the practical implementation was not efficient, and there was some mismanagement in the process. The government also faced many obstacles to overcome these issues, and it is not easy to cope with such serious issues and eliminate them successfully. The reason for this case was not only eating the paint and chips by the children because it was found in some infants who cannot eat these things. According to different researches, it could also be found in water and air. For instance, the use of lead materials in the pipes can contaminate the water that is used for drinking purpose. These are occurred by the poor sanitation and plumbing sources. Moreover, air pollution is also the source of spreading this disease, that can raise the chances of lead poisoning. In certain materials that we are using have excessive lead also causes poisoning in both children and adults.

Recommendations

According to the case of lead poisoning, the slum areas in New York had excessive cases of lead poisoning in children. The number of cases was increasing rapidly, and there was no proper solution to overcome these cases. Initially, the government decided to speed up their services and declare this issue as an emergency. The government provided the services of removing the lead made paints of the walls and renovated the house of the patients. It was effective, and at the end, the case became a success story. However, it was not that much simple and easy. The role of government while deciding to approach the people and renovate their homes was not fully implemented by the government workers. The local government did not take proper interest due to the conflict of interest. The conflict of interest is one of the major issues that affect the performance and implementations of public policies (Dunn, 2015). Though it was a successful case and became a benchmark for others to follow its policy. However, there were certain limitations from the government. As it was in the notice of the government that the cases of lead poisoning are increasing with great pace, but still it didn't take proper and in time actions. The most tragic point is that the government did not allocate extra budget to overcome this problem initially. If the decision of funding and implementing emergency to rescue the children were made at an early stage, it wouldn't be that much intensive, and there would be fewer casualty and losses. This case is successfully closed, and the problem has been eradicated from its roots. However, I will suggest few things to the government, and other stakeholders of the case, and to the people residing in different parts of the world. Some of the recommendations are given to the audience throughout the world who are facing such types of medical issues, and the government is formulating the public policies, which are discussed below:

The government has to take prompt action regardless of their interest and provide services on an emergency basis.

The government has to allocate extra funding to the health department to enable them for a quick response. The funds should cover the costs of all the activities. Such as hiring extra staff for this issue, allocation of additional resources, and provide financial support to the most vulnerable patients and their families.

The government should spread awareness messages through a different medium, and personal visits of the staff to the target population. The awareness message should include all the details such as the symptoms, precautions, treatment, preventions, and diet etc.

References

Birkland, T. A. (2017). Agenda setting in public policy. In Handbook of public policy analysis (pp. 89-104). Routledge.

Dunn, W. N. (2015). Public policy analysis. Routledge.

Hanna-Attisha, M., LaChance, J., Sadler, R. C., & Champney Schnepp, A. (2016). Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the Flint drinking water crisis: a spatial analysis of risk and public health response. American journal of public health, 106(2), 283-290.

Kianoush, S., Sadeghi, M., & Balali-Mood, M. (2015). Recent Advances in the Clinical Management of Lead Poisoning. Acta Medica Iranica, 327-336.

Magavern, S. (2018). Policies to Reduce Lead Exposure: Lessons from Buffalo and Rochester. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), 2197.45 µg/dL

Peters, B. G. (2018). American public policy: Promise and performance. Cq Press.

Pülzl, H., & Treib, O. (2017). Implementing public policy. In Handbook of public policy analysis (pp. 115-134). Routledge.

Tirima, S., Bartrem, C., von Lindern, I., von Braun, M., Lind, D., Anka, S. M., & Abdullahi, A. (2018). Food contamination as a pathway for lead exposure in children during the 2010–2013 lead poisoning epidemic in Zamfara, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 67, 260-272.

Tirima, S., Bartrem, C., von Lindern, I., von Braun, M., Lind, D., Anka, S. M., & Abdullahi, A. (2016). Environmental remediation to address childhood lead poisoning epidemic due to artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Environmental health perspectives, 124(9), 1471-1478.

Vayena, E., Dzenowagis, J., Brownstein, J. S., & Sheikh, A. (2018). Policy implications of big data in the health sector. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(1), 66-68.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 18 Words: 5400

Case Study

Case Study: Political Leadership

[Author’s name]

[Institute’s name]

Case Study: Political Leadership

Introduction

           The broad approach of political science consists of different relevant aspects that ensure the proper functioning of the political system in the state. The approach of leadership can never be separated from the phenomenon of political science. The political leader plays a critical role in ensuring the successful implication of different political functions. It is noteworthy to mention that the perspective of political leadership is connected with crucial aspects of consideration. The political leader needs to develop and implement suitable policies according to the requirements. 

           The political vision is transmitted by the political leader to influence the overall political framework of the country. The approach of a problem-driven perspective is closely linked with the practical implications of the idea of political leadership. The incompetence of a political leader to deal with a political scenario eventually causes political disruptions. The political leader must modify and implement a leadership framework according to the requirements of the political situation. The theoretical concept of political leadership is illustrated as a comprehensive understanding of different political procedures and results according to the requirements of a specific situation. There are various theoretical disciplines associated with the practical approach of political leadership. This case study focuses to consider the topic of political leadership and critically analyzes major issues associated with this political approach. 

Discussion

Summary

           The practical implications of politics can never be imagined without the approach of leadership. Improper establishment of political leadership can cause a consistent issue of a suitable form of leadership. It is essential to address the concerns of political leadership to attain a practical approach to leadership according to the situation. Leadership is defined as a compulsory feature of all forms of governance. The approach of governance can never be imagined without the appropriate form of leadership. Weak form of leadership ultimately causes different political failures, whereas, strong leadership is a sign of a successful government operating in the state. The functions of political leadership can be separated into many different forms associated with the overall political system. Governing roles define the expected functions of the main idea of political leadership. Exploration of significant governing domains assists political leaders to adopt specific leadership styles according to the requirements of the situation. 

           A foundational level of political leadership is important to adopt a leadership strategy according to the political landscape and attain functional value. The main functions of political leaders are recognized as the responsibilities to perform various administrative responsibilities. The concept of political leadership is also closely connected with the approach of policymaking. The leader must develop a practical line of action in the form of political policy to provide better services to citizens. Political leader is characterized as an important stakeholder when it comes to the requirement of developing and implementing policies. This scenario is relevant to the paradigm of decision-making adopted by political leaders. Any political reform is not possible without the proactive role of a political leader according to different political requirements. The approach of political leadership established as the source of power and political authority to enforce different political ideas at various levels of politics. 

 

 Major Issues

           Improper application of the main idea of political leadership can be a reason of different political issues or concerns for shareholders. Identification of these potential issues is essential to assess the actual significance of the political leadership in the scenario of governance. Exploration of these issues is further helpful to propose better practical solutions when it comes to the successful application of political leadership. 

The Challenge of Bureaucracy

           Attainment of a suitable form of bureaucracy is one major challenge for the political leader to ensure political balance in the country. The continuous issue of lack of bureaucracy can cause political inappropriateness in the country. The idea of bureaucracy involves different dynamics that require the necessary attention of political leaders. The complexity of different procedures and policies under the spectrum of bureaucracy make it challenging for the leader to achieve desired political outcomes effectively. Moreover, the improper or ineffective association between bureaucrats and political leaders ultimately made it challenging for the leader to implement political approaches. The decision-making perspective of a political leader is greatly influenced by the procedural paradigms of a bureaucratic system that prevails in the country. The challenge of bureaucracy can be observed in the case of the political domain of the United States of America. The mechanism of bureaucracy also challenges the ultimate control of the political leader. A political leader has to lose some form of authority to ensure proper policy implications. Creating a balance of authority in case of bureaucracy is one major challenge in the scenario of political leadership. The increasing approach of empowering bureaucrats eventually reduces the active role of a political leader to execute the idea of the political process.  

Issue of Policy Formulation and Implementation

           The challenges for political leaders can also be observed in the scenario of appropriate policy development and application. It is one great challenge for the political leader to develop consensus between all the stakeholders and successfully execute the political idea. Policy-making is one complex phenomenon for the political leader as it involves diverse political structures and frameworks on practical grounds. The development of public policy is a critical challenge for the leader that requires the necessary consensus of all the shareholders to achieve suitable outcomes from this specific prospect. The broad idea of policy formulation requires the active contribution of different shareholders that are recognized as different policy-planning organizations, interest groups, and bureaucracy and state administrators. It is a challenging approach for the political leader to ensure the active involvement of all these entities and establish the point of uniformity. Policy implementation is also one critical stage that requires the active attention of political leaders. The success of public policy can never be achieved without the successful implementation of public policy. In this manner, the role of political leadership is crucial to consider all the possible opportunities and challenges.  

