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Week 2 Discussion 2: Utopian Ideas

Week 2 Discussion 2: Utopian Ideas

Savita Raghunadan

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Week 2 Discussion 2: Utopian Ideas

In Plato's Republic, his teacher Socrates engages some of his followers in a discussion over creating an ideal city. Socrates's ideas and responses to the various arguments form the basis of Plato's utopian society.

The ideal city is built upon a highly developed society that is divided into three class divisions; the guardians, craftsmen and farmers, and the auxiliaries. The guardians serve as the city’s military, embodying physical and mental strength. The auxiliaries are the complete guardians within the city, who form the highest class. They are endowed with knowledge and the love of philosophy, guarding the city against internal friends and external enemies. They are concerned with the good of the city before themselves, serving as the foundation for the city as well as the guardian’s convictions CITATION Whi88 \l 1033 (White, 1988). The third class within the city are its craftsmen and farmers, who are as important as any other class. They fulfill critical roles in society to produce goods that the rest of the city needs.

To offset a perceived resentment with these class divisions, Socrates proposes a noble lie to prevent citizens from feeling that they are within an unfair category. The lie is noble because it results in a good outcome rather than evil, and helps with internal cohesion. The lie is that a certain god has given each citizen a form of metal that determines their place in society. Being in accordance with one's metal will help people find their destined place in society and realize their full potential. Thus each citizen will be tasked towards a job that they perform best until the city starts to function as a single unit; each member benefitting from one another’s work CITATION Mag17 \l 1033 (Magstadt, 2017). An ideal city is, thus, one in which each member fulfills their due role, while the noble lie would prevent them from resenting other classes.

Socrates and Plato built a solid foundation for their utopia in which each citizen performs their due role. Although, they are subjected to a noble lie, but that lie achieves profitable outcomes and helps people remain satisfied with their roles.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Magstadt, T. M. (2017). Comparative Political systems: Models and Theories. In Understanding politics: ideas, institutions, and issues (12th ed., pp. 49-159). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

White, N. P. (1988). A companion to Plato's Republic. (4th ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 3 Assignment: Essay - Developing A Democracy

Week 3 Assignment: Essay - Developing a Democracy

Savita Raghunadan

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Week 3 Assignment: Essay - Developing a Democracy

Countries all over the world have experimented with different political systems and ideologies. Although democracy became the dominant political ideology after the 20th century, countries have adopted different versions of it based on their needs and influences. In China, democratic reforms have also evolved to create a unique political model that is distinct from the Socialist model of the Soviet Union yet also different from the Western liberal democratic model.

China was first introduced to democracy in the late 19th and early 20th century; however, debate over its application and definition has remained a source of ideological conflict since then. In the late 1980s, China introduced elections at the village level to combat corruption and maintain social order. The nominated candidates belong to the same party but are elected to serve on a 3-year term. Local democratic elections have remained in place since a few decades, while at the top level, a single party ‘political meritocracy’ is in place. Officials at the higher levels are promoted and selected based on their virtue and ability. This system was inspired by the Sui dynasty in the 6th century who introduced an exam for the purpose. Today, public officials are also required to pass public-service exams and are expected to give a good performance at the lower level before climbing up the political chain of command. The constitution of China legally guarantees power for the communist party to have supreme political authority within the system.

In China, just like other countries, there are have been four main challenges or barriers to democratic developments: state-building, nation-building, distribution and participation CITATION Mag171 \l 1033 (Magstadt, 2017). To ensure nation-building, Chinese society and culture are protected from globalization while marketing certain aspects of Chinese civilization to the global world to attract business, capital, and tourism CITATION Sut12 \l 1033 (Sutherland, 2012). Although the government recognizes ethnic diversity, Chinese nation-building is in a decentralized form, which focusses on the Chinese homeland’s fortunes, and is aimed at creating loyalty and a sense of national belonging. Soft power is used to further project this communal identity to emphasize a positive image which represents ‘a peaceful political rise’ and reflects Confucius’ legacy. Official patriotism in constructing a national identity paints Japan as the ‘other’ imperialist side. Furthermore, political participation within China is achieved through the process of recruiting senior party members by means of the local vote. In the case of distribution, income inequality still exists in China; however, it is less than other parts of the world due to its socialist policies. It still is higher than the median because of regional resources and wealth inequalities, such as between low-income regions and cities like Shanghai.

Owing to China's unique needs and circumstances, the western liberal democratic model may not be a suitable choice for China. Current Chinese leaders instead stress more on economic growth and maintaining social order. However, the Taiwanese democratic model has certain unique elements which can help democratize China practically in ways that other models cannot. In Taiwan, political debates and criticism of leaders are common, along with freedom of association, speech, religion, and competition among political parties besides economic growth and prosperity. A majority of Taiwanese belong to the same ethnic majority group as the Chinese population and are similarly inspired by Confucian values; however, they do not see democratic liberties conflicting with their cultural identity. The model can allow China to maintain its stability and growth while becoming more politically pluralistic. In the 1990s when Taiwan transitioned to democracy, there were fears of polarization and political stability, yet with time, the political climate stabilized and replaced the one-party system with a diverse multi-party political system which contest public elections CITATION Daf06 \l 1033 (Fell, 2006). The democratic ideology of Taiwan, thus, is more suited to China as it stems from the same origin. It will not only help China democratize further, but ensure that economic growth continues unabated.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Fell, D. (2006). Party Politics in Taiwan Party change and the democratic evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004. (M. Leifer, Ed.) New York, NY: Routledge.

Magstadt, T. M. (2017). Understanding politics: ideas, institutions, and issues (12th ed.). Australia: Cengage Learning.

Sutherland, C. (2012). Introduction: Nation-building in China and Vietnam. East Asia, 29(1), 1-13.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Week 3 Discussion: Stability And Governing

Week 3 Discussion: Stability and Governing

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 3 Discussion: Stability and Governing

The federal government of the United States is divided into three branches under its constitution. The constitution of the USA makes sure that there is a proper and robust system of checks and balances among all three branches of the Government. Including this the two-party system which is persistent in the country aids in the stability of the Government. A profound analysis of the functioning of the government makes it apparent that the government of the USA is a stable government for centuries. Thus this paper aims to highlight the reason which proves the stability of the US government.

In the United States, presidential elections are held at regular intervals on the same date ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EOhj8q07","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Magstadt, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Magstadt, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":50,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/7ZWWFZ7B"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Tqq4tlqy/items/7ZWWFZ7B"],"itemData":{"id":50,"type":"book","title":"Understanding politics: Ideas, institutions, and issues","publisher":"Cengage Learning","ISBN":"1-337-02605-0","author":[{"family":"Magstadt","given":"Thomas M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Magstadt, 2016) This is the fact which makes it evident that it has a stable government because the United States has never witnessed a political upheaval which resulted in the overthrow of the previous government. Likewise, the proper system of checks and balances which allows the independence of the judiciary, legislature and executive helps in maintaining accountability. One of the compelling examples of this is the Watergate Scandal in which President Richard Nixon was exposed and charged for his illegal activities. During this scandal, Nixon resigned from the office to save himself from the impeachment. It will not be wrong to believe that if he had had a chance to be protected from impeachment, there would have been a political riot by the Democrats.

Another factor which helps in elucidating the point that the United States of America is a politically stable nation is the presence of strong public support to the government during the war (Thrasher & Vallier, 2015). During the first world war when President Woodrow Wilson showed the intention of the government to indulge in war, the public supported the government greatly and there was no political chaos.

Thus the history of the USA makes it evident that it is a politically stable country because the system of checks and balances is running smoothly which allows excellent accountability.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Magstadt, T. M. (2016). Understanding politics: Ideas, institutions, and issues. Cengage Learning.

Thrasher, J., & Vallier, K. (2015). The fragility of consensus: Public reason, diversity and stability. European Journal of Philosophy, 23(4), 933–954.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 4 Discussion 2: US Supreme Court

US SUPREME COURT

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

US SUPREME COURT

Gay rights movements is a part of the social revolution which dates back to the turbulence of the 1960s, but it is also a fact that this particular issue is a latecomer in the party. Some people are a staunch believer of the fact that racial and gender equality are some of the fully realised goals in the US, but still, the court ordered or legislated social modifications have led to some significant changes. Until recently most of the homosexuals remained in the closet. Gay males and females of ages and races are equal in the sense that they are discriminated and not accepted not only within their families but also outside of their families. But recently these attitudes started to change. In 2011the lame duck Congress repealed the don't ask don't tell rule, which is a policy restricting the military from inquiring about the sexual preference of applicants. In 2013 in the United States Vs Windsor, the Supreme Court overturned the Defense of Marriage Act 1996 on the grounds that it went against the fifth amendment due to process clause. Justice Kennedy wrote: the federal statute is invalid for no legitimate purpose outcomes the effect to injure those whom the state by its marriage laws sought to protect in personhood and dignity" (Magsdadt, 2013, p, 420).

By 2015 same-sex marriage was legalised in about thirty-six states of US. As a result, most of the Americans are in favour of same-sex marriage law than opposing it (Sherkat et al., 2011). It was argued that as the choice of living is the personal choice of an individual and it should not be intervened by anyone likewise the choice of marriage is also the decision of the person, and no one, not even the State should intervene in this matter so as a result, it is now legal in the US to marry same sex.

References

Magsdadt, T.M. (2013). Understanding Politics: Ideas, and Issues (pp, 418-420).

Sherkat, D. E., Powell-Williams, M., Maddox, G., & De Vries, K. M. (2011). Religion, politics, and support for same-sex marriage in the United States, 1988–2008. Social Science Research, 40(1), 167-180.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 5 Assignment: Essay - Ideal Citizen In A Totalitarian Government



Ideal Citizen in a Totalitarian Government

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Ideal Citizen in a Totalitarian Government

Introduction

Totalitarianism refers to the form of government which constrains the freedom of its subjects. The term was coined by Benito Mussolini who called it 'totalitarian' and meaning all within the state. None outside or against it. Post World war II the word totalitarian became,e synonymous with the absolute use of power through oppression. Totalitarian regimes are authoritative in their nature and are run according to the will of the sovereign governing it. Such regimes take their roots from a propagating a dominant ideology in the people. Totalitarian regimes operate on single-party political system. Adolf Hitler’s Germany before World War II was one such popular form of government in the recent past. In Nazi Germany, the citizens had depreciating liberty of thought and choices in action. The rights and freedoms of citizens were not recognized, demanding total loyalty and by enforcing terror and violence amongst them. The German citizens were secluded and atomized from the rest of the world. Although all these factors diminished their standards of living and attitudes however they still took pride in being the Aryan race executing the Jews believing in serving a cause in this mass movement. Being a good citizen meant obeying the totalitarian regime without questioning it.

Discussion

Controlling citizens in a country

Totalitarian virtually dictates all aspects of the citizen's life from their society to their professional and personal lives. Violence is said to at core of a totalitarian regime CITATION Mag16 \l 1033 (Magstadt, Understanding Politics: IOdeas, Institution and issues, 2016). Violence is used in the form of discrimination, execution, categorization, and genocide to inflict terror amongst the citizens. This induces fear of deviation amongst the citizens and therefore they comply and donot deviate from the rules and regulations. The Nazis created the rule of brutality and intimidation, that the Germans feared to disobey them. They had concentration camps where the undesirables i.e. jews were terrorized and tortured. The surveillance to keep strict on citizens was made by the ‘Gestapo’ which was a secret Nazi Police. In addition to this inclusion of propaganda to address the population to gain desired impressions for them through mass media is also used to control the citizens in the totalitarian regime. Hitler stated that propaganda should address the masses exclusively CITATION Tho16 \l 1033 (Magstadt, Understanding the Ideas; the Politics, Ideas, and Institutions, 2016). The ideology propagating the Nazi Germans was their superior race and all viewpoints criticizing them or against them were eliminated from the media. A large part of controlling citizens opinions and thought process was barred by censorship of media CITATION JHe84 \l 1033 (Herf, 1984). Scapegoating is also used to divert public attention to an absolute evil which shall take the burden of all national misconducts. Nazis used Jews as their scapegoat, by referring to them as lice and insects in the society CITATION Tho161 \l 1033 (Magstadt, Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 2016).

Stopping a totalitarian Regime

The totalitarian regimes can be stopped through a number of ways, the most effective are political socialization, civil disobedience, resistance to propaganda and voter apathy.

Political socialization refers the ideals of a political culture where the fundamental values of people are upheld and incorporated by the governing sovereigns, they are most popularly seen in the democratic governmental systems CITATION Tho162 \l 1033 (Magstadt, Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 2016). The elected bodies with a democratic system such as the United States of America believe upholding the believes which serve the public better CITATION Mar15 \l 1033 (Iovan, 2015). Civil disobedience takes its roots from political activism which is aimed at raising consciousness amongst the citizens regarding the brutality and oppression of the state. The civil disobedience to gain civil rights by Nelson Mandela. The totalitarianism can be rejected by masses by resisting propagative ideas from taking over their actions and thoughts, such resistance can be as shown by registering of protests and strikes. The ignorance and voters apathy can also encourage totalitarian regimes, the active involvement in voting procedures bring the best outcomes and may crack the totalitarian confidence from public favor.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Herf, J. (1984). The Engineer as Ideologue: Reactionary Modernists in Weimar and Nazi Germany -. Journal of Contemporary History.

Iovan, M. (2015). Political Culture; Political Socialization And Acculturation. Journal for Legal studies.

Magstadt, T. (2016). Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. In Chapter#6 (p. 135). Wadsworth Publishing; 12th edition.

Magstadt, T. (2016). Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. In Chapter#10 (p. 290). Wadsworth Publishing; 12th edition.

Magstadt, T. (2016). Understanding Politics: IOdeas, Institution, and issues. In Chapter#6 (p. 133). Wadsworth Publishing; 12th edition.

Magstadt, T. (2016). Understanding the Ideas; the Politics, Ideas, and Institutions. In W. Publishing, & 1. e. edition, Chapter#6 (p. 139). Wadsworth Publishing; 12th edition.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Week 5 Discussion: Learning Politics

Week 5 Discussion: Learning Politics

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Week 5 Discussion: Learning Politics

Political socialization is a way to learn about the politics of the country. It is a poltical learng through which citizens develop attitudes, standards, opinions, approaches and manners that are essential for becoming a good citizen. In this regard family has to play a greater role in developing political awareness among their children. Likewise, the political regimes view family in various ways, their support and development of family also varied (Magstadt, 2017, p.299).

Q1. Ans.

My family also has a stronger influence on my political learning at very young age. I remember the time, when Barack Obama was the president of the United States. My parents told me that he was the first African American President of the United States. Although, it is hard to remember about the elections, my mom told me that she voted for the right person. Upon asking, both of my parents informed me about voting and elections. They said that it is the responsibility of every citizen to participate in elections through votes. Both of my parents were supporters of Democratic party.

Q2. Ans:

It was my family that influenced me to develop interests in politics and they convince me that Democratic party is the right party that can run the government of the United States. I belonged to a middle class family that was more interested in political affairs of the United States. As per the textbook, middle and upper-class kids have more interests in politics in comparision to lower class families (Magstadt, 2017, p.300). My mother told me that everyone has a chance to become the president if he or she works hard.

Q3. Ans. When I was 10 years old I was aware of the difference between country and state. I had memorized all the states of the country. I used to sit with my parents to watch the news in television. I remember the glimpses of war in Afghanistan. Moreover, I used to talk with my family over political discussion and I would carefully listen to their political debates. Children are politically socialized through family, media, school and friends (Greenberg, 2017). However, with the age I learned more about politics.

References

Greenberg, E. (Ed.). (2017). Political socialization. Routledge.

