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Coming Of Age In Mississippi

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Coming of Age in Mississippi

“Coming of Age in Mississippi" is one of the most emotional and appealing novels. It is autobiographic work of Anne Moody, a black girl who used to live with her family when racial discrimination was at its peak and this discriminatory attitude was taken for granted. This book is a memoir of the Civil Rights Activist Anne Moody. In this book, she has tried to picture all the hardships and hurdles that she had faced throughout her life. Anne and her family’s life become more difficult when her father “Diddly” left them. A pain portrayal of life has been presented by Anne Moody. This book shows that her focus was on the miseries of the Negroes who were living in the rural South. A reader could feel that the author wrote this book in order to motivate people that hardships are the part of life and one must not accept defeat. One must fight back for their rights and equality. Themes that overshadowed this book include absurdity of racial distinctions and oppression of the blacks by the whites. Prejudice of the whites against blacks is one of the central themes as Anne belonged to a black family and is destined to bear the prejudice of the lighter-skinned whites who were plundering them. This book is all about one person’s ability to affect the change. After reading Anne's autobiography, it won’t be wrong to say that she was a passionate and strong headed person who encouraged millions of the blacks to raise their voice. It seems that Anne has successfully achieved her purpose of helping people to understand the continuous discrimination. Hardships were looked upon as the usual part of black’s life during the time of racism. A central view represented by Anne in this book is that when blacks accept hate and injustice, they perpetuate their own oppression.

Anne Moody was the daughter of a poor black sharecropper who got her early education in South after which she moved to Tougaloo College and it was the place where she started her work as an activist. She became one of the most active members of the Civil Rights Movement and put so much effort in organizing Congress of Racial Equality. For long she has been participating in various movements for claiming equality for the blacks. Along with the participation in the movements, she also started writing books through which she shared her own life for motivating people, how they could learn to fight for their rights. Being a member of the black community she went through the same torture and trauma that other blacks faced. She wrote other books as well that includes “Mr. Death: Four Stories” and “Famous people stories”. She wrote on topics like equality, revolt against oppression, prejudice and skin color. This book “Coming of Age in Mississippi” is mostly based on the primary sources as it is an autobiography in which Anne Moody has described her miseries and difficulties that she faced after the separation of her father. Personal experience is the main source being used by the writer and by blending emotions with these experiences she incorporated a dark and depressed tone in the beginning of the book (Tell). No specific references (interviews, books, and artwork) have been incorporated in this book. In the autobiography, personal experiences are the main resources and Anne has included all the major incidents and events of her life. So it won’t be wrong to say that she does not omit any of the important detail.

In each of the chapters, something special has been pointed by Anne Moody as it’s an autobiography so he has listed important life events and experiences in each of the chapters. For example, in part 4, chapter 28, Anne Moody communicates a lesson to his readers that one must not be afraid of any threat. In this chapter, one of Anne's relatives (Clift) is killed and Clift is not the only relative who is killed rather there are other beloved of Anne who are being killed by whites. Even she was threatened that she would be killed but despite stepping back, she courageously fought against all the unjust acts, brutality against blacks and killing of innocent Africans Americans. 28th is the same chapter in which Anne realizes a need to return to the movement so that she could raise her voice for protecting the rights of blacks from the oppression of the whites. Likewise in part 2, chapter 11, it could be observed that blacks are treated so badly that unconsciously they start hating whites as in childhood when Anne becomes 15 years olds she also started hating Southern whites. This chapter also spots a light on Anne’s childhood when she starts hating Negroes in her childhood for not standing against injustice and inequality. She hates the Negroes for not standing for themselves. From the analysis of this book, it could be felt that Anne believes Negroes were cowards who despite their oppression and cruel behavior of the whites respect them (white)

It could be concluded that this book motivates the reader to struggle against the inequalities. It gives a message of hope even in the hardest times one must not lose hope and must continue his/her struggle as Anne did. This book has all the elements that inculcate in the readers a sense that fighting back for one's rights is the only way of reforming this world (Abel). Especially in this book, she is motivating the blacks to revolt against racial discrimination. She encourages black community not to be afraid of their dark skins and raise voice against prejudice. Major points of her writings are fight for right, breaking racial discrimination despite taking in considering what one would be losing. The main topics of this book are destructive power of prejudice, oppression of the blacks by white, bitter realities of life and hardships of life that polishes human personalities, but rarely. This is an inspirational book that inspires that reader to bear all difficulties of life with courage with a hope of change and a better future and left the reader with a brighter side that one must have the courage of facing all the hardships of life bravely. It is one of the most celebrated works of Anne and praise of the audience is proof of the success of this book. Critical evaluation of this book shows that it serves as a source of inspiration for almost all the blacks whose rights are being exploited by the whites. The overall tone of this book is optimist as well as pessimistic though most of the incidents being quoted by Anne are the terrifying and dreadful but still bright side of the picture could be seen as far as this book is considered. Anne has beautifully narrated her personal stories that seem quite painful as well. From a literal point of view, one of the most grasping points is that Anne's worldview expands as she grows and the reality of life becomes evident but still she fights against the miseries along with her family and criticizes those who bear the unjust. Another appealing fact regarding this book is, the story gathers momentum and pace as the surrounding danger increases.

Works Cited

Abel, Elizabeth. "History at a standstill: Agency and gender in the image of civil rights." Polysèmes. Revue d’études intertextuelles et intermédiales 19 (2018).

Tell, Dave. "Remembering Emmett Till in Money, Mississippi." Places Journal (2019).

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Coming Of Age In Mississippi By Anne Moody

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15 April 2019

Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody

The United States is viewed as an area loaded with occupants having a place with various areas, ranks, and hues. A significant number of the natives trust that the nation respects a wide range of individuals with no racial separation associated with its dealings, additionally called as pluralism. Notwithstanding, a few people of various religions, particularly the minorities don't have a similar sentiment. They trust that they have confronted a bias and one-sided disposition since they are the minorities. The majority of the African American individuals and foreigners are not spoken to fairly and properly in the legislative issues. Such issues are highlighted in the story of the book Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody.

The author all through the story highlighted her personal struggles as a black person, growing up in a community which was racist to its very core. She was even as a child taught by her own mother to never mention the name of "NAACP" (referring to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) even though the association was made by the people of her own kind only to promote their well being. However, I do believe that some elements in the story could have been an element of bias. I believe that the state of Mississipi was subjected to gross racial discrimination at the time but despite what might be expected, the nationals did feel undermined by their essence by saying the black people of the community were gobbling up the states' assets and occupations quickly, pretty much ruling out the genuine nationals of the nation to misuse them for their welfare. This could have been right owing to the sheer reason of huge families in the people of color. They not only had huge families to look after but didn’t at all intend to control the ratio of new borns; rendering the state with lesser and lesser resources. The author further asserts that local people at the time were additionally apprehensive of the risk of fear-based oppression and brutality and related it to the nearness of dark-skinned populace among them. Such a reality, while based on racist assumptions, had some grounding to it as well. Since the people of color had big families to look after and lesser resources and low levels of education, most of them did indulge in endeavors to help them survive like theft and burglary. Thus, I believe that the story could have been made better if a neutral stance was taken by the author and one or few of such instances would have also been reported as well.

Even though I liked the whole story in the book, but I didn’t like the part where Moody is ripped off by a white family for two weeks' pay, and when she is betrayed by a co-worker owing to the gross injustice of the facts and the brutality portrayed.

I believe that racism usually stems from a misplaced sense of superiority. When the first white settlers met people from Africa (or other indigenous populations, I'm going to use africa as an example however) they thought that the Africans were stupid because they lacked the technology that Europeans had stolen and adapted from all their interactions with a multitude of cultures. Most people from Africa had very little contact with the outside world/cultures outside of Africa so they couldn't learn and develop the same way that Europeans did, this lead Europeans to assume that Africans were stupid. The fact is that Africans just thought differently, they may not have known that the earth revolved around the sun but they could remember a list of a few hundred berries and roots and how they interact with each other, memorizing the ones that were poisonous, the ones that helped heal wounds, the ones that were good to eat etc. They also possessed an amazing memory for story telling, remembering humongous tales word by word, a skill lost by most of the modern world and most of the European settlers who met the Africans. But because the Africans hadn't needed to adapt to the same world that Europeans had and hadn't faced the same struggles they were a lot less technologically advanced.

So white superiority was forged by Europeans not being able to understand that Africans and other indigenous people valued different types of intelligence and learned/adapted in different ways. A great quote by Albert Einstein sums it up, "Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid" The Europeans thought the Africans were stupid, and the Africans were dumb if you held them to European standards, but if you held the Europeans to African standards they would also be considered dumb. This was taught to the children of the culture and perpetuated on words to new stereotypes and misplaced hatred leading to different notions and creations of racial bias against certain hair styles (thought only appropriate for black community), their language (Ebonics) and an overall discrimination in jobs availability etc. Such a factor was forged in the future interactions with the black and white community and I believe that the author should have built a case in her story by defining racism and its very beginning and emergence by putting in the very basis of origin of racism. However, such historic factors might have been omitted by the author on purpose as she wanted to throw light on the issue of segregation and racial bias in the state of Mississipi and not discuss the origins of racism.

I believe however, that the author was successful in achieving her goals as she was able to remind the readers of the strength of voice and a strong resolute against oppression. Indeed, one of the biggest civil transformations was witnessed among the people of Mississippi and racial segregation against them. Their aim was to be recognized and identified as Americans and not merely the people of color. "Freedom Schools" generated all ages of people of color who were literate and well educated with all principles of democracy, history, and political agendas. In fact, If I were a professor of sociology, history or ethnic studies, I would most certainly assign this book to my students since the book signifies that the need of the time isn't just to assess and appreciate the ethnocentric perspectives of Americans about the black population. However, the need is to manage the developing number of blacks in the nation; the states should put the majority of their endeavors in settling all kind of contentions to keep away from a common war. I trust that such a moderate state of mind towards convictions of ethnic minorities has prompted numerous conservatism perspectives and issues for their advancement in all roads of life when they turn into a piece of this nation. As I would like to think, the whites need to comprehend is that as their own, social convictions, Africans have certain limits too, which is polished by every one of the devotees cheerfully and with full assent. It is from now on, not the area that is cuffing their advancement but rather the ethnocentric demeanor of Native Americans for them as outsiders that is preventing their advancement.

References

Moody, Anne. "Coming of Age in Mississippi. 1968." New York (1976).

Boisseau, Tracey Jean. "Always in the Mood for Moody: Teaching History through Anne Moody's Coming of Age in Mississippi." Feminist Teacher 24.1-2 (2014): 18-31.

Crespino, Joseph. In search of another country: Mississippi and the conservative counterrevolution. Vol. 49. Princeton University Press, 2007.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Communism And Capitalism Adam Smith And Karl Marx. Who Is Better And Why, WHY Is The Most Important. Interesting. Compare And Contrast

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Communism and Capitalism: Compare and Contrast

Adam Smith was a well-known economist and philosopher. He is also considered as a pioneer of the political economy and is known as “The Father of Economics”. He is also known as “The Father of Capitalism”. On the other hand, Karl Max was an economist, philosopher, political theorist, and socialist revolutionist. Both of them have presented their perspective regarding capitalism and communism.

In general, capitalism can be defined as an economic and political system according to which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners rather than the state itself for profit. In capitalism, the government plays only a secondary role as people such as private companies owners make most of the decisions and owns most of the property. In contrast, communism can be described as a system of a social organization according to which all property is owned by the community and each member of a community collaborate and receives benefits as per their abilities and needs.

While discussing both communism and capitalism based on the perspectives of Karl Max and Adam Smith, according to Karl Max, a social and economic system is the one in which the production has owned the producers themselves. They focus on profit maximization by exploiting labor and capital. He believed that capitalism is based on the private ownership of the means of production along with the distribution of goods that are characterized freely in the competitive market and aim of profit maximization for the purpose capitalist own their labor and get an equal amount of product and resources. Whereas through socialism, equal distribution of resources can be ensured as the element of self-interest gets eliminated from society. In contrast, according to Adam Smith, the labor division does not depend upon the technological feasibility; rather, it depends upon the extent of the market along with the market size and stock availability. Additionally, the labor division also depends on the institutional restrictions that are placed on both international and domestic trade. One of the main differences between Adam Smith and Karl Marx is that the former, despite being conscious of how workers in real life are exploited by capitalists, supported and reinforced the capitalists, whereas the latter argued for the liberation of labors.

While discussing the importance of both Karl Max and Adam Smith's perspectives, it is undeniably true that Karl Marx's explanation is more important for the contemporary world. The argument he gave regarding the inequality of resources and division in society due to capitalism can be observed today. People acquire classes, status, depending on their wealth. Capitalist has more power due to more wealth, while labor is being exploited by the capitalist for-profit maximization and expansion of production. For instance, the financial crisis of 2007-2008 brought a series of crisis to the American economy after the great depression that happened in 1930. The great recession started in 2007 due to the crisis that occurred in banking and subprime mortgage, making the nation to face the severe issue of the Great Recession. The same concept was given by Marx many years back. He identified the capitalists as a group of people who think for their profit only and exploit the labor and other capital of the economy. He further explained that capitalists spend their money in the market and therefore make more money from it. The process of spending money keeps on going until they get high revenue in return. Factors like self-interest and exploitation of labor can result in the failure of the economy of recession. In conclusion, many people lost their money during the Great Recession while some got a high return through the crisis. These uncertainties increased inequality of wealth in the economy that, in turn, results in the downfall of economy.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Communist Manifesto Response

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Response to the Communist Manifesto

The communist manifesto was a political pamphlet by the 1848 by a pair of German philosophers by the name of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1lGHPODo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marx et al.)","plainCitation":"(Marx et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":861,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/PBXCYXX8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/PBXCYXX8"],"itemData":{"id":861,"type":"book","title":"The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital","publisher":"Knickerbocker Classics","ISBN":"0-7603-6557-1","author":[{"family":"Marx","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Engels","given":"Friedrich"},{"family":"Weick","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marx et al.). This manifesto pioneered the communist movement by the intellectuals behind the communist party in Germany. The manifesto embodied the viewpoint of its writers and delved deeper into the materialistic conception of history itself. It surveyed the economic systems in place in the world, such a feudalism and later capitalism, which, in his opinion, was to be overthrown by the oppressed worker’s society in time. The manifesto was essentially a summary of all the theories that concerned the nature of the society and the politics of the time when it was first released. It documented the class struggle under the umbrella of capitalism and discussed how the worker class was much better off if they gave up the capitalist economic system and lose their chains, the chains that were holding them down once and for all.

