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Writer Discretion

Laws of Manufacturing a Hazardous Byproduct

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Laws of Manufacturing a Hazardous Byproduct

Introduction

The organization was immensely successful in the manufacturing of this product and has taken over various US corporations. Containing the byproduct “Dio-Eathalyne-Ariable Theosophist” also called as DEATH, has conventionally provoked several environmental organizations through its hazardous influence over the environment. Continuing further the process of the byproduct won’t be a good sport for a future long run and Laws won’t be adjusting for the impact. DEATH has taken a reputed value among the brands and brought investors to the spotlight. Given the situation, the byproduct is very expensive to process in the US and adds to the production expenditures, which has significantly shown a constant decrease in their profits. Excreting minimum limit of byproduct and granting a good value among the buyers could find an immediate interest of the organizations. Hence, the process of the DEATH can be very costly in the US, so they have to look up to an alternative approach in safely disposing of the byproduct under the US and international given laws.

Discussion

Following their cooperation interest's an environmental cause, they could be looking forward to an international approach. A conventional dialogue between me and the superiors of the organizations have come to a demanding conclusion that they will be authorizing an official contract between their US corporation and the African country’s military government, upholding all the international laws. Their byproduct has a variety of demand among the investors in the west, but it has a disadvantage on environmental conditions and could be hazardous to human life. Disposing of it in a remote area in Africa can help them control the byproduct and provide caution for any hazardous or toxicities contained by the byproduct (Bromley et al. 2012). An immediate spot on is that their demand and transportation cost is way inexpensive than the total cost of processing the byproduct in the US. This could be a beneficial advantage for their company and stabilizing their margin of profits. They can also be looking forward towards an expansion from an international perspective because opening a new project at a remote location means providing new opportunities to the local citizens.

Relating to the cause, their hazardous byproduct can pose a significant threat to human health and environmental surroundings so thus they cannot allow any deviation towards it. It should be their number one priority in finding a suitable disposing of location, particularly remote areas that are far beyond from human interaction. Provide mandatory precaution while going deep underground and keeping the hazardous byproduct toxicities away from the water and water pipelines underground. Safeties precautions should be measured to follow the byproduct radiation controlled and keep it in a friendly atmosphere. DEATH can be flammable, which requires the caution of keeping any incendiary elements away. Gasoline leaks are common in underground pipes and can be a dangerous combination among the byproduct and gas (Takatorige, Hirose, & Nagamatsu, 2019). This could lead to a combustion reaction because of the underground pressure and heat which can cause a fetal radiation explosion. It can expand on an enormous ground creating Human-health issues and poisoning water tables which could lead to food supplies.

An old saying states that one's trash can be another one's treasure, but with an industrial point of vision, one's waste can become other's tragedy, unfortunately (Hasan, Ahmed, Mallick, & Singh, 2018). The US Corporation has grabbed a position among the most reputed organizations for a while now so their legislation towards the byproducts disposing of should be authentic and certified. Also, dashing in the local and national environmental organization of that African country can provide a safe enrollment to control the disposal of the byproduct and can help to deal it in environmentally safe manners. Safety of the life of workers on site should be prioritized and giving a fair compensation in their wages and ensure their long-term insurance. Moreover, every precaution taken along, beginning from the starting of the product to an ending should meet all local laws and should not be breaking any of these laws. African laws can be very strict when it comes to handling new businesses, which is why this company have to be precautious with its affairs, so that human or animal lives do not get endangered during this process of product management.

Conclusion

Also organizations such as EPA in the US, EPA international programs protect the natural resources and also serves an integral part of Foreign policy (Dupuy, & Viñuales, 2018). Their agenda is to protect human health and the environment, which leads to economic sustainability and a diverse ecosystem. They provide a long term post-closure of the site of disposal of the byproduct and the safety of the employers working to protect the environment, all under the International Law. It will build their relationship with the Military government of the African Country for future import and export which could lead their cooperation to be reputed internationally. Also, playing a role in natural preservation and not putting human health at any risks. The aforementioned analysis on the laws and international laws outlined in Africa in contrast with the accumulated experiment suggests many alternatives and precautions that can be taken through ethical regard.

References

Dupuy, P. M., & Viñuales, J. E. (2018). International environmental law. Cambridge University Press..

Hasan, M. A., Ahmed, M., Mallick, J., & Singh, R. K. (2018). Impact of Hazardous Wastes on Human Health & Preventive Measures for a Sustainable Environment..

Takatorige, T., Hirose, Y., & Nagamatsu, S. (2019). Environmental Risks. In Science of Societal Safety (pp. 87-97). Springer, Singapore..

Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Writer Discretion

The Environment and Global Warning

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Abstract

Global warming is not so common in the past, but now its effects are clearly visible. This paper gathers evidence from reliable sources related to the recent impacts of global warming all around the globe. This evidence includes the rise in events of extreme weather, increasing sea level, disappearing polar ice and glaciers, damaging corals, transformation in wildlife, health and distributions and increased activity of disease vectors. The direct link to global warming is very difficult for establishing, but some environmental changes the dangers of global warming. Emission of greenhouse gases is the most significant cause of global warming. In order to stabilize the climate, some amendments in international law are required.