           Governance as the Challenge

           The practical spectrum of governance can never be considered separate from the approach of political leadership. The suitable consideration of governance is defined as the one core function of political leadership. It is essential for the political leader to adopt appropriate political policies and frameworks according to the requirements of governance exist in the country. It is observed that the approach of governance involves some major challenges for political leaders. Identification of these specific concerns is mandatory to develop better forms of governance in the end. Corruption is one major issue links with the practical spectrum of governing state by the political leader. It is one complex approach for the leader to ensure the accurate form of accountability at all the different stages of governance. 

Review of Pros and Cons of the Issue

           A comprehensive assessment of the political scenario explicitly revealed that bureaucracy is one major challenge for the political leadership that requires immediate attention. It is important to figure out how improper domain of bureaucracy can be caused by a disruption in the overall political process. It is important to mention that the practical idea of bureaucracy involves different advantages and disadvantages that eventually influence the leading approach of political leaders. Exploration of all the diverse pros and cons of this specific challenge is vital to develop a successful prospect of political leadership. 

Pros of Bureaucracy

The major advantage of the bureaucratic system is that it strongly prohibits the approach of biasedness. It is recognized as the development of the political structure that concern with the performance requirements. The role of political pressure is characterized as minimal in the scenario of bureaucracy. The approach of favoritism is strongly discouraged when it comes to the adoption of bureaucratic political structure. 

Another core benefit of a bureaucratic scenario is that it encourages the proper centralization of authority to achieve anticipated political objectives. The system of bureaucracy defines roles and responsibilities for all the stakeholders. This specific approach ultimately increases the spectrum of accountability for all the related entities. Defined roles ultimately helped people to perform their work responsibilities appropriately. Chain-of-command is a prominent feature of the practical idea of bureaucracy. The defined roles of all the relevant entities can be helpful for the political leader to ensure accountability for all the stakeholders. The procedure of responsibility can be successfully managed in the scenario of bureaucracy. 

The objective of specialized work can be better achieved through the idea of bureaucracy. It is a practical domain that permits people to perform their tasks according to their capabilities and skills. The approach of competency ultimately helps all the stakeholders to achieve the main objectives of policy development and policy implementation. Achievement of personal outcomes ultimately helps to meet the standards of the overall system. The approach of specialized work tasks for all the shareholders is favorable for political leaders concerning the defined responsibilities for all the individuals. This specific approach ultimately enhances the phenomenon of accountability for the political leader. 

The practical approach of bureaucracy is also effective to increase the spectrum of innovation and creativity in the case of operations of different departments. The domain of bureaucracy encourages people to use different innovative ideas when it comes to the domain of problem-solving.   

Cons of Bureaucracy

The major drawback faced by political leaders in the scenario of bureaucracy is that it is one time-consuming procedure. The final application of any public policy is possible after going through different operating channels. It is crucial to indicate that this approach involves the integration of many shareholders that sometimes cause unnecessary delay. 

The risk of inefficiency is primarily higher in case of practical consideration of bureaucracy. There is the presence of fixed benefits for the shareholders that ultimately influence their domain of performance. All the workers experienced the application of fixed tasks and responsibilities that eventually negatively influence their prospect of performance. This specific condition is also greatly detrimental for the political leader to ensure the execution of all the policies according to the planned line of action. 

Another major disadvantage associated with the political structure of bureaucracy is that it limits people’s competency to rapidly accept the phenomenon of change. As the rules and responsibilities are pre-defined for all the stakeholders, so it turned out difficult to adopt new work instructions. This specific situation is also problematic for the political leader to successfully implement the idea of change to attain better political paradigms. 

Personal Position on the Issue

           The political leaders must examine the requirements of the political system and develop political mechanisms accordingly. The political model of bureaucracy can be established as a preferable political structure for the political leader but this phenomenon can never be applied in all political situations. Attaining a suitable form of bureaucracy is one major challenge for the political leader to achieve desired political objectives and aims in case of both short-run and long-run functions. Considering the scenario of the American political system, the political leader needs to understand that the political system is dynamic. 

           Bureaucratic roles are continuously changing and require new approaches and dimensions of political leadership. The major difference can be mainly observed in the case of the spectrum of divided governments. It is critical for the political leader to consider the challenges of both federal and state governments and propose practical approaches accordingly. The political procedures need to modify according to the changing political setting. The active role of political leaders is crucial to successfully enforce the domain of power-sharing between different stakeholders at both federal and state levels. The challenge of bureaucracy can be better addressed by the political leader to ensure proper planning and accountability of different political actions. Good governance in the form of bureaucracy is a significant practical approach for the political leader to achieve desired political outcomes in the form of policy formulation and application. The development of specific goals and objectives is an essential primary measure for the political leadership to ensure the successful application of the entire political system in the country. The creation of a balanced political mechanism is the ultimate key to success concerning the overall operations of political leaders. The approach of autonomy and power needs to be equally divided to achieve appropriate political objectives according to the nation’s requirements.   

Conclusion

           In a nutshell, it is important to indicate that the success of the overall political mechanism of the country can never be achieved without the positive role of political leadership. The functions of political leaders are divided into diverse political domains that demand the adoption of a suitable political system. The political leader needs to utilize leadership vision to positively influence others during the entire process of development. 

References

Ahn, M. J., & Bretschneider, S. (2011). Politics of e‐government: E‐government and the political control of bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 71(3), 414-424.

Arowolo, D. (2010). The state, bureaucracy and corruption in Nigeria. Academic Leadership: The Online Journal, 8(3), 52.

Borins, S. (2002). Leadership and innovation in the public sector. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(8), 467-476.

Masciulli, J., Molchanov, M. A., & Knight, W. A. (2016). Political leadership in context. In The Ashgate research companion to political leadership (pp. 23-48). Routledge.

Morrell, K., & Hartley, J. (2006). A model of political leadership. Human Relations, 59(4), 483-504.

Pappas, T. S. (2008). Political leadership and the emergence of radical mass movements in democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 41(8), 1117-1140.

Steyvers, K., Bergström, T., Bäck, H., Boogers, M., Ruano De La Fuente, J. M., & Schaap, L. (2008). From princeps to president? Comparing local political leadership transformation. Local Government Studies, 34(2), 131-146.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Case Study Analysis

Case Study Analysis

Name

Affiliation

Date

Case Study Analysis

Ontario should persist in its plan to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour.

The increase in the minimum per hour, the wage rate of Ontario is one of the most complex issues at the present time. The Progressive Conservative government of Ontario promised the general public to increase the minimum per hour wage rate from fourteen dollars to fifteen dollars in 2019. However, now the labor minister of the government has announced to keep the minimum wage rate at fourteen dollars. The decision is causing agony among a certain section of the society, while some other sections of the society have approved it. Most of the general public, as well as influential members of the society, are of the view that Ontario should persist in its plan to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour, not considering its impact on the other segments of the society. Increasing the minimum wage to $15 an hour may add more to the pocket of the low-income group of the society, however, it would also increase poverty in the society as the prices or rate of goods and services will increase.

Ontario should not persist in its plan to increase the minimum wage to $15 an hour because the previous experimentation of the society has proved the fact that it would not help eliminate poverty from the society. Before 2018, the minimum wage rate of Ontario was 11.60 dollars per hour, which was increased to fourteen dollars in January 2018. The immense increase in the wage rate gave rise to a number of other issues. The most important pot of them was that the rate of poverty was increasing and not decreasing in society. Another issue in this regard was that the low-income groups of the society were not among the poor population, therefore the increase in the minimum wage rate did not bring any opportunity of progress for them. Another major issue caused due to the sudden and immense increase in the wage rate was that the rate of goods and services increased, which caused a great toll on the pocket of the consumers. It specifically impacted the food business in the way that the business owners had to pay more wages to their workers, due to which the increased the prices of their services. In addition to it, the economists are of the view that the increase in the minimum wage rate also impacts the availability of jobs, because the business owners are not in a position to pay according to the increased wage rate (Moreau, 2018).

The Progressive Conservative government of Ontario promised the general public in its 2018 spring election campaign that the minimum wage rate would be increased from fourteen dollars to fifteen dollars by January 2019. However, at the start of the New Year, the labor minister of the government has announced that the minimum per hour wage rate will remain the same as fourteen dollars. The government has not shed light on its future plans about increasing the minimum wage rate. However, it has discussed that the previous huge increase in the minimum wage rate affected the business, so now the government wants to give them an opportunity for progress. On the other hand, it is also very important to take care of the needs and rights of the low-income group f the society and the government will do that by amending the tax laws for the low-income groups of the society (Brouillette, Cheung, Gao, & Gervais, 2017).