Magstadt, T. M. (2017). Understanding politics: Ideas, institutions, and issues. Cengage Learning.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 6 Discussion 2: Political Theory And The Budget

Discussion

The U.S budget is divided into two main ideas such as Liberals and Conservatives. Magstadt argues that America conservatives strong the national defense budget. This vision tends to reconcile not only the conservative tradition and some liberal-democratic ideals, but also to take advantage of the neo-labor experience and take into account the changes brought about by the end of the American hyper-power and economic globalization (Magstadt, 2017).

Liberals are in favor of the political philosophy of liberalism, which advocates individual freedom before all things, while conservatives follow a current of thought called conservatism, which defends mainly the maintenance of traditions in society. These two ideologies have different purposes, can be opposed in some aspects but also agree in others. The main difference between liberals and conservatives is that liberals seek changes that favor individual freedom for a society to progress. Conservatives prefer to maintain norms and traditions to defend collective values.

Based on these textbook definition, it is found that the fundamentalists will face rule restrictions on personal liberties endangered in the Bill of Rights, for example the exact to tolerate weaponries. Also, traditionalists try to favor management interference to encourage outdated ethics. Conservatives are protectionist and defend nationalism, in accordance with their ideas of maintaining national values ​​and identity. While the liberals reject any kind of trade restrictions and advocate internationalism (Conservatives vs. Liberals). However, over the years, some conservatives have adopted ideas of liberalism, especially in the economic sphere. Both liberals and conservatives defend the capitalist socioeconomic system and together oppose other ideologies such as socialism and communism.

An example of the common ideas defended by conservative liberalism, which is how the fusion of the two currents is known, is the defense of private property over public property.

Consequently, the union of these two ideologies in the political sphere is very common today, just as the union between many other political philosophies can be seen. They play an important role in US budget.

References

Conservatives vs. Liberals: The Economic Debate. (2017, April 13). Retrieved April 8, 2019, from https://blogs.stthom.edu/cameron/conservatives-vs-liberals-the-economic-debate/

Magstadt, Thomas M. (2017), Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 12th ed., Boston, MA, Cengage Learning

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 7 Assignment: Essay - Creating Your Ideal State Submit Assignment

My Ideal State

[Name]

[Institute]

[Date]

My Ideal State

Introduction

My country has been fighting with the curse of dictatorship from years and recently my government has succeeded the dictatorship. It is a developing country and its mood of production is agriculture. Its economy is solely dependent on agricultural products. Neighboring countries have also been ruled by dictators. The main had a tremendous human right violation during the regimes of the dictators. My government needs to think that what notion of democracy should be followed to make the country stable and prosperous all over again.

The country has been in the drift of civil war for so long that the people are used to self-sacrifices and the war-related destructions. The country was a target of state terrorism and what happens when the government of a state applies terrorist tactics on its people. But now as the dictatorship is over, the country has got a threat from an international terrorist who happen to be the supporting hands of the previous government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CYOjVsUI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Thomas M. Magstadt, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Thomas M. Magstadt, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":243,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/F4UUYUPF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/F4UUYUPF"],"itemData":{"id":243,"type":"book","title":"Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues","edition":"12th Edition","author":[{"literal":"Thomas M. Magstadt"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ( Magstadt, n.d.).

Domestic Concerns

The country’s political, economic and social structure is distorted by dictatorship and by long-lasting wars. The first thing that this country needs is a proper government system that will have long term economic planning for the country. The country also needs to have a sovereign foreign policy and it needs political, social and economic reforms in generally. This country needs a transformation by introducing an ideology, which will keep the natives unite, good party system, national and international policies along with economic, social and political reforms, a media and controlled army (Magstadt, n.d.).

Governing Style

The country will enjoy Liberal democracy and a presidential form of government. It is a representative form of government where the representatives are subject to the rule of law. It is emphasized with a constitution that will protect the right of the citizens and ensures their freedom. The constitution will put limits to the representative.it will sure the freedom of property, religion, speech, equality before the law. The system will accept different political views and freedom of media.

The elections in such a system be fair and free. Everyone of a specific age limit will have the right to conduct a vote. The government will try to follow the principles of capitalism for economic development ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7ExSPSc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnson Jr, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Johnson Jr, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/WS895YGV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/WS895YGV"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of the judiciary with respect to the other branches of government","container-title":"Ga. L. Rev.","page":"455","volume":"11","author":[{"family":"Johnson Jr","given":"Frank M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnson Jr, 1976). There will be a clear separation of powers, the judiciary will be an independent and transparent system in the government bodies will prevail.

Branches of government and their function:

The branches of government will act on the concept of separation of power but will work in coordination.

Legislative branch:

This branch of the government has the primary responsibility to makes laws for the government. It is further divided into two branches the upper house and the lower house. Member of the lower house are selected by the local people and the will represent them. Each division within the country will get representation based on the population and area of that division. The member of the assemblies will change every five years. A bill of law will be accepted based on the 2/3rd majority of the house.

Judicial branch:

The judicial branch has the responsibility to interpret and apply laws within the state. Supreme Court is the biggest court in the country and it has the ultimate power.

Executive branch:

It is that branch of government which enforces laws and President is the head and most powers are carried by the president. Apart from the president, the commander in chief of the armed force, the cabinet, vice president, bureaucratic bodies and defense department are also the part of Executive branch of the government. President id the head of both the Executive branch and that of the army as well. This branch is also responsible for forming foreign policy and other diplomatic ties ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rpgC5zlU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Johnson Jr, 1976)","plainCitation":"(Johnson Jr, 1976)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/WS895YGV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/WS895YGV"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of the judiciary with respect to the other branches of government","container-title":"Ga. L. Rev.","page":"455","volume":"11","author":[{"family":"Johnson Jr","given":"Frank M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Johnson Jr, 1976).

All the branches equally support the governing style of liberal democracy, because all of them run on the principle of rule of law. The legislative branch takes care of the right and duties of a citizen and makes sure it will give them a constitution that has freedom of speech, moment, religion and decision making. Judiciary and Executive branch make sure that rule of law prevails in the country and that is the core concept of liberal democracy.

Public Good Domestic Programs

The public good is those goods that are enjoyed by each and everyone in the country. Government is the institute which will provide public good to its nation. Our government is bringing a domestic program that will Fix dust bin on roadsides and on the commercial side. The municipal department will handle this program. Another program is also going to design that ensures that each and every citizen will have fresh drinking water so we are going to fix water coolers on random areas within the country.

Economic Structure

The country will follow the economic structure of Capitalism because our state will not control the trade and the industries and the people will be independent enough to choose their means of production. Private sector independence will add up to the economy of the country in a way that they will work for profit maximization and that money will circulate in the economy, benefiting everyone. It suits liberal democracy because capitalism makes the private sector more independent and free.

Ways to Maintain National Unity

The new government is going to give the ideology of “fight for peace and fight against poverty”. Peace will be promoted through social and print media and awareness session in the educational institute. As the country is a survivor of major wars so this concept of bringing peace back will unite people.

Foreign Concerns

The country will be a member of the United Nations and International monetary fund, IMF for its economic and security concerns.

United Nation is an organization that is responsible for marinating peace and security. It ensures international cooperation and maintains friendly relation among states. While the IMF works for monetary cooperation globally. It takes care of international trade and reduces poverty ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nflyM4dy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dreher, Sturm, & Vreeland, 2006)","plainCitation":"(Dreher, Sturm, & Vreeland, 2006)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/7YE7YPFX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LY9XXHSK/items/7YE7YPFX"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"report","title":"Does membership on the UN Security Council influence IMF decisions?","publisher":"KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich","author":[{"family":"Dreher","given":"Axel"},{"family":"Sturm","given":"Jan-Egbert"},{"family":"Vreeland","given":"James Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dreher, Sturm, & Vreeland, 2006).

The steps of joining United Nations are that the country will submit an application to the General assembly of the United Nation saying that the charter of UN is acceptable, then the application is checked by the Security Council and if they consider the country as peace lover then they will accept the application. To be the part of IMF firstly the country should agree with the code of conduct that is present in the Article of Agreement. Then the part7 has to pay for a subscription of quota to become a member of IMF.

The rationales of joining these institute are they are the biggest bodies currently working for maintaining peace and irradiating poverty from the world. Our country needs support in both cases so it will be helpful to join such organizations.

However, the neighboring country’s terrorist threats could be tackle by allying with a powerful country and working on our nuclear program that is just to create a deterrent. The powerful ally will help to tackle proxies and will provide financial helps and combat support in case of any tension.

Conclusion

The governing style in our country will support liberal democracy because we want the law to prevail and the rights of our city will not be compromised. They will be given freedom of living and they will run the economic market themselves, it is, therefore, we have agreed for a capitalist economic structure. The government bodies will serve our people and will help them to achieve prosperity.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dreher, A., Sturm, J.-E., & Vreeland, J. R. (2006). Does membership on the UN Security Council influence IMF decisions? KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich.

Johnson Jr, F. M. (1976). The role of the judiciary with respect to the other branches of government. Ga. L. Rev., 11, 455.

Thomas M. Magstadt. (n.d.). Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues (12th Edition).

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Week 7 Discussion: Our Global Neighborhood

United Nations

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

United Nations

The horrors of World War 2 made the world leaders realize that they need to form an improved version of League of Nations: United Nations. The primary mission of the organization is to prevent another global war along with ensuring that socio-economic conditions of the world populace improves. The Security Council is the UN’s enforcement arm that is empowered by Article 39 to ascertain the course of action to be taken against an aggressor state. The principle of checking an aggressor state’s actions has been applied multiple times such as in the Korean peninsula in 1950 and against Iraq in 1990-1991.

The UN is a the most successful international organization to date as it has prevented another global catastrophe and helped millions of people in the domains of health, education and social conditions through its programmes such as UNDP and UNICEF. It has almost wiped out some diseases and viruses such as the poliovirus, which is only found in three countries now. On the other hand, it continues to be the most undemocratic organization with the five permanent members of the Security Council who hold veto powers. This undemocratic nature of Security Council has marred most efforts to establish a truly democratic order at the international level.

The issue of state sovereignty is dealt with very seriously at the UN but the ability to exercise sovereignty is disproportionately different for member countries. United States of America openly defied all UN laws when it waged war against Iraq in 2003 but the member countries could not stand against the military might of USA to protect the sovereignty of Iraq. Moreover, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine adopted in 2005 sets a precedent to collectively oppose a nation if its government is guilty of crimes against humanity. Such laws are necessary to protect human life and dignity but they affect the sovereignty of individual states.

References

Fowler, M. R., & Bunck, J. M. (2010). Law, power, and the sovereign state: the evolution and application of the concept of sovereignty. Penn State Press.

Magstadt, T. M. (2016). Understanding politics: Ideas, institutions, and issues. Cengage Learning. pp. 558-562

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Week 8 Discussion: Political Compass Results

Political Compass Results

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I think my results are accurate and according to my expectation. My results are economic Left/Right is -3.0 and Social Libertarian/Authoritarian is -2.51. According to my results, I belong to communist group. According to the Magstadt, “Authoritarians rulers generally do not respect individual rights when these rights interfere with the power or policy goals of the states” (Magstadt, 2017, p 105).

I found the political compass test very accurate and true. It helps me to recognized my political affliction. The left side shows that the free marketplace and in support of fiscal rule and also the person belongs to this side is against the abortion, divorce or you can say the social issues. According to the results, the essence of authoritarian behavior is in the structure of character rooted in the core of the personality and is determinant of their mentality and behavior. We can find authoritarian personalities among revolutionaries or progressives as well as among conservatives. That is to say: the danger of authoritarianism and abuse of power, with different degrees and nuances, permanently lurks in any political system (Gandhi, & Przeworski, 2007).

Thus, my authoritarian character is at the service of the profound needs of these people and they fulfill an essential function for the maintenance of their psychic integration and their personal identity. A culture that surges the control of the state and reduces that of the specific is left-wing, henceforth why ideas such as collectivism is indorsed inside left-wing government. Liberalism trusts in equal rights for the people in the government.

This test helps me to understand the idea of politics in the government. Each right and left indicates something which is important for politics. The historical examples are a sample of the obstinacy of these personalities. The characters of this nature end up without letting go of their prejudiced spirit.

References

Gandhi, J., & Przeworski, A. (2007). Authoritarian institutions and the survival of autocrats. Comparative political studies, 40(11), 1279-1301.

Magstadt, T. M. (2016). Understanding Politics: Ideas, institutions, and issues. Cengage Learning

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

What Are The Major Economic And Political Causes Of Increased Income Inequality In Australia Since The Early 1980s?

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Major economic and political causes of increased income inequality in Australia since early 1980s

Name of the writer

Name of the institution

Introduction

It has been witnessed that the issue of income inequality is taking worst form in Australia since 1980 and a drastic increase in income inequality has been observed. One of the toughest things at present is maintaining equality and most of the countries fail in achieving that. Income inequality could be found in many countries but in Australia, income inequality has reached at its peak. Income inequality refers towards the degree to which wealth is unevenly distributed and shares being received by different groups in varying amounts (Ablett et al, 2019). Since 1980, Australian population has been facing various economic instabilities that led to increased income inequality, that has stretched more gap between haves and have nots, in order to identify haves and have nots, it is necessary to find and analyse circumstances that create as well as manipulate the gap. Economic conditions and wellbeing of every country are determined by the command of its individuals over the economic resources present. According to many experts, political and economic causes are the driving forces that are working behind this increased income inequality for the last few decades.

Discussion

Statistics and pieces of evidence show that income inequality has become an important feature of the Australian economic landscape. People in Australia are being excluded in various ways such as the right to have a house, health facilities and education. Increased income inequality in Australia is taking people away from the necessities of life. To cease this increasing income inequality, there is a need to investigate the cause and then find the solution accordingly for fighting against these causes (Li et al, 2019). According to the experts, income inequality in Australia has shone a light on the income inequality and gap that exists between two classes increased.

Economic causes have greatly influenced and increased income inequality and this difference of income arose significantly during the period of early recovery from a recession. One of the central economic causes that has increased the income difference is unequal distribution of wealth by the state as government policies are favouring the elite class only. Rich list complied from the Business Review Weekly since 1980s updates Australian Financial Review annually. Importance of inherited wealth was compared with entrepreneurship among the super-rich Australians. Some negative impacts of economic inequality are symbols of other underlying trends. One of the basic economic factors that has increased the difference between the upper and lower class since 1980, is the unequal distribution of wealth that is widening the gap between poor and rich (Saunders et al, 2018). One of the most obvious economic cause/factor of income inequality is increased wage disparities (Pham et al, 2019). Though the rate of increase in income inequality varied with time, but enhanced wage disparities are there for years without any break. Wage disparity is likely to be explained with the help of other economic changes by Australias wage-fixing institutions who claim that it is one of the economic cause of increased income inequality. Other factors are also responsible for it. It has been observed that same jobs are offered with different wages depending upon the gender. Men earn more than woman, as according to the National Gender Pay Gap in Australia, on average, men earn 241.50 more than women per week. National gender pay gap stands at 14 per cent, as per the latest data of the Workplace Gender Equality Agency and this form of wage disparity is increasing the income inequality in Australia.

Another major economic cause/factor of income inequality is unemployment as it has been seen that Australian income inequality is being influenced by mounting unemployment rate. Difficulty in finding a job is far more important economic issue for those who are unemployed. It is a fact that earning is the largest source of household income. People living in same country are having huge income gap that is partly a function of disparities in wage rates. Per hour income is also strengthening the income inequality. Wage disparity is continuously increasing for the last thirty years and there is no possibility or ray of hope that this trend will halt or reverse.

Underemployment must be blamed for this drastic income inequality too and in 2018, Australias underemployment rate remained at 8.3 that has been the highest number in Australian history after 8.8 recorded in 2017. Underemployment is important economic cause that must be considered when one needs to understand increased income inequality. According to some experts, it is the latest work epidemic as underemployment force people to work on any wage that they are being offered. Underemployment has a relation with wage disparity as people are hired just for hours rather than full-time jobs so they accept any wage that they are given (Nelson et al. 2019). Another major economic factor that must be focused for understanding the income inequality is that inflation rate mostly weakens the poor communities and they are forced to spend all that they have rather saving anytime for their future.