The Environment and Global Warming

Introduction

Global warming is now considered to be no longer prediction, but it is actually happening. It has been proved with several evidences that the average temperature of the earth surface is rising with both ocean and air warming. Since the last two centuries the warmest temperature has occurred within the last thirty years. A scientist has figured out that the reasons for global warming is increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which mostly occurs due to several human activities like fossil fuels burning, and deforestation. Scientists are well aware of the ability of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide for trapping the heat from the Earth's surface. Climate scientist believes that most of the warming of the earth's surface is caused by the gases of greenhouse over the past fifty years. Most people have a misconception that increase of temperature of earth's surface is just a threat, but the fact is that many scientists have proved that global warming is having a severe impact on the societies and ecosystem all around the globe. Arctic sea, glaciers, have been disappearing or shrinking, level of the sea have also been rising, increasing rate of flooding, heat waves, droughts, forest fires, and rainstorms are becoming more frequent and intense since last few decades. Moreover, as a response of it corals are dying and bleaching, and several animals and plants are migrating towards higher elevations or poles from places of higher temperature. Such a multitude of changes gives a clear and consistent evidence body of the growing and immediate danger which global warming causes. So, the global economy, human communities, and the ecosystems on which human depends on water, food and other resources are also at risk. The goal of this report is to provide the audience with the fact that they should make the decisions to stop global warming from society. This report summarizes the major effects of global warming occurs all around the globe and their possible preventions.

Discussion

Global Impacts of Warming

It is difficult to consider global warming responsible for some drastic weather events such as drought, flood-causing storm, and heat wave as the weather changes automatically. While some of the climate model and theory predict that global warming can increase the intensity or frequency of such kind of extreme natural events. A hot world is like a loaded die which comes up with Intense Rainstorm or Heat Wave than an unperturbed world. Different researchers have estimated some amount of risk of following drastic events for which human beings are responsible:

Heat Waves

Global warming caused by human beings has doubled the risk of killer heat waves as compared to the one which was recorded in 2003. All the time record of high temperature have been broken by many countries. In the UK the mercury hit more than hundred Fahrenheit last year which was the first time in this country since the record started. The all-time record of 104 Fahrenheit was set in Germany on August 8, 2018. More than twenty-seven thousand people have died due to these killing heat waves all around the globe which breaks all the records of the last few decades. In France, more than fourteen thousand people were died due to this heat wave. These damages also include the reduction of fodder production in France up to sixty percent. Moreover, the decrease of eighteen percent of wine production in Italy, Eleven percent decrease in the production of grains in America and also the decrease in production of flocks in whole Europe by fifteen to twenty percent (Santamouris, 2015). These drastic heat waves also cause the river water shortage for plant cooling as a result of which cuts in power generation occurs. According to the researcher, the risk of such heat waves by 2040 could raise the 100-fold if international society does not control the greenhouse gases growth. In the United States of America Chicago also experienced one of the worst disaster related to weather when a heat wave causes the death of more than five hundred individuals. Many studies indicate that the increase in death rate from heat waves in the future is possible in the United States.

Flooding and Torrential Rains

According to another recent research, the increase in the precipitation events intensity occurred last two decades. This rise is consistent with the impact of global warming as higher temperature gear up evaporation and rises the water vapors quantity in the atmosphere which then causes the heavier downpours. Risk of flooding is then caused by these heavier rainfalls. Another significant factor which contributes to the intense precipitation is considered to be the increase in intensity and frequency of El Nino Event since the last two decades. An El Nino is a period of warmer water in the eastern Pacific and weaker winds of tropical trade which occurs one time in every two to seven years. It brings heavy rains to the United States southern tier and Peru while resulting in a decrease in precipitation level in the U.S northwestern tier, northeastern side of Brazil, Australia, and southeast Asia. It has been observed that some events of El Nino are more long-lasting and intense than ever (Desmet & Hansberg, 2015). Some Climate scientist has observed that global warming can produce more long lasting and frequent El Nino in the future which can result in an increasing amount of droughts and extreme floods. One of extreme flooding event which might be due to global warming occurred in Venezuela a few years back. In this event, Venezuela broke the record of rainfall with flooding and landslides that resulted in the death of more than thirty thousand people. The rainfall can become unusual when it occurs in other than the normal rainy seasons. Most of the population which are affected by unusual rainfall is considered to be those people who live on slopes prone to landslides and also the area susceptible to floods. With the reduction of greenhouse gases, developments in these vulnerable locations should also be discouraged as it can help to reduce the damages from global warming.

Drought

Global warming also plays a significant role in severe and frequent droughts all around the globe. Increase in temperature can raise the evaporation rate which is drying the surface of the earth. Very less energy is required in the process of evaporation which can help in making the events of drought feasible. Moreover, if there is less evaporation in the air due to depletion of soil moisture than the amount of moisture in the atmosphere can also be decreased for forming precipitation which can result in the drying of the soil. It has been believed that global warming is responsible for the drought with the killing heat waves all around the globe. Summer droughts are considered to be highly vulnerable in several areas of mid-continent that are significant grazing or grain-producing regions (Goyal, 2018). The most common reason for such vulnerabilities is that their climate temperature isn't cooled by their seas and continental moisture helped in deriving their huge precipitation portion. In addition to deficient rainfall prolonging periods and increasing evaporation, a hotter climate can decrease the supplies of water in semi-arid and arid regions. The quicker and earlier melting of ice can result in lowering of water flow in the stream which can ultimately result in the shortage of water. The warming of the temperature of oceans due to global warming can also increase the risk of droughts. The Pacific and Indian ocean have become exceptionally warm in the recent decade due to the warming trend in the oceans all around the world. Atmospheric flow patterns of unusual persistent can result in increasing rates of droughts, high temperature, and lowering of normal precipitation in America, Europe, and Asia. So, there are several evidences which prove that global warming is responsible for severe recent droughts.