Thus, the communists operated under the idea to abolish the ownership of private property and raise the position of the working class to that of the ruling class. The opening lines of the manifesto called communism a specter that is haunting Europe and motivated the working class to lose its chains in an effort to bring them up in the social hierarchy of things and help them feel like a significant part of society.

While most people are keen to improve the present economic system in one way or another. Yet, in order to do so, we are reluctant to move away from capitalism, and are often critical of the ideas presented by one of the most famous and vocal critics of capitalism, Karl Marx. While his political and economic ideas have been used to designed some of the most disastrously planned economies, at the same time Marx and his ideas should not be dismissed too quickly. His work was prevalent at the time and his diagnosis of the ills of capitalism is responsible for helping us navigate towards a more promising future. Reforms are necessary for capitalism and the analysis presented by Marx is going to be an integral part of it.

As a part of the communist party in Germany, he was part of a group of intellectuals that advocated overthrowing the class system and the abolition of privacy property. He soon had to flee Germany as a result of the views that he held, and eventually settled in London. Marx wrote on a number of subjects. However, he did discuss any subject as vehemently as he discussed communication and its dominion over the western world. Some of the problems that he identified with capitalism back in the day.

The criticism on capitalism presented by Marx had much to do with the idea of how work can be a source of pleasure to most people. In order to feel satisfied with what they achieve on a daily basis, it was essential that they see themselves in the object they created and find joy in what they did. The possibility of enjoying what one does is lost in capitalism, given that a job under capitalism is highly specialized and requires individuals with a certain skillset. While it does make the modern economy highly efficient, it takes away the sense of contribution a worker may feel. It leads to a feeling of alienation among the workers and what they do. While also being unfulfilling, modern work under capitalism is also insecure at its best. Under capitalism, no one has any sense of worth. A human being is utterly expendable, just a factor among various factors in the modern economy and workplace that can easily be replaced. Marx was aware of the fact that none of the workers that are a part of the modern workforce want to be let go just because of factors that are not in the worker’s control ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7xFS9zKF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adorno and Horkheimer)","plainCitation":"(Adorno and Horkheimer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":863,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/8QT4XLJN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/8QT4XLJN"],"itemData":{"id":863,"type":"book","title":"Towards a new manifesto","publisher":"Verso","ISBN":"1-78663-553-4","author":[{"family":"Adorno","given":"Theodor W."},{"family":"Horkheimer","given":"Max"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adorno and Horkheimer).

In this regard, communism emerges as a better alternative, which understand the human need for being wanted and to know that we have a place in the heart of the world. It was this ideal that made the concept of workers being paid minimum wage under capitalism, while business owners only got richer and richer with time. This was one of the biggest qualms Marx had with capitalism, since he believed that this accumulation of a wide profit margin at the expense of the workers keeps them oppressed and would keep them stuck in a vicious cycle that had no way out. Marx saw this profit as a fancy term for exploitation of the workforce, which is not getting its due worth. While capitalism was not all bad for the capitalists, that is the bourgeois class of the society, it was certainly not in the favor of the proletariat class, which is something Marx saw as extremely unfair.

Capitalism also defined human relations on the basis of financial reasons, which move human relationship away from the idea of love and towards mutual economic interests of various units within the family. Under commodity fetishism, people, whether bourgeois or proletariat, were unable to form close familial bonds that brought them closer together and laid the foundations of honest relationships. While Marx was completely right about the ills of capitalism, where it teaches us to be anxious, conformist, competitive and politically complacent, at the same time communism is not an ideal economic system for the world in a number of ways ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D8NTRVau","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Adorno and Horkheimer)","plainCitation":"(Adorno and Horkheimer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":863,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/8QT4XLJN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/8QT4XLJN"],"itemData":{"id":863,"type":"book","title":"Towards a new manifesto","publisher":"Verso","ISBN":"1-78663-553-4","author":[{"family":"Adorno","given":"Theodor W."},{"family":"Horkheimer","given":"Max"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Adorno and Horkheimer).

For instance, the theories presented by Marx were far removed from reality and could not be applied in a practical manner. It presented a reduced system of incentives, which is hard to accept for a society that is driven by incentives. Furthermore, others are of the viewpoint that the thoughts presented by Marx are outdated, especially with regard to the political system, economic system, and social system that is in place at present. Another criticism for communism stems from the fact that lack of factual data in the manifesto which would prove the supremacy of communism over capitalism. It is one of the biggest reasons that leads towards skepticism in the mere idea of communism and its practical application. Furthermore, the critics of Marx also believed that the toppling of the superstructure of society, that Marx wanted the worker class to do, was more of a pipedream given the realities of the situation as well as the human consciousness on the matter. The only way the worker class could alleviate its position in society was to take control through the means of production. This was the only logical way for man to free himself, without loosing access to basic necessities in life. However, given that it was not a possibility at the time, the idea was simply not plausible.

Marx’s manifesto was rooted in the belief of social change, a social change that could only take place if the lower classes in society chose to rise and take on the mantle of redefining economic structure of society. However, such a feat was easier said than done, considering the oppressed do not have the means to rise, especially in the present economy.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Adorno, Theodor W., and Max Horkheimer. Towards a New Manifesto. Verso, 2019.

Marx, Karl, et al. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital. Knickerbocker Classics, 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Comp Essay

Chris

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History and Anthropology

15 June 2019

Comparative Essay: Early Christian, Early Islamic, and Early Buddhist architecture

Introduction

The history of any religion is illustrated in the early architecture of these religions. These religions play a vital role in giviving recognition to the historical architectural in the modern world. The architectural forms were an expressive form of religion. There is no particular type of architectural style that is common to these religions since different kinds of religious practices and activities prompt these styles.

Discussion

Early Christian Architecture

The early architecture in Christianity did not differ much from domestic architecture. It was highly influenced by the Roman architecture which existed prior to the advent of Christianity. The basilica style included timber trussed roofs and large rectangular halls for mass congregations, two Isles on each side, a central nave and a principal entrance. The architecture was more centralized in nature. Many early structures of the church also included a dome on the roof with decorated shapes and pillars inspired from Greek architectural designs. The primary architectural designs included churches and tombs.

Early Islamic Architecture

The early Islamic architecture was largely influenced by the Byzantine, Roman and Persian styles of architecture. The primary architectural types of Islamic architecture were the Mosques, Palaces, tombs, and forts. They were inspired by the Christian style of architecture prevalent at the time. The early Islamic architecture featured a dome, the horseshoe arches, tapered brick pillars, large arcades, and a minaret which resembles one high pillar. The structures are well decorated with Arabic motifs, calligraphy, and geometrical figures. Moreover, the obstruction of Mihrab in the mosques was also a significant feature shared by early Islamic architectural designs.

Early Buddhist Architecture

The early Buddhist architecture developed in India. The early Buddhist structures were the monasteries, shrines, prayer halls and relics (stupas). They are associated with the rock structures, and those carved out of the mountain cliffs and in caves. The stupas are more like sculpted structures rather than buildings. The early Buddhist architecture contained a large hemispherical dome, stands elevated and is circular in shape with decorative carvings all over them. It is surrounded by a square boundary. Another significant feature of the early Buddhist architecture is the monolithic stone pillars emerging from a lotus and carvings all over them hey also include congregation halls with rock-cut structures, with arch-shaped entrances.

How do they Differ?

The most common difference in the Christian, Islamic and Buddhist early architecture is that they existed in different times at different places standing tall to represent different beliefs and different religions. The Saint Peter’s Basilica is a Roman architectural design while the great mosque of Cordoba is a classic example of Moorish architecture in Spain however the structure for the Great Stupa takes inspiration from Hindu temples. The Great Stupa situated in Sanchi is one of the greatest stone structures in India. The architectural designs of structures significantly differ from their sizes to their decorative styles. The Saint Peters Basilica is decorated with paintings and baroque styled sculpting, while the elements of decoration in the Cordoba mosque are reflective of calligraphy and geometric styles in contrastive colors whereas the Great Stupa in Sanchi is a stone structure with animals and floral patterns carved on it. The inspiration for these three designs also differs significantly from each other.

How are they Similar?

There are many similarities when it comes to the structure and design of these architectural designs. The most common characteristics in these architectural designs were inspired by the architectural designs that existed prior to them. The early Christian architecture was inspired by Roman architecture, early Islamic architecture was inspired by Christian architecture that existed before them, and the early Buddhist architecture took inspiration from the Hindu temples. Moreover, certain physical features such as the presence of dome, congregation halls, Roman style columns, horseshoe arch, and pillars stay common to them.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Comparative Analysis Paper



Comparative Analysis Paper

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Comparative Analysis Paper

Introduction:

This comparative analysis paper will present to the readers, an in-depth contrast and comparative analysis on two famous pieces of artworks. The essay will compare the small artistic piece of Harvester Vase with the artwork known as Geometric Krater. A general view of both the artworks presents pottery sense of arts. Pedley suggests that although pottery art could break into minor pieces, they could be removed from the archeological records. He also suggests that the pottery artwork enables the researchers to search the historical monuments, rethink about the nature and locale of the site. Pottery art also helps in studying the religion, the culture, the way of living and about society in general. As there have been proofs that in ancient Greece, people would make the pottery art just to make their belongings distinguished from each other.

Harvester Vase that has been found around Hagia Triada, dates back to 1500 B.C.E. this pottery artwork displays the pictures of men marching, which many believe to be the harvest celebrations. The Harvester Vase is a small piece of art that is around 4.5 inches in diameter and is made in the shape of a vessel. The other artwork that will be compared with the Harvester Vase is the Geometric Krater. This Geometric Krater had its traces in the Dipylon cemetery. This artwork is important to analyze the development of various geometric and linear style artworks. This artwork dates back to 740 B.C in Athens. This had been used to mark the graves and stands at around three and a half feet high from the ground.

Thesis statement:

Both the pieces of art are developed in the linear shapes and remains significant for analyzing the sociocultural history of the time they belong. Harvester Vase illustrates the joy and celebrations, whereas the Geometric Krater is a sign of displeasure and discomfort.

In both the artworks, the elements of art and the principles of designs are similar in many ways. Both artworks are linear in shape, they form a three-dimensional shape and they cover around the similar spaces. The values attached to them are different, one depicts joy, and the other depicts pain and discomforts of death.

Body/ Analysis:

The subjects of both artworks remain totally different. The Harvester Vase from the 1500 B.C.E depicts the time of joy during the times of harvesting. The artwork over the Vase suggests the socio-culture feelings of the people form Triada, which use the artworks to depict the times of joy. Therefore, the harvesting march has been portrayed over the vase. The Geometric Krater on other side is different to what vase has to offer. Since its traces were found in the Dipylon cemetery, therefore this suggests that it has more to do with the time of deaths and despair. Both, however, appears similar in composition. In both the artworks, the shape has been kept linear and a body expanding from the tip to foot remains visible. The Krater was different compared to Vase, as they were normally around forty inches in height. The sense of pragmatism remained visible in Krater, whereas Vase could be attributed to dynamism. The shape of vase suggests that it might also be used to mix some kinds of liquors to be presented on the occasions of joy. In both of the artworks, it also remains visible that specific feelings have been attributed to them. The reason remains their traces, which are significant to feel what they could have symbolized. The Vase also has some drawings over it, which are important to analyze how the times of fascination were used to spend in Triada.

There is one interesting thing in considering the outlook of both the artworks. Neither of the artwork presents a natural feeling. For example, the Vase could be attributed to the human nature of enjoyment and lavishness, on other side Krater had been used to symbolize the dead ones. The instincts they had been portraying are natural but the material in the worldly sense. A thorough comparison of both these suggests that both the artwork were manufactured considering the linear nature of art and a bit curved. Their contrast could be explained based on their physical appearances at places which are more than enough to get know about their traces. The space in Vase appears like inward and that of the egg-shaped, compared to Krater. Krater had employed certain other shape reflections, for example, somewhere the Krater has remained much elongated and some employed the diagonal surfaces. Coldstream argues that Vase and Karter could have been compared based on the physical attributions and they do not share any tangible attires in their shapes. Similarly, there remain many different attributes on which they could have been compared. For example, Brann suggest that the color and shape of various pottery artwork remained alike to that of the color in which they were found, similarly the shapes have often found to be much distorted which makes it difficult for the analysts to study them clearly. Conclusion:

The comparative and contrast analysis that has been completed over the two historical pottery art suggests that pottery art had remained many attributives toward the socio-cultural significance. For both, the artworks there had remained some feelings attached which shows that they were created in some certain kind of settings. The vase could have been used for mixing of the liquors that were taken by some young adult males of that time. Similarly, the Karter was based in cemetery which shows that they had some dead souls beneath them. Since they have also been related much too geometrical sense of drawings, therefore there remain some comparisons in this sense of drawings. The pottery work from the time periods of the above-mentioned artwork suggests during that during eras, human consciousness remained primary in creating arts.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brann, Eva. “Late Geometric Well Groups from the Athenian Agora.” Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 30, no. 2 (1961): 93–146.

Coldstream, J. N. “Knossos 1951-61: Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Town.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 67 (1972): 63–98.