There have been witnessed two types of causes, economic and political that have increased income equality. It wont be wrong to say that income inequality increases depending on the areas, employers and the circumstances but on the other hand, political causes are also responsible for income inequality and cast more drastic impacts on people without any difference (Ploszaj et al, 2019). Political policies are being implemented all over the country and cast similar impacts. It is important to note that at the national level, in the 1980s and early 1990s, effectiveness of government redistribution policy increased and put all efforts for moderating the rise of market income inequality.

Political decisions and changes directly influence income inequality and especially government policies of redistribution to define whether the economic gap between people would increase or decrease. Taking a look at the political steps regarding economic conditions, it could be said that government policies that deal with income inequality become less effective since the mid of the 1990s to date. It has been seen that period before 1980s was a phase when Australia was strong economically maybe it was because of the strong employment and economic growth. Government policies were also in favour of the general public and were focused on equal distribution of opportunities through which people would earn their income. Tax implementation policies are also affecting and increasing the income inequality (Makin et al, 2019). Government policy decisions regarding tax are favouring elite class at present. Tax policies are directly in the interest of high-income group, so such tax policies could be looked upon as the political driving factors that are pulling rich at the highest end and poor towards the lowest end.

It is an alarming situation that Australia has been declared one of the countries in which income inequality is growing rapidly. Australian earning is received by the rich five times more than the people of the bottom line and many political factors are responsible for creating this unequal distribution of income among people. political decisions effect distorts the equal income opportunities and one of the main political factors for increased income inequality is the inconsistent tax treatment of savings that distorts the fairness of the tax system. Australia made its way in the list of countries with higher growth income inequality since last 30 years.

Ineffectiveness of the policies are the main political factors that promote income inequality and it has been seen that employee compensation suggests that labour market critically debates on inequality and income gap as workplaces are main determiners whether government policies are fair to the society or not (Lopez et al, 2019). According to the OECD Economic Survey of Australia, Australias income inequality has risen primarily due to higher earnings inequality. Government and political parties are not paying attention to part-time and other precarious forms of work that are making people jobless and they are left with no option for earning their household income.

Social security, tax system and public policies particularly in the areas of education and health play a critical role in determining whether the wage gap is reasonable or not between the top and bottom spectrum (Tapper et al, 2019). Political parties fail to pay attention towards the growing issue of wage inequality and they failed to understand if they would not be having a robust wage floor and wage-fixing mechanism, all the burden would be on welfare and tax system and it would become difficult to deliver fairly in the society that would increase income inequality ultimately.

Political parties and government policies are favouring the industrialization that is also drawing a line between the rich and the poor. The heads of the society (rich) are investing and building businesses where all the work is done by the lower class. Workforce labour is earning more and getting less as it could be seen that labours put all their efforts but at the end, all the profits are going to the rich and poor are still living in the same circumstance. Failure of policies in managing the income inequality led to slower average economic growth rates by promoting and encouraging investments in financial assets rather supporting the real economy. The political rivalry could be also looked upon as one of the main causes that have become a hindrance in the way of mitigating the increased income inequality (Kelman et al, 2019). It has been seen that the political stance and opinions of different political parties fail to provide a fair system of income. Greater concentration of income in the hands of elites is supported by political and economic capture. Political parties and their agendas failed to focus on relative well-being of those who are in the lowest 40 income group and facing issues regarding poor health and poverty. Political powers are being conferred by the rising wealth and it allowed the elites and the economic winners to get more advantage of the government policies.

Since 1980s several nations, including Australia are facing increased inequality of income and there have been witnessed various factors behind this increased income inequality. Growth of the technical field is one of the main factors that is affecting income of Australia as demand for highly skilled worker has raised. Fostering improvements in technology could be looked upon as an economic factor that affects the equality of the income. At the same time, every political party tries to bring changes in the technical field so that they could excel from other political parties and the rivalry of the political ideas increases income inequality (Callander et al, 2019). Increase in the quality education could be also looked upon as an economic factor that increase the income inequality. Quality education is partly provided (private schools) as because of bad economic conditions not all individuals could access the quality education so increasing quality education reduces the inequality for those who are less skilled. When people with no or low-level skills come to seek jobs they badly fail and it is the point income inequality start growing.

Unequal redistribution impacts Australian fiscal policy that greatly depends on targeting of the level of transfers. In the public sectors, political policies must be made by focusing on the increasing progressivity of its tax system. Political policies were effective in past because in past there was no need of such but hat present tax is the main thing that is dividing the social classes because the government is not paying attention towards the ways that could help in getting maximum tax from the top earners and that is the main point of increased income inequality. Thirty years before there was no need of proper taxation policies as there was no such income inequality as it is present at present, but the government policies and political authorities are not paying sufficient attention towards the taxation policy. Increased tax revenues by raising rates and by reducing the exception to income and production taxes government could bring things as they were before the 1980s. it has been a witness that the burden of tax on the Australia government is the lowest as compared to the other countries which have become an important political cause for increasing the income inequality in Australia. Government policies are ignoring the taxation policies and this lack of attention towards tax policies is encouraging elites to widen the income gap.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the above-mentioned discussion and present conditions in Australia regarding income inequality, it could be said that various factors are responsible for stretching the economic differences between social classes. It has been witnessed that elite class is getting no harm because of the government policies rather it is the poor class that is the most affected. Two of the main causes for the increasing income inequality are economic and political factors that are underlining the discriminatory line between the head and hands of society. Underemployment, unemployment and wage disparities are the main economic causes that are responsible for the growing income inequality in Australia. Changing patterns of tax implementing and encouraging industrialization and globalization are somehow affecting the income of labours. Political policies are mostly benefitting rich and the elite and poor are becoming poorer with time as social security system has failed badly for providing equal growth opportunities to all the Australians. So, as a whole it could be promulgated that there exist various economic and political factors that are widening the gap between two main social classes (rich and poor) of Australia. There are many steps that could be taken by the Australian government for making the deteriorating situation better. Political powers need to come on the same page for saving the Australian economy that has been parted between strong and weak population.

References

Ablett, P., Morley, C. and Newcomb, M., 2019. Social Work, Human Services and Basic Income. InImplementing a Basic Income in Australia(pp. 215-235). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Callander, E.J., Fox, H. and Lindsay, D., 2019. Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in Australia trends, inequalities and the impact on household living standards in a high-income country with a universal health care system.Health economics review,9(1), p.10.

Kelman, M., Ward, M.P., Barrs, V.R. and Norris, J.M., 2019. The geographic distribution and financial impact of canine parvovirus in Australia.Transboundary and emerging diseases,66(1), pp.299-311.

Li, J., La, H.A. and Sologon, D.M., 2019. Policy, demography and market income volatility What was shaping income distribution in Australia between 2002 and 2016.Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) Working Paper Series,2.

Lopez, A.D. and Adair, T., 2019. Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over Evidence from national vital statistics.International journal of epidemiology.

Makin, A.J., Pearce, J. and Ratnasiri, S., 2019. The optimal size of government in Australia.Economic Analysis and Policy,62, pp.27-36.

Nelson, T., McCracken-Hewson, E., Sundstrom, G. and Hawthorne, M., 2019. The drivers of energy-related financial hardship in Australiaunderstanding the role of income, consumption and housing.Energy policy,124, pp.262-271.

Pham, T.N. and Vo, D.H., 2019. THE IMPACT OF EARNINGS FROM THE ELDERLY WOMEN ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME INEQUALITY IN VIETNAM.International Journal of Business Society,20(2).

Ploszaj, A., Singh, T. and Su, J.J., 2019. Income Inequality and Foreign Direct Investment in Australia.World Economics,20(2), pp.115-148.

Saunders, P., Wong, M. and Bradbury, B., 2018. INEQUALITY IN AUSTRALIA NEW ESTIMATES AND RECENT TRENDS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR 2014 REPORT.

Sila, U. and Dugain, V., 2019. Income, wealth and earnings inequality in Australia.

Tapper, A. and Fenna, A., 2019. The Relationship between Income, Wealth and Age in Australia.Australian Economic Review.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

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Subject: Political Science

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

What Has Been/Is Israel's Relationship With Saudi Arabia

What Has Been/Is Israel's Relationship with Saudi Arabia

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Like all other Middle Eastern countries, the relations of Saudi Arabia and Israel have not been on good terms. The main reason for the deteriorated relations is the conflict of land which both the Palestinians and the Jews claim to be theirs. The Jews claim the location where Israel is located today is their ancestral land while the Palestinians claim the land to be their native territory. Thus, clash was between the Palestinians and the Israelis. The Sunni-Arab countries straightforwardly refused to accept Israel and its establishment. Owing to these conflicts Saudi Arabia and Israel got involved in fights and the relationship between both the countries got even worse. This relationship has been so, for many years, however, now the ice seems to break between both countries regarding some recent events. This might be an initial step towards peace between both countries.

The relations between both countries can be seen getting better in recent times. The tie between Israel and Saudi have dramatically improved in recent years and the reason behind this is that they both share the same security interest. Israel and Iran, both want to neutralize the expansionism of Iran and potential nuclearization. All the same, the informal relationship is in its initial stages and trained on contemporary geopolitical authenticities that may be short-lived. Dr. Ronen Zeidel who is a Middle East expert at the University of Haifa said there is a chance for the relations of Saudi Arabia and Israel to deteriorate if there appears a sudden improvement in the Saudi and Iranian relations. To counterbalance this prospect, the sprouting partnership has been nurtured and reinforced by the government of US, under the rule of President Donald Trump, which sights both nation-states as crucial to realizing US foreign strategy goal of ruling in the Iranian rule. Particularly, POTUS Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu openly supported bin Salman in the middle of a worldwide tumult over his purported engrossment in the October 2 assassination of reporter Jamal Khashoggi at a Saudi embassy in Turkey. Trump at the incident had to say that what happened at the Turkish consulate was horrendous and it must be dealt duly, however, the region and the world should keep in mind that the Kingdom of Arabia must remain stable. Nevertheless, the world, on the whole, does not share these sentiments.

This year the Iranian president Hassan Rohani beseeched Iranians to jinx the US, Israel, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is no astonishment coming from the Iranian government, but then it is as well the most recent comeback to the rapidly increasing, although unsanctioned, Israeli bonds with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

This appetite for the coalition of two of the closest allies of America is the commencement of a new and an awkward coalition against Iran. The new crown prince Mohammed bin Salman is trying to negotiate things between Saudi and Iran, and this all is backed by the Trump administration. Trump administration on behalf of US is fully backing rather pushing the relations towards the coalition between both countries. The enthusiasm for collaboration amongst 2 of the closest friends of US in the region of the Middle East have developed in modern times because their security concerns have come together. Both of the countries see Iran's budding impact in the constituency as existential intimidation and wish to crush radical groups such as ISIS and Iran's foremost proxy that she uses, Hezbollah. An American official who was a witness of a closed-door meeting of a Saudi and Israeli official, in recent times stated these casual get-togethers have been going on for as a minimum five years now.

Spokespersons say Israelis are vigilantly positive regarding the burgeoning alliance with the overhauled Saudi government, but critics recognize numerous risks. The crown prince Mohammed bin Salman although perceived by a lot of communities as a reformist, is too extensively regarded as inconsistent. For instance, the sudden resign of the Prime Minister of Lebanon Saad al-Hariri, when Saudi front-runners called him to Saudi has fundamentally left Lebanon, susceptible to entire Hezbollah dominance. Daniel Shapiro, the American diplomat to Israel, stated that even though Israelis are fortified by the gentleman's instantaneous movements, he still is inexpert, fresh and sort of impetuous, and when it comes to the case of Lebanon, it appears that he might set Israel up to do the filthy graft. The Israeli-Saudi coalition would definitely be immensely detested on the Arab streets as per Israel's activities in the West Row and Gaza. A coalition with Israel will absolutely offend the Saudis and their associates, Hassan Hassan, a writer, and the Middle East proficient stated that coalition of Saudi with Israel will certainly upset the emotions of allies as well as the kingdom itself. A fun fact is that all the allies of Saudi Arabia and the country itself want to stand up against the influence of Iran that too through the alliance of Israel, but the failure of all this is indicating a bad strategy.

During the late 1970s, the focus of the Arab government shifted from the conflict with Israel and turned towards the political steadiness, leaving the issue of Palestinian territory unresolved. At the same time, both the kingdoms of Saudi and Israel started comprehending the chances of alliance as their apprehensions congregated at the time of the Islamic revolution of Iran. The Jewish state and the Sunni kingdom both were not happy with the unfriendly new Shiite theocracy in the region. Even though Saudi Arabia's regime has subsequently come to see the Israelis as a possible ally in the expanse, it lingers to stop an overt ambassadorial clasp, choosing off-the-record meetings. The main reason behind not disclosing the relationship in open seems to be the unpopularity of Israel among the Arab countries. Three previous U.S. bureaucrats gave their statements to the NBC News that U.S. ambassadors involve with both parties with the notion that they both will communicate in a straight line. One of the officials said that Saudi and Israel had expressed essentially the identical ideas of concern even when talks were on the go on Obama government's nuclear contract with Iran.

Numerous Israeli spokespersons have been open and straightforward regarding their wish to accept Saudi Arabia as a friend and collaborator. Israel's intelligence and transport minister, Yisrael Katz, asked King Salman of Saudi Arabia to call Netanyahu to Riyadh for the establishment of complete ambassadorial affairs. When it is about the official and straight Saudi-Israel meetings, American spokespersons say that both sides would be motivated to go on devoid of American participation. The risks are far greater for Saudi than for Israel. The Saudis continue to be unwilling to openly recognize or embrace that relationships are, certainly, refining. It's improbable that some relationships will be official in the nonappearance of Palestinian statehood, a situation the Saudis have needed for ages. However, off the record, both parties have come to an agreement that the enemy of my enemy is my friend. Roby Barrett, a Gulf professional and writer with the Middle East Institute in Washington stated that both countries want the Iranian progress to end and to see Hezbollah shattered.

With the death of Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, the stance of the Saudis on the Palestinian issue has not been the same as before. This drastic change has been viewed as Mohammad bin Salman shared Mohammad bin Zayed's opinions that Israel would be a companion in policies to weaken Iran and putting an end to the Palestinian skirmish was obligatory for them to have a further open relationship with Israel. According to Entous' piece, Mohammad bin Salman told the US officials that Saudi and Israel have a common opponent. He also said that he was ready to have a complete official relationship with Israel and spoken disdain for the Palestinian Authority. An attempt for the peace initiatives was formed by the then president Barak Obama and the former king of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud during the year 2002. The proposal that they made towards Israel was that the Arab states are ready to recognize Israel as a country but the country would have to withdraw from all the territory that they occupied during the 1967 war. At what time when Obama asked the king whether he would be ready to see Netanyahu openly, the King stated this kind of incident would be difficult and that Saudis would be the last ones to reconcile with them.

The murder of Saudi journalist Khashoggi has put Saudi Arabia in a difficult position and the Saudi prince is under pressure to tell the world that they are willing to welcome the reforms, and the best step for this might be relations with Israel. The relations of Saudi and Israel are not as big of a progress as it apparently seems, as they have common grounds against their common enemy Iran. But then again stirring Israeli-Saudi relationships from underground to official would go far away in taking steadiness to this upset constituency. Official affairs with Israel would also strengthen the due position of Saudi Arabia as a vigorous U.S. ally. With this progress, Saudi will be able to make their relations with Israel open, with Egypt and Jordan being the other two. This is noteworthy for the reason that Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan are not just Arab countries, every state too is an Arab power with the three best-armed forces in the region of the Middle East.

In February this year, the former Saudi chief of intelligence Turki Al-Faisal exposed that underground affairs amongst Israel and numerous Gulf States which dates back to 25 years.