Wildfires and Forests

Researchers have also proved that global warming is contributing to the rise in the wildfire in many ways. Lack of precipitation due to increase in temperature can cause ideal situations for severe wildfires. Longer warm seasons can also be transformed into longer seasons of fire. Warmer temperature also contributes to the insect's outbreak which feed on trees and also help in creating several amounts of forest fires by killing a large number of hosts. With the combination of pests, droughts, and heat, the wildfires have become more destructive than ever. Northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia and Scandinavia are considered to some common places which are already targeted by the pest attacks (Burke, Hsaing, & Miguel, 2015). High temperature and severe droughts in the United States of America resulted in more than one hundred thousand fires which burned more than eight million acres.

Prevention by International Laws

In 1992 the several nations of the world had signed a binding agreement for stopping the dangerous anthropogenic interference with the atmosphere of the earth, but such obligation has been failed since last two decades for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. UNFCCC (The United Nations Framework on Climate Change has sent lawyers, activists, and politicians to some famous resort of world for thrashing out a binding agreement but no positive effect has been seen so far. The most unfortunate thing is that international law world is behaving as the problem of global warming does not exist. Some useful amendments in international laws such as international trade law, human right law, state responsibility law, environmental law, and international migration law can be helpful in mitigating the effects of global warming all around the globe. Let's discuss a few of them.

International Trade Law

The problem of global warming also afflicts the department of international trade law. The one significant policy to address the issue of climate change can be to impose low standards of carbon on the production of goods such as plastics, mobile phones, and meat. IF someone is imposing standards on goods at home than he must also impose it on imports as well to avoid the suffering and uncompetitiveness of domestic industry. So international trade law should allow every state for imposing standards of low-carbon on imported goods. Import policy of zero-carbon can violate the law of the World Trade Organization. These policies can be viable but they will be expensive and time-consuming to design, and there would be no guarantee that whether the principal of the World Trade Organization would accept it or not. Maybe that is the reason that no country hasn't tried it yet (Brown, 2018).

Human Rights Law:

Change in climate also affect the human rights to shelter, water, food, and health. So human rights should provide a viable route for protecting such human rights. It is not easy to implement such policies as most of the principal victims related to climate change do not belong to the country where emissions of greenhouse gases are considered to be highest. So, it makes it impossible or difficult to sue anyone. Such human right laws can be effective for the people living in the high-emitting countries like European nations, Australia, Canada, and US, as they are directly affected by the global warming and human rights, can give much relief. Litigation is started for implementing such law in some places, but still, there are many hurdles as well.

Conclusion

So it is concluded that disastrous natural events cannot easy to link with global warming, but the rise in intensity and frequency of such events and their occurrence all around the globe provide such strong bonding. Many of these recently observed natural events are considered to be unprecedented or worst since the last few centuries which clearly shows that shows that something unusual is happening to the earth. Global warming has some significant effects on several aspects of the life of human beings. It threatens human lives, economies, and traditional ways. The facts collected in this report proved that societies are making serious efforts for combating global warming. So now the time has come to stabilize the climate and reduce future damages. Severe action by several nations is needed so international legislation should set a necessary cap on emissions which could be the transformative step towards resolving the issue of global warming

References

Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C., Synnefa, A., & Kolokotsa, D. (2015). On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings—A review. Energy and Buildings, 98, 119-124.

Desmet, K., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. (2015). On the spatial economic impact of global warming. Journal of Urban Economics, 88, 16-37.

Goyal, S. (2018). A Concise Study Over Impact of Global Warming on Freshwater Systems. Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology, 7(1), 8-17.

Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2015). Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production. Nature, 527(7577), 235.

Brown, S. (2018). International relations in a changing global system: toward a theory of the world polity. Routledge.

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Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Writer Discretion (Please Confirm First)

Jurisdictions of States

Your name

Affiliation

Q1. Every year more than four eighty thousand people die due to smoking in the United States. This high rate of deaths has forced the government to enforce strict rules in the state. FDA is playing an important role in imposing the laws of the court related to manufacturing, packaging, selling or distribution of the cigarettes. The case defined in the case study states that due to the usage of cigarettes manufactured by U.S multinational Dromedary Tobacco Company has caused lung cancer in more than twenty thousand people of Cancervania which brought a class action suit in the court of United States. According to the export laws stated by the United States and FDA the court of Virginia is not obligated to entertain the case demanded by Cancervania.

The law of Virginia clearly states that no cigarette should be packaged, manufactured or sold without the proper health warning issues. For the export of cigarettes, FDA and Virginia court laws say that the packaging and manufacturing of the cigarettes should strictly follow the laws of manufacturing stated by the foreign state. As Cancervania had no laws regarding the manufacturing or packaging of the cigarettes, hence Dromedary Tobacco Company has not violated any laws, and the court of Virginia is not obligated to entertain the case of Cancervania.

Q2. ICSID stands for International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes. It's a world's largest institution for the settlement of international investment dispute. In this case study state C and state D both notified ICSID that they consider all types of rules and regulation for investment disputes as arbitrable. Hence, both the states became the members of ICSID. The government of state D changed and refused to fulfill any agreements, and the new government of state D also refused to ICSID disputes relating to taxes as being arbitrable (Schreuer, 2009).

According to the laws or rules stated by ICSID that it can only resolve tax cases of those states who are the member of ICSID. As state D government was changed and the agreement of ICSID was with the old government hence, ICSID could not help state C. Even though ICSID asked for the agreement to the investments disputes as arbitrable, but the new government refused to sign it. On the other hand, state C can sue state D in international court because a treaty or agreement was rejected by the state D.

References

Schreuer, C. H. (2009). The ICSID Convention: a commentary. Cambridge University Press.

Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Writer's Choice

Socio-Economic factor and Criminal Behavior

Menavi Jay

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Socio-Economic Factor and Criminal Behavior

Crime has always existed from the start of human history. It occurs in every stage of development of society, irrespective of its structure, historic or system. There should be no doubt that crime is the result of numerous social and economic factors in our society. Whether we like it or not, crime is always a constant companion of our lives. This fluctuation in levels of crime is influenced by several factors whose nature is diverse. Among these various reasons, we may separate the socio-economic factors of the criminals. Several sources confirm the fact that there is a strong bond between the economic and social conditions and the fluctuations in the level of crime. Several theories also explain how the criminal is motivated to commit a crime influenced by the changes in profits and costs from the said activities. This is quite logical as criminals often commit such activities because the results they want are achieved quickly, and with less hassle, as compared to the same goal accomplished constitutionally.

Crime and changes in the ways of committing a crime are both affected by factors such as the degree of economic development of a country as well as the stability of its political system. Other factors also include the pace of industrialization and urbanization of the state, the tends of immigrations and migrations and other related variations in the social structure of the state. These transformations may be a result of a swift revolutionary process or it may be a result of steady evolutionary changes at occur at a steady and uniform pace. Each time there is a turmoil in a state, there is always a hike in criminal activities that affect the state and sometimes the states that are linked with it, either from land routes or diplomatic ones. Take the example of Sicily CITATION Ste182 \l 1033 (Steven E. Barkan). The island itself had been under constant war due to its important strategic location. This produced a power vacuum and economic disparity that resulted in the start of one of the biggest crime families in the world, the Italian mafia. This group of organized criminals later began to affect the whole world as they managed to establish a shadow government in the US, the country that was powerful enough to influence the decision of almost all the states in the world. This syndicate of crime can be seen to be formed as a result of a lack of law and order and the economic disparity that the dwellers of Sicily faced due to numerous wars and the curse of their strategic location.

By the analysis of the socio-economic factors of crime on a much smaller scale, one can study the changes that have occurred on a global scale as well. Let us take the example of one of the states that attained freedom from communist rule, Poland CITATION Ste182 \l 1033 (Steven E. Barkan). The dimension of economic and social changes that took place in the state managed to change the whole outlook of Western Europe. In the case of Poland, we should also consider the effects of border social changes such as the complete change of the political system in the country. This change is always accompanied by disintegration and destabilization of the entire society. This process includes things like the change in the ownership structure of the society, along with numerous changes that occur when a country changes its structure from communist to democratic regime. Thankfully, the society of the United States went through an evolutionary process rather than a revolutionary one like Poland went through. So, it was saved from the devastation and hike in criminal activities which is caused by the shift in the social and economic structure of the governing regime, as well as the change in social groups and social hierarchy. In the scramble, many social groups end up as being the losers in the race of economic and social prosperity.

Another social factor that is somewhat ignored in this analysis is the possibility of cultural change. Here, two systems of culture often collide with one another. On one side, there is the system of culture that the state inherits from the previous system of government, while on the other side there is a different culture that is the process of being shaped like the country transitions in the new system of governance. This kind of change is the true breeding ground of some serious criminal activities. Let us take the example of India to elaborate on this point and its influence on the socio-economic factors that encourage criminal activities. Both the partition of the sub-continent, United India was under the autocratic rule of the British. So, after the end of the British rule and the partition of India, the tenants of the colonial system collided with the nascent system of government that was based on democratic values. Some cultural and minority ethnic groups where neglected. This resulted in a bunch of criminal activities that began to occur throughout the state of India. The most notorious of all was the Mumbai Criminal Syndicate led by a criminal that later ran off to Dubai and managed to establish political linkages in the Central Government of India that made him untouchable CITATION Ste182 \l 1033 (Steven E. Barkan). The point that should be noted here is that if this ethnic group had not been marginalized in the process of the making of the new political system, there would not have been a crime spree that would have affected all of India. Thus, it is proven that cultural factors, such as lack of respect for human rights and marginalization of minor ethnic communities, are also somewhat responsible for the increase in crime and criminal activities.

We must also understand that the main problem that is being pointed out in these aforementioned examples is the dependence of economics and social factors with the spike in criminal activities. However, it should be noted that these are just the elements that explain the occurring and rapid increase of specific types of crime only. Some scholar also questions the predicament that economic situation often has a say in shaping the level of crime rate in the society. They argue that the effects of the influence of social and economic factors are limited to specific kinds of criminal activities only. It makes one wonder how the economic and social outlook of a society can shape the level of crime rate. The society itself is a dynamic entity as it is under constant transformations and modification, due to the changes in its demographics on an instantaneous level.

These changes are often seen as a positive influence on an economy. Poor economic outlook simply translates into an increase in unemployment in society.

There should be no doubt that unemployment may have different intensities and dimensions when it comes to its role in the increase in criminal activities. An analysis of the database of NYPD shows that there is a high chance of crime occurring at the hands of the people that are just under the age of thirty CITATION Igo18 \l 1033 (Igor Goroshko). If a person is facing long-term unemployment, then it is likely that he may lose hope in the system and succumb to criminal activities. This may be because he may feel that he is being treated with injustice in society and may lose any hope to find any source of a legitimate source of income. However, this can be seen that the increase in unemployment can produce variation in criminal activity from various social groups.

Mostly, there are four types of criminal activities when it comes to outlining the relationship between crime and unemployment. First, the criminal may incorporate his legal business with criminal activities. The Italian mafia opened up pizza restaurants throughout the US and used these restaurants to supply Cocaine and other drugs through their pizza delivery service. Second, there are criminal activities that are done inside a legal business repeatedly by offering bribes or making dangerous threats. Thirdly, there is a possibility of doing legal and illegal activities simultaneously, but from different sources. Lastly, there is a group of people for whom engaging in crime is not an option, it is a necessity. This may be due to their immediate surroundings or the stereotypes that are attached to their racial identities. The best example that can be given in this regard the African-Americans of the Southern States of the US. Their immediate surroundings make it easier for them to engage in criminal activities while the factor of unemployment does not influence their lives whatsoever.