One of the most important reasons that Ontario should not persist an increase in the minimum wage rate is that it will actually increase the poverty rate in the society, instead of decreasing it. The purpose of increasing the minimum wage rate is to increase the earning level of the population, who would be able to spend comfortably. The results of the previous change in the minimum wage rate have depicted the fact that with the increased earning of the low-income group, the prices of goods and services also increased. Due to this situation, the low-income group was forced to spend more according to their consumer needs and were not able to save more. Moreover, they had to pay their taxes as well. Apart from the low-income groups of the society, the increase in the prices of services was the same for all the other groups of the society, which contributed to the increase in poverty. Moreover, the decision about increase or decrease in the wage rates should be handled by the economists, by checking the patterns of the economy, and the politician should not have any right to implement the policies without consulting their impacts on the general public. In order to provide benefits to the low income groups, as well as reduce poverty from the society, the government can play an efficient role by reducing the barriers towards accessing the job market, amending the tax laws for the low income group and allowing tax exemption in certain cases (Lammam, & MacIntyre, 2018).

The increase in the minimum wage rate of the society has the potential of increasing poverty, so the government should not increase it. In addition to it, the economists should implement such changes, while analyzing the situation and politicians should not make the decision, without knowing the impacts. The government can play its role in the scenario by amending the tax laws, as well as providing greater opportunities for employment, in order to make the society progressive.

References

Brouillette, D., Cheung, C., Gao, D., & Gervais, O. (2017). The Impacts of Minimum Wage Increases on the Canadian Economy. Bank of Canada.

Lammam, C., & MacIntyre, H. (2018). Increasing the Minimum Wage in Ontario. Fraser Institute.

Moreau, A. (2018). The Minimum Wage: Ontario Was Right To Cancel The Hike To $15. Regulation.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Checks And Balances VS Separation Of Powers

Malin

Instructor Name

Political Science

21 October 2019

Checks and Balances vs Separation of Power

The 20th century states consider “Separation of Power” as an instrument of constitutional practice that should be always present in the subject of Political Science. This doctrine was included in response to the rising tide of Nationalism that came after the French Revolution. In order to accomplish this particular feat of separation of powers, it is based on the foundations of independence and specialization. In essence, any form of power separation creates divisions and differences of government tasks into separate bodies to curtail any branch from interfering in the fundamental functions of another branch. The aim of this practice is to avoid the concentration of power in any state organ and provide for the concept of “Checks and Balances” and the formation of a sound democratic society.Background

James Madison knew from the British rule all too well the perils of unchecked power in the government. He thought that nobody should be trusted or entrusted by absolute power in any manner or situation, but interestingly he blamed power more than men. He thought the government should have the ability to help the people more than the people in the reigns of power CITATION Jam \l 1033 (James Madison). The concept of separation of power starts with the age of enlightenment in  the late 1700s Revolutionary France, when the philosopher Baron de Montesquieu presented his renowned “Spirit of the Laws” CITATION Bar48 \l 1033 (Montesquieu), which is without a doubt important in the subjects of Political Science and International Relations, The Spirit of the Laws is thought to be the stepping stone of the US Constitution. Indeed, the concept of framework of government presented by Montesquieu, had separated the workings of the state into three branches, namely the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. He tried to explain that the separate operations of these three branches of the government was critical to the concept of liberty. This concept of separation of powers has so deeply entrenched itself in the modern concept of government that we observe it in many young democracies of the world.

The “Checks and Balances” of the Three “Separate” Organs

In the mentioned provisions of all organs of state power, namely the legislative, the executive, and the judicial, into the Constitution, the lawmakers expressed their idea of a firm government structure as guaranteed by a detailed system of “Separation of Powers” with the caveat of “Checks and balances”. James Madison thought that power should not be allowed to gather in a single personality or government body CITATION Jam \l 1033 (James Madison)

In both, the mentioned theory in the constitution, and the practice of the US lawmakers, the power of each of the three branches of government is checked by the powers given to the others in many ways. Let us take an important example. The US President, who is the face of the government and head of the executives, can veto laws that are passed by the US Congress, which is the basic organ of the legislative branch. Similarly, the presidential vetoes can be overruled with a two-thirds majority vote of both The House of Representative and the Senate, which happen to be the parts of the US Congress. Likewise, the Supreme Court, the highest body of the judicial branch, can abolish laws approved by the Congress by declaring them illegal. But it should be noted that the powers of the Supreme Court are balanced by the stated provision that its serving judges must be selected by the US President with the consent of the Senate.

The mentioned powers of all branches

Let us discuss the Separation of Powers of different state organ through a series of Checks and Balances. In the Executive Branch of the US Government can check the Legislative Branch in a number of ways. The President can vote the laws passed by the Congress (as mentioned above). He can also propose new laws to the Congress and appoint federal officers, who carry out and enforce them. He also submits the Federal Budge to the House of Representatives for debate. Likewise, he appoints judges of the Supreme Court and the Federal Courts and grant amnesty or pardon US citizens convicted in the courts. The Supreme Court, in turn, have the right of reviewing unconstitutional laws and to rule presentational actions and certain treaties, if they are contrary to the National interest of the United States. The legislative commands a certain number of powers as well. It can rule out presidential vetoes and treaties with a two-third majority in both houses, reject the nomination of judges in the courts and can even impeach and remove the elected President CITATION Ant18 \l 1033 (Freeman). In this case the House of Representative act as the Prosecutor and the Senate acts as jury. The Congress can singlehandedly setup lower courts, pass amendments in the Constitution to void the decisions made by the Supreme Court and also prosecute the judges serving in the lower courts.

Conclusion

In short, the concept of “Separation of Powers” is maintained through the mechanism of “Checks and Balances”, which mirrors the Founders’ understanding of a democratic form of government in which the all the branches of the state must be the restrained in one way or another. The Founding Fathers deeply believed that the Constitution, with the specific focus on “We the People”, gives the power to the people to govern themselves by practicing the very laws that are presented and passed in the Corridors of Power.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Freeman, Anthony. "Impeaching Donald Trump: The Case For Firing an Unfit President." 2018. Hollins Digital Commons. Thesis.

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton. "The Federalist Papers No. 51." n.d. Congress.Gov Resources.

Montesquieu, Baron de. The Sprirt of the Laws. France, 1748.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Chicago,s Future

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Chicago’s Future

Social and economic conditions of the Chicago metropolitan region

Chicago metropolitan is facing challenges in terms of sustainable social progression and economic growth. The twin forces of both technological, as well as global changes, have brought a handful of destructions and segregation in Chicago, leaving it regions in the conflict of prosperity and opportunity. While being termed as one of the richest as well as one of the most popular metro-regions, its economic growth has slowed comparatively in the past few years. According to the information shared by the US Census data from 2008 to 2016, it is found that the median home value is found to be dropped by 14.8%, which automatically places Chicago in the category of hard-hit Sun Belts (Wheeler, et al. pp.160-163).

It is assumed in fact expected that Chicago will remain starkly racially segregated, while its economic segregation will even decline to some moderate level as per the more current situation. There are several reasons for it, such as the overpopulation of the area, along with an increase in the household by 16.9%. Chicago metro region is responsible for the emission of high GHG that is resulting in inefficient buildings, accompanied by underperforming and inadequate transport network and underfunded communities (Harbison, Justin E., et al.). Even the land is sprawling under the impact of adverse environmental conditions. The stance of water and waste management is also important, where water scarcity is one of the most pressing issues. The level of solid waste is also rising, in fact, it has doubled the national average (Hill, et al.). So, it is highlighted that along with deteriorating economic condition, the social conditions are also becoming worse because of the segregation that is not only the product of human actions but also because of the underlying mismanagement that has brought Chicago from the highlights of emblem of social and economic growth to that of social and economic deterioration.

Political machine, its elements and Richard M Daley

Political machine is defined as a political group that comprises an authoritative leader or a small group that commands the support of corps of the supporters as well as the businesses who are tracing some records for the efforts they are doing (Doering, et al.). The central power of the machine is based on the ability of the groups that are in command and the control group to get a vote from the candidates on the day of election (Fedeli, et al. pp. 173-192.). Political machine can also be best defined as a party organization that aims at the recruitment of its members by using some tangible incentives such as political jobs and money, by having a strong control over the members (Doering, et al.).

The major element of the political machine is the votes of the diverse immigrants who have immigrated, the assorted welfare benefits and the dispensed jobs that are offered when the local government provides the paucity of such services (Doering, et al.).