Iran is involved in a violent rivalry with Saudi Arabia for power in the Persian Bay and the broader Middle East. In addition, Riyadh appears to be lagging behind in this struggle as proceedings in Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq, along with Qatar’s disobedience of Saudi pressures and the sluggish but certain extrication of the GCC, validates. The causes for Israel’s proposals headed for Saudi Arabia are more multifaceted. A mutual facade against Iran is one of the aspects that determine Israeli strategy. Iran defies Israel’s atomic domination in the constituency and uses its power in the Levant to obstruct Israeli supremacy of the expanse and is, for that reason, reflected as a menace by Israel’s politicians. In the same way is significant, the belief of the Israeli government that better dealings with Riyadh will also help other chief objectives.

The first and the foremost benefit that Israel can get from being in better relations with Saudi Arabia is that they can use the influence of Saudi over all the other Arab and the Gulf States especially the oil-producing countries to have better terms with them and this will ultimately lead to a better economy in Israel. The visit of the Prime Minister of Israel to Oman and other states is a part of the same strategy but the better results they can only get in case Saudi Arabia can come on better terms with them. So, it can be said that Saudi Arabia plays an important role in the development of affairs of the Gulf States and Israel.

The second thing is, the Netanyahu government has assessed that enhanced relationships with the Saudi government, the guardian of Islam’s 2 most divine spaces and the domain’s chief oil producer, will help resolve the Israeli-Palestinian skirmish to Tel Aviv’s approval. It would help Israel in upholding the current situation or being more specific, command of all the region in the middle of the River Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea without having to give Palestinians any right of nationality and thus enforcing Jewish dogmatic power in the region. Additionally, with Riyadh’s assistance the present circumstances would be made tolerable for other Arab and Muslim majority nations too as quite a few of them, for instance, Egypt and Pakistan, are reliant on Saudi bounty.

The Saudi-Israeli reconciliation has been vigorously reinforced by the Trump government. America is likewise very concerned in a mutual front among Saudi Arabia and Israel counter to Iran, which is comprehended as America’s major opponent in the Middle Eastern region. The hostility of Riyadh and Tel Aviv to the nuclear deal of Iran became the basis for this kind of coalition. Donald Trump’s attainment to authority and his succeeding removal from the atomic contract have additionally encouraged Saudi Arabia and Israel in their conflict with Iran. Until the murder of the Saudi journalist Khashoggi, the things between Israel and Saudi were going smooth. Senior officials were meeting and seeing each other although these meetings were kept secret. Riyadh has been predominantly involved in paying for innovative investigation machinery from Israeli companies with the intention of supplementing its influence of Saudi civilization and of its neighbors. Nevertheless, the homicide of Jamal Khashoggi, which is generally rumored to have been committed on the instructions of the uppermost strata of the Saudi administration, has caused the hindrance in several things. Obviously, this is not the thing that would take relations between both countries back to where they were in the past. Reconciliation efforts can be traced back to the year 2002 when the first effort was made by the Saudi regime.

The reporting of Israel’s "up-and-coming" bond with Saudi Arabia, at the present a continuous stream, hasn't misplaced its control to astonishment. Most in recent times, it was recommended one important feature of the Arab embargo of Israel was theoretically on its way out, the time when news appeared that airlifts to and from Israel by Air India, and possibly El Al, might be permitted to move from the Saudi territory, in spite of a pro-forma denial from the Civil Aviation Authority of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Prior to that, there was the news regarding a claimed underground stopover by a Saudi prince to Israel; a communal convention at a synagogue in New York City among Prince Turki bin Faisal al Saud, previously the secret service director of Saudi Arabia, and Ephraim Halevy, the former director of the Mossad; a special interview of Israel’s COS Gadi Eisenkot to the confidentially possessed Saudi paper.

Undeniably it is evident that there is without a doubt warming of relationships among Israel and few of the Middle Eastern countries, as we can see the corporate ties; Saudi blog writers that express approbation for Israel, that was once a taboo. So far, a lot of the further widespread "bromance" gossips are hypothetical, and they definitely do not propose the idea that Israel and Saudi are about to establish the ambassadorial relationships. reason is sameas the previous issue that is the unresolved dispute between Israel and Palestine. Prince Turki made it clear to the Israelis and the world that the Palestine and Israel conflict has to be resolved before the start of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel. This stance has been again and again proposed by the foreign minister of Saudi Arabia’s Adel al-Jubeir, containing in an interview where he stated that any other condition than this was just nonsense.

In an article Prince published in both English and Arabic, Prince Turki harshly disparaged President Trump for one-sidedly and unjustly embracing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The Saudi Royal Court made out a declaration the moment the declaration was made reproving it in outright positions. Saudi Arabia supported for the resolves reproving that acknowledgment at the Arab League, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and even at the UN.

Frequently it is stated that Israel and Saudi Arabia have a shared concern in comprising Iran’s controlling motivations in the constituency, and that, in consort with an enthusiastic new prince, the terror of supremacy of Iran is powering Saudi and Israel connections. To be sure, Israel's COS has undertaken that Israel was all set to interchange experiences with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and further reasonable Arab states and interchange the data of intelligence agencies to antagonize Iran. However then again it would be valuable holding the disbelief with reference to some of these stories' expected deduction - an emerging Israeli-Saudi coalition - not slightest when numerous originate principally in Israel, Iran, and Qatar, by media corporations possessed by Qatar and Iran, or by manufacturers with bonds to the Muslim Association.

Without a doubt, the relations between Saudi and Israel are not the same as they were some years ago. The budding friendship of both countries is because of the fact that they both have the same enemy, Iran. The Islamic revolution of Iran caused a potential threat to both of the countries. Jewish state does not want to see the Shiite Islamic neighbor in the region as Iran tries to pose its influence upon the neighboring countries of Israel, i.e the Gulf States. This influence of Iran also is a great threat to the Sunni Islamic state of Saudi Arabia, as it threatens the position that Saudi holds in the region. This being the reason, the security interests of both countries seem to converge apparently. Considering mutual interests these two countries are trying to put back all the conflicts and to start a new alliance. However, things are not going to be that easy because the main conflict between both the countries i.e, the Palestine-Israel territory issue is still there, and this was the reason that Saudi for many years did not associate with Israel, also this is the reason that the relationships are kept secret yet. So apparently it seems that friendship is very odd and it does not seem to last long.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “‘An Open Secret’: Saudi Arabia and Israel Get Cozy.” NBC News. Accessed May 15, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/open-secret-saudi-arabia-israel-get-cozy-n821136.

“Behind the Extravagant Hype of an Israeli-Saudi ‘Courtship’, Israel Is Setting the Price for Riyadh to Go Nuclear - Opinion - Israel News | Haaretz.Com.” Accessed May 16, 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-the-radioactive-reason-israel-s-hyping-its-courtship-with-the-saudis-1.5810389.

“Ex-Saudi Intelligence Chief Reveals Secret Israel-Saudi Relations.” Middle East Monitor, February 11, 2019. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190211-ex-saudi-intelligence-chief-reveals-secret-israel-saudi-relations/.

“Israel and Saudi Arabia: A Complicated Affair.” Ynetnews, 23:24 , 12.15.18. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5425471,00.html.

“Israel and Saudi Arabia Working on New Middle East Plan with Trump’s Blessings: Report.” DailySabah. Accessed May 16, 2019. https://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2018/08/11/israel-and-saudi-arabia-working-on-new-middle-east-plan-with-trumps-blessings-report.

O’Neill, John. “Formal Relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia Are within Reach.” News-Herald. Accessed May 16, 2019. http://www.thenewsherald.com/opinion/formal-relations-between-israel-and-saudi-arabia-are-within-reach/article_9db99734-1901-11e9-a5b9-3f228480ba1c.html.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

White Paper Essay

White Paper Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

White Paper Essay

10 Proposed Amendments

Texas Legislature has proposed 10 amendments to constitutions. The 10 amendments focus on a wide range of issues. The amendments will be enacted once they get a green light from the Texan voters. Voters in Texas are given with the opportunity to either accept or reject the amendments that have been proposed. On November 5th, this year, Texans, using the power of the vote, can either accept or reject a proposed amendment.

Of the 10 proposed amendments, Proposition 7 (HJR 151) has been selected for this paper. In this paper, the rationale behind the 7th proposition will be explained. Moreover, the benefits of this proposition will be elaborated. Additionally, the drawbacks of 7th proposition will be highlighted. Lastly, Texan voters will be provided a recommendation that would help them take a principled stance on the issue.

Selected Amendment

Proposition 7 (HJR 151) states that “The constitutional amendment allowing increased distributions to the available school fund” (Explanatory Statements for the November 5, 2019Constitutional Amendment Election, 2019).

The rationale behind 7th proposition

Texas is an affluent state. However, lawmakers hailing from Texas have miserably failed to finance the public education system adequately. Students and communities have long suffered the academic and economic implications of the flaws that exist in the financing system of schools. The schools in Texas receive funds from state general revenue and revenue collected from the local property tax. Basically, the state general revenue is used to enhance the funding as a whole and address the subsequent inequitable system which crops up due to funding schools on the basis of domestic property tax. However, a sharp decrease has been witnessed over the years in the state revenue. A decade or so ago, the total contribution from the state towards education was about 48.5% (Constitutional Election - Republican Party of Texas, 2019). This contribution was reduced to 42.4% during the year 2017. During the financial year 2008, the State funded the education of about 4.7 million students by providing $17.1 billion (Constitutional Election - Republican Party of Texas, 2019). However, the number of students whose education was funded by the state surged up to 5.3 million in 2017 by contributing only $19.3 billion. Although there was an increase in the student population of 13.7%, the funding was reduced to 12.6% per pupil. Considering this abysmal figures, Texas state commission on school funding proposed a revisit on this formula arguing that a significant increase in school funding is the need of the hour.

Advantages of 7th Proposition

As every Texan is well aware of the fact; the School Land Board is tasked with managing the sales and lease of the land that has been allocated for the Permanent School Fund. The Board of Education then transfers the tax revenue to the Available School Fund. If Texans vote in favor of this proposition, it would see the amount of fund allocated for the education go from $300 million to $600. The biggest advantage of this proposition is that the funding available for public school system would see an unprecedented increase unlike before (Wheeler & Dallas-Fort Worth, 2019). The advocates for this proposition argue that a double increase in the funding for the public education system would bring a significant change in the education system. Furthermore, an advantage of this proposition is that after its passage, the dependence on the domestic property tax should decline (Wheeler & Dallas-Fort Worth, 2019). As a result, the property and real estate market should thrive.

Disadvantages of 7th Proposition

The School Fund is managed together by the School Land Board and the Board of Education. In case when the Land Board deposits a large amount in the Available School Fund instead of depositing it in Permanent School Fund, it would alter the number of funds which Board of Education is bound to earmark from the Permanent School Fund (Mudrazija & Blagg, 2019). This is a significant disadvantage. Furthermore, another major drawback is that the Board of Education is under obligation by the constitution that it would allocate a specific percentage based on annual funding to the Available School Fund. In case the Board of Education found itself with little funds left behind in the Permanent School Fund, the collective funding of all the schools would dip significantly (Mudrazija & Blagg, 2019). Moreover, it has been witnessed in the past years that the School Land Board has done objectionable investments at the cost of the funding for public education. With the passage of the 7th proposition, an opportunity is presented to make even bigger contributions. This opportunity has a risk that it would result in the School Land Board making debatable investments at the expense of public education funding.

How Texans should vote

Although 7th proposition accompanies some challenges that might impede the smooth functioning of the state of Texas, the challenges are of administrative nature. Moreover, a common Texan must not get bothered over these drawbacks of the 7th proposition. The challenges are for the government to handle alone. In general, the population of Texas must vote in favor of the 7th proposition. Increase in funding in the public education fund is associated with improved educational outcomes. Increase in funding in the ratio of funding per pupil would decrease the education attainment gap is found between kids hailing from low-income and children belonging to affluent families. Moreover, an increase in public education funding would result in children getting the educational resources and infrastructure that is up to date. Certainly, money is not the answer to all ills education system is facing, the adequate and thoughtful distribution would ensure the educational outcomes are improved and society benefits from them collectively. Therefore, it is suggested that Texans should vote in favor of the 7th proposition.

References

Constitutional Election - Republican Party of Texas. (2019). Republican Party of Texas. Retrieved 27 September 2019, from https://www.texasgop.org/2019-constitutional-election/

Explanatory Statements for the November 5, 2019Constitutional Amendment Election. (2019). Sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved 27 September 2019, from https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/forms/2019-explanatory-statements.pdf

Mudrazija, S., & Blagg, K. (2019). School District Funding in Texas.

Wheeler, T., & Dallas-Fort Worth, C. P. M. (2019). Reforming Texas Education Finance-A Value Added Tax Approach.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

White Privilege Versus Gender Privilege

Essay: White Privilege versus Gender Privilege

Maria Alfy

06 November 2019

This essay is based on the conceptualizing ways that prevailed in developing the oppression system. Then clearly identifies the invisible racial privilege through implementing theoretical and political strategies.

Privilege is usually in the form of myriads, which include gender, fitness, wealth, educational attainment, and race. Some of the middle-class white people believe that they are universally generalizable. Though they have inherited advantage people who are different from the normal are always realized that they are different, whether through street harassment on women. Also, people with foreign names have more pressure while seeking jobs. Racism is regarded as the act of individual meanness, which is not invisible but confirms dominance on any other group. As the male denies their privilege on women buy regarding it as a taboo and thinking in an unacknowledged way. As in our societies, the hierarchies are linked, so the white privilege phenomena are also protected and denied. It is realized to white people that being white put others at a disadvantage while white is privileged. The white privilege came as an invisible unearned advantages package which is cashed every day. It is an invisible weightless package with special provisions such as passport, maps, visas, blank checks, and clothes. It is said that males have unacknowledged privilege, but it is also reported that color women found white women as oppressive.

White privilege is a fugitive and elusive subject, and there is huge pressure on its avoidance, which makes this world un-free having opportunities for particular people irrespective of their capabilities. Being white opens the door of opportunities; a person can easily acquire education. The whole social system works for them; they are fearless in doing anything and can criticize any issue.

Such as cancer, racism or white supremacy is also considered as a social illness. The supremacy of white put race as a filter by which they observe the world. Ignoring the white privilege gave them a social advantage on others. Race and sex discrimination are identified both explicitly and implicitly. Whenever race and sexism are compared, the race's importance is marginalized, by which the race plays its role in color people's lives. For instance, it is usually comprehended that all the females are white, and all the males are Afro-American.

For the identification of privileged identities, it is required to perform self-exploration as well as the ability which promotes equity. Several social identities are regarded as a significant individual aspect. To work well in a democratic and diverse environment it is required to understand how these identities affect the individual social life. Politics can play the best role in reducing the oppression system. They must act urgently and handle the global situation. The place where we reside, if not determine their normative commitment everyone is considered privileged as well as hyper oppressed at the same time. The distinctions are creating spaces to engage the theories into actions. It is politically crucial to make a subjective transformation in individual lives. It is also required to focus on the group identities which are oppressed in society as they face obstacles in different circumstances.

Privilege can identify when individuals interact with others and made discussions on the systematic inequity of society. Every person should be honest and aware of their perspective. I believe that race and gender plays a vital role in providing unearned benefits such as white people are regarded more employment opportunities so, as male.

Bibliography

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Carastathis, Anna. “The Invisibility of Privilege: A Critique of Intersectional Models of Identity.” Les Ateliers de l’éthique 3 (January 1, 2008). https://doi.org/10.7202/1044594ar.

Diversity. “Helping Students Explore Their Privileged Identities.” Text. Association of American Colleges & Universities, April 6, 2010. https://www.aacu.org/publications-research/periodicals/helping-students-explore-their-privileged-identities.