Another factor that has a strong association with criminal activities is that of poverty. There is an old saying “Crime is the child of poverty”. This can be easily observed everywhere in the society around us. However, it should also be needed that criminal activities are also incited by the fear of the poor by the rich. The rich are always suspicious of poor people and view them as dangerous and troublemakers of society. This feeling is often responsible for pushing people towards criminal activities. Even if the rich try to care and assist the poor, they do so in a rather controlling manner that further adds fuel to the fire. Nevertheless, there is a clear relationship between the wealthy and the gap of inequality among different classes of the society. This gap creates a general feeling of discontent and unease in society. This particularly affects the lower classes in a society. There are several studies conducted on different cosmopolitan cities of the world that have shown that when a few people have a greater level of income, the majority of the lower and poor section of the population has an incentive to move towards criminal activities.

Religion is also the root of criminal activities sometimes, but that is only true to the extent of the functioning of society based on these principles CITATION Ohl19 \l 1033 (Ohlen). Although many scholars may disagree that religion has any role to play when it comes to a spike in criminal activities, yet one can observe a clear connection when it comes to many criminal cases. In the above-mentioned case of the Mumbai Criminal Syndicate, the head of the syndicate used the argument of difference of religion to gather people of his ethnic group. This made sure that most of his criminal activities had the support of the people around him.

Now, let us move the discussion towards the economic factors of the society. This is a huge possibility that economic components of the society may also affect the criminal activities occurring in it, as economic activity surely affects the social changes in society. There is a healthy chance that economic activities may create some serious situations that may result in an increase in criminal activity in society. However, this relation is not so obvious and straightforward. A correlation of economic factors with various other social factors must be taken into account. For one, the affluence in the society may encourage people to engage in criminal activities due to ease in availability of required sources. But it can be generally seen that better economic and social status does not encourage people to engage in criminal activities in a society.

The aforementioned socio-economic factors clearly show that humankind is linked in a web of economic and social factors that make us both interdependent and interrelated. There are both social behaviors and vulnerabilities that play their role in increasing the crime rate in society. However, there are differences in trends as well, that we have tried to discuss and understand. However, this makes one thing certain. The decrease in criminal activities is not enough. The societies have to eliminate the root of the problems that force an individual to commit criminal activities. These measures must be used to eliminate social and economic inequalities in society. The balance of resources in society always promote social stability and tolerance.

Even though there are various crime control and prevention strategies that continue to be developed and implemented, they may reduce crime, but only on a smaller scale. The point is that they may not be as effective as they should be since there are too many socio-economic factors that need to be taken into account while studying the relationship between economy, society, and criminal activities. However, there should be recovery efforts to prevent crime on a local or regional level in every state to improve the living conditions of the people. Every state should work together to find the best ways to lessen the desire and necessity of a person to be involved in criminal activity.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Igor Goroshko, Boris Toropov, Igor Gurlev, Fyodor Vasiliev. "Data Analysis of the Socio-economic Factors’ Influence on the State of Crime." Big Data-driven World: Legislation Issues and Control Technologies 181 (2018): 71-84. <https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-01358-5_7>.

Ohlen, Ramphal. "Are regional crime rates in India natural?" Crime, Law and Social Change (2019): 1-18. <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-019-09851-8>.

Steven E. Barkan, Michael Rocque. "Socioeconomic Status and Racism as Fundamental Causes of Street Criminality." Critical Criminology 26 (2018): 211-231. <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10612-018-9387-x>.

Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Writing Assignment

Title page

Mapping crime

Crime mapping has become an essential aspects of criminology and crime analysis. The technique of crime mapping is not new but it dates back to 1900s. Pin maps have been developed for studying various crimes that are represented by different colors. It gives clear idea of the square feet area including the measurements of all dimensions. Cartography and crime mapping are relevant techniques that have been used by the crime investigation departments of different countries. Maps are used for identifying the fields of navigations. The criminologists of 1830s adopted the technique of crime mapping for solving mysteries more efficiently. Cartography and geographic have origins in England and France as these countries had the most advance crime investigation institutes. With time the departments started including additional factors that could help in controlling crimes. social ecology was introduced for determining the factors that helped the crime investigators in studying the factors that encourage offenders towards crime.

The role of sociologists became prominent since the nineteenth century as they started uncovering the reasons behind criminal behaviors. With the emergence of technology the use of computerized crime mapping was introduced in 1960s. Early computer crime mapping used printers and point symbols that added to the efficiency of the investigators. GIS style crime mapping was even a newer technique that emerged in 1980. With the integration of technology the work efficiency of the crime institutes improved. Printers were enhanced that also allowed officers to save time and perform work on time. Another prominent technological advancement include data visualization that include graphical representation of the crime scenes and factors that leads to fast judgments. Graphics broadened the perspectives of the officers and allowed them to cover all aspects that leads to the identification of right criminal. Bar chars and diagrams were used more frequently for understanding the reasons and nature of crime.

Mapping involve a scientific activity that require from officers to develop hypothesis for solving the crime mystery. Data sets are sued for making more accurate and right decisions. Statistical information is also used that help the officers in presenting facts in appropriate manner. However the efficient use of the mapping technique depends on officers knowledge and skills. It sis crucial to use symbols, signs and indications in right manner that eliminate possibilities of error in judgments.