According to Daley, the political machines operate at its best when the political authority is given in the hand of the leader who has a good temper in terms of controlling the minds and the actions of people. As seen during his leadership that he was basically concerned with the holding on of his power. Richard M Daley, not only emphasized the control but his prim concern was the privatization of everything from trash collection to that of parking meters on the fair sale of the city services. Richard not only incorporated small improvements in the quality of the services but he also made attempts that symbolized political leaders as machines as well, the machines of exploitation and consumption of the resource of the public. Along with other actions explained and practiced, machine politics is also seen in his action of minor contract set-aside program that placed African Americans in a high-profile cabinet with an aim to rule over their thoughts and ensure his leadership powers (Doering, et al.).

Political regimes that have characterized Chicago from 1833-present

The politics of Chicago is a national cliché and it has undergone major changes and shift. In 1833 Chicago was Democratic witty politics who dangled patronage missionary groups for votes. In 1871, there was a defeat of the Pope’s Union that accused to victories “FireProof” ticket for the exhortation of its supporters. In 1890, there was a Republican regime under which there was complete control of the Common Council. In 1913, there was municipal suffrage by using Illinois laws, where a woman leads settlement houses, appointed as the commissioner of the public welfare. By 1850, the social disunions inserted ethnic rivalry, and a municipal govern was formulated. This lead to the polarization between the Republican party and the democratic parties. Then, in 1970, Chicago became an industrial metropolis that was following state law. The time between 1870 till 1930 is defined as the time of struggles within the United States to redefine the purpose and nature of the Democratic power. It was the same time when Chicago was also termed as a symbol of Industrial Revolution. Then public outrage empowered the conflict between Republicans and the democratic parties which led to the power of Democratic party in compliance with the Chicago Federation of Labor. 1931 was the reunion of the Republican luminaries which was ended by the Democratic Kely Nash in 1931. In 1960, the Democratic regime was into power which was provided by the Democrats in 1987. From 1987 till now, the government of Chicago is divided into different executive and legislative branches, each of which plays a central role in maintaining the stance of law and order. The legislative branch is made up of 50 aldermen where one representative is elected from each ward of the society. The government policies and activities are established in accordance with the budget ordinance that is usually adopted by each November (Wheeler, et al. pp.160-163).

Governmental problems in the metropolitan region

There are a lot of problems faced by the metropolis government of Chicago, these problems have different dimensions such as the spatial distribution of the population, analysis of the race and the income ratio and the working of the suburbs. There are some prominent issues in terms of police abuse violence, and mounting debts that are part of the national spotlight. The governmental structure of Chicago is almost a failure because it has failed its citizens and all the political powers look ahead for solutions (Salvati, et al.). Mayor Rahm Emanuel is not running for the re-elections and if there will same violating situation, there will be a run-off between the two-top vote-getters. There is a dire need for some inclusive elections because of a lack of accountability (Wheeler, et al. pp.160-163). Chicago also has a pension debt than 44 of the 50 recorded states, and there is no such state with the same municipal debt per capita. There is a serious analysis or dissidence of the citywide issues such as budgets. The fiscal condition is also pathetic because Chicago is spending an amount equal to Los Angeles on the police and fire protection but still, the situation is the same. In LA, the rate of homicide is found to be three times less than Chicago's where the population of LA is 45 percent more than Chicago (Salvati, et al.). The stance of government affairs also needs attention because a single individual is holding the authority of a single department which is casting serious threats to the future of Chicago. Chicago is also rare in empowering the mayor to appoint the school board where there are serious gaps in the leadership. The metropolitan regions are also home to 50 aldermen that are amounting to 1 for every 54,000 radiant. Where the average among the 15 largest cities is found to be more than 11,7000, which provides no serious insight into the dissidence and analysis of the citywide issue such as budget (Salvati, et al.)

Work Cited

Doering, Jan. Us Versus Them: Race, Crime, and Gentrification in Chicago Neighborhoods. Oxford University Press, USA, 2020.

Fedeli, Valeria, Patricia Feiertag, and John Harrison. "Invoking new metropolitan imaginaries: what type of metropolitan region for what kind of metropolitan planning and governance?" Metropolitan regions, planning and governance. Springer, Cham, 2020. 173-192.

Harbison, Justin E., et al. "Variable Efficacy of Extended-release Mosquito Larvicides Observed in Catch Basins in the Northeast Chicago Metropolitan Area." Environmental Health Insights 10.1 (2020).

Hill, Libby. The Chicago River: a natural and unnatural history. Southern Illinois University Press, 2019.

Salvati, Luca, and Giuseppe Ricciardo Lamonica. "Containing urban expansion: Densification vs greenfield development, socio-demographic transformations and the economic crisis in a Southern European City, 2006–2015." Ecological Indicators 110 (2020): 105923.

Wheeler, Kenneth H. "The University of Chicago: A History by John W. Boyer." Middle West Review 5.2 (2019): 160-163.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Civil Liberties & The Supreme Court

Silver Liberties and the Supreme Court

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Silver Liberties and the Supreme Court

Baxter V. Bracey

How the case moved from lower to Supreme Court

Alexander Baxter surrendered to police officials in the early months of 2014 after he was chased down in charge of burglary. This scenario took a whole new turn after a police dog was unleashed on Baxter and the canine ended up biting him. The Police officers of Nashville were sued by Baxter on grounds of using force against him while he had already surrendered. However, the case was dismissed by the Sixth Circuit Court based on Qualified Immunity and officers were not charged under any criminal act.

This case discusses this draconian immunity provided to the law force officials, even if the rights of the civilians are violated. It was stated by the court that both the officers present at the scene were protected from any such lawsuit even if Baxter’s civil privileges were dishonored. Being a citizen of the United States of America, Baxter should have been able to exercise his rights at will and be given justice after he filed a lawsuit against the officers. However, this case like the other similar cases was ruled in favor of the officers.

Bill of Rights

The issue of Qualified Immunity was established in 1967 as a legal federal law that directly conflicts with fourth, fifth and eight Amendments and Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution. The Fourth Amendment forbids illegal and forcible searches and confiscation of property(Lammon, 2019). The Fifth Amendment defines criminal procedures and states that the process applies to every single citizen of the United States of America whether he or she is a governmental official or not. The Eighth Amendment bans the federal government on using deadly force or cruel punishment against a convict or a criminal.

Any constitution or any amendment in the constitution does not provide such immunity to anyone, especially to the federal government clearly. Qualified Immunity can only be applied to acts that are "optional" instead of making rash decisions. An optional demonstration requires an authority to decide "whether a demonstration ought to be done or a development sought after" and to decide the best methods for accomplishing the chosen goal. On the other hand, rash decisions made by an officer make him or her liable to be held accountable for the actions taken at the required situation. These rash decisions might hinder the best decision-making capability of the officer.

Importance of ruling

This law of Qualified Immunity does not ensure authorities who damage "plainly settled statutory or protected privileges of which sensible individual would have known". This is a goal standard, implying that the standard does not rely on the abstract perspective of the authority. Instead it relies on whether a sensible individual would confirm that the applicable direct disregarded obviously settled law. Regardless of whether the law is "obviously settled" will rely upon whether the case law has inclined to the disputed issue or has set up the "shapes of the right" to such an extent that plainly official's direct is illicit. It is undisputed that Supreme Court suppositions can "unmistakably set up" the standard for the whole nation.

Be that as it may, the circuit court of claims and appeals sentiments may have an increasingly restricted impact. Circuit courts of requests commonly treat their sentiments as obvious inside that circuit for setting up the law (Lammon, 2019). However, the Supreme Court has given occasion to feel qualms about this hypothesis. Therefore, to meet the condition of Plainly Established Decree, the realities of the moment case should decently and intently take after the realities of the case depend on as a point of reference. In this manner, the analysts have taken the view that the appropriation of the precept of qualified insusceptibility in Federal law speaks to legal activism.

Involvement of the Supreme Court

The ruling made by the Sixth Court has made it possible for the American Civil Liberties Union to file an appeal in the Supreme Court against the ruling including the revision of Qualified Immunity. The courts have stated that qualified immunity allows federal agents and officials to perform their duties with more efficiency as having thought to face lawsuits will abolish their sense of pride and serving for the nation(Rossum, 2018). The mere sense of letting officers violate people's rights and go without facing any lawsuit shows how easy it is for officials to break the law without facing any consequences. The involvement of the Supreme Court, in this case, will help change the ways of draconian laws. The Constitution of the United States of American and the Bill of Rights is in direct conflict of Qualified Immunity and it should be removed from the roots of the law.

Powers granted to Supreme Court

The jurisdiction or power given to the Supreme Court by the constitution is written in Section II of Article III. Any matters or appeals that are made against federal laws can be heard by the Supreme Court by full authority. After the case was dismissed by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a petition of writ of certiorari to review the dismissed case of Baxter against the police officers of Nashville. Where unreasonable use of force was imposed upon Baxter and also review the standings of qualified immunity. Federal laws are under the protection of the Supreme Court and can be challenged or appealed against in the Supreme Court if and only if a lower court has already made a decision. There have been other such cases that were filed against the state officials and the issue of qualified immunity always provided protection to the officers and officials.