“Diversity Workshop: A Guide to Discussing Identity, Power and Privilege,” May 7, 2019. https://msw.usc.edu/mswusc-blog/diversity-workshop-guide-to-discussing-identity-power-and-privilege/.

Grillo, Trina, and Stephanie M. Wildman. “Obscuring the Importance of Race: The Implication of Making Comparisons between Racism and Sexism (Or Other -Isms).” Duke Law Journal 1991, no. 2 (April 1991): 397. https://doi.org/10.2307/1372732.

“Herd Invisibility: The Psychology of Racial Privilege - L. Taylor Phillips, Brian S. Lowery, 2018.” Accessed November 6, 2019. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963721417753600.

Smith, Fiona. “‘Privilege Is Invisible to Those Who Have It’: Engaging Men in Workplace Equality.” The Guardian, June 8, 2016, sec. Guardian Sustainable Business. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jun/08/workplace-gender-equality-invisible-privilege.

National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). “Understanding Race and Privilege.” Accessed November 6, 2019. https://www.nasponline.org/resources-and-publications/resources-and-podcasts/diversity/social-justice/understanding-race-and-privilege.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

White Privilege Versus Gender Privilege

White Privilege versus Gender Privilege

Name of the Writer

Date

White Privilege versus Gender Privilege

Introduction

White privilege is an issue that was invisible in the society, and people needed to be given awareness about it. White privilege needs to be seen as something with tangible and personal effects. For the most part, white privilege was and to some extent still is an invisible force. That is why it was important to make the white people realize the impact that this privilege had on the people of other races, color, and class. White privilege was mainly walking to the makeup section and not being able to find a foundation shade for deeper skin tone or going to the shampoo section and only finding products that are suitable for a specific type of hair. Now, coming to the gender privilege, it was also a problem that required more awareness. A small example of this issue is the pink tax or the glass ceiling effect. So, both identity issues have an impact that one group was unaware of. Unfortunately, people try to avoid the magnitude of this issue even today. Either white privilege or gender privilege, both have had quite an impact on society. Through this paper, different aspects and challenges regarding white privilege and gender privilege will be discussed.

Discussion

It is unfortunate that even today gender, as well as white privilege, is present regardless of the amount of awareness created. Things are better than before but there is still no equal representation of all the genders and ethnicities. The problem was as simple as switching on the television and not finding a balance in the representation of all races. Both issues are skin deep in society and still need to be addressed time and time again to make a difference. Equal and balanced representation is one thing but there are times when people of different races and genders are hired for television shows. However, their roles are heavily stereotyped in light of societal expectations and standards. White privilege is the main cause of racism today while gender privilege is the cause of sexism. Both issues have caused significant inequality on various platforms. Be it media, household, shops, beauty salons and so on, name it and they all lack inclusivity at some point.

The worst part is that no one can actually give a precise origin to how it all came into existence and how it still has enough power to stick around. Looking at white privilege one can see how it has inculcated racism in every field and industry. White privilege basically started systematic racism that originated because of the presence of this toxicity on higher levels like the government. It is unfortunate that it took forever for America to finally have a black President, and just thirty years ago it was unimaginable. Further, every single company in the United States of America does not have equal representation of race and gender. In fact, people who have a lighter skin tone are given preference regardless of being lesser qualified. Lastly, in accordance with research, the majority people of color have to face hurdles like poverty, discrimination, and lesser opportunities even today.

Nic Stone's "Dear Martin" is exactly what white privilege is all about. A young African American found himself writing letters to Martin Luther King Jr. telling him about his life. The youngster maintained good grades and stayed quiet regardless of how much he was bullied and discriminated by his classmates and society. The fact that he was the only African American studying on scholarship in a white school says a lot about how society has created this invisible line between the people of color and the white. The male protagonist of the book keeps on suffering until finally, he gives in saying that Martin was also killed for trying to be good. This book is without a doubt a bitter reality and explains the utter essence of white privilege in a raw manner. The book is an accurate representation of today’s reality as it is similar to the 2012 incident when an African American teenage boy named Trayvon Martin was shot by a white police officer for playing the music too loud. Another book that showcases the initiation of white privilege is I, Tituba: The Black Witch of Salem. Where the female protagonist faces great discrimination to the point, she is deemed a witch. This book also gives hints to the Scarlet Letters. The fact that print media is taking an initiative to raise awareness regarding the invisible white privilege is commendable.

Coming to gender privilege, I, Tituba also sheds light on how women are objectified regardless of class, color, and race. Tituba was from a black descent and she suffered discrimination based on her gender even by her own people. Another good example of gender privilege can be seen through the real-life example of the US Open played by Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka. In the match, the umpire was very harsh with Serena and many deemed this quite sexist as male tennis players are never treated in a harsh manner. Women also face this issue in the workplace, and if that is not enough there is also a glass ceiling effect that stops women and the transgender community at a certain point and lets men go forward. This is just the American society, there are many communities that are much worse and follow the patriarchy. The origination of male chauvinists is still unknown as this notion has been found for quite a long time. There are many older plays that have freely objectified women, like Shakespeare’s “The Taming of the Shrew.” This fact makes it clear that misogyny is a tale as old as time. Further, when it comes to the transgender community, their situation is far worse than women. There are countless occasions on which transgender are denied equal rights and even a job just because of their gender.

When it comes to action against this discrimination, there are no substantial steps being taken at a higher level. The media and the film industry try to raise awareness time and time again by movies like; the Blind Side, Dear White People, The Joy Luck Club, The Social Network and so on. While there are movies that talk about white and gender privilege there are some that ignore these aspects altogether. So, the issues that we have over here is still skin deep in society. In fact, throughout the American history race has played a significant factor. The way the Americans have treated the people of various ethnicities has inculcated white privilege deeper in their community. The slavery of African Americans, the killing of the Native Americans, the way the Latinos were treated and still are treated, the laws that were enacted against the Chinese say a lot about the issue. The fact that racism and gender privilege have been passed down from generation to generation is the reason why these elements still have the power to stay.

Racism is not something that is restricted to color alone, it is also a power relationship. Back in the 1980s Reagan and the opponents of affirmative action and civil right finally switched race politics and mainly opted for supporting a colorblind society with equality and fairness. Then a few actions were taken by President Bill Clinton, who decided to establish an Advisory Commission on race. Clinton took a lot of steps to make the black backlash stop. Furthermore, it is evident that when it comes to politics there has never been a female President in the United States. This makes the male privilege evident even in the political sector. There is no equal representation of all the genders in politics.

There is no doubt in the fact that white privilege is an issue, but most people find it invisible. There are people who are aware of the invisibility of white privilege but ironically, they undermine the gender privilege. Regardless of race, gender privilege is something that is more universal because a whole gender is suffering because of it regardless of the skin tone. It is unfortunate that many societies of color like Latinos, Muslims and so on follow the patriarchy but raise a question against white privilege. That is unfair and hypocritical and there needs to be awareness, so both the issues become visible to society. There are communities where women single-handedly have to take care of their children, cook, clean, take care of their husband and manage a 9 to 5 job simultaneously. On the contrary, a man just has to focus on his 9 to 5 job. That is the level of inequality the female gender is facing in the world without any recognition. This fact makes it evident that how many hardships the transgender have to face. Yes, the female gender is given a hard time but transgender never even come to the point of getting a job and raising a family most of the time.

There have been many movements and theories in order to cater to the issues. They have proven to be fruitful to some extent but there is still some limitation. The feminist theory is trying to raise awareness, but the effects are not as widespread. There are still many communities that are not aware of these issues and if they are aware of one dilemma, they completely ignore the other. Movements like "black lives matter" and "metoo” are trying to make a mark but the results are restricted to certain societies alone. Further, the “LGBTQ” march is also trying to make awareness for all genders, because there is very little representation of their community in every other field.

Conclusion

Both white privilege and gender privilege are issues that are stemmed deep in society but are not visible. There are many platforms on which people are trying to make awareness, but they are still not enough to make a difference. That is why the newer generation needs to be raised as individuals who support inclusivity. White privilege and racism are wrong, and it should be stopped but the issue of gender privilege is even worse. That is where people are acting oblivious to a whole gender. It is something that is present in not just the white community, but even in the people of color and their needs to be awareness to cater to this issue. The invisibility factor of such evident issues showcases that we as a society have a long way to go to make a difference. There needs to be an acknowledgment of all the hardships and hurdles that all the genders and ethnicities face.

Bibliography

Bhopal, Kalwant. White privilege: The myth of a post-racial society. Policy Press, 2018.

Bonds, Anne, and Joshua Inwood. "Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism." Progress in Human Geography 40, no. 6 (2016): 715-733.

Bone, Kirstin Marie. "Trapped behind the glass: Crip theory and disability identity." Disability & Society 32, no. 9 (2017): 1297-1314.

Daniels, Jessie. White lies: Race, class, gender and sexuality in white supremacist discourse. Routledge, 2016.

Di Stefano, Christine. Configurations of masculinity: A feminist perspective on modern political theory. Cornell University Press, 2019.

Feagin, Joe R., and Kimberley Ducey. Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. Routledge, 2018.

Martin, James. "Capturing desire: Rhetorical strategies and the affectivity of discourse." The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 18, no. 1 (2016): 143-160.

McIntosh, Peggy. "Extending the knapsack: Using the White privilege analysis to examine conferred advantage and disadvantage." Women & Therapy 38, no. 3-4 (2015): 232-245.

McIntosh, Peggy. "White privilege and male privilege." In Privilege, pp. 28-40. Routledge, 2018.

Walsh, Clare. Gender and discourse: Language and power in politics, the church and organisations. Routledge, 2016.

Whittier, Nancy. "Identity politics, consciousness-raising, and visibility politics." The Oxford handbook of US women’s social movement activism (2017): 376-397.

Wolbring, Gregor. "Ability Privilege: A needed addition to privilege studies." Rethinking Disability: World Perspectives in Culture and Society (2016): 463.

Zinn, Maxine Baca, and Bonnie Thornton Dill. "Theorizing difference from multiracial feminism." In Race, gender and class, pp. 76-82. Routledge, 2016.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Why Does Gender Issues Have An Important Place In The International Security Landscape?

Why does gender issue have an important place in the international security landscape?

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

Introduction

International security is a matter of great concern for all the countries and it has been seen that many pieces of research are made being on this topic as well. There is no doubt that diversity is the main element that is needed for innovation as both male and female come up with different ideas, but this case of gender difference is quite different when it comes to the international security. Issues that are raised because of the gender are like fuel to the fire when it comes to manage security at international level. This fact cannot be denied that there exist a close relationship between international security and issues created by gender differences. In this paper, we are going to discuss how and why gender issues got an important place in international security landscape. Gender issues are the issues faced by one gender because of the exploitation of their right by others.

Research question

Is there any relationship between gender equality and international security?

Purpose of the research

In this research, how international security is going to be compromised if the gender issues are not going to be taken into considerations.

Literature review

Many researches have been done for knowing why it is important to see importance of knowing how gender issues are going to influence the international security landscape. Various scholars and experts have given a different perspective on this conception. Many pieces of research have been done for knowing is it important to keep issues of gender in consideration while making the peacemaking policies? According to some researchers, gender issues are there mainly because of women who are being made deprived of their rights, so this inequality of rights create problems. Authorities must focus on issues that arise because of gender issues. Maruska claims that gender issues are the key elements for making foreign policies in the realm of security. There is another class of scholars who believe that there are two sides, narrowing and widening of rights that each gender deserve otherwise issue would be raised that would become a problem for international security. For most of the researchers, gender intersects or collides with the security and conflict exist there between males and females (Willett,et,al,2010). Despite being an important issue this still remains as a marginalized issue.

There are other scholars as well who believe that international landscape went through many changes in terms of its patterns as far as the security is concerned. One of the main arguments is presented by another class of scholar, who claims that this topic of gender issue is of great importance in international security but there are some people who took this issue in feminist point of viewed and some people took this topic in non-feminist point of view. There are various aspects of these two dimensions but there is no doubt that each aspect casts a great impact on the landscape of international security.

Approaches

International security is a matter of great concern for every individual and there are individuals for whom security policies netted must be benefited. Security of people is the main concern of all the agencies that are linked with taking care of the world's peace. By taking a look at the history, it could be seen that at international level security has traditionally been preoccupied with both states and the military forces (Ackerly,et,al,2018). There could be witnessed a challenge that has been introduced on an international level and that is the challenge of human security approach that places more emphasis on the rights of the humans. There is clear evidence that approaches of the security do not go far enough though it’s wide and broad scope as gender dimensions and gender issues are often overlooked in most of the security matters.

To overlook the gender dimensions in the case of security is just like having a partial understanding of the issue that people faces because of the gender issues, especially when it is about the conflicts that a society face (Carreiras,et,al,2016). Many researches have been done and a common result that has been extracted is, human security remains more masculine based. Scholars have found this as one of the common views that there is a need to extend the gendered approach that would take into account female's need when it would about international security. There are many facts that must be taken into consideration, when it is related to the whole population that includes both genders (Davis,et,al,2017). Most of the time, differences and issues of gender are ignored in international security policies which show that authorities are underestimating the needs of women that are necessary for their security.

There has been used many approaches that answer the question of how is it necessary to take into consideration all gender issues so that the best security policy could be made at the international level. According to Hudson, at international level, human security in the context of gendered perspective simply involves females, who face many issues in this world and are being oppressed, in international security’s policies. He argues that there are clear depictions that women are not given specific space in the policies of international security (Funke,et,al,2019). The topic of gender issues not got much importance in the international security matters but one of the approaches that are being promoted by the feminists, appeals and question the agencies that make policies of international security. One of the approaches that have been used by the females that promote this vision those women should be given proper place and importance and should not be neglected. There are two types of approaches that have been used i.e. need-based approach and rights-based approach.

Both these approaches are helping in answering and explaining the question that there an effect on international security if gender issue is not going to be addressed. From the surveys and researches, it could be seen that there exist a close relationship between gender equality and international security? When both the main genders of the world are going to look upon the flawless international security policies (King,et,al,2019). Approaches that explain the existence of a relationship between the promotion of gender equality and international security are both need and right based approaches. Both these approaches are dealing with the rights that not only females must get but also there is a need for equality of gender for both males and females. Gender equality promotes a sense of togetherness. Many researchers claim that there is a need to understand this fact that women right is human rights. International security is a matter that must be given more weight than any other issues.

Gender equality is also known as the sexual equality that means giving people a chance to feel being together as a country is not only made by one gender. There are pieces of evidence that inequality of the rights cast direct negative impacts on the international security landscape.

Discussion

There are many pieces of research that support this vision that gender issues have a lot to do with the international security landscape. It would be surprising for most of the people to know that the imperative for the full participation of women in peacemaking and international security affairs won recognition around 15 years back as the U.N Security Council's adoption called members for making some plans that would be accomplishing this objective. After a long struggle, now it could be seen that new U.N Strategies Development Goals declared that giving equality and eradicating all the gender issues are necessary for resolving most of the issues that are related to the international security landscape. From reports, it could be seen that a discussion was arranged between U.S Institute of Peace and other five Nordic Embassies that planned to pave the way for making and explaining the clear connection between gender issues and international security landscape.

Keeping an eye on various studies, it could be said that issues of any types, if they are universal, would create problems for all the organizations that are making policies of international security. Considering gender as one of the major analytical section, the landscape of real war and international security has revealed that women though are not contributing to war and battles. Positions of women in the matter of international conflict are really important. In order to know the importance of relationships that exists between gender issues and international security landscape, Women, Peace and Security Act could be looked upon act that was passed in October 2017. This act is like a milestone in history as it tells how and why resolving of oppression and gender-related issues must be resolved for making and implementing effective domestic international security policies. One of the major things that could be observed is, gender issues are main things that are inculcating feelings of inferiority in people. Gender issues not only relate females but gender issues are also faced by men.