It is also proved that maps are cost effective as they allow crime investigation department to save cost. More abstractions are possible that makes analysis simpler. Mapping has also improved competency of the officers for measuring time and space of the crimes. It is possible to estimate the events and geographical space of their occurrence. Maps can also be used for estimating the time accurately including the time of its occurrence. Map projection is another important feature of crime mapping that helps in solving crime problem more appropriately. The chances of committing errors or neglecting the minor clues is also removed in this method CITATION Jan99 \l 1033 (Reno, Marcus, Robinson, & Brennan, 1999).

Efficient coordinating systems are integrated by the crime investigation agencies that eliminates the possibilities of delays in information sharing or misinterpretation. Installation of the UMT systems have further increased accuracy and efficiency in performance. Location, distance, direction can easily be identified through these advanced tracking systems. Small and large scale maps are selected for exploring the small and large areas. Data collection has become fast that leads to solving of crimes on time. There are different categories of maps such as qualitative and quantitative used according to the nature of crime.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY Reno, J., Marcus, D., Robinson, L., & Brennan, N. (1999). Mapping Crime: Principle and Practice. National Institute of Justice.

Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Written Court Report

Individual Court Attendance & Written Court Report

Student’s Name

Institution

Western Australian Court

The Supreme Court is the state highest Court in Western Australia with the responsibilities to handle both civil and criminal matters CITATION Sup19 \l 1033 (Supremecourt, 2019). It is the main court in the state and therefore, the decision of the Supreme Court is the final decision maker in matters of criminal and civil cases. The Supreme Court is divided into two parts or divisions, which are the court of appeal and the General Divisions. Parliament makes laws while the courts interpret the constitution or the law. The Supreme Court of WA is an open Court to the public and therefore, everyone can walk in and sit to observe the proceeding of cases being heard by the Supreme Court Judges. The public are required to sit at the back at the public gallery of the courtroom.

The Supreme Court hearings are presided over by the Judges of the Supreme Court. In the hearing of criminal cases, the Supreme Court is composed of associates, witness, Defense counsel and prosecutor CITATION Jus19 \l 1033 (Mitchell, 2019). There are also solicitors, the accused person(s) and the jury. But when the hearing of Civil Cases is taking place at the Supreme Court, the composition of the court usually different from the criminal case. The court is compost of presided over by the judge and other people present are, the witness, defense counsel and plaintiff, defense solicitor and plaintiff solicitor.

The case hearing was about the appeal “Nguyen -V- The State Of Western

Australia [2019] Wasca 149” The case was listed for hearing on 3 September 2019, starting fro, 10.00 am and break at 1:00 pm to 2:15 PM for lunch break. The case before the judges of the Supreme Court started at 10:00 am where the case was heard for hours. The matter brought before the court was the appeal against the previous ruling concerning the cultivation of cannabis with the intent of supply for profit. The case was Nguyen V. the State of Western Australia. However, the parties to case were counsel Appellant Mr. SR MGrath and respondent Mr J A Scholz. The solicitors were Morris Law Pty Ltd for the appellant and the Director of Public Prosecutions (WA) for the respondent. The judge who heard was Judge Mazza JA Mitchell JA. The court case was a criminal case because it was the state of The State of Western Australia V. an individual (Mr. Nguyen). It means that the state was prosecuting Mr. Nguyen for cultivating Cannabis for profit which is against the Law and therefore, the case was a criminal case. The matter brought before the court was the leave for appeal to be granted to Mr. Nguyen and the leave was granted by the judge. This therefore, means that the one month sentence by the District Court Perth was set aside until the hearing and ruling by the judges.

The appellant was accused of providing assistant on fraudulent of power which was used for the production of cannabis. The state argued that the appellant knew he was committing a crime and therefore, he should be held accountable for participating in a fraudulent of power and participating in the production of cannabis for profit. However, the court was asked to consider reconsider the sentencing against the appellant. The appellant asked the court to consider the immediate sentencing issued to the appellant and the sentencing was very inappropriate. During the hearing of the case, the judge applied section 360 of criminal code act, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 (WA). The sentencing judge applied a discount of 10% which is available under 9AA of the sentencing Act 1995 (WA). This sentencing Act was used by the sentencing judge to reduce the imprisonment of period issued by the District Court. The precedence from the previous ruling was also applied by the judge to make a ruling. The judge the case of Kabambi v The State of Western Australia, do decide that Nguyen committed an offense by participating in the production of cannabis. The legal case applied under the case Nguyen V. the state of Western Australia are was summarized in Rillotta v the state of Western Australia and the case regarding the Lee v the state of Australia. The judge, prosecutor the defense of the appellant consistency used the cases to illustrate the point which provided direction of the ruling made by the judge.

It is therefore, important to state that the law and precedence were applied by the judge to ensure that the decision made is satisfactory. The rule was applied to decide whether the action of the appellant was illegal. Therefore, the Judge made a ruling that the appellant committed an offense. The appellant was then sentences was two count of offenses which totaling to 16(sixteen) years imprisonment. The judges made a ruling that the appellant knowing committed an offense and therefore, the immediate imprisonment could be applied. The judge also applied See s 80(5) of the Sentencing Act to illustrate the sentence and ensure that the appellant obtain appropriate justice. However, during the entire hearing, nothing much interrupted the hearing proceeding. It went on smoothly with both parties arguing their case to ensure that they catch the attention of the judge. There is strict rules and regulation which guide the proceedings and therefore, it is difficult to use mobile phone or any electronics within the premise of the court. Through the four hours sessions the proceedings preceded without any problem until the judge mad the final ruling. After that we left the court premise for our homes.