Pedley, John Griffiths. Greek Art and Archaeology. Prentice Hall, 1993.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Comparative Religious Imagery Paper - Isis Nurshing Horus And The Virgin Mary Nurshing The Christ Child

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Isis nursing Horus and the Virgin Mary nursing the Christ child

This is a comparative religious imagery paper of Isis nursing Horus and the Virgin Mary nursing the child Christ. Both women in the pictures hold holy importance in two different religions. Isis was Egyptian goddess of rebirth, death, and magic, worshipped in Roman religion. Whereas Mary was the mother of Jesus Christ according to Christianity. I will compare and contrast the two images that I have chosen. I will analyze the similarities and differences between each work, considering materials, meaning, purpose, and significance of both works.

In the first picture, Isis is nursing her son Horus. She is sitting on a throne that is the official chair that is the symbol of divinities and has always associated with royal power since ancient times. It seems like she is wearing a crown which has a solar disk between two horns of a cow, and a wig. She is wearing a crown on the top of her wig which is the symbol that she is a mother-goddess (Capel, Anne, Markoe, Bryan). Whereas in another image Mary is nursing baby Jesus. There is a golden wired crown on the head of Mary and Jesus both. This crown is not like any other crown, it is atop on both of mother and son’s head but it gives the appearance like in reality they had no crown and never wore one. It looks more like Mary never had a crown but still, she was crownless queen. The image also shows that Mary and Jesus never needed a worldly crown but they always had nobility, blessings, and divinity which they wore like a crown. Moreover, a symbol of the crown that mother and son both are wearing also shows that Jesus inherited all the nobility, innocence and holiness from his mother.

Isis is naked in the picture while nursing her son Horus and she is barely wearing anything. On the other hand, Mary is all covered from head to toe, except for her one breast that is out to nurse baby Jesus. In Roman religion, Isis is a goddess, so she is not following to live according to the ways of humans. Her nudity is her freedom and her power, she is beyond what humans are (Capel, Anne, Markoe, Bryan). Whereas, in Christianity, covering up of the body is noble for a woman and is the symbol of ultimate respect that is why Mary is covered from head to toe and not even her single strand of hair is out (Kirk, Martha).

Baby Horus in the image has no innocence of an infant on his face as he is smiling with proud which shows that he is above everyone as a god and he knows that too. He looks much mature and serious, unlike any other baby. His body is strong and masculine and even his size is bigger than a normal baby. His strength and masculinity as a baby show that he is born a god and is nursed by a mother-goddess herself. On the other hand, baby Jesus in the next picture has all the innocence in this world and it seems like he has inherited this innocence from her mother. Unlike baby Horus, baby Jesus has the body of a healthy and normal infant. He has soft and humble expressions on his face. His expressions portray that although he has a body of an infant, he understands everything. This directs to the noble, kind, and wise nature of Jesus Christ.

In both pictures, mothers are nursing their godchildren. Both pictures reflect that even though they are on the highest level of respective religions, their duty as a normal mother is same as other human mothers. Moreover, both of these pictures also show that male god-children are dependent on their female mothers to grow up and take charge of everything.

Work Cited

Capel, Anne K., Glenn Markoe, and Betsy M. Bryan. Mistress of the house, mistress of heaven: women in ancient Egypt. Hudson Hills, 1996.

Kirk, Martha Ann. Women of Bible lands: A pilgrimage to compassion and wisdom. Liturgical Press, 2004.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Compare And Contrast Essay

Compare and contrast Shosoin Tang box

These Shosoin tang Design box was a repository of the Todaiji Temple. Both boxes are very similar and there are some contrast as well. In particular, the Raid Box is an approach to beauty that is different from the Tang people, and the technique of making the decorations blackish and contrasting the brightness is rather effective with a modest decoration. It is worth admiring that this technique has created a bewitching beauty that is not inferior to that of Tang and has made it more Japanese and Western.

Color :The color of both repositories are bright. Usually combination of red , white. Raden is processed into wood, glazed, lacquered, resinous, etc. In addition to shellfish, cocoons, turquoise, and blue gold stones are used as materials, making full use of the best technologies and designs of the 8th century.

Shape & Design: one is in plate deep shape and other is diagonal box. The treasure gives Tang people a sense of superiority, while other countries absorb the continental culture, while concentrating on different materials in limited materials and feeling the Japanese attitude to pursue their own culture.

Shosoin treasures are categorized into those produced in the West and transmitted through the Silk Road, those produced and produced in Tang and Silla, and those produced in Japan. And this characteristic of Tenpyo culture has also appeared in the design of treasures. Until this time, Japan acquired styles and techniques through imitation, and gradually began to make it uniform. The Taiho rituals are the indigo books of the Tang dynasty rituals and the eternal rituals. Then, here, Raden Dan Gogen Biwa, which is transmitted as a Tang-made product, an Octagonal box, which is transmitted as a product made in Tang, and a Japanese-made product, Kasou Hosen-Dragon Tank, which is transmitted as a product made in Japan. Zomela Densobi, Radenbako, and specifically compare Raden crafts.

References

Inokuchi, H. (2009). Shōsōin: The Oldest Archive in Japan. Library & archival security, 22(1), 61-70.

Rawson, J. (1982). The Ornament on Chinese Silver of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-906) (No. 40). British Museum Publications Limited.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Compare And Contrast The Roman Republic With The Roman Empire

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The Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

The Roman Republic was the era of roman civilization and begin with the overthrow of the kingdom conventionally dated 509bc and ended in 27BC by the establishment of the Roman Empire. Under the Roman Republic, it was a cultural mix of Latin and Greek elements and monopolized as a small number of large families. The Roman Empire was established in 389BC in the quasi-perpetual war.

The Roman Republic demonstrated extreme resilience and managed to overcome the losses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). It confronted a long steak of social and political crisis due to several wars fought during its period but achieved political equality in several steps during the 4th BC, and in the last decade of the republic, military conquest started by most of their generals who wanted to gain the control of the political system. A comparison and contrast of the Roman Empire with the Roman Republic would be discussed in this paper.

While the Roman Empire covers the history of Rome from the fall of the republic and begun expanding shortly. After the founding of the republic in 6th century BC, though it did not expand outside the Italian ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WDpShmWC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gowing)","plainCitation":"(Gowing)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1178,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/Z7M7U3W3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/Z7M7U3W3"],"itemData":{"id":1178,"type":"book","title":"Empire and memory: the representation of the Roman Republic in imperial culture","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","ISBN":"1-139-44582-0","author":[{"family":"Gowing","given":"Alain M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gowing). The emperors during the reign of the Roman Empire granted freedom to the inhabitants of the empire but the controls remain in-person to the emperor and passed in the noble family.

The Roman Republic and the Roman Empire had faced instability in their periods and eventually caused their demise ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RVIQPWV9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Richardson)","plainCitation":"(Richardson)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1179,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4X4NHSFA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/4X4NHSFA"],"itemData":{"id":1179,"type":"article-journal","title":"Imperium Romanum: empire and the language of power","container-title":"The journal of roman studies","page":"1-9","volume":"81","author":[{"family":"Richardson","given":"John S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Richardson). Both sustained almost the same period and based on this information, it would be difficult to say that which one is more successful than the other. If we consider the extent and its persistence after the collapse of the Western Empire, then it has been suggested that ultimately the Roman Empire was more successful than the Roman Republic.

The Roman Republic organized most of the Italian Peninsula and then they spread it to the Mediterranean, where they encountered many difficulties and conflicts with the Phoenicians. They started from the colonization strategy and slowly control the Sicily ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"J7VKPzlA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rathbone)","plainCitation":"(Rathbone)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1180,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6TU8DUKG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/6TU8DUKG"],"itemData":{"id":1180,"type":"article-journal","title":"The development of agriculture in the ‘Ager Cosanus’ during the Roman Republic: Problems of evidence and interpretation","container-title":"The Journal of Roman Studies","page":"10-23","volume":"71","author":[{"family":"Rathbone","given":"Dominic W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1981"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rathbone). During their stay, they fought three wars and won all the panic wars at great cost, the peoples who fought these wars were forced to abandon their farms and homes for a long time which were in disrepair. Most of them had to sell their homes and farms to wealthy citizens and due to this, they had lost the right to vote (Corbeill). They ended up with civil war and afterword's they had to choose slavery revolted by the Spartacus and ended with most of the generals raising their private armies among the Caesar. The dying republic of Roman was then taken over by the famous triumvirate for a short period and soon collapsed by the death of Crassus and then, Caesar, the first Roman emperor took control of the empire.

The Roman Empire itself gains considerably more extensive and had territorial gains, but itself empire no lasted more period then the roman republic ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). On the other hand, the roman republic limits itself only to the Italian peninsula and the nostrum which they commonly called their sea. Roman Empire extended itself to Britain in the west, and in the east, they spread to the banks of Rhine and Danube rivers. It embraced a vast number of peoples and led them to spread their cultural heritage throughout Western Europe ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). It must be considered that the vast extent of the Roman Empire resulted in its division into two major empire afterword's, the eastern empire and the western empire. The western empire had faced difficulty in continuation and led to the demise of the empire in 476, whereas the eastern empire was quite successful and continued till 1453 and the fall of Constantinople to the Turks.

After expelling the Etruscan king Tarquinii the proud, the Romans builds their republic. And onwards, the Romans suspicious of all kinds of arrangements political that smacked of the monarchy. In reality, power remained in the hands of the Roman nobility but the roman republic was shared between wholly appointed senate and two elected consuls. Although the roman nobility didn't get their way and clashes between them and the ordinary roman peoples, or plebs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). In the upper roman society, there was also antagonism between leading families that causes frequent military clashes and over breaks of civil disorders during their period.

In the Roman Empire, power was mostly concentrated in the person of the emperor. While it can be contrasted with the roman republic where the senate was more influential ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). It was there also in the republic but was less influence during the period of empire and mostly the emperor assumed the roles of consul, and the censors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). One might be naturally thinking that during the roman republic citizenry had more political powers then in Roman Empire but this is not the necessary case, because most of the Romans were either slaves or women or freedmen and therefore all of them had no political powers in ancient Rome during their period ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"smwkzRbc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burckhardt)","plainCitation":"(Burckhardt)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1185,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/FWHUQG2Q"],"itemData":{"id":1185,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts\" Nobilitas and Homo Novus\"","container-title":"Historia: Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte","page":"77-99","author":[{"family":"Burckhardt","given":"Leonhard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1990"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burckhardt). During a certain period while in the Roman Empire, the local government did a lot more support to the average middle roman peoples then they have had in the roman republic. And the political system during the republic rule mostly confined the small circle of the patrician in Roman. Considering the extent and its persistence after the collapse of the western empire, then it has been suggested that eventually, the Roman Empire was more successful than the Roman Republic.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Burckhardt, Leonhard A. “The Political Elite of the Roman Republic: Comments on Recent Discussion of the Concepts" Nobilitas and Homo Novus".” Historia: Zeitschrift Fur Alte Geschichte, 1990, pp. 77–99.

Gowing, Alain M. Empire, and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Rathbone, Dominic W. “The Development of Agriculture in the ‘Ager Cosanus’ during the Roman Republic: Problems of Evidence and Interpretation.” The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 71, 1981, pp. 10–23.

Richardson, John S. “Imperium Romanum: Empire and the Language of Power.” The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 81, 1991, pp. 1–9.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

COMPARE AND CONTRAST WRITING ASSIGNMENT

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History and Anthropology: Compare and Contrast Writing Assignment

Compare and Contrast Causes World War I and World War II

Both World War I and World War II have shocking impacts even on the entire world especially in Europe and both of them are the points that change the entire history. Even today, the impacts of these two wars are huge on the people and communities. The similarities can be found very few that how these wars came about. Hence, there were a number of similarities while differences were also there in some context.

A sense of strong nationalism took place in the nineties in Europe while Germany was considering that it is the natural leader of Europe at that time. Hence, the Germans were thinking that Britain is overcoming their power because they were supreme at the time in the area was Britain (Antonacopoulos, and Dimosthenis Karatzas, N.P). Germany's colonies through which they were getting the resources needed for the army have been ruled by Britain because Britain did not want to let the power of Germans increase by gaining the colonies.

As a result, a huge and strong competition or rivalry came into being between these most powerful nations of the time. With time, this rivalry led to cause World War I and similarly nationalism became the initial cause of World War II as well. On the other side, the aggressiveness of Germany and Italy also became a cause of strong nationalism which is considered as a crucial but indirect cause of both of the wars. Beyond that, the people of Italy at the time were thinking that Mussolini is the one who can develop the nation as great as the Roman Empire and the thoughts of Germans were the same as well. Germans were also thinking that they can also become the greatest nation in the world as a strong nation they were. Hence, a robust believe of pride and nationalism came to develop among the nations and Italy and Germany became the strongest powers of Europe at the time and this power of both nations resembled Britain's power (Kahn, P.P. 629-636). So, it can be stated that the nationalism in both nations (Italy and Germany) led to the long term cause of World War II.

Further, militarism was another factor that played the role as a cause of both Wars. The strong and powerful army developed by the German was efficiently successful in the battles in the year 1860 and 1860 against Austria-Hungary and France. Being having a strong and powerful force at hand, the German state and the leader Kaiser decided to expand their area of rule and power and to gain control over oversea colonies. As a result, the militarism and its power and arrogance of the states especially Garman also became a cause of both of the wars consecutively. On the other side, Japan was also much thirsty for more land they were living on as well as for the facilities and resources for supply war factories (Kahn, P.P. 629-636). For the purpose, Japan also preferred to gain control over the countries and land in the pacific region. Hence, Japan also took action of launching Japanese aircraft carriers against the US Naval headquarter and this actually became a disaster instead and in response, the US declared war against Japan. Last but not least, imperialism was also a similar cause of both wars.

In terms of difference, Alliances is considered the most. Firstly, World War I had mainly caused by the alliance that all nations of Europe looked at each other in a lower than favorable manner. In response to the alliance of England, Russia, and France which was fearing the power of Germany, the state of Germany came into a triple alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungry. On the positive side, the main concern and purpose of this alliance were to eliminate the occurrence of war and to ensure that no nation or country would go for attack because other nations are there to contribute and help in the case.