Methodology

This document includes several methodologies that show that gender-related issues and international security landscape. There has been an agency known as Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) registered many gender-based violence etc. security policies that were proposed by various agencies along with the guidance, websites and procedure were consulted for carrying out this research.

Online surveys and questionnaires

In this methodology, three questionnaires across the globe were distributed and were made available for getting more and more response online. Getting the participation of development workers and humanitarian was the purpose for which this survey was made online. This survey was conducted in both the languages English and French that were used for conducting this survey and target of this survey was field staff of all agencies (Dustin,et,al,2019). Next questionnaire was adapted for security officers and country office management and then came the third questionnaire that was distributed for various agency personnel headquarter (including members of EISF).

Participants:

Field staff (including specialists of gender analysis):

There were a total of 95 members in this group that included 42 men, 51 women and 2 respondents from unknown gender.

Country office management and security staff:

In this group, there were 31 respondents that included 10 women and 20 men and one respondent from an unknown gender.

Agency headquarters

In this group, there were members of 16 different organization and members were 28 in total number. Half of the respondents were men and half were women.

Interviews:

In the interview section, there are 26 individual from whom interviews were conducted over Skype, phone, and face to face. The participants who were involved in this interview represented security agencies, research, emergency, psychosocial, human rights, humanitarian, development assistance, and gender specialists. Interviews are one of the things that are conducted for knowing perspective of individuals.

Focus group discussions – Pakistan and Afghanistan:

The four groups that participated in this discussion were facilitated for gathering the information and conducting a fair survey in Pakistan and Afghanistan on the basis of a detailed script of facilitation. All the groups were segregated by sex and all other measures which were marked important for this survey.

Data limitations:

Data that has been collected in the survey through interviews and questionnaires mainly from anecdotal evidence. It has been seen that no hard conclusion was drawn from this survey by taking in account time; variables, diversity, time (geographic, gender and job position, etc.) were the main reason that adequately supported main findings, conclusions and overall issues of gender in the case security risk management.

Conclusion

Gender security approaches are not just a matter of what they do and what they don’t rather they are more concerned with the conditioning of high level of self-team as well as environmental awareness when survey about humanitarian and development was conducted. By taking a look at various studies and present situation it could be said that the relationships that exist between international security landscape and gender issues could not be denied. Most of the policymakers and authorities that deals with the international security forces are blind of the way that emphasize on women's inclusion in security-related issues such as counter-terrorism and policies that would be helpful for life savings.

Authorities look at the gender equality issues something separate from the talks over the topic of the international security landscape. There is a need to understand and accept this fact that there is a strong relationship that exists between gender issues and international landscape, as if all the genders are going to be given a protection that there are safe from all sorts of violence and would be given complete freedom only then they would be able to look at the greater level affairs and would act actively.

References

Ackerly, B., & True, J. (2018). With or without feminism? Researching gender and politics in the 21st century. European Journal of Politics and Gender, 1(1-2), 259-278.

Carreiras, H., Castro, C., & Frederic, S. (Eds.). (2016). Researching the Military. Routledge.

Davis, M. C., Dietrich, W., & Scholdan, B. (2017). International Intervention in the Post-Cold War World: Moral Responsibility and Power Politics: Moral Responsibility and Power Politics. Routledge.

Dustin, M. (2019). Gender and Queer Perspectives on Brexit. Springer.

Funke, N., Nortje, K., Meissner, R., Steyn, M., & Ntombela, C. (2019). An Analysis of International and South African Discourses and Perspectives on Water Security. In Understanding Water Security at Local Government Level in South Africa (pp. 45-71). Palgrave Pivot, Cham.

King, A., Almack, K., & Jones, R. (Eds.). (2019). Intersections of aging, gender, sexualities: Multidisciplinary international perspectives. Policy Press.

Willett, S. (2010). Introduction: Security Council Resolution 1325: assessing the impact on women, peace, and security. International Peacekeeping, 17(2), 142-158.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Why Does Poverty Cause High Rates In Dementia In African Americans In South Carolina

Why does poverty cause high rates in dementia in Africa Americans in South Carolina?

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Abstract:

This research proposal presents a discussion on how poverty is causing health issues for African Americans who are living in South Carolina. It includes a detailed description of how poverty is increasing health issues and risks that are linked with health problems along with becoming both the causal factor and consequences of bad mental health. Poverty is one of the main reasons that people living in not-so well-developed areas such as South Carolina are facing. In this discussion, there is much evidence that is being taken by experimenters that supports the point that poverty is causing drastic effects on the mental health of people living in these areas (Albright,et,al,2019). There are many suggestions for the authorities as well how they could overcome this issue of poverty in order to save African Americans of South Carolina. There comes great responsibility on government and leadership so that they could make such policies that would be beneficial for people living in South Carolina.

Prologue:

Poverty is one of the major causes of ill mental health along with acting as a barrier when a person wanted to have health care services. It is a financial relationship as it has been seen that usually poor people cannot afford treatments that they need for keeping them mentally healthy and sound. There is a need of enough quantity of food so that the nutritional needs could be fulfilled (Bennett,et,al,2012). It would be wrong to say that there is just one link between poverty and critical mental health, as it has been seen that there are many other factors that play significant role in causing server mental health issues for poor people especially in areas like South Carolina where people don’t have many resources so that they could fulfill their daily nutritional needs. There could be seen a regular increase in the rate of the people who are becoming victims of dementia in South Carolina.

There have been presented many reports by the government departments on the issue of mental health that is continuously increasing in South Carolina (Wooten,et,al,2019). Demographic data of this area also supports the hypothesis that has been presented about the ever-increasing crisis of mental health that is getting out hand, mainly because of the nutritional deficiency that is not letting people, meet nutritional demand of their bodies that must be fulfilled for making them mentally healthy. South Carolina is the area where poverty rate shows that the inability of people for getting proper food. From many researchers, it could be seen that harsh life experiences appear in the lives of African Americans who live in South Carolina, vulnerable to Alzheimer and many other forms of mental health issues (Clarke,et,al,2018). Poverty is the leading cause because of which African Americans of South Carolina are likely twice at the risk of developing diseases like dementia. Genetic factors should not be brought in the limelight as there is no or minimal impact of genetic factors on mental health issues. Poverty is causing many mental health issues, and there are various factors such as nutritional deficiency as the main factor that inculcates mental health issues, but there are many other factors as well, such as depression and anxiety that are becoming more common in poor people that are leading them towards dementia.

Primary purpose of this study is to find out a relation between poverty and how it causes mental health issues in African Americans who are living in areas that are notorious for lacking the basic needs of people especially nutritional needs. Primary purpose of this study is to reveal causes and factors that increase rates of depression in people that are making them mentally ill. This study shows that rich people are likely at less risk of becoming victim of dementia (Clay,et,al,2019). Mental health is closely associated with poverty, as poor African Americans, living in South Carolina are facing more mental issues like depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and other wide range of diseases of mental health (Racic,et,al,2006). Serious challenges are linked with factors such as living below the poverty line and dealing with mental health problems. Lack of money leads towards making poor decisions as poverty also imposes a load that saps attention of people and reduces their efficiency of making good decisions. It has been seen that mostly poor people behave in the least capable ways when it comes to make a sensible decisions.

Variables: (dependent and independent variables form journals 1, 2 and 3)

Variables are the factors that could be manipulated and studied, in a research. In this study variables deal with looking at the relationships that exist between poverty and how it is affecting mental health of people living below the poverty line such as people living in South Carolina are facing mental illness because of their bad socioeconomic conditions (Costello,et,al,2001). There are two types of variables that we are going to look at and these are dependent and independent variables.

Dependent variable of the study:

Nursing home placement for each of the client was determined during this study separately. Clients, who were waiting for being placed in the nursing home, were considered institutional and all the clients in the CLTC system remained active and they would be placed in different nursing home run for the same study.

According to another journal, there could be other dependent variables as well, such as the individuals who would be taken as a sample.

Medical history of participants would also serve as dependent variable in this research study (Manly,et,al,2003).

Independent variables of the study:

Decline in the performance of daily life activities, including movement from one to another room was searched from baseline to last assessment and all the changes in continence from baseline till last assessment were determined too. Ability to perform five basic items that included transfer from bed to chair, use of toilet, dressing, eating and bathing was rated from 0-2 where 0 represented no assistance while 2 represented total dependence (Mehra,et,al,2019). Seven IADL items (telephone use, medicines, meal preparation, shopping, housework, transportation, and financial management) were also taken under consideration. It was seen that continence was rated as 0 if the client was continent, 1 if he/she is partially continent and rate would be 2 if he/she is continent (Lund,et,al,2010). Change in the status of functional health would be taken by considering scores from baseline to last assessment. .

In the end, it was seen that the resulting variables were not continuous but categorical and that's why they were not converted into rates of the change over the period of follow-ups. Variables were categorized into two categories such as 1 will present zero improvement inability, while on the other hand 2 shows a decline in the ability of the clients (Karoly,et,al,2019). Some main variables must be taken into consideration, and these are, measure of the behavior of clients, demographic facts of clients and caregivers, medical history of the client and difference of time between follow up and assessment.

From the perspective of other researchers, there could be other independent variables as age, gender, lifestyle and socioeconomic conditions of people who would be taken as the sample.

According to another journal, there could be seen other independent variable, and that is opportunities available in South Carolina to African Americans.

Statistical methods:

Bivariate associations between the confounders, independent variables, and institutionalization all were evaluated by using SAS PROC FREQ (software) for doing the categorization of the independent variables. For continuous variables, different software such as SAS PROC UNIVARIATE was used (DeMaria,et,al,2019). Evaluation was done by using t-test and chi-square statistic. Multiple logistic regressions used to be performed for evaluating what would be the effect of independent variables on institutionalization.

Categorical variables associated with the institutionalization, South Carolina Community Long-term care of clients with dementia

Institutionalization

Variables

N=724

%

N=62

%

Change in ADL

NO improve

575

95

33

5

decline

149

84

29

16

Change in locomotion

No

649

93

49

7

Decline

75

85

13

15

Relation of caregiver and client

Spouse

103

97

3

3

child

434

90

48

10

Another relative

165

97

5

3

No relation

22

79

6

21

Client ethnicity

African American

470

96

22

4

white

254

86

40

14

Dementia etiology

AD

186

87

29

13

MD

209

95

10

5

Other dementia

329

93

23

7

Hypothesis:

Does poverty contribute to the increased rate of dementia in South Carolina?

Dementia is a precursor to high poverty rates.

Research question:

Why does poverty cause high rates in dementia in African Americans in South Carolina?

Background and literature review:

This report summarizes a literature review that examines the relationship between poverty and mental illness (dementia). We have examined various things while doing this research such as the strength of the association that exists between the factors of poverty and mental health of people living in South Carolina. Also, an in-depth analysis has been done of the variables that were involved in measuring this association (Glymour,et,al,2011). Relation between the two main subjects cannot be negated, and effects would be seen easily that would cast unhealthy effects on the overall society. There is a strong association between poverty and mental health that could be measured by taking a look at the difficulties of people by studying circumstances in both ways longitudinal or cross-sectional (Wray,et,al,2019). According to various scholars, there are some main factors that would have severe impacts on making this kind of situation worst, and these factors are, inadequate access to the health care centers, no support from neighbors, insufficient educational opportunities, inadequate supervision and close association with deviant peers, etc.

Two threats to the internal validity of the study design:

Rigorousness

It is the ambiguity in the research study as things that are not clear during any research would act as a great threat to internal validity.

Instrumentation

Results greatly depend on the correctness of instruments that are going to be used in any study. There could be many errors in instruments that would be used in this research, so instruments with error would be an internal threat to the validity of the study design.

Two threats to the external validity of the study design:

Situation

Situation in which research is going to be taken would greatly affect the study. Effects of situation cannot be denied on the overall study and would also affect the result at the end.

Pre-test effects

There are many tests that researchers used to do before any study and that may have a negative impact on the study as a whole.

Method:

Study design and sample:

All the clients (African Americans) of CLTC program in South Carolina were diagnosed with dementia. There has been taken an informed consent from the participants along with the legal authority of the client. Data that has been provided/ reported to the registry includes various things such as demographic characteristics, information obtained from the assessment that is carried out by CLTC nurses along with the service plan information assessment that social workers have obtained. Client's health status and functional ability report were taken after six months. There were 1600; CLTC clients who were reported to have dementia but clients enrolled for less than six months were having one report in records.

Then there were 1140 clients about whom there was a record and these participants were having two assessments during the period that got an approval for this study. Clients who died during this research were excluded (n=53) and clients who did not meet the criteria of enrollment (n=7) were released to care other than nursing home (n=14), clients whose data was missing in records (n=4), locomotion (n=4) and then comes ethnicity at the end for nurses who were keeping their record. It has been seen that decline in functional ability was one of the major risk factors of interest. Clients who were dependent in IADLs at the baseline were also excluded (n=277) that resulted in the final sample size that was 786.

Ethical concerns:

This fact cannot be denied that while doing any research, the researchers have to take care of ethics and moral values. Before starting the research or gathering any information from the participants, their consent should be taken, and they should be informed beforehand about research that you are going to carry on. It is the ethical right of the participants to know all the necessary facts about the research; they are going to be a part of. Dignity of participants is the first thing that should be protected in any research (Jamieson,et,al,2019). Privacy and confidentiality of the participants should not be compromised. Things should not be imposed on participants, and only relevant things should be asked. Personal questions should be avoided as it may hurt the participants and may lower cooperation from the side of participants. One of the main ethical concerns is that participants should be given freedom so that they could share whatever they want to. They should not be pressurized for showing their agreement with things proposed in the research.

Conclusion:

From the overall study, it has been seen that most of the African Americans in South Carolina are living below the poverty line and are unable to meet their nutritional needs. Not only the factor of nutritional deficiency should be solely blamed, but there are other major factors as well that are contributing a lot in making the situation worst. As it has been seen that poor people face more critical situations and are at the risk of becoming patients of depression (Juckett,et,al,2019). It won't be wrong to say that public health strategies that are being made for battling against dementia are becoming more common and useful for poor African Americans, living in South Carolina. From this research, it could be concluded that for savting people of South Carolina from dementia and other mental health issues, socioeconomic gaps should be reduced.

Out of 786, there were only 62 (8%) participants who got an entry to the nursing home. Means of IADL score was 11.5 for both groups that indicated a high percentage of impairment starting from the baseline. Only a few clients experienced a change in the score of IADL, and the same percentage of clients faced behavior troublesome as well (Porter,et,al,2019). Table of categorical variables was tested by chi-square test. It has been seen that those variables which are attached with increased odds of institutionalization were indicating a decline of performance.

Summary discussion of approach:

The sample is large enough as we could see that nurses took almost all the individuals of that area under observation and after all the clearance there were almost 750+ participants for deriving the final results.

The sample represents the target population as people who were selected for this research were from South Carolina that was the target area of this study.

Setting was appropriate for one study as clients who were selected after the final testing were taken to the nursing home, where they would be kept under suitable setting that would support one study.

Data collection techniques:

For collecting this data, the analytical and observational approach was used as it could be seen that clients (people of South Carolina) were selected and data were collected by the nurses after examining clients of CLTC program (Crouch,et,al,2018).

Data collection process:

Data has been collected by applying the process of interview as it could be seen that nurses obtained necessary information from clients and then pass that information to the registry (Mainouset,al,2005).

Strengthens of the Data Approach:

In this approach of collecting data, suitable numbers of participants could be chosen. This fact cannot be denied that there are huge numbers of African Americans who live in South Carolina.

There would be not much difference in circumstances that the participants would be facing (Juckett,et,al,2019). It has been seen that when there exists little difference in the overall conditions of the selected participates, it strengthens process that the researchers carry out.

Limitations of the Data Approach:

There would be no diversity or variety in the data collected as people of the same region would be investigated in this approach of data collection.