References

Lammon, B. (2019). Blatant Contradictions in Qualified-Immunity Appeals. Available at SSRN 3428456.

Rossum, R. A. (2018). American Constitutional Law, Volume II: The Bill of Rights and Subsequent Amendments. Routledge.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Civil Rights And Civil Liberties

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Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

The occurrence of words like civil liberties and civil rights in the declaration of independence and bill of rights blurs the difference between these two separate terms as they guarantee different types of protection to the Americans. The protection against the government is provided through civil liberty, whereas civil rights relate with the creation of equal treatment among all the Americans as it is specifically the protection for minority groups, i.e., black people, Hispanics, and women. The constitution of United States, particularly the initial ten amendments from the Bills of Rights safeguard the rights and freedom of anyone existing in America, whether be it children or adults, national or non-national, legal or illegal, etc. all these individuals enjoy the perks of freedom under these ten amendments of US constitution. The rights, liberties, and freedom are equally treated in everyday life; however, these phenomena evolved differently over the course of history and are present in their most recent form. This essay will explore the ways of evolution of civil rights and liberties afforded Americans and their status today, and will evaluate the achievement of goals set by the constitution.

The development of civil rights took a long course before getting into its present shape. Since the US has been founded, black people are striving for their rights and freedom. In the initial stages of civil rights formation, many anti-minority groups in America took the matter in their own hands, on such famous instance is the KKK group, following such groups laws were formed like Jim Crow laws (LaFeber and Woloch, np). These laws refused to accept the equality of rights of these minor citizens. While continuation of the Civil War, there was an obvious rift between the south and north dealt with the subject of the black people as slaves. Clearly the North was in favor of keeping black men as slaves, whereas south rejected the idea. Following the loss by Confederacy, and the establishment of the last three Amendments, blacks got a say to these rights and they got contend with it; however the estate owners and the rich were definitely not happy (Barker, np). The Afro-Americans were provided full protection in thte initial stages of the civil rights, yet dim codes were developed that stripped them of their chances and reduced them to a component of committed oppression. The Ku Klux Klan rose to ability for abusing the black people and oppressing them so they wouldn't try to procure their rights. The strategy was convincing and fearful and free for all were spread all through as people from the KKK could have been anyone from the typical man to law execution experts. The season of Reconstruction in the South that was planned to be a prosperous time for blacks in America didn't show to have as much progression as at first anticipated.

Regardless of the Amendments developed in the Constitution, Southern states constrained throwing a tally constraint laws to disillusion African Americans utilizing capability tests, study charge, and the granddad condition. The South went fundamentally further by passing the Jim Crow Laws that established confinement among blacks and whites in open workplaces. These laws came to be tried in the 1896 occurrence of Plessy v. Ferguson where Homer Plessy, a separated white man who could use workplaces of both white and dark people, was pressurized for moving beyond a train, so he was ended up suing (Sullivan, np). Plessy lost the case and out of it, the statute "separate but equal" was developed and chose that the amendment number fourteenth just ensured political parity and that disconnection was not equal to average quality, which made detachment legal for the accompanying sixty years (Sullivan, np).

Social freedoms had far to go now, and the abuse of blacks was sought after into both World Wars. In World War II, American troops prompted the French to get the white troops prevalent anything the dull troops and they bunked in disengaged workplaces. After WW2, Blacks combat close by NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality to take out the Jim Crow Laws. Congress announced the "separate yet proportional" in 1954, standard to be unlawful, with the court case of Brown v. Driving collection of Education that coordinated schools and began to apply the fourteenth amendment to its full degree, anyway it took an eleven extra years until the Act of 1965 gave the Voting Rights to the black people and it was fourteen years until the emergence of Act of 1968 of Civil Rights (Sullivan, np).

Concluding, the progression is moderate when all is said in done, so there ought to be a more grounded action to get than just rights, yet likewise a sentiment of respect and to break the obstruction of isolation for something minor like the shade of one's skin. There can't be a talk about development when the headway is near nothing and there are people consistently attempting to stop it through laws or careful systems. If settling on a choice about people on their race keeps, nothing will ever get developed in light of the fact that the non-minority adolescent will create with an attitude that they can't signify anything. The bias sorted out will debilitate those minorities in spite of the way that they are not to be the minority group inside the future significant lots of the creating people. This essay will explore the ways of evolution of civil rights and liberties afforded Americans and their status today, and will evaluate the achievement of goals set by the constitution.

Work Cited

Barker, Lucius J., et al. Civil liberties and the Constitution: cases and commentaries. Routledge, 2018.

LaFeber, Walter, and Nancy Woloch. The American Century: A History of the United States Since the 1890s. Routledge, 2015.

Sullivan, Harold J. Civil Rights and Liberties: Provocative questions and evolving answers. Routledge, 2015.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

CJ490 Final Paper

CJ490 Final Paper

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

CJ490 Final Paper

Introduction

The concept of immigration has been a huge part of United States foreign policy and still, we hear and read about such policies all over the news and social media. Being the only powerful state, the policies that frame the immigration laws are well defined by the current and previous governments. Regardless of these policies and rules, migrants in the U.S. today face overpowering measures of segregation and discrimination issues, especially those from Central-South America and Mexico. People moving from Mexico whether legally or illegally have been the main topic of discussion in American politics and media for more than a decade as it began in 1848 during the period of Gold Rush. The main agenda that legislatures are voicing for is that migrants especially Hispanic are involved in many crimes and illegal activities that are causing their nation to lose a lot in both money and life (Abrego, 2014). This paper will discuss the danger, debts and trauma faced by Central American immigrants as they leave their country. Further, it will also reflect on prevention through deterrence.

Discussion

The United States had a fair deal of influence in Central America during the 1900s. The economic, politics and military relations of Central America were controlled and very much under the influence of the United States. This kind of influence was also present in present-day Mexico as there was economic instability all over the country. These elements joined have left an extreme effect on the area and keeps on impacting the developing number of foreigners that are landing at the U.S. Southern Border each year. In spite of its dubious history in Mexico and Central America, the U.S. has taken a harsher way to deal with checking migration by expanding outskirt security and exacting harsher disciplines on the individuals who cross the outskirt unlawfully. This methodology is counterproductive, as research demonstrates that border patrol has no role in determining the policies of immigration, while financial conditions that workers face in their nations of origin are a lot bigger deciding variables (Abrego, 2014). The immigration reforms of 1965 were compiled and executed so that the issue of racism can be nullified and dealt with but what it did was that the overall policies and rules of immigration were made harsher for the bordering nations. These regulations and laws were fixed in consequent years, definitely decreasing open doors for legitimate migration from Mexico, our neighboring nations and the biggest contemporary wellspring of settlers to the United States. Definitely, these confinements offered to ascend to a mass undocumented movement which became the biggest issue for the United States in the present future.

For a considerable length of time, United States mediation destabilized political frameworks and disturbed economies, making instability that waits today, which develops situations that are ready for debasement and violence (Abrego, 2014). After the events of World War II, the area surrounding Central America made the district critical for U.S. interests. For this reason, the U.S. felt it important to secure and safeguard relations no matter what. El Salvador is the tiniest territorial nation in Central America, and still, it has one of the most noteworthy quantities of outsiders escaping to the United States every year. Amid the 2014 crisis of immigration, almost 10,000 Salvadoran youngsters were caught at the United States Border. El Salvador is one of the most brutal peacetime nations on the planet, principally because of social unrest and gang violence. Government debasement and an absence of police assets permit viciousness in the nation to proceed, which pushes an ever-increasing number of Salvadoran residents to escape to the United States. Somewhere in the range of 1961 and 1965, the U.S. Alliance for Progress provided more guide to El Salvador than some other nation in the district, with the objective of supporting dictatorial governments to stay away from Communist dangers and political changes (De León, 2015). Insecurity in El Salvador today can be followed back to the common war. Following the war, a command in El Salvador found that 85 percent of human rights encroachment had been put together by government powers bolstered by the U.S. armed forces.

These policies have made millions of people migrate from their homes and countries to the United States. The basic idea of bad economy has pushed forward the influx of legal and illegal migrants into the United States. These issues of instability and economic decline are also being experienced by people living in Honduras and Guatemala as well. Central American states and Mexico are in close proximity to the United States and it is natural that people from these countries will move to a place where the economy is better and where more opportunities are available. Poor circumstances that empower relocation from Central America are just the same old things (De León, 2015). Workers have reliably moved to the U.S. Fringe paying little heed to conditions in the U.S. or on the other hand U.S. movement approaches. The shifting approaches all through the twentieth century show how U.S. supposition toward migration has always shown signs of change; a few arrangements have supported immigration, and on the other hand many have attempted to discourage it.