During the case, it was disputed that before the court was the seriousness of the offending and whether the sentence of imprisonment of the appellant was warranted. The contentious issue was whether it was open for the sentencing judge to make a conclusion that it was very inappropriate to conditionally suspend the sentencing which was imposed. It maximum penalty for the crime was also in contentious. The argument was made that the sentencing for the misuse of drugs should have a sentencing of not less than 10 (ten) years and therefore, the sentencing issued was less based on the section 390 of the criminal Code. The section 390 of the criminal code is three (3) years imprisonment. The defense and the prosecutor disputed the sentencing as less and should be rechecked. The sentencing of the appellant was also disputed with the defense attorney arguing that the judge failed to consider appellant plea or individual consideration in judgment instead of being judged together with other offenders. It was there argued by the prosecutor that the immediate imprisonment is the best and most appropriate for the crime committed by the appellant. The persecutor argued for the immediate imprisonment of the appellant under section 360 of the criminal code rather than 16 (sixteen) months issued by the Justice Michelle.

Outcome of the case

The judge reviewed the early sentence issued to Mr. Nguyen and therefore, reducing the number of months he was supposed to spend in prison. The judge made a ruling that the appellant is remorseful and youthful. It was also observed that the appellant played a lesser role compared to other defenders. The therefore, made a ruling that the appropriate sentence should be six (6) months imprisonment for taking part in the fraudulent of power offense and sixteen (16) months imprisonment for the cannabis offense. It means that the appellant sentence was reduced. The sentencing judge also made a ruling that both offenses were committed were s part of one enterprise and part of the same conduct allowing the property to be used for the purpose of cultivating cannabis, which is prohibited by the law. At the end of the hearing the offender was convicted (found guilty) and sentence to sixteen (16) months imprisonment.

In conclusion, the case Nguyen V The state of Western Australia was a criminal case where the state prosecuted Nguyen for participating in the production of cannabis for commerce use and the fraudulent of power which was used for the production of cannabis. The judge decide that Nguyen participated in an illegal act and therefore, he was imprisonment for a period of 16 (sixteen) month. The sixteen month was obtained after appeal was table that at the time of crime, Nguyen as a youth and he was very remorse for the act he committed. Due to remorse and youthful, the judge deciding to give him 10% deduction on the sentencing and this made him to get less months in imprisonment than earlier decision made by the judge of the District court of the lower division. Throughout the case, the law, including the acts such as sentencing act of 1978 (WA) and misuse act was applied by the judge. These helped the judge and the prosecuting team to make a ruling based on the law to ensure that justice is served. In short, the plea for appeal was granted by the Supreme Court, which made other judgment to occur,

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Mitchell, J. (2019). JURISDICTION : SUPREME COURT OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA. See S 80(5) Of The Sentencing Act. , 2-15.

Supremecourt. (2019). Supreme Court Of Western Australia. Https://Www.Supremecourt.Wa.Gov.Au/V/Visiting_Court.Aspx , 2-15.

https://ecourts.justice.wa.gov.au/eCourtsPortal/CourtListings/TodaysCourtListings?jurisdiction=MC

Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

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Citizenship in contemporary societies

In a world where people of different cultures end up living in one country, it is important to come with laws that can define the citizenship of the people. Coming up with a universal code for citizenship has not been easy since different people always have different social status in the society. There are three ways with which one can become a citizen of a country. The major question that people always ask is whether every person should have the same rights regardless of the means they used to become citizens of a given country. Modern societies, like Canada, contain people from different cultures which make it hard for them to come up with laws that govern citizenship. This paper aims to look at the how the proposition by T.H Marshall changed the idea of citizenship and what his critics are saying. The paper will also look at whether the idea of universal citizenship is the best or whether people can use differentiated citizenship as argued out by Kymlicka and Norman.

Citizenship is one of the most crucial topics that people are currently a discussion in the world. Different countries have different ways of dealing with their citizens. Different scholars have tried to come up with some of the best ways that can be used to bring fairness and quality to every person in any given country. The problem with such principles is that they do not always relate to every citizen within the country. Modern citizenship is mainly focused on the social rights of individuals. This is a branch of international law since it focuses on the lives of people living in any given county. Discussion on the rights of citizens is a topic that has been discussed for a long duration. During the 1943 lecture, T.H Marshall argued that the best type of citizenship is one that focuses on the civil, political and social rights of any person within a state. The thoughts of the scholar have been respected by many people, but over the years, critics have come up with ways of improving the thoughts of Marshall (Kirsten, P67).

T.H Marshall’s view of social citizenship

In the eighteenth century, people were mainly concerned about the economic rights. Most of the people felt that the laws did not in any way contribute to the economic empowerment of the people within the country. When talking about international laws, it is important to put into consideration both the natives of the specific country and those that gained citizenship of the country by other means. There are three major ways that one can use to get the citizenship of any country. The first one is by birth. A child born within a given country is automatically a citizen of that specific country. One can also become a citizen of a country by naturalization. This implies that one can live within a given country for a given number of years after which he or she will be identified as a citizen of the country. The major point is that the person has to be within the country for the specified period. One can also become a citizen by registration. It refers to a situation where one applies to become a citizen of a country. In most cases, people who use this method are interested in working or investing in the country for a long duration. They feel that the citizens of the country enjoy more rights and hence the only way they can be comfortable in the country is to become citizens.

T.H Marshall looked at the evolution of social rights from the 18th century to the 20th century. The social rights of the people evolved depending on the issues that people were facing at that particular time. The 18th century was mainly concerned with the economic rights as it aimed at giving opportunities to every person within a given country. In the 19th century, there were a lot of political activities all over the world, and the major discussion revolved around the politics. The political activities led to the emergence of contemporary societies like Canada which had a lot of problems with their social rights. It is the reason why the 20th century was mainly involved with the social rights of the citizens (Kirsten, P90).