But on the opposite side of this, after First World War the US government came back to their destruction as well as a somehow nondestructive policy of isolationism because was known that showing involvement in other nations of states would put the US in wars while the state (US) has no interest in it. Hence this attitude of mind your own business became one of the major causes of World War II (Kahn, P.P. 629-636). Proceeding, another huge difference in the causes of both wars is the development of the policy of appeasement which was utilized for the purpose to gain more power and territory and it then led to becoming the cause of World War II.

Compare and Contrast Effects World War I and World War II

As a cause, the effects of both wars (World War I and World War II) also show some similarities and variances. In other words, the effects of both wars on the world and regions or states are the same up to some extent while having differences as well.

It is the fact that the results and effects of both wars are overwhelming and crushing as both wars took millions of lives which is far more than the kills seen in any other war in the past. Entire Europe had a lot of bad to face due to both wars. Basically, there was a huge amount of inflation came to see as a result of the First World War while it can also be stated that leaders of all regions got something huge and crucial to learn. The increased inflation is mostly seen after Germany's depression and in the end, even all nations had experienced a real horror of was after both wars (Milward, N.P). Hence, becoming a leader is everyone's concern and goal but even no nation on earth now prefers to get involved in any race or activity such as nationalism, arrogance, and hunger of power and control which lead to occurrences of wars like WWI and WWII. So, this lesson is considered as the positive effect of both wars for the future of the world and nations or communities.

Beyond above, one of the major effects of WWI and WWII is the United Nations (UN) has been created and it is the major similarity of both wars. UN has been established to promote a safe, secure, and fight/war-free world and improved nations after the worst results of both wars. Another, almost all of the European countries began to save their borders instead of getting involved in increasing and widening their borders by engaging in wars like World War I and II (Milward, N.P).

Both (World War I and II) have several effects on the economies especially on the European economy because of states and nations or countries loss huge amounts of labor who got killed in those wars. It was a huge downfall to the economy/economies but it on the opposing side created an opportunity for women to become labor in the workplace which was almost unthinkable in the past (Milward, N.P). This means that the concept in the nineties and early twenties was that women would work at home while only males will be working and fulfilling their family needs. But in and after World War II and comparatively to WWI, the concept has changed and women got acceptance to work as labor in factories. So it also gave a new liberal ideology after WWII. Finally, a different effect is the mass production increased in the First World War and products were invested as consequences of the war while the world changed differently in terms of geographic as a result of each war as well.

Work Cited

Antonacopoulos, Apostolos, and Dimosthenis Karatzas. "Document Image Analysis for World War II Personal Records." First International Workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraries, 2004. Proceedings. IEEE, 2004.

Kahn, David. "World Wars I and II: The Major Successes and Failures, their Causes and their Effects." The Historical Journal 23.3 (1980): 617-639.

Milward, Alan S. "The Economic Effects of the Two World Wars on Britain". Macmillan International Higher Education, 1984.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Complete Section

Title page

Federal government

The federal government as it existed under the Articles of Confederation consisted of one-house legislation. Articles of Confederation was the first constitution that developed America as confederation of sovereign states. This only worked for the creation of weaker government as power of taxation was denied to congress. It was also restricted for controlling interstate commerce and even foreign trade. America faced many challenges under Articles of Confederation because central government was lacking power to manage interstate matters or to impose taxes. Absence of centralized military power was another weakness which resulted in Shays’s Rebellion. Rebellion started when the farmers realized the weaker policies were causing economic loss. Residents were paying high taxes which encouraged them to stand against the state policies. This was an armed uprising in Massachusetts that occurred in a response to debt crisis. Several violent attacks occurred outside courthouses and farmers opposed the policies of state. Central government was unable to handle the situation due to weak military power. Poverty was another issue faced by the American citizens due to weak governing system. Articles thus failed to live up to the needs of new nation. The nation was expecting that the articles would promote equality and offer freedom that will offer better opportunities of growth. However the articles restricted the power of central government and made it difficult to implement laws.

Two major divisions of constitution convention include federal and state government. The central challenge faced was to decide how much power was to be given to the federal and state. The power of imposing taxes and regulating currency and commerce was given to the government. Separation of power was the part of constitution convention in which federal and state developed. Taxes, trade, slavery and foreign affairs were the major activities that raised questions for deciding powers. Most of the powers were left with the state government which resulted in limited power of the federal government. Federal government lacked power to impose taxes and implementation of policies was also difficult. The constitution still need changes such as by increasing the power of federal government because it has direct access to the communities and people. By increasing power of federal government it is possible to make policies more effective and resolve public issues CITATION crf19 \l 1033 (Crf, 2019).

Jeffersonian democracy refers to the movement of president Thomas Jefferson that was initiated in the nineteenth century. The focus of his democracy was to give the power of judgment to the common people to give them the right of choosing leadership. Democracy by Jefferson meant to give greater liberty to the citizens for choosing their leader. It also emphasized on holding leader accountable in front of the people. This democracy contradicted the political philosophy in many ways. His ideology was an “absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority” CITATION Mar196 \l 1033 (Kelly, 2019). He stressed on the will of people which meant that people should have freedom to take decisions. It is the people who could choose the best state. His ideas contradicted with the monarchic ideology that common people lacks ability for making rational choices. While Jefferson believed in giving the power to the people. The most appropriate way for this was to rely in elections and give voting right to the people. Another contradictory thought of Jefferson was that the governments must be simple and frugal. He further suggested limiting the size of federal government by reducing army, navy and internal taxes. Two major divisions of constitution convention include executive and judicial. The central challenge faced was to decide how much power was to be given to the excutive (president) and the judicial branch.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Crf. (2019). BRIA 25 2 The Major Debates at the Constitutional Convention. Retrieved 01 21, 2010, from https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-25-2-the-major-debates-at-the-constitutional-convention.html

Kelly, M. (2019). Why the Articles of Confederation Failed . Retrieved 01 21, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/why-articles-of-confederation-failed-104674

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Confucian, Daoist, And Legalist Ideas On Governing

Name of the Institution

Confucian, Daoist, Legalist Ideas on Governing

Course Code: Course Title

By

Name of the Student

Location

mm/dd/yyyy

Confucian, Daoist, Legalist Ideas on Governing

Introduction

Confucianism is a philosophy that aims at upgrading people’s morality, creating a social order, and fostering a sense of responsibility in its followers. Daoism preaches of indulging in the worldly affairs only to the extent as it is necessary to fulfill the basic needs of life. Legalism is concerned with getting control over people through central government and severe penalties. All the three philosophies discuss the human behavior and society from their specific perspectives.

Thesis Statement

This paper brings to light the historical setting, authors, relevant texts, and a comparison of Confucian, Daoist, and Legalist approaches to understand how these philosophies help in governing people.

Research Methodology

To conduct a comparative study of the three theories – Confucian, Daoism, Legalism, the qualitative research methodology will be applied. The research findings and analysis would be based on reading the suggested textbook and other referenced materials by the instructors. The discussion will be developed through inductive reasoning and the information provided will have references to reinforce reading of the given materials.

Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism

Historical Setting

Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism – all were developed during the later years in Zhou dynasty, also referred to as, the “Warring States Period”. During this era, different states across China fought with each other to gain political power and establish their reign. The warring situation created during this dynasty compelled the thinkers to find out a solution to this end. People sought peace and order in their society. The great thinkers of that era proposed ways of life supported by their philosophies. These philosophies enabled people to rethink about their ideologies, preferences, and norms. These reflections gave an insight into the values of life that should be adopted for success and salvation. Among others, three philosophies held more importance and they influenced the lives of people to relatively greater extent.

Authors of the Philosophical Teachings

Confucian philosophy was developed from the teachings of Confucius, which were recorded after his death. The English title of a compilation of his short conversations is the ‘Analects’. He was a teacher of morality and spirituality. Han Feizi gave up the Confucian philosophy to seek some more practical approaches toward managing the huge masses of people. He, therefore, inclined to Daoism and Legalism and when he died, he left the most authentic work on these two theories. Another important piece of work is ‘Daodejing’ that describes the virtues related to the lives of common people as well as rulers. Daodejing is attributed to Laozi (the “old master”); however, the ascription is usually regarded as doubtful by the researchers.

Comparison of the Three Theories Based on the Given Texts

Confucian Philosophy taught to be humble, courteous, and just in handling the issues of governance. Confucius wanted individuals to perform their duties with a sense of morality. He did not encourage punishing people relentlessly when they indulged in negative behaviors. His teachings inspired the government officials to become trustworthy and respectful. At one place, he was asked to give his priority to one of the three basic factors in governing the people, i.e., food, military, and the confidence of the people. He replied that food and military could be ignored to save the confidence of the people. He exclaimed about a ruler’s responsibilities that if the ruler was right, all the subordinates, the system, and the people would be on the right path. To rectify the system of governance, he suggested to rectify names, and the other things like language, affairs, rites, punishments, etc. would automatically be rectified.

Han Feizi advocated Daoism and Legalism to reinforce the significance of law in attaining peace in the state. He asserted that humaneness fails to achieve order. Instead, the government should establish the supremacy of law that would clarify the fact that penalties are essential to control the affairs of the state. He insisted to unify the laws rather than wasting efforts in finding noble men for work.

Unlike Confucianism, Legalism intended to consolidate powers under the rule of one central government. It discouraged the feudal system, and supported the legislative authorities to establish firmly. Confucianism emphasizes to focus in people, whereas, Legalism asserts to apply bind everyone with law and its implications for the collective welfare of all. However, Daoism is different from these two theories. Confucianism and Legalism both emphasized their followers to strictly abide by the given set of principles. Daoism did not require any strict adherence to law or morality. It only asked for maintaining peace and not being actively involved in worldly affairs. Daoists believed that it was not the governments who created law and order in the society, but the people who could have a real impact on bringing a change. They, therefore, kept their focus on mending the ‘ways’ of people.

Conclusion

The three theories of philosophy discussed above have their particular implications toward governing the people of a state. These theories are similar in the sense that all aim at developing peace and creating order. This is because these theories were developed in an era when the states of China were at war for long periods. Therefore, the thinkers tried to seek ways of dealing with the issues of governance. These theories differ in their principles and applications however. Confucianism insists on becoming noble; Legalism asserts to empower the law authorities; and Daoism emphasizes the way of life.

Bibliography

Berger, Eugene, George Israel, Charlotte Miller, Brian Parkinson, Andrew Reeves, and Nadejda Williams. "World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500." (2016).

Afe.Easia.Columbia.Edu. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/confucius_govt.pdf. 2019.

Afe.Easia.Columbia.Edu. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/hanfei_five_vermin.pdf. 2019.

Afe.Easia.Columbia.Edu. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/laozi_govt.pdf. 2019.

"The Philosophers of the Warring States". Khan Academy. 2019. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/zhou-qin-han-china/a/the-philosophers-of-the-warring-states.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Confucianism Vs. Daoism

Bill

Instructor Name

Art 101

02 December 2019

Confucianism vs. Taoism

A system of behavior and thought initiated in ancient China often called Ruism is known as Confucianism. It is a way of living, though, principles, philosophy, and tradition. It is later termed as hundred schools of thought. It was developed from the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE). Taoism is s tradition or religion that emphasizes living incongruence. It is a source, teaching or tradition of everything that exists. Taoism is different from Confucianism because it emphasizes on social order and rituals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"48Rw0sIV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":755,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EGE3DSPL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EGE3DSPL"],"itemData":{"id":755,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","publisher":"Springer","ISBN":"3-662-45533-1","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Taoism is a tradition that demands perfection in everything. New age represented as an opportunity to pass into a completely new age. Modern capitalist society started with the first eighteenth century is observed to be in transition from tradition in a world perspective ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Tyk5jNKj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). From a China perspective, age is observed to be a significant moment for understanding national revival in the globalization context.

Confucian Ethics and Social Morality

Way of living and existing is necessary to be followed by everyone counting scholars. Confucian ethics suggested that interactive associations should be founded on compassion (ren), morality (Yi), and politeness (li): Compassion (ren) is the distinguishing characteristic of personhood. Priority is always given to politeness and compassion ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LxurYAjO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). In a well-organized society, it is essentially important for a society to be compassionate and polite and respect personhood. In Confucian ethics, societies and communities need to respect love, prosperity, righteousness. In a successful and prosperous society, Confucian suggested that loving others for what they are, respecting others for what they think is superior to everything ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PFJ0QjFu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). As it gives importance to benevolence, the quotation 'The Doctrine of the Mean' evaluated the social relationship in terms of love and compassion. Respecting others is preeminence and superiority.

Particularly, a Confucian project that interaction with other people should be assessed by comparing the relationship with oneself and others in terms of intimacy, distance, superiority, and inferiority. It is significant to evaluate a relationship on the basis of the closeness and position of the parties. When the assessment is completed and the relationship is identified as a close relation it would be termed as benevolence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HpDpdKo3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). The other cognitive assessment in Confucian is an evaluation of a relationship or association between two parties on the basis of righteousness. The honest, righteous and virtuous society is founded on Confucian ethics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2SsSscuk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). For example, an intimate relationship between father and son represents that they are close to each other. They give attention to their problems and issues, they think that they are responsible for each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"28mPJG5u","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Confucian represents the whole society and community in its ethics. However, Confucianism is a somewhat conservative ideology in which humans are treated as a subject. For example, in Confucianism, women are taken as inferior to men.

Taoism Ethics and Social Morality

Taoism focuses on the belief of nature and living of life in a natural way. It means it represents nature, Confucianism is focused on conduct in which human is centralized therefore represents an improvement in society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hSLn7LxB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). Taoism is a concept that describes rules and principles of living whereas Confucianism is a concept that works on the improvement of society.