Present United States administration has taken a keen interest in dealing with illegal migrants and make sure that they are deported, and further illegal movements are banned with an iron hand. This has been one of the policies of all the previous administration as well but still, this seems to be a long shot. Notwithstanding Trump's expanded consideration regarding outskirt security and movement approaches along with the bordering nations, numerous transient families guarantee that they will not be deflected from endeavoring to make the voyage to cross the border illegally. It is a typical conviction that if the U.S. builds up border patrol and security, makes harsher approaches, and makes it progressively troublesome and perilous to cross the outskirt, migrants will be dissuaded from making the adventure.

People as often as possible cross risky territories of the outskirt locale, and are bound to use illegal documents, or illicit runners who charge a large number of dollars per transient. This to some extent has been dealt with. The United States Border Patrol office has designed the passing and vanishing of a huge number of undocumented migrants by utilizing the wilderness of the desert as an "armament", as per a support gathering (De León, 2015). In excess of five million individuals were captured somewhere in between 2000 and 2013 while endeavoring to cross the outskirt from Mexico into Arizona. Moving on, more than 6 million were caught in California, New Mexico. Thousands more died in the heater like warmth of the Sonoran Desert, their bodies seldom recouped. However, notwithstanding the hastiness of the intersection and the cutting-edge observation frameworks showed against them, the greater part of the survivors will endeavor to cross once more. The danger of losing all sense of direction in the wild are set against the specific dismalness of being shackled and crowded once again into Mexico, broke, frantic and, on account of those in Nogales, cold. De Leon totals up America's migration approach as one of "counteractive action through discouragement." Under its present approach, it is to America's greatest advantage for individuals to bite the dust crossing the outskirt, so the Border Patrol does not need to manage those individuals. De Leon utilizes the expression "uncovered life" to depict the setbacks of this framework. So, America just does not think about the lives of these people that are dying while crossing the border – the barest least of what comprises an actual existence according to American migration arrangement.

Honduras is more of an extreme country that is filled with violence and civil, social unrest than any other Central American country. San Pedro Sula, the capital city of Honduras was in the top three list of the most violent and dangerous cities to live in. Famous for its fruits and other eatables, this banana republic was well under the influence of the United States and the American food companies took it to their personal interest to utilize the dire situation of the country's economy (Lantigua, 2018). More than a million acre of land was held by these companies. While Honduras did not have its very own common war, it filled in as a base for U.S mediation in a few military attacks. Therefore, Honduras felt the effects of shakiness in other adjacent states and was unfit to recuperate its economy from the effects of banana organizations. This history has made a situation in Honduras appropriate for destitution and viciousness. Honduran natives every year face the danger of death by groups and are compelled to pay coercion installments for themselves or their friends and family, totaling more than $200 million USD every year. Under these circumstances, numerous Hondurans see no other choice however to escape to the U.S. outskirt for security.

Before 1965, more than 50 thousand people migrated to the United States from Mexico alone. Notwithstanding this sizable inflow of legitimate settlers, Mexico was given delightful access to an expansive brief specialist program that empowered momentary visas for work in the United States, for the most part in the field of cultivation and agriculture. As of this and many such programs, more than 450,000 Mexican were moving into the United States and this was seen as discriminatory as Mexicans were getting more share of work than they were ever allowed, and this was causing many Americans to lose their jobs. Legislatures then started to formulate a plan to stop the Mexican influx and terminate all such programs. Notwithstanding U.S. military contribution in Central America, it is likewise basic to comprehend the patterns in U.S. movement strategies and how they identify with the present immigration emergency. United States military and political mediations in Latin America have added to expanded migration from the locale, the United States has a dubious history concerning strategy toward Hispanics. It is what they call the Latino threat (Stewart, Martinez, Baumer & Gertz, 2015). They believe that mainly Mexicans, are an overrunning power determined on overtaking land once it is their own and abolishing the American lifestyle. Since its commencement, the United States has much of the time called upon Hispanic foreigners, especially from Mexico, to fill work deficiencies in the midst of monetary flourishing, in this manner setting a point of reference for migrants to go to the United States looking for work. The military also impacted the Bracero program. The word Barcero strands for "Manual laborer in Spanish. In accordance with this program, there were certain laws and agreements signed in 1942 to America and Mexico signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement. In light of this pact, the Mexicans would be provided with a decent living and a per day wage of 30cents. The program was terminated in 1964 (Clemens, Lewis & Postel, 2018). The strictness on the border hampered any more immigrants to walk on American soil and work.

Hispanic settlers have been touching base to the United States for as long as a century and a half because of work deficiencies and surpluses in the U.S. economy. Mexican workers have frequently acted as an "expendable work power" to fill occupations in the United States when required. Arrangements in the 1990s were made explicitly to deflect vagrants from intersecting the United States fringe by putting them legitimately in harsh scenarios. This border regulatory procedure, known as “Prevention through Deterrence " started by setting expanded fringe security close prevalent outskirt intersections, in this manner constraining transients to look toward different courses (Lantigua, 2018). Be that as it may, the strategy constrained transients to cross through risky conditions, frequently bringing about serious lack of hydration, wounds, and demise. Numerous transients additionally confronted assault, strike, what's more, robbery from hooligans and coyotes. The strategy was effective in pushing movement from El Paso, despite the fact that it did not diminish the number of endeavors at intersecting the border.

Conclusion

There are a few contentions with respect to why migration is advantageous for the United States, which incorporate both social and monetary reasons. In the present globalized biosphere, it is very impossible that any organization will almost certainly prevent migration from Central America totally. Notwithstanding, the present estimates sought after by the Trump organization, the Department of Country Security, and other government organizations, as appeared from the beginning of time, are not fruitful techniques to restrict or diminish movement. The military and financial job the United States played in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras all through the mid to late 1990s, joined with arrangements that urged remote laborers to move to the U.S., have added to insecure situations of destitution and savagery. For natives living in these nations, the risk of fringe security and migration arrangements is not enough to subdue their wants to look for a superior life over the southern fringe (De La Rosa, 2018). To decrease the quantity of vagrants touching base at the outskirt, the U.S. ought to refocus endeavors from fringe security and put resources into projects that, relate to neighborhood governments and global associations, can improve the conditions for natives of the Northern Triangle, along these lines decreasing the requirement for vagrants to look for better open doors somewhere else. The best methodology for the U.S. to restrict movement from these locales is not to build and increase border patrol, yet to recognize the job it played in making flimsy conditions in Latin America and put resources into maintainable advancement programs in Mexico and Central America that support human improvement. By putting resources into projects that advance comprehensive financial development, the U.S. can improve financial conditions and lessen the requirement for transients to look for work in the United States. Adding to the increase of fringe security assets has been an absence of political will to make a presence of mind migration framework that recognizes the commitments of movement and organizes the human appropriate to family solidarity.

References

Abrego, L. J. (2014). Sacrificing families: Navigating laws, labor, and love across borders. Stanford University Press.

De León, J. (2015). The land of open graves: Living and dying on the migrant trail (Vol. 36). Univ of California Press.

Stewart, E. A., Martinez Jr, R., Baumer, E. P., & Gertz, M. (2015). The social context of Latino threat and punitive Latino sentiment. Social Problems, 62(1), 68-92.

Clemens, M. A., Lewis, E. G., & Postel, H. M. (2018). Immigration restrictions as active labor market policy: Evidence from the mexican bracero exclusion. American Economic Review, 108(6), 1468-87.

Lantigua, D. M. (2018). Liberal Domination, Individual Rights, and the Theological Option for the Poor in History. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 38(2), 169-186.

De La Rosa, B. (2018). Mules for Cartels: Survival and Clandestine Migration in the Sonoran Desert. Journal for Undergraduate Ethnography, 8(1), 84-102.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Compare (classical Realism And Marxism) To International Security

Political Science

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Comparison of Classical realism and Marxism to international security

Introduction

International security is also known as global security and is an essential element of international relations. It is concerned with the measures or steps that nation-states and international organizations take to ensure safety and endurance in the world. In the political arena, there are different frameworks through which the concept of international security can be understood. These frameworks aid in determining the best possible solution for carting the issues of international security in the contemporary world. The two prominent theories of the international relations which are related to international or global security are classical realism and Marxism. These two approaches explain how nation-states interact or how they should deal with each other. Including this, these theories are the analytical tool for understanding the balance of power and the national interests of the nations. Hence the research question for this paper is how classical realism and Marxism established the concept of balance of power. A detailed analysis of secondary sources like books and articles has opted as a method or approach to answering the research question. And under the light of this research question, the thesis statement is that the concept of balance of power in classical realism and Marxism helps in establishing global peace.