According to T.H Marshall, modern citizenship is majorly constituted of political, civil and social rights. People who live within a country have to enjoy a certain level of rights that allow them to engage in the politics of the region, engage in civic activities for the benefit of the country and also feel free to socialize with other people. Marshall believed that the laws would bring equality to every person within the state where they lived. As he gave his lecture, his major case study was England which is the country that he was most conversant with. His lecture aimed at providing equal opportunities to all the people that lived within any country. As a result of increased interaction between people of different countries, people from other countries would also end up in other countries. They could as well choose to be citizens of that particular country. In this case, it was important to come up with a certain set of rules that could govern their operations within the country.

The result of his thoughts and arguments was the social citizenship. It was meant to provide a certain set of standards with which citizens of a given country would interact based on politics, civil activities and the social interactions with amongst themselves. Marshall argued that one could only become a citizen of a given country by either birth or naturalization. The citizenship by birth was an automatic one while the citizenship by naturalization took a certain period according to the society where one lived. Even in the case of citizenship by naturalization, Marshall argued that one had to enjoy rights just like any other citizen in the country. The rights could not only be limited to the labor market and the economic ability of the citizens. It also had a lot to do with eh civil, political and social rights of every citizen within the country.

Marshall said that all the three rights within social citizenship le to equal opportunities for every person within the society. He implied that with the same rights, all the citizens had access to the same opportunities within the country and could be allowed to engage in the politics of the land. In most cases, citizens from other countries were not allowed to engage in the politics of the country in question, and this was not fair on their part. They also needed to exercise their political rights just like the other citizens. They also had to enjoy the same social rights as the other citizens. This would make them to freely interact with other members of the society. They could as well marry other citizens without fear of being secluded within the law. Marshall had in mind the things that were going in at that particular time, just after the Second World War. He believed that the best way that could be used to solve such problems was by ensuring every person in the world enjoyed the political, social and civil rights.

Contribution by Revi

Another proponent of social citizenship was Revi. Although he criticizes the method of solving a majority of the problems in capitalist states as proposed by Marshall, he goes ahead to agree that social citizenship is one of the ways that can be used to solve the problems. He agrees that by ensuring that the citizens have civil, political and social rights, citizens can have access to equal opportunities from the government and the country at large. Revi thinks that social citizenship can help in solving most of the problems experienced by capitalist states.

The major problem pointed out by Revi is the fact that it can result in passive citizens. It is always essential that every citizen within the country should take part in activities that require their participation. He goes ahead to point out the gaps that appear in social citizenship. The first gap is that it gives citizens the freedom to choose whether they want to engage in activities that involve the state or if they wish to stay away from such activities. The problem of passive citizens is common in most capitalist states. People are only interested in the money that they make from their daily activities without taking into account the interaction they should be having with other people as well as their role as civilians in the country.

Citizens must ensure that they reject some of the rules that might be of any importance to them. Having passive citizens in a country makes it hard for the country to bring the interest of every citizen on board. The problem is not with the government; the citizens are to blame for the not coming out to point out the things that they would wish to include in the rules that govern them. Apart from pointing out the problem associated with social citizenship. Marshall assumes that same social status means that people will have equal opportunities. In reality, there are a lot of factors that can determine the opportunities that people get in the country. It does not have a direct correspondence with the social status of the people. The government must play its part. He suggested that amendments should be made to the social citizenship so that it can solve the majority of the problems that people experience.

Solution highlighted by Kymlicka and Norman

Kymlicka and Norman are among the groups of people who rejected the social citizenship as a way of solving the major problems that people face in the capitalist states. They talked about the issue of citizenship, and social policy in contemporary societies. They argued that contemporary societies like Canada are constituted of people from different cultures. Universal citizenship as outlined by Marshall cannot cater for such special groups. Social citizenship has been rejected by people from different groups because it does not take into account the special groups of people. It is common knowledge that each group of people is affected by different things and therefore need to have different rights compared to what Marshall offers (Kymlicka & Norman, P45).

They agree that the thoughts of Marshall can work well but not in a society with different groups of people. Having universal laws makes it hard for people with physical disabilities to enjoy the same civil, political and social rights just like the rest of the citizens in the country. Kymlicka and Norman suggest that the special groups should have special laws that relate to them. It is the only way that every person within the country can feel that their rights have been handled. With the universal citizenship, it is not easy to find even one group of people who feel satisfied with the laws that they have. It is important to differentiate the rights of individuals in a manner that every group of people have their rights and interests enshrined in the law of the country. Kymlicka and Norman proposal is the best that can be used to solve the problems in contemporary societies like Canada. These are societies that have different groups of people that require to have a different level of rights.

They argue that the rights that individuals have should correspond to the responsibilities they have in life. Kymlicka and Norman says that social citizenship instead of coming up with ways of including all the particular groups that are many in the contemporary societies. Different countries have come up with ways that can be sued to address the problems that people have depending on the groups in which they can be classified. If a country wants to attain equality for every person within its borders, the best thing to do is to come up with rights that are differentiated based on the groups present in the country. The process can only be achieved when people take time to consult and know what other groups want to have as rights. Another alternative that can be used is to incorporate all the rights of the groups in the social citizenship to improve it (Kymlicka & Norman, P50).

In Quebec, the ban on religious symbols is a fight against the minority groups that are exercising their religious rights. Leaders in government say that it is the best way that they can deal with the emergence of such groups. The problem with such a ban is that it does not take into account the minority groups who want to enjoy their right to practice their religious beliefs. Differentiated rights and responsibilities are the only way that the government can use to accommodate every individual in the country.

Works Cited

Kymlicka, Will, and Wayne Norman. "Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory."Ethics 104 (1994): 352-376. Print.

Rummery Kirstein. (2002). "Disability, Citizenship and Community Care: A Case for Welfare Rights?" Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Subject: Law and International Law

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

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