Nurses and researchers have to rely on the data collected from the participants even if they are giving facts or not.

Summary discussion of approach:

For this study, the data collection procedure is appropriate as it could be seen that taking direct views would be the best thing as we want to see effects of poverty on the mental health of participants (African Americans).

Appropriate steps, taken for protecting the rights of subjects include, taking consent of participants and then passing them through many tests and selecting only those who were completely ready for this research study.

Additional part:

Poverty:

It is defined as scarcity of lack of basic amount of material that one needs for spending peaceful life (Scott,et,al,1997). It is a multifaceted concept in which economic, social and political factors are involved. Poverty exists when people lack means and sources to satisfy their basic needs of life.

Dementia:

Dementia is defined as the decline in the mental ability which caused loss of cognitive functioning (remembering, reasoning). The decline in thinking skills occurs in such a way that directly affects a person’s ability to perform daily life activities.

Stats of people living in poverty in South Carolina:

According to the latest reports, the overall population is 4882720 out of which the number of people living in poverty is 751907. In another way, it could be said that the population is 4.96 M and the poverty rate is 15.3%

Statistics of people with dementia in South Carolina:

According to the reports, Alzheimer is the 6th leading cause of the death for the middle-class population in South Carolina and 2453 people of the middle class become the victim of dementia according to the latest reports. There has been seen an increase of 181% in death since 2000.

Reference:

Albright, D. L., Godfrey, K., McDaniel, J. T., Fletcher, K. L., Thomas, K. H., Bertram, J., ... & Stephens, T. M. (2019). Oral health among student veterans: Effects on mental and physical health. Journal of American College Health, 1-8.

Bennett, K. J., Probst, J. C., Vyavaharkar, M., & Glover, S. H. (2012). Lower rehospitalization rates among rural Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes. The Journal of Rural Health, 28(3), 227-234.

Clarke, T. S. (2018). The Effects of Food Security on Socioeconomic Mobility in the United States: A Case Study in Allendale County, South Carolina.

Clay, K., Schmick, E., & Troesken, W. (2019). The rise and fall of pellagra in the American South. The Journal of Economic History, 79(1), 32-62.

Costello, E. J., Keeler, G. P., & Angold, A. (2001). Poverty, race/ethnicity, and psychiatric disorder: A study of rural children. American Journal of Public Health, 91(9), 1494-1498.

DeMaria, A. L., Sundstrom, B., Ferrara, M., Meier, S., & Higa, M. (2019). Fulfilling the Promise of Telemedicine: A Case Study of South Carolina. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 6(2), 140-151.

Glymour, M. M., Kosheleva, A., Wadley, V. G., Weiss, C., & Manly, J. J. (2011). The geographic distribution of dementia mortality: elevated mortality rates for black and white Americans by place of birth. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 25(3), 196.

Jamieson, S., Swickard, S. M., Cahill, A. L., Powell, S. S., Samuels, K., & Hartos, J. L. (2019). Does Mental Health Differ by Ethnicity and Income in Middle-Aged Females?.

Juckett, L. A., & Robinson, M. L. (2019). The Occupational Therapy Approach to Addressing Food Insecurity among Older Adults with Chronic Disease. Geriatrics, 4(1), 22.

Karoly, L. A., & Gomez, C. J. (2019). Cost Analysis of the South Carolina Child Early Reading and Development Education Program.

Lund, C., Breen, A., Fisher, A. J., Kakuma, R., Corrigall, J., Joska, J. A., ... & Patel, V. (2010). Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Social science & medicine, 71(3), 517-528.

Mainous III, A. G., Eschenbach, S. L., Wells, B. J., Everett, C. J., & Gill, J. M. (2005). Cholesterol, transferrin saturation, and the development of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: results from an 18-year population-based cohort. Fam Med, 37(1), 36-42.

Manly, J. J., Touradji, P., Tang, M. X., & Stern, Y. (2003). Literacy and memory decline among ethnically diverse elders. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 25(5), 680-690.

Mehra, R., Shebl, F. M., Cunningham, S. D., Magriples, U., Barrette, E., Herrera, C., ... & Ickovics, J. R. (2019). Area-level deprivation and preterm birth: results from a national, commercially-insured population. BMC public health, 19(1), 236.

Porter, S. N. (2019). Poverty, Discrimination, and Health. In Social Pathways to Health Vulnerability (pp. 23-53). Springer, Cham.

Racic, M., Kusmuk, S., Kozomara, L., Debelnogic, B., & Tepic, R. (2006). The prevalence of mistreatment among the elderly with mental disorders in primary health care settings. The Journal of Adult Protection, 8(4), 20-24.

Scott, W. K., Edwards, K. B., Davis, D. R., Cornman, C. B., & Macera, C. A. (1997). Risk of institutionalization among community long-term care clients with dementia. The Gerontologist, 37(1), 46-51.

Wooten, N. R., Brittingham, J. A., Sumi, N. S., Pitner, R. O., & Moore, K. D. (2019). Behavioral Health Service Use by Military Children During Afghanistan and Iraq Wars. The journal of behavioral health services & research, 1-21.

Wray, J. M., Coulon, S., Wong, N., Szafranski, D., & Gros, D. F. (2019). A Single Integrated Behavioral Health Appointment Improves Patients' Perceptions of Behavioral Health Treatment. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 21(1).

Crouch, E., Strompolis, M., Radcliff, E., & Srivastav, A. (2018). Examining exposure to adverse childhood experiences and later outcomes of poor physical and mental health among South Carolina adults. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 193-197.

South Carolina Adolescent Mental Health Facts. (2018). HHS.gov. Retrieved 24 March 2019, from https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/facts-and-stats/national-and-state-data-sheets/adolescent-mental-health-fact-sheets/south-carolina/index.html

(2019). Countyhealthrankings.org. Retrieved 24 March 2019, from http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/sites/default/files/state/downloads/CHR2015_SC_0.pdf

Celebrating 20 Years | Fighting Poverty in South Carolina. (2019). Fightpovertysc.com. Retrieved 24 March 2019, from https://fightpovertysc.com/

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

Will Trump Be Impeached By The Senate

Will Trump be Impeached by the Senate?

Taryn Rodell

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Will Trump be Impeached by the Senate?

Currently, all of America is focused on the critical news of Trump’s impeachment. Impeachment is a process through which the government’s senior figures hold other government officials like the president, judges, and cabinet members to account if they are accused of committing a crime during duty. The criminal offenses include treason, bribery, or any other significant crime like murder. After impeachment, the accused person goes on a Senate trial which is the upper house. The members decide if he is guilty of the accusation or not. The trial is not political in nature instead criminal. Donald Trump, the 45th President of the United States of America has been impeached as the House passed articles of impeachment, along the party lines on December the 18th (Hughes, 2020). In August, allegations were made against the president by a whistleblower whose identity is being prevented from disclosure. During October to December, closed-door meetings, investigation, and hearings were held in the House of Representatives. The democratic leaders of the House voted in favor of Trump’s impeachment. Two articles of impeachment have been passed. The first article states that he sought Ukraine’s help for his re-election in November. He is accused of withholding millions of dollars worth of military aid that had to be sent to Ukraine. It is said that he desired that Ukraine would publicly announce investigating Joe Biden. Joe Biden is leading the Democratic race to challenge Trump. According to the poll results, Biden can potentially beat Trump, if selected as the Democratic candidate. The second impeachment allegation is that he obstructed Congress which was investigating him. Trump has refused both the allegations. His legal team said that the charges against him are a dangerous misinterpretation of the Constitution.

The case is now passed to the Senate which is under the control of the Republicans. The Senate trial has started. The rules of the trial are being decided by the Senate’s Republican leader, Mitch McConnell and Democratic leader, Chuck Schumer. McConnell desires a speedy trial and quick acquittal of Trump. And thus, he has proposed that for opening statements, each side is given 24 hours for opening arguments over three days. He also wishes to conduct voting on whether any evidence should be admissible at all or not. On the other hand, Schumer asserted that McConnell planned to prevent evidence from being heard. The three Republicans, Sens. Susan Collins, Mitt Romney, and Lisa Murkowski wish to have an option to hear from more witnesses of the allegation related to Ukraine (John & Everett, 2020). They especially wish to hear from John Bolton who is the former National Security Adviser. The main concern of this group and the biggest factor for the trial is whether a fourth Republican would be part of this group. The chances are scarce currently, but it can hugely impact the trial. According to the current situation, over forty Senate Republicans will have to endure the Senate trial. It seems difficult that Trump will be convicted after the trial as the laws are ambiguous when it comes to the impeachment of a president. The other two Presidents who were impeached earlier were not removed from office. If the majority of the Senate votes for the conviction on any one of the two impeachment charges, he will be convicted. The conviction seems unlikely because there is no chance that 67 senators will vote against Trump. These senators will decide whether Trump gets quickly acquitted as he demanded publicly or not. If Trump is convicted, which seems unlikely, he will be removed from office. This situation is more critical for Trump as the reelections are just ten months away. However, the trial can potentially be manipulated for political gain.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hughes, S. (2020, January 22). As Trump Impeachment Trial Begins, McConnell Changes Some Rules. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/senate-impeachment-trial-of-president-trump-set-to-begin-11579602601

JOHN, B., & EVERETT, B. (2020, January 20). Here are the five Senate factions that will decide Trump’s fate. POLITICO. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/01/20/senate-trump-impeachment-setup-100646

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Women's In Equal Pay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Women’s in Equal Pay

Women in contemporary time are raising their children and taking care of their home along with participating with men in the workforce. Women in America had to do so many struggles to reach the stage where they are today. They fought for their rights, freedom of choice, and opportunities for a better life. Society acquires various norms, rituals, and stereotypes that decide the roles of gender. These elements still have a great impact on American society. However, women today are free to work to fulfill their dreams. The industrial revolution became the reason for the major changes in the society where the involvement of women in the workforce was one of the major changes. The main purpose of the research is to study the history, struggle, issues, and effort of the women to get their right to work. It is crucial to understand the level where women got the chance to acquire equal wages as men. It is also important because gender inequality, as well as unequal distribution of income, remain important issues of society.

Background

During and before the 1800s, the role of women was totally different than contemporary time. Women had almost no rights and limited opportunities. Stereotypes of society made difficult for women to survive. Women were playing the role of mother, sister, and daughter. Besides they were not allowed to leave home for work. In the 1800s, men were dominant over women. They were handling the workforce and financial issues of the society. Men were getting higher education and better jobs while women were restricted to their homes. Women had the role of supervision of men’s children and parents. Women were considered as the pride of the family that cannot go out. They were forced to kill their wishes and desires for their families. Opportunities like education and jobs were prohibited for them. Due to all these restrictions, women faced various psychological disorders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VvAbLeLD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Read \"From Scarcity to Visibility})","plainCitation":"(Read \"From Scarcity to Visibility)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":912,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/AETU3P9Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/AETU3P9Z"],"itemData":{"id":912,"type":"book","title":"Read \"From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers\" at NAP.edu","source":"www.nap.edu","abstract":"Read chapter 7: Gender Differences in Salary: Although women have made important inroads in science and engineering since the early 1970s, their progress...","URL":"https://www.nap.edu/read/5363/chapter/9","note":"DOI: 10.17226/5363","shortTitle":"Read \"From Scarcity to Visibility","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Read "From Scarcity to Visibility).

Numbers of writers wrote the condition of women in their essays and stories. For instance, the story "The yellow wallpaper" was written by the American writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman. She highlights the better reality of early America where women were considered as sexual objects and slaves to look after men's homes and children. The woman in the story was left in the home with a newborn baby while her husband and brother were physicians. She got psychological disorder due to homesickness but her husband was able to identify as he believed in the stereotypes like women should stay at home and spent domestic life. Such stories indicate that the condition of the women at that time was not the choice of them but they were forced to live such a miserable life. Women faced health issues and most of them died in pregnancy or during delivery due to a low literacy rate. They had no basic knowledge to manage unexpected conditions which were also dangerous for their families. Men used women as a sexual object to fulfill their sexual desire and believed that it was the duty of women to please them.

Feminism movement

With time, a group of women emerged who were educated and understood the importance of women in society. Before that, society showed lenient thinking for the women and they got the chance to get an education. However, restrictions were still present while choosing the profession. For instance, a profession like physicians and engineering were considered as men's professional. On the other hand, women had limited choice they were able to join fields like arts, writing, and teachings. It indicates the dominancy of men before the feminism movement. During the late 1800s role of women began to change with different movements. Women raise their voices to get the right to vote. They made various organizations that not only started the movement for voting rights but also spread awareness in women to get an education and other rights ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qVgj2IYr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wellenreuther and Otto)","plainCitation":"(Wellenreuther and Otto)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":909,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/2F2Q9V8W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/2F2Q9V8W"],"itemData":{"id":909,"type":"article-journal","title":"Women in evolution – highlighting the changing face of evolutionary biology","container-title":"Evolutionary Applications","page":"3-16","volume":"9","issue":"1","source":"PubMed Central","abstract":"The face of science has changed. Women now feature alongside men at the forefront of many fields, and this is particularly true in evolutionary biology. This special issue celebrates the outstanding achievements and contributions of women in evolutionary biology, by highlighting a sample of their research and accomplishments. In addition to original research contributions, this collection of articles contains personal reflections to provide perspective and advice on succeeding as a woman in science. By showcasing the diversity and research excellence of women and drawing on their experiences, we wish to enhance the visibility of female scientists and provide inspiration as well as role models. These are exciting times for evolutionary biology, and the field is richer and stronger for the diversity of voices contributing to the field.","DOI":"10.1111/eva.12343","ISSN":"1752-4571","note":"PMID: 27087836\nPMCID: PMC4780375","journalAbbreviation":"Evol Appl","author":[{"family":"Wellenreuther","given":"Maren"},{"family":"Otto","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",12,19]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wellenreuther and Otto).

These women not only fight for vote right but also for political and economic equality along with social reforms. This was a difficult time because not all women were agreed to the equality of sexes. The large population of women believed that it is against the traditional gender role and the political interference of women is improper. Therefore, these movements and struggles for equal rights were not only threatening for men but also for women. The thinking of such women was influenced by the traditional stereotypes by which they believe that economic and political activities are meant for men only. However, feminists and various other activists got success to get acceptance of many women who join the movement. Later on, people faced the strange face of feminism. Clubs, jazz concerts were introduced where women used men like appearance to enjoy the concerts. Women travel to different places alone for enjoyment at clubs where dancing and drinking was common. Time and thinking of women began to change they sensed their important role in society. She started to question and argue for their basic rights like better education, clothing, healthcare, and choice to work.

Women start enjoying work

After the feminism movement starting at the end of the 1800s women started to join the workforce. Men somehow agreed to give a chance to women and allowed them to get an education and join the workforce. Before the 1880s women's workforce was only 2.9 million which gradually increased from 1880 to 1910 and reached 7.8 million. Women start enjoying work in industry and business. Churches support women and they fought for religious activism. Thus, women became able to enjoy working outside their homes. They start serving the nation as a teacher, nurse, cook, writer, and secretaries. The education system improved by the 1870s for women and they got admission for advanced courses. Women made about one-third of the total student population by the end of 1880. The industrial revolution brought tremendous changes for women and they got more opportunities in education and the workforce. This revolution increased the demand for workforce and men start accepting the need and importance of women in professional life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Eh8I36bB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(NW et al.)","plainCitation":"(NW et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":914,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/PU2DUJR5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/PU2DUJR5"],"itemData":{"id":914,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The narrowing, but persistent, gender gap in pay","container-title":"Pew Research Center","abstract":"In 2018, women earned 85% of what men earned. The wage gap was somewhat smaller for adults ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older.","URL":"https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/gender-pay-gap-facts/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"NW","given":"1615 L. St"},{"family":"Suite 800Washington","given":""},{"family":"Inquiries","given":"DC 20036USA202-419-4300 | Main202-857-8562 | Fax202-419-4372 | Media"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (NW et al.).