Literature review

Classical realism

The theory of classical realism was established in the post-World War 11 epoch. This theory aims to elucidate the fact that political interaction among states is the consequence of human nature. The founders of classical realism are Han's Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz. The central focus of classical realism is order in society. The theorists of this school of thought place an argument that order and stability in society is weak and fragile and there remains a constant tension among the nation states ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"krbYt2zf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Behr & Williams, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Behr & Williams, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":29,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/TGFW3ZNJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/TGFW3ZNJ"],"itemData":{"id":29,"type":"article-journal","title":"Interlocuting classical realism and critical theory: Negotiating ‘divides’ in international relations theory","container-title":"Journal of International Political Theory","page":"3-17","volume":"13","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Behr","given":"Hartmut"},{"family":"Williams","given":"Michael C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Behr & Williams, 2017). Another argument placed by this school of thought is that it is human nature to struggle for power and because of this reason, the states are in a constant state of conflict. Every state is determined to fulfill its own national interest over the national interest of the weaker nations; thus a win-lose situation is present which creates anarchy in the international world. Classical realism was a response to idealism who presents a vision of how a society should interact and what should be the objectives for international relations. On the contrary classical realism opines that states are the only important actors in the international relations and their actions and decisions determine the relationships among the states.

According to an article by Booth Ken and Toni Erskine, the theoretical approach of classical realism was a dominant approach during the cold war because it discusses how the two superpowers: USA and USSR were trying to establish a balance of power ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Etbl8Sqw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bharadwaj & Schefold, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Bharadwaj & Schefold, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/DD3MM25F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/DD3MM25F"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"book","title":"Essays on Piero Sraffa: Critical perspectives on the revival of classical theory","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-315-38692-5","author":[{"family":"Bharadwaj","given":"Krishna"},{"family":"Schefold","given":"Bertram"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bharadwaj & Schefold, 2017). Thus with this fact under consideration, it is apparent that the strength of classical realism is that it clarifies the concept of balance of power in the contemporary world. However, the weakness of this theoretical approach is that it ignores important non-state actors like international organization.

Marxism

Marxism is a theoretical approach which views international politics from a different perspective. According to this school of thought for a better understanding of world politics it is essential to understand the whole social structure of the world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RCMSkOqg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Soguk & Nelson, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Soguk & Nelson, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":27,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/R6CG5WEK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/R6CG5WEK"],"itemData":{"id":27,"type":"chapter","title":"No International Theory, but What about Transformation? A Critical Reading of Martin Wight and Raya Dunayevskaya","container-title":"The Ashgate Research Companion to Modern Theory, Modern Power, World Politics","publisher":"Routledge","page":"91-108","author":[{"family":"Soguk","given":"Nevzat"},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Scott G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Soguk & Nelson, 2016). The theory of Marxism is inspired by Karl Marx who divided the society into three segments. Thus influenced by Karl Marx the theorists of the Marxism believes that stability in international politics can only be maintained in a classless society which can be termed as the strongest point of this theoretical approach. However, the weak point is that there is a lack of evidence in the international world of classless nations which can validate the claims made by Marxism.

Methodology

To answer the research question the methods or the approach used is the detailed analysis of the concepts and fundamental elements of Classical Realism and Marxism and their connection with international security.

Discussion

International security in the world politics can best be understood through a comprehensive understating of the concept of balance of power and anarchy in the world and the role of states and non-state actors in the political arena. According to the theoretical approach of Classical realism, states are the only cardinal actors and interaction between the countries to determine international security. On the contrary, Marxism takes people as the essential actors in world politics and believe that stability in society is possible with low interference of the government and equality in the people. Nevertheless, the common aspect in both the theoretical approach is that the contemporary world is a dangerous and uncertain place. It means that according to both the theories there is anarchy in international relations and it is difficult to maintain international security because of human nature who create inequality and instability in the society. Thus it is apparent that both the theoretical frameworks establish the concept of balance of power which determines international security.

For Classical Realism, the absence of international government creates anarchy, and due to this fact, the states must ensure to maintain the balance of power by creating an alliance. In this self-help world the weaker states should create strong links with the powerful states, so to protect its national interests. One of the greatest examples of this is the alliance between American and Afghanistan to counter the power of China. Hence this shows how the concept of balance of power is explained in Classical Realism. This theory can further be improved if it takes into consideration the importance of non-state actor like international organizations and terrorist groups.

On the other hand, power is held by the upper-class of society, as per the views of Marxism. In international politics the economically stable nations hold power over the weak states and manipulate them. Because of this reason, in the international society to maintain the balance of power, it is essential to eliminate classes among the states so that all the weak and powerful states can enjoy equal power and privileges. Henceforth the explanation of power and how to maintain the balance of power under this theoretical framework makes it evident that it also considers the balance of powers as an essential concept in international security. The framework can further be improved if it gives particular examples of a classless society.

Both these theories are helpful in the understanding of how peace is to be maintained in the international society. In addition to this Classical realism and Marxism are helpful in understanding the importance of international security. A detailed analysis of both the theory highlights the fact that without international security world is a dangerous place where people are exploited on different levels.

Conclusion

To cap it all, Classical Realism and Marxism views the notion of balance of power and international security from different perspectives. While Classical realism talks about global security on global or macro-level, the Marxist theory takes the concept of power from micro-level and believes that people hold more power. The above discussion makes it clear the concept of balance of power is equally important in both the theories but these theories takes different positions to maintain international security

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Behr, H., & Williams, M. C. (2017). Interlocuting classical realism and critical theory: Negotiating ‘divides’ in international relations theory. Journal of International Political Theory, 13(1), 3–17.

Bharadwaj, K., & Schefold, B. (2017). Essays on Piero Sraffa: Critical perspectives on the revival of classical theory. Routledge.

Soguk, N., & Nelson, S. G. (2016). No International Theory, but What about Transformation? A Critical Reading of Martin Wight and Raya Dunayevskaya. In The Ashgate Research Companion to Modern Theory, Modern Power, World Politics (pp. 91–108). Routledge.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Conflict Resolution Essay East Timor

Conflict Resolution Essay East Timor

Name

Affiliation

Date

Conflict Resolution Essay East Timor

Introduction

If we look at the history of the world there were various conflicts that occurred out of nowhere and the victims were the innocent people. The reasons behind all these conflicts erupting from the errands have given the world a new direction to spread the anarchy and spreading chaos. These chaos were usually created by the people who were the non-state actors and those people who want to have a strong influence on the people by the force of terror. These issues have been a biggest source to the increase of conflict and terror in the various parts of the world. These issues have been prevailing throughout the tie when they were started. These issues have been prevailing throughout a long period of time. Then there came appoint when the governments and the local officials were unable to handle this issue and this was the time when the neutral party should intervene into this solution and to eradicate this curse.

Sooner or later there came a point when there was a requirement for a third party to come over and take the control of this entire scenario because the situation was going towards a point where it was getting highly unsustainable for the people to live their life peacefully. This was the time when the role was supposed to be played by the neutral party from the world to bring a change I the world and in affected areas. This change can be only possible when the neutral party comes up with an agenda or a point to bring a suitable change in the society by introducing various reforms or coming to a central point of any kind of agreement from where the situation can get pacified in the affected area. These agreements and the situations can be only prepared by the only organization in the world who plays a neutral yet highly affective role in order to disseminate the grudges and conflicts within the nations and within the third party agreements in the world.

The story of the independence and the road of struggle of Timor Leste is one of the inspirational stories and the resolution of this conflict played a vital role in determining the importance of United Nations in the World. This role of United Nations gained the trust of the people in the United Nations and restored their faith that there is an existence of a neutral organization in the world that can resolve all the major conflicts of the world without any bloodshed and loss of the innocent lives. The role of united Nation in the entire world plays a significant role that can help the people and rulers of the world to reach towards a point where they can seek help without any barrier of nationality or religious sect to this organization and they will come up to a point where the peace agreement or treaty or any cease fire situation can be occurred so that the people may continue to live their life in a peaceful manner without any insecurities and the purpose to form this organization was to assure the people that they will be in the safe hands without any fear factors for them. The role Timor Leste conflict gave faith to many of the countries to come up to this organization where they can go through a similar stance of UN which they gave in the African countries for resolving their issues and put a deadline to the conflicts in the similar way Timor Leste faced and now they are progressing towards a point of success and the nation can excel in all the fields of life without any fear.