History and Principles

Confucian is a tradition that started during the Tang dynasty. It was developed in response to Buddhism and Taoism and renamed as neo-Confucianism. The system was adopted on the basis of the exam system in the Sing dynasty (960-1297) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6eYRMKjW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). The elimination of the investigation scheme in 1905 manifest the finale of indorsed Confucianism. The intellects of the Novel Philosophy Association of the first twentieth period impugned Confucianism for the country's faintness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"H7mWBODX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). This was the time when China was looking for new disciplines or principles and then developed three principles of people with the development of the Republic of China. Acceptance of a sustainable religion and tradition in society is imperative to be followed for the development of the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kfHC65kV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":755,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EGE3DSPL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EGE3DSPL"],"itemData":{"id":755,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","publisher":"Springer","ISBN":"3-662-45533-1","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). All the instances elected the obvious asset to be chase by all social character in the communication with both of the parties and ethics described by the Confucian ethics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X3zhFh3x","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). However, Analects described the primary rule of thumb to people and his young disciple Zeng Shan whose summary is as: "Shan, my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity." Te disciple Zeng replied, "Yes." The Master went out, and the other disciples asked, saying, "What do his words mean?" Zeng said, "Te doctrine of our master is loyally and compassion— and nothing more” (Analects, Li Ren, Ch. 15) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BFW8WLto","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture).

The significant guiding principles described by the Confucian are few steps to be practiced as Confucian virtues. It includes people to know when to rest and after this we have assurance. When people have the assurance they know how to be calm and once calm they know how to feel ease at something and they are anchored. They can engage themselves in deliberation and after attaining this state they can achieve goals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"irkWXgxO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). In order to achieve goals and objectives of life, people know when to start and when to rest in life. The rules and principles of life are defined on the basis of religion and faith. Confucian is a way of living by which people know how to survive in a society. In opposition to Confucian, preQin Daoists supported for additional kind of world-oriented observation which considered individuals like all things existing in the world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EzfARd1c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). This philosophy considered humans like other things in the world. It states that humans with all other things are evolving with time. It states that all the processes of life go on and similarly human beings do so.

The two great local moral and spiritual civilizations of china, Confucianism and Daoism, initiated in the same era (6th-5th century BCE). The adjacent eastern Chinese countryside of Shandong and Henan is now respectively. The two civilizations spread through Chinese culture for over 2500 years. Mutually the civilizations connected with a discrete persona founder, however in the situation of Daoism the persona, Laozi, is tremendously ambiguous, and few facets are nearly indeed mythical.  A conservative but not likely rumor has it that Confucius and Laozi, the creator of Confucianism, on one occasion encountered and that the earlier scholar was not overwhelmed. Their particular civilizations share countless same philosophies about society, humanity, the universe, the ruler, and the heaven, and, above the passage of periods, they have inclined and plagiarized from each other. Confucianism and Daoism ascended as ethical nature views and methods of the lifecycle. Contrasting Confucianism, though, Daoism finally settled into a modest religion (self-conscious), with a prearranged principle, cultic performs, and organized governance. To some extent, though not entirely, since the principles of religious Daoism unavoidably contrasted from the thinking from which they ascended, it converted habitual amongst later scholars to differentiate between the moral and the spiritual versions of Daoism, few considering the latter to denote an illusory misinterpretation or corruption of the actual values.

According to Confucius, “the rule of virtue can be compared to the Pole Star which commands the homage of the magnitude of stars without leaving its place.” This ideology described to raise them set over crooked and the ordinary individuals will look and learn ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rxWxGiIw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). According to Statism, the view to live in an orderly way, by educating and training ourselves to get the required knowledge of living as this ideology assessed that innately men and women are bad ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"glRhkR2o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). In many areas of Africa and America, ideas and beliefs of people and institutions rotate broadly and therefore there was no development in the universalized faiths ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wkFlJDaz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). The tradition of Confucian describes the way of living by responsibility, perfection, and loyalty. Civilization face transitions and transformations in the later Han dynasty, Roman Empire and the Xiongnu period ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KvtH7HGn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). The concepts differ in various features in Confucianism and Taoism but the unprejudiced feature of both traditions is to raise autonomy and self-cultivation and it endorses the development and application of safe social practices in communities.

A fan of ancient times, Confucius generally struggled to recover the cultural values, learning and ceremonial perform of the initial Zhou kingdom (started in the 11th century BCE). As a resource of ethically echoing the ferocious and disordered society of his day the duty of obtaining virtue (humaneness) and of achieving an ethical example ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XM2ohz0Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). Conferring to Confucius, all human beings, despite their position, are eligible for owning ren, which is demonstrated when one's communal relations establish benevolence and humanness toward other humans. Junzi (self-cultivated) owns moral maturity and self-consciousness, achieved through years of education, thinking, and exercise; they are as a result compared with petty humans (xiaoren; factually "small person"), those who are ethically like children.

Confucius’s belief was construed in several ways during the following fifteen hundred years by future philosophers those who were known as creators of their own institutes of Neo-Confucian and Confucian philosophy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b9FwnqsF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Around 1190 the Neo-Confucian thinker Zhu Xi distributed a collecting of comments accredited to Confucius that had been spread both verbally and in the inscription. Recognized as Lunyu, or The Analects of Confucius, since then it has been observed as the most dependable ancient account of Confucius's lifetime and principles.

Practices

In Daoism, food was set out for the spirits of the deceased and Gods. It also included sacrificing animals, such as pigs, ducks, and fruit in the name of spirits. The Daoist Celestial Master Zhang proposed the idea of sacrificing food and animals to God. He destructed the temples and sacred placed that demanded animals and fruits in the name of God. In recent years, still, animals and fruits are not allowed in Daoism Temples ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Uytykpzm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Other forms of sacrifices included the burning of joss paper and images that were consumed by the fire. Another form of an element that is important in Daoism is rituals, practices of aligning spiritual forces with cosmic forces. This is a concept in which spiritual power can heal people's sicknesses and illnesses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mqLuUUqt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). The characteristic feature of longevity is Taoist Alchemy which is also significant in Daoism. This is a concept in which they have certain formulas that can help to attain immortality.

Once Confucianism has become the official religion in China, it deeply influenced all aspects of life in China. It changed almost all aspects of the life of societies. However, they did not eliminate martial arts from the tradition. Confucianism has proposed the idea of martial arts as it was against the aspect to achieve the success of goals with power or strength. The opposition has strongly influenced many atrial artists and schools in China ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uXSPcNdZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). Other rituals include the mainstream disclosure of families such as gender in China. Starting from the Han dynasty, the role of families as defined in the 'Three Obedience and Four Virtues'. According to this culture, women have considered as the inferior living beings and the male was the dominant part of the family and all decisions were allowed to be taken by males in a family and women are supposed to be following males ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"r5kTPCiQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). From a broader perspective, it is a religion and science of philosophy in which males are dominant over females and practices of power and strength are forbidden ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QmFQMvxg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). This tradition has beliefs and dominance of social ethics, sorcery, solar halos and lunar and solar eclipses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"geZfavbU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.).

Daoist values characteristically compare the Galactic Dao in its genuineness, naturalness, and everlasting rhythmic variation with the affectedness, limitation, and stability of human culture and society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RSQRJeh1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":755,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EGE3DSPL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EGE3DSPL"],"itemData":{"id":755,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","publisher":"Springer","ISBN":"3-662-45533-1","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Humankind will embellishment only to the level that the human way is agreed to or coherent with the Galactic Dao, to some extent not entirely through the sensible regulation of sage-kings who rehearsal wuwei, or the quality of taking no action that is not according to nature.

Speaking broadly, while Daoism holds nature and what is ordinary and natural in human understanding, morality, and learning, Confucianism respects human social organizations as well as the family, the university, the state, and the community as important to humanoid flourishing and ethical fineness, since they are the lone kingdom in which these mentioned attainments, as Confucius considered them, are potential.

Conclusion

The philosophy or way of living in ancient China has begun with two main traditions that are Confucianism and Taoism. The behaviors and thoughts of Confucian are limited to society in which human beings are considered as similar things like all other things existing in the universe. Confucianism has many schools of thoughts including male dominance, discouraging power and strength, the sovereignty of society as w whole and restricted way of living ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KseNumGX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)","plainCitation":"(Pomeranz et al.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":757,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/EUQJJP5C"],"itemData":{"id":757,"type":"book","title":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader","publisher":"W. W. Norton & Company","publisher-place":"New York, NY","number-of-pages":"416","source":"Amazon","event-place":"New York, NY","abstract":"Nearly 150 visual and textual primary sources to complement Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The three editors of this new reader are experienced world history teachers, respected scholars, and longtime users of Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. The reader's table of contents matches that of the main text. Documents range in length from 400 to 1,500 words, and each comes with a well-constructed headnote and series of questions to encourage critical analysis.","ISBN":"978-0-393-91161-9","shortTitle":"Worlds Together, Worlds Apart","language":"English","editor":[{"family":"Pomeranz","given":"Kenneth L."},{"family":"Given","given":"James B."},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Laura J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pomeranz et al.). However, Daoism is a way of living that promotes culture, human beings, and nature. It includes the subjects of balanced life and equality in societies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D51UdSgM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Confucianism is a source, education or custom of everything that exists. Taoism is different from Confucianism since it highlights on social order and rituals. Taoism is a custom that stresses perfection in everything ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h1Tj1x0i","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tang, {\\i{}Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture})}","plainCitation":"(Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture)"},"citationItems":[{"id":756,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/9MK6C4GU"],"itemData":{"id":756,"type":"book","title":"Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture","collection-title":"China Academic Library","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","publisher-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","event-place":"Berlin, Heidelberg","URL":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","ISBN":"978-3-662-45532-6","note":"DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tang, Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture). Current capitalist civilization started with the first eighteenth century is observed to be in transition from tradition in a world perspective. Whereas from China's viewpoint, age is observed to be a noteworthy moment for understanding national revival in the globalization setting. New age characterized as an opportunity to turn into a completely new age with new traditions and culture. Though the concepts differ in various aspects in Confucianism and Taoism the objective of both traditions is to raise self-determination and self-cultivation and it promotes improvement and implementation of safe social practices in communities.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Pomeranz, Kenneth L., et al., editors. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A Companion Reader. W. W. Norton & Company, 2010.

Tang, Yijie. Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture. Springer, 2015.

---. Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. DOI.org (Crossref), DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Constitutional Convention

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

History

The paper examines the role of constitution and related event in the textbook. The first thing explained by the textbook is that the United States Constitution of 1787 has a relatively simple organization: there are seven articles, followed by 27 amendments. The first three articles define the heart of the American constitution: article I: The Congress or the legislative power; Article II: The Presidency or the executive power; Article III: the judiciary. Articles VI and VII aimed at the transition of the rule of law to the new constitutional order. The last sentence of Article VI nevertheless formulates a form of separation of Church and State which will be found in the First Amendment. Article IV contains a variety of elements: rights from one State to another; admission of new states; republican form for each state (Carl Van Doren).

The reasons for textbook to mentioned this subject because the history of constitution of the United States plays an important. The history of constitution explains how, when it took place. The Constitution of the United States is one of the oldest written constitutions still applied. The original structure of the Constitution, which will evolve slowly towards the current presidential regime, is based on a strict separation between the three powers and a distribution of competences between States and Federation proceeding from a marked will to limit the power of each organ. Ten amendments ratified by Congress on December 15, 1791 form the Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms incorporated into the Constitution.

The book entitled, “The Writings of James Madison: 1769-1783” by Hamilton Alexander Madison James Jay John - The Federalist (1792) (first volume): The Federalist, or Collection of Some Writings in Favor of the Constitution Proposed in the United States of America, by the Convention convened in 1787, published by MM. Hamilton, Maddison and Gay, Paris, Buisson, 1792, Volume 1. The Federalist brings together the 85 essays published in the New York press by Hamilton, Madison and Jay between October 1787 and July 1788 (Hamilton).

The authors, writing under the pseudonym of Publics, had given themselves the mission of convincing the citizens of the State New York to ratify the constitution adopted at the Philadelphia Convention on September 17, 1787. The stakes were high. It was about giving America a true federal government, made up of three distinct branches moderated by a system of checks and balances and, above all, capable of "having a direct action on the person of the citizens" (Madison chapter 16). The fight was bitter and the opposition virulent. In their own press campaign, the 'anti-federalists' vehemently defended the sovereignty of the thirteen former colonies and viewed with disapproval a federal system which, under the guise of a stronger union, threatened to undermine the freedoms acquired. under the Revolution.

The People Debate, The Constitution, 1787-1788 by Maier, explains that three years after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, the future of the American Confederation is still uncertain. In the absence of sufficient powers, the Congress cannot counter Britain's exclusion of American West Indies ships and the prohibition of navigation on the Mississippi by Spain, then the owner of Florida (Maier, 2010). On the domestic scene, popular uprisings, the most important of which was the one led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts, shake the Member States and threaten the secession of portions of territory with the support of Britain. Hard hit by the recession, the farmers are unable to pay their personal debts and those contracted by their state for the needs of the Revolutionary War. With the exception of the states of New York and Pennsylvania, which earn significant income from import taxes, other states derive their income from regressive personal and property taxes. Farmers then begin to use their voting rights to impose on their state assemblies laws on the redistribution of wealth, the printing of paper money to devalue their debts, and the abolition of courts deemed too repressive (Veit, et.al).

The authors try their best to gathered the information both by personal experiences and secondary sources. The gathered the constitutional documents for the information. Faced with the dangers of destabilization, the Confederation Congress has its hands tied. He has neither the power to declare war, nor to sign treaties, nor to coin money. Nothing significant can be voted without the support of delegations from nine States. The first ten amendments form the bill of rights. As a block, they were added to the American constitution shortly after it was introduced. The Constitution of the United States was adopted at the Philadelphia Convention from May 29 to September 17, 1787 following closed-door debates between federalists, supporters of a strengthened central government, and supporters of the Confederal regime "for to form a more perfect Union ".