By the end of 1910 sixty percent of all women were working as domestic servants. Women got the right to vote in 1919 after the passage of the nineteenth amendment. It was a big achievement got by the women with the struggle of the American Woman Suffrage Association. The association was made by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy Stone. In addition, in the political area, women got the right to control their property, business, income, custody of children, and choice of divorce. Another employment that ladies in the common laborers could have was in was the coal mineshafts. Ladies who worked in the coal mineshafts were regularly put in positions called catching, hustling, filling, riddling, tipping, and getting coal; these positions were a portion of a similar that men would hold. Huge numbers of the ladies would seem to be like men in the garments that they wore. Now and again ladies would work in the pits with men who were regularly stripped or near being bare, which frequently gave the path for sex inside the work environment. Initially, only four states allowed women to vote later other states also agreed to the rule and women get full power in political power. By the end of 1920s large population of girls were acquiring educations in new build schools and colleges for women while adult women were participating in social, economic, and political aspects of the society.

Initial Issues at the Workplace

Women got so many opportunities in the form of education and job but it was not easy for them because of social pressure. Gender bias, discrimination, inequality, harassment, and family restrictions were some of the major issues during this period. Women were restricted to specific fields like teaching, nursing, and writing while major fields like doctors and engineers were made for men. All through the Industrial Revolution, sex was a significant effect on laborer pay. Ladies would, in general, get between 33% to half of a man's normal compensation. As the assembling ventures developed, they would exploit these low normal compensations among ladies and youngsters. The capacity to utilize these ladies and youngsters for little pay demonstrated to be recipient to these organizations. Numerous businesses abused these individuals' requirements for cash, as they would turn a significant benefit in return for very modest work. Undertakings, for example, printing, turning, and different obligations ordinarily learned at home were simple occupations to learn and were the absolute generally beneficial. The development of bigger scale generation frameworks was flourished withvarious conditions and was reformed all through this timeframe.

Women were also not allowed to do the job out of specific frames and stereotypes. For instance, women were considered weaker than men so they were not allowed to do the job that requires strength. In addition, women were not allowed to drive or work in the night shift. Even in the morning shift, major positions were given to men only who increased the inequality since women start working. Harassment was the major issue as men were using women as sexual objects so it a too long time for men to accept the presence of women as colleagues or partners at the workplace ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pUj5hvs7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress})","plainCitation":"(Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":920,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/JCBQVTJR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/JCBQVTJR"],"itemData":{"id":920,"type":"webpage","title":"Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress","URL":"https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2014/05/19/90039/explaining-the-gender-wage-gap/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress).

People Perception of Women Joining the Workforce

Even after joining the workforce women's first job that was looking after their children and home remain constant. It means women were doing the job but they were also expected to handle their home duty as efficiently as non-working women did. This increased the work stress and burden over the women as they had two duties to perform. However, women did not lose hope and they proved themselves by handling both tasks. Various researches indicate that even today if one of the partners had to quit the job for home then it would be women because men are considered as financial supporters of the family and women can do the job unless their home environment does not affect it. This means a job or professional life is the second option for women while home responsibility is considered as the priority task for them.

People had a mixed perception of this change. Men were afraid of increasing women's power in the workforce and they wanted to be dominant. This is why they set the limit for the women at the workplace. The Industrial Revolution to some degree was filled by the monetary need of numerous ladies, single and wedded, to discover pursued work outside their home. Ladies, for the most part, secured positions in household administration, material plants, and piece workshops. They likewise worked in the coal mineshafts. For a few, the Industrial Revolution gave autonomous wages, portability and a superior way of life. For the lion's share, in any case, manufacturing plant work in the early long stretches of the nineteenth century brought about the existence of hardship. In addition, society did not easily accept this freedom of women including some population of women. Especially older women considered this change as vulgarity and wrong step for the future of society.

Pay Distribution in Early Time

As a major position at each work organizations were under men so that women had limited salary according to their designation, age, and gender. Gender inequality leads to a large income gap between men and women. Besides gender discrimination, there were some major reasons due to which women were unable to acquire higher wages. First was the limited education. Men were able to get higher education from early times while women were not even allowed to get an early education. Time changed and women get the opportunity to get an education but their level was less than the men which affected their wages. Men were more qualified so they acquired higher wages while women pay was much lesser than men. The second reason for the pay difference was the amount of investment. Shareholders preferred to invest in training programs for men while women got fewer investments which restricted their skills. This difference in training and skills leads to a pay gap between the genders.

In addition, there was an economic reason for low payment. Women had few professional to choose which increased the supply of female labor in the market. The increase in the supply of female labor decreases the demand for them which resulted in a low wage rate for the women. Women had no choice so they had to accept low pay for the work. However, discrimination remained the major factor for the pay difference between the genders. This means even women were doing the same job but they were getting less pay than the men. Men got control over the women by controlling their salary distribution.

1963 Equal Pay Act

Researches indicate that men enjoyed twenty percent advantage in pay from 1973 to 1995. Women at that time were struggling to join the workforce therefore; they were unable to fight for equal pay. However, with time women not only raise their voice for equal rights but also for equal pay. The equal pay act of 1963 was passed after a constant increase in pay difference between men and women. The law was signed on the 10th of July 1963. H.R. 5056 was introduced by Republican congresswoman against discrimination and inequality in pay based on sex. The first adjustment after passing the act was to adjust the salary for women. Distribution of salary on the basis of gender was considered as discrimination and violation of the law. The next step taken was coverage to professionals and various white-collar employees. The act not only ensured the equal distribution of salary but also worked on the consequences of equal distribution of job opportunities. As before, women had limited opportunities and men were holding the major position which considered discrimination within the act ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"li3DBA2e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Working Women\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Working Women”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":913,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/367CI6HW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/367CI6HW"],"itemData":{"id":913,"type":"webpage","title":"Working women: Key facts and trends in female labor force participation","container-title":"Our World in Data","abstract":"In almost every country in the world, men are more likely to participate in labor markets than women. However, these gender differences in participation rates have been narrowing substantially in recent decades. In this post we discuss how and why these changes are taking place.","URL":"https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-force-participation-key-facts","shortTitle":"Working women","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Working Women”).

The impact of the act was positive for the society as well as economy. The large women workforce got more favorable opportunities and they became able to acquire equal jobs as well as salary. In addition, discrimination based on gender and age became unlawful and women became able to case files against the employers of the organization if they experience such discrimination. After the implementation of the 1963 equal pay act, the major difference was observed. The pay gap decreases but it did not end. The reasons for the pay gap were due to various social and some unknown economic factors.

Role of Women in the Workforce

One of the most significant financial advancements of the twentieth century was the improvement in instructive and work showcase open doors for ladies. Because of this advancement, countless American ladies achieved postsecondary degrees, entered the work power, and earned wages that have become over time.According to one ongoing investigation, subsequent to modifying for elements like work power understanding, association status, race and ethnicity, and occupation, a great part of the sexual orientation compensation hole stays unexplained, proposing that work showcase separation assumes a significant job. Truth be told, the creators' state, right around 60 percent of ladies would win more on the off chance that they were paid equivalent to men with equal degrees of instruction and work hours. Since 1948, the United States has utilized an approach of joint tax assessment, which charges a wedded couple as a unit based on the consolidated pay of husband and spouse. By making a spouse's expense rate reliant on her significant other's income, joint tax collection raises wives' assessment rates, by and large, and diminishes their work supply.

For the greater part of recorded history, agribusiness was the main human occupation, and substantial physical work was not bound to men. Ladies performed physically requesting errands, for example, pounding grain by turn in a stone quern, drawing and conveying water, gathering wood, and beating milk to make margarine. For the most part, any rest from these undertakings would happen just when a lady conceived an offspring. New innovation has implied that numerous assignments that once required overwhelming physical effort, and consequently were confined to men, would now be able to be performed just by pushing catches. Working a bulldozer, for example, needn't bother with muscle control to such an extent as sharpness, judgment, and coordination—characteristics as copious in ladies as in men. By the by, the passage of ladies into occupations earlier the area of men demonstrated to be slower than anticipated. This constant word related isolation by sex is generally liable for sizable contrasts in paces of pay that still exist.

Conclusion

Women in America had to do so many struggles to reach the stage where they are today. They fought for their rights, freedom of choice, and opportunities for a better life. Society acquires various norms, rituals, and stereotypes that decide the roles of gender. During the late 1800s role of women began to change with different movements. Women raise their voices to get the right to vote. They made various organizations that not only started the movement for voting rights but also spread awareness in women to get an education and other rights. Before the 1880s women workforce was only 2.9 million which gradually increased from 1880 to 1910 and reached 7.8 million. Women start enjoying work in industry and business. Churches support women and they fought for religious activism. However, Gender bias, discrimination, inequality, harassment, and family restrictions were some of the major issues during this period.

Women were restricted to specific fields like teaching, nursing, and writing while major fields like doctors and engineers were made for men. Harassment was the major issue as men were using women as a sexual object so it a too long time for men to accept the presence of women as colleagues or partners at the workplace. The equal pay act of 1963 was passed after a constant increase in pay difference between men and women. The law was signed on the 10th of July 1963. H.R. 5056 was introduced by Republican congresswoman against discrimination and inequality in pay based on sex. The large women workforce got more favorable opportunities and they became able to acquire equal jobs as well as salary.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Explaining the Gender Wage Gap - Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2014/05/19/90039/explaining-the-gender-wage-gap/. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019.

NW, 1615 L. St, et al. “The Narrowing, but Persistent, Gender Gap in Pay.” Pew Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/22/gender-pay-gap-facts/. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019.

Read “From Scarcity to Visibility: Gender Differences in the Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers” at NAP.Edu. www.nap.edu, doi:10.17226/5363. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019.

Wellenreuther, Maren, and Sarah Otto. “Women in Evolution – Highlighting the Changing Face of Evolutionary Biology.” Evolutionary Applications, vol. 9, no. 1, Dec. 2015, pp. 3–16. PubMed Central, doi:10.1111/eva.12343.

“Working Women: Key Facts and Trends in Female Labor Force Participation.” Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-force-participation-key-facts. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

Women's Rights In The US

Skye

Instructor Name

Course Number

21 May 2019

Role of Interest Groups and the Media in Abortion

Abstract

The modern information age is all about media and its potential. It is age of information and knowledge and one who controls the information, controls the world. This is the case with media which has assumed a dominant role in this twenty-first century. It is the prime force that shapes and influences the public opinion these days. However, the involvement of pressure groups in media makes its complex phenomenon where public opinions are shaped and influenced via several techniques. This is manifest in every society where powerful groups exert their influence and try to tilt the balance of policy-making in their favor. As for now, the role of interest groups and media in abortion has remained partisan. It is polarizing, misleading and aiming to benefit those with vested interests.

Introduction

Media is the new influencer in this modern globalized world. It is the force that is well capable of toppling governments anywhere in the world, changing electoral results, making policy decisions and even directing public opinions. The role of media cannot be denied when the twenty-first century is all about the information and its widespread application in every domain of life. Such role of media has already changed the old beliefs and traditions and still continues to do so. It would not be wrong that media is now considered the fourth pillar of the state due to its immense significance and outreach in every walk of life. Media has much power in this world of narratives and counter-narratives and here comes the critical side of money and interest groups involved in it. Abortion is the issue where media sometimes speaks in the favor of abortionists and other times it becomes anti-abortionist. Nevertheless, several books and articles suggest that media shapes the public opinion through its various methods. This is usually done when the interest groups are involved in a certain issue and use their authority in media. As a result, media becomes divided in its viewpoint and becomes a tool in the hands of the dominant class of the society.

Literature Review

Interest groups are undeniable in this world of class and conflict. As envisioned by conflict theorist Karl Marx, every society has a dominant elite class working to achieve its own aims and objectives. he called them Bourgeoisie- the rich class- that time. However, this title underwent several transformations in the modern advanced world which has its own misnomers for everything. Likewise, this is case with the new dominant elite in the modern globalized world. Now it is a class of interest groups that are actively working in the affairs of the state. These people with vested interests do not come in limelight and they prefer to stay in the background, but their presence is real and obvious. These interest groups are actively involved in all fields of life and same is the case with the media. As it is illustrated in (Wlezien, and Goggin,1993) that media is the top influencer when there is a need to change the opinion regarding any matter. It highlighted every institution tries to be more active in the political processes and demonstrate its political viewpoint. So the role of media in abortion is not something new and it has always taken part in every policy decision. Sometimes it acts negatively and other times, it acts positively in creating an informed public opinion.

Interest groups and their importance is well-established in American politics and this is illustrated in various studies such as CITATION Edw10 \l 2057 (Edward G. Carmines, 2010). This study dwells on the concept of polarization in the society in the wake of abortion issues. Though diverse opinions on abortion have always existed such as on the famous Roe Vs Wade case. But the role of interest groups has increased in any policy issue due to its involvement in the media industry. The dominant people get top positions and then direct the attention of the masses towards anything they want in particular. Nevertheless, there is always a tussle between pro-life and pro-choice groups. When media raised awareness of the issue, the people associated themselves with either of the group as witnessed in the era of 1970s.

This trend in journalism is also highlighted in CITATION Jul00 \l 2057 (Andsager, 2000) when it revealed that interest groups do play a proactive role in shaping public-policy decision. This highlights the debate between pro-life and pro-choice groups even in 1990s. each group had their own media cell and partners projecting their viewpoint to the masses in general. Their media partners use carefully chosen words to influence and shape the public opinion in their own favor. This battle of influencing public opinion went on for a long time and the it emphasized the importance of money in the struggle of power and politics.

The role of media in abortion is undisputed. It is well-established that it plays a significant role in triggering debates over an issue. biased side of the media is also not unknown to the world as discussed in CITATION NAY10 \l 2057 (NAYDA TERKILDSEN, 2010). This study reveals the partisan side of media in national issues such as abortion. It elaborates on the point that there is well-identifiable connection between the specific pressure groups and political parties. This connection has made the abortion issue a national debate which is triggered every now and then. Even people when get influenced by their narrative, they align themselves with one of the groups. This role of media and the interest groups had made abortion a national issue and even a divisive issue as well.

Importance of money cannot be denied in this capitalistic world and perhaps it is the reason that interest groups are ruling the day. They are in control whether it’s about their objectives or any other policy decision. The media has pivotal importance and this equally applies on the dominant interest groups involved in it as reflected in the CITATION Ann18 \l 2057 (Whitesell, 2018). This literature shows that interest groups have become even more important in this new digital world where information is the new power. That is why people easily project their views on social media or any other form of media. So media is acting like a tool in the hands of the elite or those who have the power to control it.

Conclusion

To summarize, it is well recognized and well-established that the role of interest groups and the media in abortion is very significant. It is beyond a shadow of doubt that these interest groups work behind closed doors to pursue their own policy objectives. It is very clear when one looks into the American politics where the bi-party system has its own set of policies and objectives. this policy of shaping narratives is done by both parties whether its pro-life or pro-choice group. Several articles and journals have reserved and stressed this point of intervention in the domain of media. So, this proves beneficial to the interest groups but the masses, in general, suffer when their legitimated demands get unheard.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Andsager, J. L. (2000). How Interest Groups Attempt to Shape Public Opinion with Competing News Frames. Sage Journals.

Edward G. Carmines, J. C. (2010). How Abortion Became a Partisan Issue: Media Coverage of the Interest Group‐Political Party Connection. Politics & Policy .

Goggin, C. B. (1993). The Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion about Abortion. Political Behavior.

NAYDA TERKILDSEN, F. I. (2010). Interest Groups, the Media, and Policy Debate Formation: An Analysis of Message Structure, Rhetoric, and Source Cues. Political Communication.

Whitesell, A. (2018). Interest groups and social media in the age of the Twitter president. Politics, Groups, and Identities.

Subject: Political Science

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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