Discussion

The United Nation organization was founded in 1945 and it’s headquarter was established in the city of New York where the representatives from all across the globe were selected and there was a general assembly established in the headquarter with a purpose to resolve all the global issues through peaceful manners without any haphazard situation or increasing the amount of heat between the two parties. The purpose for establishing this entire assembly was to go to a decision through dialogues and agreements so that there may not be any sort of deadlock faced by the people and both entitled communities to reach to a point from where they can find out a solution. There were many cases in the past that were resolved in the United Nation Assemble and there are various conflicts under the assembly where they need to comes to a saturation point that both the entities should sign a pact for the betterment of their people and their country’s good will in the future. This sign not only save lots of money of both the countries but the innocent lives who suffer a lot during their entire conflict process and many of the innocent people lose the battle of their lives while protecting their country, family and many other factors also starts including in this entire factor.

If we look at the history of United Nations there are various issues which are still continued in the general assembly and there is no such result to all these conflicts because none of the par ties are ready to surrender on any of the central point where both the countries can have an equilibrium state. But at the similar point there were various cases in the history that have gone through a deadlock scenario. These issues in the history have played a vital role in determining their strong stance in this entire issues. For example, the Palestine-Israel Conflict, Afghanistan conflict, Syrian Conflict and the Kashmir Issue. These issues are still undergoing the similar point. These issues have been the key issues which are still going on in the assembly and whenever there is a ray of hope to resolve all these issues, there comes a deadlock which erupts from the either sides strong parties or the rigid religious parties who does not want to end this conflict or the people at times who are not ready to surrender their position in front of the other party.

These staunch approaches from the various parties have created a deadlock scenario in the United Nation Assembly, and the results are still undecided and the people are not ready to accept any of the changes. Similarly on the other hand, there are various conflicts which have come to a conclusion and now these countries and the people of the countries are living in a peaceful scenario where there is no sight of any terror or any violent activities. This is due to the tireless efforts of United Nations and their representatives along with the volunteer forces who sent their teams throughout the time to the affected countries. This is all because of the mutual collaboration of all the countries together and as a result they all were able to reach to a point here the peace can prevail in the society without any hindrance.

One of the other successful events in the history of the United Nations was to bring the peace in the area of Timor Leste. It was a large island which was suffering the oppression of the people within themselves. The 1999 East Timorese emergency started with assaults by against freedom activists on regular people, and extended to general brutality all through the nation, focused in the capital Dili. The viciousness ejected after a dominant part of qualified East Timorese voters picked freedom from Indonesia. Around 1,400 regular people are accepted to have passed on. An UN-approved power (INTERFET) comprising fundamentally of Australian Defense Force staff was conveyed to East Timor to set up and look after harmony. This all incident took place when in the last year before the new century was starting the island of the Timor Leste was captivated by the Indonesian militants and the forces. They were the reason to bring the undue terror in their country where the people within their country faced the internally displacement in the people and they all were helpless at that time. It was their country which was not even financially stable country facing severe financial and conflict crisis within the country. All these issues have been occurring due to the issues of the Portugal and Indonesian crisis and as a result they were going through a scenario where the people have to go through a situation where they were not having their own will to live as per their norms and traditions. The prevalence of this issue raised towards a point where the people went into a scenario where they were being forced and a lot of pressure with the military support was required to save them as the brutal genocide was started from both the countries on the people of Timor Leste. With the passage of time the issue started getting heated up and their reached a point after the cold war of the time the United Nation security forces were sent to the various countries to bring peace in those countries and to play their role effectively. In this particular case there were various countries who volunteered in this aspect to send their troops to the different parts of the world to give their undue services to the people of that country and help them in maintaining peace. Not only that but they also gave unconditional training and efforts to their military forces. Similar was the situation with the people of the Timor- Leste.

They faced a long road and long journey to reach towards the peace keeping situation and they went through a long struggle. Initially captured by the Portuguese and then getting independence from the people of Portugal and going into another conflict which was by the captivation of the people of Indonesia. There was a doubt by the people of |Indonesia that they are going through a phase where they can lean on towards the communist block which can be the biggest risk for the Indonesian people. This captivation continued in that country for more than 24 years where they faced a lot of brutality by the people and there was no way out for the people over there. They were suppressed and were brought into the state of forceful killings and they undergo a strong torture. More than 100 million lives were lost in this entire struggle. It was not at all an easy road to seek the independence. The people faced internally displacement and there was no way for them to seek shelter in the other countries. This struggle made the people shattered and broken in various aspects but they decided not to give up but to continue for their rights and their rights to gain the freedom. This was not an easy journey for the people initially to trust these people who came through the United Nations to help the people as the people were highly against all the external forces who were coming to their country as they were already going through a torturous scenario. During the tenure of the Indonesian forces, the violation of Human rights was at the peak which is recoded s one of the massive genocide that occurred in the world history where the people were afraid to step out of their houses as every house was surrounded with the dozens of the dead bodies and their parts everywhere so that the people may not get courage to take any sort of decision against the will of the Indonesian Forces.

Role of the United Nations

At that time when this human massacre and this human massacre reached towards a point when there was no way out, and the world came to know the brutality of the people of Indonesia, at that time, the people decided that they should consult the United Nation organization. It was the same time when the conflicts in the state of Rwanda also started increasing. There was a hug amount of genocide was occurring and all these issues were increasing and it was becoming a questionable point to the services of the United Nations. This was the time when the United Nations have to plunge in to these matters and play their role.

At that that time there was no other way for the UN peacekeeping mission forces to send to these countries to bring a peaceful scenario from where the people then can decide what they want to opt for their country. This was considered as one of the best steps in the history of world when various countries all across the globe decided to volunteer for this noble cause and be the ambassador of peace for the people of Timor Leste. This was the first step which took a long period to bring a stabilized situation in the country from here they can restore the condition of the country to a certain point from where they are able to be the flag bearers of change. This was a time taking process but the efforts of United Nations were not ready to give up neither the countries who were taking part in this noble cause to bring a ray of hope into their lives. It was looking like a long journey but with the efforts of the people of Timor Leste and their collaboration with the security forces, they were ready to settle themselves towards a situation from where they can restart and reschedule their lives from the scratch without any hindrance.

The people actively took part in all the rehabilitation process and the local leaders were all there to help the people and the Unite Nation flag bearers to being all the possible changes in the country within no time. This process took a couple of years but the results on the whole was tremendous that here was a positive change in the people and they were much more politically and socially aware about all the happenings in the world.

This was the time when the decisive decision was taken by the United Nations to hold a referendum in the country where the opinion about the people to live with the state of Indonesia or they want to start a country on their own where they can have their own representatives and the government. So with the mutual consent of the people, the referendum was held. The day of the vote, 30 August 1999, was commonly quiet and efficient. 98.6 percent of enrolled voters cast votes, and on 4 September UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan reported that 78.5 percent of the votes had been cast for independence. Brought up on the "New Order's" request that the East Timorese bolstered combination, Indonesians were either stunned or doubtful that the East Timorese had casted a ballot against being a piece of Indonesia. Many acknowledged media stories accusing the overseeing United Nations and Australia who had compelled Habibie for a goals. This was one of the reason and the struggle was observed within the nation.

Conclusion

The entire role of United Nations in the peace building during the conflict scenario helped the people from the various part of the world and restored their faith in the humanity. This role of United Nation not only helped the people but also gave the confidence to various other countries to come forward with their conflicts without any external pressure face don them. Not only that but it also helped the various countries to avoid any military contact with each other and reach towards a peaceful agreement, treaty and ceasefire so that the situation in the world can remain stable throughout the time and many of the reasons of wars can be avoided.

References

Muggah, R. ed., 2008. Security and post-conflict reconstruction: dealing with fighters in the aftermath of war. Routledge.

Goldsmith, A. and Dinnen, S., 2007. Transnational police building: critical lessons from Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands. Third world quarterly, 28(6), pp.1091-1109.

Lemay-Hébert, N., 2011. The “empty-shell” approach: the setup process of international administrations in Timor-Leste and Kosovo, its consequences and lessons. International Studies Perspectives, 12(2), pp.190-211.

Wigglesworth, A., 2013. The growth of civil society in Timor-Leste: three moments of activism. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(1), pp.51-74.

Palmer, L., 2007. Developing Timor-Leste: the role of custom and tradition. Exploring the Tensions of Nation Building in Timor-Leste, SSEE Research Paper, (1), pp.35-40.

Niner, S., 2011. Hakat klot, Narrow steps: negotiating gender in post-conflict Timor-Leste. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 13(3), pp.413-435.

Shain, Y., 2002. The role of diasporas in conflict perpetuation or resolution. Sais Review, 22(2), pp.115-144.

Singer, L., 2018. Settling disputes: Conflict resolution in business, families, and the legal system. Routledge.

Jeong, H.W., 2017. Peace and conflict studies: An introduction. Routledge.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 9 Words: 2700

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