According to the results presented by the textbook. It is found that a new Constitution was needed. A constitutional convention takes four months to give birth to the document that begins with the famous "We the people of the United States …". Once the document has been adopted by the Congress of Articles of Confederation, the Constitution must be ratified, without amendment, by each State. A majority of nine states is needed.

Because of its importance, Pennsylvania is the first state to debate the new constitution. Federalists and anti-federalists confront each other with passion, and sometimes vehemently, and the Constitution is ratified several months later by a majority of 46 to 23. The minority delegation questioned legitimacy by alleging that it represented more voters than the majority. Also, contrary to the wishes of the Federalists, because of the length of the deliberations in Pennsylvania, it is rather Delaware which is the first State to ratify the Constitution, in a unanimous vote, after only four days of debates. The Constitution served the interests of Delaware well. The state will no longer have to pay duties to Pennsylvania for products passing through the port of Philadelphia. From now on, customs duties will be collected by the central government for the benefit of all States. State debts will be assumed by the central state and equal representation in the Senate is appreciated by this small state, which had just separated from Pennsylvania.

The result of multiple compromises, the document does not find unconditional supporters. James Madison, his chief editor, is against giving two seats to each state in the Senate and he would have liked the central government to have a right of disallowance on state laws. Alexander Hamilton would have wanted the federal government to have the power to appoint state leaders and militia leaders, and senators and governors to be appointed for life, as was the case in Britain (Bowen, et.al).

Primary source is a speech. Madison and Hamilton believe that the constitution is nevertheless the only alternative to anarchy. In case of failure, Hamilton predicts the dismemberment of the Union, the transformation of its components into monarchies and their inevitable attachment to Great Britain. John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton then published 85 essays, all under the anonymous signature of Publius, to promote the ratification of the Constitution. These Federalists Papers were compiled in two 600-page volumes and are still used as a reference for the interpretation of the Constitution for judges of the United States Supreme Court.

The methods used for the secondary source in the author provides. George Masons, Edmund Randolph, Patrick Henry and George Clinton, deplore the absence of a Bill of Rights, denounce the under-representation of the population, the granting of excessive powers and dangerous in the House of Representatives and the Senate. They are also concerned that federal justice poses a threat to the exercise of justice in the member states. Their rallying point is the defense of state power vis-à-vis the central government. In "We the people ...", they oppose a "We the States ...". No wonder the main debate surrounding the ratification of the new Constitution was whether the central government could itself raise taxes or whether it could only do so through the intermediary of the states.

The result is defined in this secondary source is explain that on December 18, 1787, New Jersey also supported the Constitution unanimously. His motives are the same as those of Delaware. New Jersey paid customs duties to New York State. Two weeks later, it is Georgia's turn to ratify the Constitution unanimously after only one day of debate. The state was in urgent need of federal aid to fight the Creek Indians and defend its southern border against Spanish Florida (The articles and first ten amendments of the constitution of the United States).

Primary (field) research is the gathering of information by personal method, with the exception of using data already collected by other researchers that have already been collected and recorded by someone else. Secondary studies are usually the starting point of their own research, but they can also have independent significance. In the latter case, we are talking about the so-called desk research (Desk Research).

According to interpretation, it is found that in Connecticut, the Federalists controlled the entire press. When opponents, from New York State, want to introduce newspapers and essays criticizing the Constitution, they are intercepted at the border and their documents burned. So that the population of the state never knew the arguments against the Constitution. The major argument for ratification - that the tax burden would be shifted from farm taxes to tariffs on imports levied by the future Congress - will not be disputed. On July 4, 1776, the thirteen British colonies proclaimed their independence. The purpose of the Declaration of Independence is to obtain international recognition, particularly from France. It was not until 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, that Britain recognized the independence of her former colony. In 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, a treaty that organizes the thirteen states in Confederation. But, after a few years, the inadequacies of the treaty appear to face the internal and external forces that threaten the very existence of the Confederation. In September 1787, a Constitutional Convention meets with a mandate to propose amendments to the Articles of Confederation. She gives birth rather to a draft of a new constitution. Then begins the process of ratification, state by state, which will spread during the years 1787 and 1788. It is this process that Pauline Maier describes in a masterful way in his book, celebrated by the critic, Ratification.

Works Cited

Primary Sources

Carl Van Doren,. "The Great Rehearsal: The Story of the Making and Ratifying of the Constitution of the United States." (1948).

Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The federalist papers. Oxford University Press, (2008).

Veit, Helen E., Kenneth R. Bowling, and Charlene Bangs Bickford. Creating the Bill of Rights: the documentary record from the First Federal Congress. JHU Press, 1991.

Madison, James. The Writings of James Madison: 1769-1783. Vol. 1. GP Putnam's Sons; New York, 1900.

Secondary Sources

Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Miracle at philadelphia: The story of the constitutional convention May-September 1787. Back Bay Books, (1986).

Maier, P. (2010). Ratification: the people debate the Constitution, 1787-1788. Simon and Schuster.

The articles and first ten amendments of the constitution of the United States, Appendix A, A-3 to A-14, of the people, A history of the United States, Volume 2 Since 1865, James Dakes et al, Oxford press, Copyright. (2017)

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Contact And Colonisation

Obesity

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Contact and Colonization

Introduction:

Truganini was an aboriginal Tasmanian who lived in Bruny Island from 1812 to 1876 ACE when European colonizers had landed there recently. She is considered the last full-blood aboriginal person. Being the daughter of an Island chief and the leader of her people she had to confront the European invaders more than anyone else. The first contact experience of Truganini and her people with the Europeans was in the form of conflict. Truganini was famous for her shrewdness and wit, but she lost almost all her family members to the Europeans between 1803 and 1829. Augustus Robinson detained her in 1829; she would spend the rest of her life with the Europeans. Her contact experience with the Europeans was not good as she lost everything she had due this (Bell, 2013).

Body

Truganini was an intelligent daughter of Mangana the chief of Bruny Island of Australia. She belonged to a hunter group of indigenous communities from Tasmania. She was one of the survivors of The Black Wars. She grew up fighting against the colonizers, but she attempted to reconcile her people with the foreign invaders when she realized that they were decaying. Her husband, sisters, and some other family members died during the Black Wars (Truganini: The life story of the last surviving Tasmanian Aboriginal, 2017). She worked with Robinson during the 1930s to make a settlement of her people on Port Philip, but unfortunately, all her people died during and after the immigration to the settlements. She died in 1876 being the last Aborigine, but she had to wait for five score years to have a funeral of her desire.

The contact between the people of Truganini and the Europeans started after 1800 and lasted for less than half a century. British settlements were built on Bruny Island in 1803, which caused the first direct contact between the Europeans and the Aborigines. The contact was bloody as the Europeans started shooting every aborigine. Killing an aborigine was not a crime and everyone had freehand to kill them. The natives were horrified and the conflicts started. The natives were either detained or allured to the settlements and then smuggled to Europe for slavery. Truganini also had to experience brutal rape when she was detained by them. By 1830, only a few hundred Aborigines were left alive which also could not survive.

This contact with the Europeans and the Aborigines eliminated one party: the Aborigines. The aborigines were a hunting society, and the Europeans were having an agricultural background. Moreover, the Europeans had the latest weapons and skills which naturally oppressed the wild hunters. One segment of their population died by the European weapons, and the other segment was taken to Europe as slaves. The remaining Aborigines died of the European diseases which proved lethal against their immune system (Truganini - Woman - The Australian Women's Register, 2019). Truganini’s life also changed after that contact. After losing her family and people she was obliged to spend her remaining life being a European prisoner. She was not biased towards the Europeans, but she always looked forward to leading her people from the front. Her conflicts with the Europeans were the result of the European brutalities. She stayed strong and faced all the European brutalities (The story of Truganini: one of the last full-blooded Aboriginal Tasmanians, 2014). She tried her best to find and save any family or person left of Aborigines, but when she was permanently captured, she asked the authorities to arrange her funeral according to her belief after her death. It seems that she knew the nature and intentions of the invaders. This contact left no significant impression on the lives of the Europeans. They entered the Aborigines’ lands and eliminated them leaving no competition. They rebuilt the culture of this New World following their European ideals.

Conclusion

Truganini belonged to a Tasmanian Island which was invaded by the European colonizers during the first half of the 19th century. The contact between the two peoples started as a result of this. The Europeans colonized the land of Truganini's people and erased the Aborigines along with their culture. Consequently, one culture faded and the other culture prevailed on the land of Aborigines.

Works Cited

The story of Truganini: one of the last full-blooded Aboriginal Tasmanians (Palawa) – Originalpeople.org. (2014). Originalpeople.org. Retrieved 30 October 2019, from http://originalpeople.org/story-truganini-full-blooded-aboriginal-tasmanians-palawa/

Truganini: The life story of the last surviving Tasmanian Aboriginal. (2017). The Vintage News. Retrieved 30 October 2019, from https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/02/09/truganini-the-life-story-of-the-last-surviving-tasmanian-aboriginal/

Truganini - Woman - The Australian Women's Register. (2019). Womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 30 October 2019, from http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE1098b.htm

Bell, K. (2013). cultural contact definition | Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Retrieved 30 October 2019, from https://sociologydictionary.org/cultural-contact/

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Contextual Analysis Of Sfumato Used In Mona Lisa By Leonardo Da Vinci

Name

Professor name

Subject

Date

Sfumato in Mona Lisa

Sfumato technique was used by the painter Leonardo Da Vinci in creation of his unique artwork Mona Lisa. The artwork is one of the widely appreciated work of Leonardo across the world. The painting is also known by ‘La Gioconda’ that is the portrait of the wife of del Giocondo, named as Lisa. Leonardo used Sfumato techniques that relied on the idea of using smoke on the picture planes rather than borders or lines used by traditional painters. The new technique allowed the artist to develop a unique and versatile artwork that has persuaded audience in every age. The intriguing mystery of Mona Lisa fascinated people since its creation in the renaissance period. It has a Thesis statement: Sfumato technique and multiple hues are central elements that resulted in the creation of unique masterpiece.

The purpose of artwork was to display women in enigmatic manner that portrayed her elegance, beauty and happiness. Visari provide the interpretation of the painting in the sixteenth century who stated that the image was of the wife of skilled merchant, del Giocondo. The central purpose of Leonardo was to give a new direction to oil painting by introducing the technique of Sfumato. The face and chest of the image are towards the audience derived from the pyramid image. The artist used his skills for displaying the woman at protective position which is used for building distance between the sitter and the spectator. The use of Sfumato helped in designing smooth and imperceptible patterns that adds to the astonishment of the viewers. The artist has softly contoured the face of Lisa by adding emotions to the eyes and mouth CITATION Cin19 \l 1033 (Cincinnati 2019). Visual interpretation of artwork depends on critical analysis and careful observation of the facts. Effective assessment of art enhances the analytical skills of people and also improves the critical reasoning. Analysis of the visual attributes such as color, texture and the figures leads to better visual analysis.

Leonardo created Mona Lisa in 1503 during his stay at Florence. During the period the painters were using old traditional methods which encouraged Leonardo to introduce new methods for creation of his amazing artwork. During the sixteenth century it was believed that Leonardo created more images of Mona Lisa. By the sixteenth century artists were using only lines and borders until Mona Lisa was presented CITATION Ger191 \l 1033 (Horstmann and Loth 2019). During this period radical changes were made to oil painting because artists experimented new ways. The unique style of Leonardo gained popularity because his ide expressed freedom and liberty. The transition was appreciated by the people and artists CITATION Lyn171 \l 1033 (Brown 2017).

The most intriguing element behind the popularity of Mona Lisa is the mysterious smile. “According to some influential theories of emotion neuropsychology, we here interpreted the Mona Lisa asymmetric smile as a none genuine smile, also thought to occur when the subject lies” CITATION Cin19 \l 1033 (Cincinnati 2019). The examination of the painting by the neuropsychologists reveals that the smile of the woman is fake. The artists has used power of layering instead of traditional lines for designing the woman. Leonardo has added transparent layers to the oil paint with his fingers. This tool many months for creating a realistic image which grabbed the attention of spectators. The analysis depicts that at least 20 to 40 layers are used in the creation of this artwork. This technique has allowed the creator to duplicate translucency of the skin and giving a real texture. This helped in showcasing lifelike presence in the room CITATION Ger191 \l 1033 (Horstmann and Loth 2019). Sfumato allowed the artists to use two paradoxical thoughts for creating three-dimensional form.

When people focus only on smile of the women, they miss the rest that carries the actual meaning. All pieces of art carry a hidden message for the audience that they need to uncover. Two people see the same object but move away with different perceptions of that object CITATION Ger191 \l 1033 (Horstmann and Loth 2019). The audience can reveal the real meaning only when they relate the smile with her entire gesture. Visual intelligence enhances people’s observation skills. The accurate analysis depends not only on observing things bit also solving the problems that each object presents.

The most amazing fact behind the popularity of this artwork is the mystery of Mona Lisa. The assumption made on the image is that the face is superimposable to the princess of Forli. It is also stated that the painting is a divine representation.

Leonardo gained popularity due to his new style of adding smoke to the artwork. By using hand made pigments he managed to add realism to the images. Use of Sfumato is recognized for his ability of adding moods and emotions. He used the themes of black and gray for giving a realistic touch to the artwork. He use his hands instead of brushes for giving a natural touch. This technique was only introduced after renaissance when painters were introducing new methods CITATION Fra14 \l 1033 (Carelli 2014).

The tone decides the colors that best suit the artwork. Tone defines the lightness and the darkness of the sculpture. The creator used tone. The dark tone uses a blend of black and grey colors. The tone is selected so that it can capture the perfected expressions and the gesture of woman. Painting exhibits variations in the tone as the face appear in a lighter tone compared to the dress. Colors add more visibility and impression to the painting. The colors used in the creation of Mona Lisa are grey and black. Color captures the antiquity and the historical nature of the elegant women. Dull colors are apparent reflecting the claim of serenity and honor. Artwork does not make use of dark and striking colors. The color scheme is monochromatic while intensity and saturation appear at specific points enhancing the visibility. Explicit use of colors is avoided making artwork more appreciable CITATION Lil88 \l 1033 (Schwartz 1988). Symmetrical balance that reflects the distribution of perceived visual weights. Symmetrical balance is visible on both sides of the sculpture represent similarity. The right side completes the left. Portrait maintains balance by using pure colors and theme CITATION Ger191 \l 1033 (Horstmann and Loth 2019). Emphasis illustrates the area of the painting where the audience concentrates. The artwork emphasizes the silence and the dignity reflecting the qualities of piety and purity. “While the Mona Lisa smile continues to attract attention of its observers, the true message it conveys remains elusive and many unsolved mysteries remain to be elucidated, perhaps via the knowledge of emotion neuropsychology” CITATION Cin19 \l 1033 (Cincinnati 2019). Reading the smile of the woman is not simple. This require connecting the postures with the facial expressions. Emphasizing on the central theme eliminates the unnecessary details. The smile created by dark against light presents a perfect focal point persuading the audience to concentrate on the expressions of Mona Lisa and her posters conveying the message of happiness and dignity.

The painting of Mona Lisa has significant relevance with the renaissance period when many artists used their skills for expressing freedom. His focus was on recreating oil paint by changing artistic techniques. Smoke is used instead of curved lines to exhibit the comfort of Mona Lisa displaying her free from worries and sins. Vertical lines are missing that don’t suggest any specific height of image making it a tall and physically attractive character. The artwork lacks any jagged lines because Mona Lisa displays no emotions of worries or anxiety. Thick lines appear as an expression of strength and power Mona Lisa. The shape used in the construction of the image is irregular and natural. The creator adopted the shape that best portrays the human physique. The shape is not flat but a solid 3- dimensional that displays the Mona Lisa as an original figure CITATION Lil88 \l 1033 (Schwartz 1988). The striking feature of three-dimensional figures is the creation of interaction with between the audience and the portrait. Grayness expresses the physical volume or shape of the woman. Form used in the creation of Mona Lisa is representational, not abstract because it is a complete figure. The inclusion of three-dimensional form shows the figure from all angles. It is a wholly built from oil paint, smoke and pigments. sfumato adds a more refined and perfected essence to the artwork. Use of adequate brrightness has added more weight. This technique adds more visibility that exhibit emotions of happiness and serenity.

The artwork received different reactions as for many it was a source of amazament while others criticized it. The reactions of the audience in the sixteenth century were of amazement. The artists learned the new technique of creating oil paint. It was believed that `leonardo had refined the art and painting. The artists and interpretors evaluated the artwork by identifying newness CITATION Lei08 \l 1033 (Ose 2008). The smile and facial expressions of Mona Lisa remains the most discussed features. The smile has always attracted the spectators and encourgae them to search the meaning. Elements of art include visual tools used by the artist to showcase a unique creation. Visual elements of art include smoke, grayness, color texture, pattern, and form. The line is apparent as it suggests the direction of the painting. The facial expressions carry the same mysticism as apparent in the smile. The artist uses practical elements of art that makes it a versatile and unique creation. The creator displays artistic skills helping him to portray the postures in an impressing manner. “Considering it is unlikely that a person who sits motionless for hours to be painted is able to constantly smile in genuine happiness, the simplest explanation is that the Mona Lisa asymmetric smile is the manifestation of an 'untrue enjoyment' in spite of all the efforts that Leonardo's jesters used to make in order to keep his models merry” CITATION Cin19 \l 1033 (Cincinnati 2019). This reflects that the smile plays major role in the mystery of Mona Lisa. The smile of the image is interpreted in different ways. Some associate it with happiness while others claim that it exhibits sarcasm CITATION Ger191 \l 1033 (Horstmann and Loth 2019). Interpreting the smile of Mona Lisa is still a mystery.

The analysis of the critics also state that the smile reveals non-felt emotions of Mona Lisa. The purpose of creating this portrait was to transmit the hidden message that was by creating a fake smile. This portrait is also considered as an image of a dead man or woman which means humans without emotions. The overall analysis of the painting depicts that although true message remains hidden but the techniques employed by Leonardo resulted in its success. Colors, smoke and greyness are central elements of the Sfumato technique that resulted in the creation of amazing artwork.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Lynn. "The Mystery of the Mona Lisa." jstor Daily, 2017.

Cincinnati. "Was Mona Lisa's smile a lie?" ScienceDirect, 2019.

Carelli, Francesco. "Leonardo da Vinci: changing approaches to teaching and learning ." London J Prim Care (Abingdon) 6.2 (2014): 41–42.

Dominiczak, Marek H. "Observation and Creativity: Leonardo da Vinci." Clinical Chemist (2012).

Horstmann, Gernot, and Sebastian Loth. " The Mona Lisa Illusion—Scientists See Her Looking at Them Though She Isn’t ." i-Perception , 2019.

Ose, Leiv. "The Real Code of Leonardo da Vinci ." Curr Cardiol Rev 4.1 (2008): 60–62.

Schwartz, Lillian F. Feldmann. "The Mona Lisa identification: Evidence from a computer analysis." The Visual Computer 1, no. 4 (1988).

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Could We Have Another Hitler Here In America At Some Point In The Future

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Could We Have another Hitler Here in America at Some Point in the Future?

Hitler is deemed one of the most tyrannical rulers in the history of mankind. He advanced to wage a war aimed at accomplishing global domination which resulted in massive deaths. In the United State of America, Hitler can resurface in the future. The surge of globalization has enhanced the likelihood for such occurrence and the contemporary states of affairs further offers an explicit illustration. The radical immigration policies of Trump restrict the liberty of foreigners and confine the freedom and opinion of the domestic population. Meanwhile, the influx of trade wars in the international arena also cause the policymakers to resort to a stringent set of policies both domestically and internationally. All these instances reflect that another Hitler can surface in the future in the United States of America.

To begin, one of the prominent traits Hitler had was that it was irrational and futile to engage in negotiations with him. Trump reflects a similar picture where he hardly advances to negotiate with the rivals and instead, shuns their views and glorifies his opinion. The immigration policies pursued by him are an explicit illustration of the widespread discrimination subjected to the minorities and the public. However, Hitler reacted in a different manner. A wide range of public has termed Trump similar to Hitler. Even if he is not Hitler, there exists a profound threat that Hitler will surface in the future. For instance, the contemporary stakeholders have pursued radical policies ad these policies may exceed the red line in the future. Such critical are the manifestations of these radical policies pursued by the leaders.

Moreover, it is a contentious manner whether to trivialize the act and character of Hitler. Several people are inclined toward terming the political stakeholder with the same name but they overlook the implications if a Hitler surfaces. Irrefutably, the mass killings and discrimination will define the nature of a person similar to Hitler. The war on terrorism can prove to be the prominent aspect to resurface the birth of another Hitler in the United States. The Middle East can become the land where the second Hitler will wreak havoc and this time it can be any other religion. A critical appraisal of the matter reflects there exist several rationales that can manifest the detrimental actions from the policymakers. The international relation between states are uncertain and the surge of nuclear arms poses several adverse perils. Amid all these issues it can be admitted that nuclear weapons can cause much grave consequences which occurred during the rule of Hitler. With the advancement of technology, the extent and threat of mass destruction have also accelerated. A violent leader who prefers not to negotiate or shun his narcissism can be the trigger to initiate a radical act and it may transcend the kills which were perpetrated by Hitler.

To conclude, there exists a bright possibility that another Hitler may resurface in the United States of America (USA). The contemporary leaders have advanced to impose strict and discriminatory policies which can manifest in a detrimental aspect in the future. The public ought not to trivialize Hitler. The threat of nuclear arms looms over the population and the trade wars are also critical. It will an irrational and ruthless act to restrict the Chinese from entering the US or persecuting the Chinese communities in the US. However, a person who resurfaces as Hitler in the future is likely to commit similar acts and desecrate the harmony in American society.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Counterfactual Essay

Counterfactual Essay

Vincent

Counterfactual Essay

After decades of strains and conflicts over slavery, westward expansion and states’ rights between the states of north and south America, the Civil War started in 1861.When in 1860, the presidential elections were conducted and Abraham Lincoln was elected, seven states of North America separated and formed the Confederate States of America. Soon enough, another four states joined them. The bloodiest conflict between the states at last ended in 1865 after in Confederate surrender. Out of 2.4 million soldiers sent on the deadliest war, 620,000 were killed while millions of them were injured. The states of south were almost demolished. There is no single reason for the war, as many factors contributed to it or intensified it. People mostly argue that the reason of civil war was either Slavery or preservation of the Union. Union constituted of many states which practiced slavery. All the events and circumstances which led to Civil war are either caused or influenced by Slavery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QwTfbu5b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gunderson, 1974)","plainCitation":"(Gunderson, 1974)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":770,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/83N73MJS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/83N73MJS"],"itemData":{"id":770,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The causation of the American Civil War has been one of the largest issues in the historiography of this nation's past. Explanations for the question have been offered, debated, and reinterpreted ever since the time of the war; indeed, even before 1860 some individuals were setting forth reasons why an “irrepressible conflict” must come. Furthermore, the debate among scholars does not appear to be diminishing or approaching any consensus of interpretation. New hypotheses and critiques appear to be emerging as fast today as during preceding periods. Some of these proffered explanations prove to be more popular than others but none has won substantial favor to the exclusion of others and few have been completely discredited. As a result, there now exists a large inventory of previously suggested interpretations building upon such diverse mechanisms as slavery, sectionalism, political ineptitude, a slave-power conspiracy, economic conflicts and abolitionist activism. Many of these explanations have been thoughtfully prepared and then further polished by cross-examination, yet when all these efforts have been objectively considered they yield few definitive conclusions.","container-title":"The Journal of Economic History","DOI":"10.1017/S0022050700089361","ISSN":"1471-6372, 0022-0507","issue":"4","language":"en","page":"915-950","source":"Cambridge Core","title":"The Origin of the American Civil War","volume":"34","author":[{"family":"Gunderson","given":"Gerald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1974",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gunderson, 1974). Radical abolitionists including John Brown were in favor of war to emancipate the victims of slavery and initiate insurgence. Numerous abolitionists like Frederick Douglass and Frederick Douglass, made several efforts to demonstrate that the slavery was destructive. Thus, it can be comprehended that the main cause of Civil war was Slavery and had it be prevented there would be no war. Slavery involved multiple other factors and events which led to Civil war. Most of the credible historians asserted that slavery and status of African Americans were the core factors for plunging America into civil war ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mQizH8oP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Park Service, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(National Park Service, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":765,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/AUWS2FFU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YgsdZK9k/items/AUWS2FFU"],"itemData":{"id":765,"type":"article-journal","language":"en","page":"2","source":"Zotero","title":"The role of slavery in bringing on the Civil War has been hotly debated for decades","author":[{"family":"National Park Service","given":""}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Park Service, n.d.). During mid of 1800s, there was an economical shift in northern states from framing to industries. They no longer required the slaves for their earning. People in north enjoyed the urban life. They mostly lived in the big cities like Boston, Philadelphia and New York. On the other hand, the population of Southern states was dependent on the farming economy, due to which they still required the slave labor for making a living. This difference in economies influenced the views of people living in both the states. The people of North State were of the opinion that slavery should be abolished from the system. They supported that emancipation of slaves and their rights. However, the people in South America wants the slavery trend to continue so that they could be able to maintain economy. The elections for American President were held on November 6, 1860. As a result, to this election, in an electoral college landslide, Abraham Lincoln managed to secure 180 electoral votes. The population of northern states was more than the population of Southern states which gave the northern states a control over the electoral college. He won the election despite the fact that his votes were not even forty percent of the popular vote. He managed to dominate majority of northern states, however, he was not favored by a single state of South America. Another contestant, Douglas gained support from northern states in form of twelve electoral votes, but they were not adequate to pose a challenge to Lincoln’s strong standing. In southern states, the votes were divided between Bell who received thirty-nine votes and Breckenridge who earned seventy-two votes. Due to this division pf votes, none of them was able to secure enough votes to win the election.

This presential election in1860 decisively established the obvious fact that Republican and Democratic parties were the lead parties in America. More importantly, it demonstrated the conflict on views of slavery between the north and South states.

Abraham Lincoln’s election as the President of the United States served as the last blow for the South American American’s states. He supported the anti-slavery views and was a member of a contemporary anti-slavery Republican Party. He was not even in the ballots of ten southern states, yet he won the elections countrywide and was elected as president. In these circumstances the population of Southern states realized that Lincoln was against the concept of slavery. They deduced that he was also against the people of South and they could become victim of biasness. So, after the elections majority of Southern states decided that it was better to separate from United states as they did not want to be part of United Sates anymore. They believed that that it was their right to leave and live separately according to their own rules. In this regard, they planned that first of all, South Carolina would be first state to leave and then eleven other states would follow. They decided that these twelve states would form a new country, which would be named ‘The Confederate States of America’.

However, Abraham Lincoln was strongly of the view that they did not have any right to leave the United states. Lincoln sent in the troops and armies to Sumter to prevent the separation. With armies being involved, the threat of war started lurking as the situation intensified by every moment. For Lincoln, Civil war was not a war technically, instead it was a way to settle down the unconstitutional rebellion. The war begun with the Confederate forces firing on Fort Sumter, which is an island of South Carolina. The factors leading to initialization of attack were significantly influenced by the attitude of newly elected president. He completely rejected the idea of secession and acted rigidly.

The atmosphere became intense as The Confederate States of America declared they have every right to secede and moreover they claimed federal assets located within seceded Southern states borders. These claims were explicitly rejected by Lincoln and he declined to vacate Sumter.

Lincoln attempted to force the Confederacy to attack first by resupplying Sumter, so that he could carry out the military operation on the Confederate states. In this way, he succeeded in forcing the people, he considered rebels, to start shooting. After they attacked, Lincoln directed the military to take down the rebellions as now he thought it was now justified. Almost every personnel of Lincoln’s cabinet specially including Simon Cameron, his Secretary of War, believed that this mission against assumed rebellions would be imprudent and would be a reason to war. All of them provided him with solution of evacuating. The reigning officer in Fort Sumter, Major Robert Anderson himself was of opinion that only through evacuation, the Civil war could be stopped. Some people try to justify the decisions and conduct of Lincoln by saying that otherwise the states of United States would have lost the unity and America wouldn’t be a strong nation as it is today. But the question arises that whether any other could have been adopted other than taking military operation. Abraham Lincoln could have chosen to evacuate Sumter under suitable and peaceful conditions. People argue that Lincoln’s decision was not that main cause and even without it the war would have started sooner or later. However, his decision to send ary and attack the southern was the one main event that led to start f Civil War. It is evident for any war, the economic, ethical, political and religious conflict are the perfect blend. It is understandable that the intense conflict and rigid behavior of president was the major reason and the war could have been prevented only if this conflict of slavery was resolved. If the events like succession of South were prevented in some other way than the military action, the civil war could have been prevented.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gunderson, G. (1974). The Origin of the American Civil War. The Journal of Economic History, 34(4), 915–950. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700089361

National Park Service. (n.d.). The role of slavery in bringing on the Civil War has been hotly debated for decades. 2.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Counterfactual Essay

Counterfactual Essay: Preventing the American Civil War

Ibraam Masoud

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Counterfactual Essay: Preventing the American Civil War

The American Civil War is included among events that left the greatest impact on American history. The aftermath of the war not just changed America but carried global implications. It is common to see historians argue that the civil war was inevitable, yet a deeper look into the events which led to the war allows us to pinpoint a set of identifiable reasons which came together to influence the outcome. In many instances, one event led to the other and converged with other seemingly isolated events to eventually bring the confederates and the unionists into war. However, before the matters crossed a particular threshold, the civil war could have been avoided. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 served as a major catalyst in the war by creating a significant shift in the balance of power between the South and the North. The paper will examine how eliminating the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 from history could have reduced the buildup of tensions which eventually led to the outbreak of the civil war.

It is evident that the sharp and conflicting political, economic, and ideological views of the North and South had deeply polarized the nation. The Southern states were adamant on continuing with slavery whereas the North called for abolishment. The polarization process started from the day American achieved its independence, and became more evident in a few decades after a clear difference in habits, views, and income generation methods could be seen. The North favored industrialization and less menial work, and thus, there was an economic incentive to abolishment besides the human rights issue. The Southern states relied on farms and plantations which required manual labor to sustain production CITATION Woo17 \l 1033 (Woods, 2017). The complexities which surrounded the issue of slavery indicate that polarization between the North and the South extended beyond the moral and ideological debate with regards to slaves. The underlying causes had more to do with regional economics and balance of power, and hence, any move interpreted as a shift in power could potentially lead to confrontation.

As the 18th century ended, the North had gained considerable economic superiority owing to its industrialization. Furthermore, the South had doubts about whether cotton and agriculture alone could sustain their economies. Hence, without the need of manual labor, slaves would have lost their use. However as Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, the industry was reinvigorated and became profitable again. Consequently, it led to an increased demand of slave labor to work in the exceptionally profitable industry. Any threats to the industry, therefore, was seen as a threat to the Southerner way of life.

Despite tensions over slavery, a political compromise was still possible. However, in 1854 Stephen Douglas presented the Kansas-Nebraska Act to the Congress which proposed to build a trans-continental railroad to boost the economy. The Act set the stage for conflict because it directly aimed at overturning the Missouri compromise, which had so far managed to keep the union integrated. The Act came in the wake of various entrepreneurs and settlers who repeatedly expressed desire to move their business into Nebraska in the 1850s. However, Nebraska was still not formally organized as a territory and thus settlers could not make a legal claim on the land. Since Nebraska was situation north of the 36°30' parallel, which marked areas where slavery had been prohibited by the 1820 Missouri Compromise, the South’s congressional members did not see a benefit in claiming the land CITATION Woo17 \l 1033 (Woods, 2017). The Kansas-Nebraska Act was set to change that at a time when the South and the North were already in an uneasy balance. The passage of the Act is among the most significant events which led to the Civil War as it opened fresh wounds.

As part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, settlers of the new territory were allowed to decide their position on the slavery issue on basis of popular sovereignty. However, allowing slavery in Kansas and Nebraska meant that the Missouri Compromise would be violated. In doing so, a decades long compromise between the North and the South would be compromised. Nevertheless, the bill was passed by the Congress and signed into law in 1854 which allowed for territory North of the 36°30' line to decide its position on slavery on basis of popular sovereignty. The idea of voting to legalize slavery in a position which was technically ‘the North’ outraged the Northerners. The outrage was intensified as slave owners shifted to Kansas. To counter-act the shift in balance, the Northerner Abolitionists also shifted to Kansas which further fueled tensions. The result was that two legislatures became established in different towns of the same state in opposition. Skirmishes between Abolitionists and pro-slavery farmers started breaking out even before the Civil War had started. The time period is known by the name of ‘Bleeding Kansas’, which was a time when anti-slavery and pro-slavery settlers clashed violently in the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act CITATION Woo17 \l 1033 (Woods, 2017). Consequently, the buildup of tensions paved the way for an all-out Civil War.

The political aftermath of the Act was also significant. The Act, which aimed at railroad building and economic growth, ended up polarizing the two main political parties besides inciting South-North tensions. The Whig Party was split by the Act has nearly all Southerner members of the Whig Party voted for the bill while the Northerner members opposed it. It was hard to find a common ground, and eventually the Northern Whigs joined other abolitionists to form the Republican Party. At the same time, the Democratic Party continued to operate across sectional lines even as the Southern Whig joined it. The Northerner members were of the view that ignoring the 1820 Missouri compromise would cause the Compromise of 1850 to fail as well. Amidst a divided political atmosphere, the Fugitive Slave Law started became routinely violated which also played a part in brewing trouble CITATION IHA08 \l 1033 (IHAP, 2008).

The result of the heightened tensions between the South and the North, and between political parties, caused a severe lack of trust for the other. Neither side showed willingness to trust the other or accept even a moderate proposal for reducing tensions. Hence, Abraham Lincoln’s view was also rejected by most of the Southerners. Eventually as time passed, the South felt an increasing sense of victimization especially at the hands of the new Republican administration that they saw as bent on abolishing slavery. Moreover, Abraham Lincoln’s outreach to the non-slave owning Southern population also fueled those sentiments. Eventually, the increased mistrust came to the point where no assurance from Lincoln could satisfy the Southerners, who began to mistrust any Northerner in office regardless of his/her political affiliations CITATION Fon03 \l 1033 (Foner, 2003). This heightened mistrust served as the final nail in the coffin and it was only time before the Civil War broke out.

To conclude, the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act served as a major catalyst in the War. Removing this event from American history could open up the possibility for subsequent compromise building up on the Missouri Compromise of 1820. However, as the initial Compromise was reversed, the practice of slavery began to enter areas that were symbolically considered as the North. The resulting shift in the region’s balance of power in an already uncertain situation led to political alarm and anxiety. The Northerners feared that slave owners would begin dominating the newer states, and the South would domineer the Northerners into a permanent political minority. It is evident that the issue of slavery, as a moral and human rights issue, was only part of the problem. Regional economics and clash over control of the new states served as a major factor, which worsened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Looking at these various connected historical events, it is not far-fetched to assume that removing this Act from history could have significantly altered the course of events and possibly prevented the Civil War.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Foner, E. (2003). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men : the Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War With a New Introductory Essay. (1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

IHAP. (2008). 31a. The Kansas-Nebraska Act. Retrieved August 4, 2019, from U.S. History: Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium: http://www.ushistory.org/us/31a.asp

Woods, M. (2017). Bleeding Kansas: Slavery, Sectionalism, and Civil War on the Missouri-Kansas Border (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Critical Essay

An analytical Essay on boys don’t cry Suhur Mohamed University’s name Boys don’t cry, the name of the movie is based on a stereotype. Boys are told to act strong and not to cry since their childhood. Crying is made unacceptable for boys in our society and is taken as a sign of weakness. The background of the movie is based on a true documentary named ‘The Brandon Teena story’ which is a sad tragedy. The movie tells us the story about a girl named Teena who changes her appearance and turns herself into a boy name Brandon Teena just because she feels like a man trapped in a women’s body. The movie has touched a crucial topic and has successfully conveyed a beautiful message about how to truly love yourself of who you are, what you feel like and you should embrace your feelings and emotions instead of running from them. The main theme of the movie revolves around self-discovery. The movie fully portrays how Teena was struggling to figure herself and her emotions. She was unable to understand the phase she was going through and kept on making mistakes. She thought that in order to embrace her feelings and emotions she had to become someone else because the society would not accept her for who she truly was. The movie shows her fear of being labelled in the community and her denial of accepting her true self. All she wanted for the world to understand was that she was not a transsexual, a lesbian, a cross-dresser, or a member of any other category on the laundry list of sexual identities; she was a girl who thinks of herself as a boy. It is clearly understood that she was struggling with her sexuality and was being unable to accept it because of her body. She wanted a sex changed in order to accept who she was. She wanted everyone to think she was a man since birth. The movie also shows us she was not considering any of her relationships as gay (same sex relationship) because she was unable to tackle with the fact that she was a lesbian. All of these reasons led her to gender switching, she decided to be a He and she got a short haircut, stuck a sock down the front of her jeans and went into a bar to try her luck and people didn’t recognize him as a girl. She started calling herself as Brandon Teena. Who was a sweet charming boy every girl wanted, she adopted a persona of a man. A man ideal for every girl. Instead of dealing with her denial of being a lesbian. She started to turn herself into a man a succeeded, the movie shows us she was not comfortable in our own body and was considering having a sex change only because of who was and that she felt like her soul was trapped inside her own body. It is deeply saddening how people are not happy with who they are just because of the norms of the society. She, now addressed as Brandon found the love of his life, he had fallen in love with a Falls City girl named Lana. There is a stretch when she knows, and yet she doesn't know, because she doesn't want to know; romance is built on illusion, and when we love someone, we love the illusion they have created for us. The movie "Boys Don't Cry" is not sociology, however, but a romantic tragedy that has also showed us what true love is and how despite the gender a person can fall for anyone. The movie was aimed at everyone who is struggling with themselves who are not able to accept their true self whether it’s their body, sexuality, class, position anything. The message was loud and clear that self-discovery is a long a journey that takes time and makes your life better. It is okay to doubt yourself sometimes and it’s okay to ask out for help. Sometimes all you need to do is talk to the right person. The movie shows how Brandon was so disconnected from his family and was not able to properly talk to them even when they were concerned and worried about him. I think that the main aimed audience of the movie was our society as a whole. It’s us who need to understand people, quit polluting minds, trash talking, spreading gossips, we need to learn, grow and accept people for who they are. Our society needs to end putting up labels because that is the root to our problems main thing that pulls back people from coming out and for being who they are. The movie too assumes and problematizes our society as Brandon says that he doesn’t feel comfortable with himself due to the reactions received and that he feels unwanted wherever he goes in a letter to Lana. He left Lana because he wanted to end her the hell she was facing because of him from the people around her. The society made Brandon’s gender a big concern. Personally, What I think the most problematic thing in the movie was that everyone around him was trying to figure out who he was, whether a male or a female, he was humiliated by his friends at a party and the rapists at that point were set free giving them opportunity to plot and cover a murder. Everyone around him tried to interfere in his life. But, No one, not even a single soul tried to talk to him, tried to have a normal conversation with him or tried to understand his mindset. The pity is that Brandon was killed by sheer blinding illiteracy and ignorance, and that there is no cure for it. The whole story tells us what a rotten society we live in. Even in today’s world we are still living under the pressure of stereotypes and norms that we’re forgetting to treat people like humans. Body stereotypes are the worst and the most focused on. People are often body shamed on being under or over weight. People are called out on their height for being too small or too short. Boy and girls are said to have particular body postures while sitting or standing. Boys are often called feminine if they have a weak body, while girls who are strong are called manly. This is so common and people are called over their body and preferences in their everyday life. It’s a shame how even this century our society won’t leave people alone or let them be who they are. Brandon was too feminine too be a boy and Teena was too manly to be a girl according to the society. The society didn’t see him as a human and destroyed his life. The movies engages with the idea of body in many ways starting from Teena considering a sex change because of her emotions. Her turning herself into a boy just because she feared the society would not accept her including the girls she dated as Brandon. It also shows us how Teena as a girl had to maintain her body shape and posture to portray herself as a boy. The movie also has an emphasis on gender acceptance, how teena was not being accepted as Brandon or for who she wanted to be. At that time same gender relationships were not considered appropriate. Moreover, the movie also teaches us how sex was used as a punishment for Brandon, he was raped as he died because some violent men are threatened by any challenge to their shaky self-confidence. On the other hand, for the love of his life Lana, sex didn’t play an important part. She loved her for who he was and the way he treated her. The movies shows different aspects of this particular topic. Moving forward, I personally think that Brandon needed was going through a phase of mental illness too and that he needed help to get out of the labyrinth created by his mind himself. He would’ve had a better shot at life is he had right people around him and had gotten help. Brandon’s story is tragic that ended with his death, He can be described as a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame an got burnt.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Jessica Gregg, M. P. (n.d.). Losing Culture on the Way to Competence:The Use and Misuse of Culture in Medical. Cultural Competence.

KAW, E. (n.d.). Medicalization of Racial Features: Asian American Women and Cosmetic Surgery. STEVEN POLGAR PRIZE ESSAY (1991) .

Mauss, M. (n.d.). Sociology an psychology . Essays.

Suler, J. A. (n.d.). Gender-Switching in Cyberspace. John Suler's The Psychology of Cyberspace.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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