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Anthropology - SAMI PEOPLE

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Reflection

Currently, countless indigenous individuals are working in industries like I am working in the banking industry. I belong to the Sami people and living in Norway. There was a time when Aboriginal people were scared to self-identify at work locations. Now we are pleased to uphold our individuality however, we have departed from a difficult time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h0kMhkEL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":295,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"itemData":{"id":295,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Northern Studies","issue":"1","page":"39-66","title":"Value Patterns in Four Dimensions among the Indigenous Sami Population in Norway: A Population-Based Survey","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Hansen","given":"Ketil Lenert"},{"family":"Høgmo","given":"Asle"},{"family":"Lund","given":"Eiliv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hansen et al.). I am proud of my identity and people living around me are also proud of indigenous people for their self-sacrifices for the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"E4xTenYy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lindquist and Osler)","plainCitation":"(Lindquist and Osler)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":291,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/I3GUFKQH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/I3GUFKQH"],"itemData":{"id":291,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Race Equality Teaching","issue":"3","page":"12-18","title":"Navigating race and ethnicity in research: Working with Norwegian schools","volume":"33","author":[{"family":"Lindquist","given":"Hein"},{"family":"Osler","given":"Audrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lindquist and Osler). There was a time when people were asked to do what the government has told them however, indigenous people were not allowed to do anything for themselves ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DVx3vRA9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bleeker et al.)","plainCitation":"(Bleeker et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":282,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/58FD6Q65"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/58FD6Q65"],"itemData":{"id":282,"type":"article-journal","title":"Inclusive Design and Dissemination in Digital Scholarly Editing: CSV Dataset","author":[{"family":"Bleeker","given":"Elli"},{"family":"Dillen","given":"Wout"},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Aodhán"},{"family":"Martinez","given":"Merisa"},{"family":"Sichani","given":"Anna-Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bleeker et al.). I am proud of my ancestors who made struggles for us to sustain and withstand our identity in the country. It was observed at workplaces that indigenous people were not allowed to participate in decision making ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UiwajC0C","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":295,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"itemData":{"id":295,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Northern Studies","issue":"1","page":"39-66","title":"Value Patterns in Four Dimensions among the Indigenous Sami Population in Norway: A Population-Based Survey","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Hansen","given":"Ketil Lenert"},{"family":"Høgmo","given":"Asle"},{"family":"Lund","given":"Eiliv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hansen et al.). Lack of employment and discrimination were the major issues we Sami people were facing in previous years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sSoEcSFI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":295,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"itemData":{"id":295,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Northern Studies","issue":"1","page":"39-66","title":"Value Patterns in Four Dimensions among the Indigenous Sami Population in Norway: A Population-Based Survey","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Hansen","given":"Ketil Lenert"},{"family":"Høgmo","given":"Asle"},{"family":"Lund","given":"Eiliv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hansen et al.). However, working environment has been improved in recent years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"21i3JYAI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). Though we have suffered that time when we did not have jobs, societies and finding employment being Sami people was the most difficult process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zdlJQrJ8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(May)","plainCitation":"(May)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":285,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/AYX44ITL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/AYX44ITL"],"itemData":{"id":285,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-7315-4964-3","publisher":"Canberra, ACT: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The …","title":"Indigenous cultural and natural resource management and the emerging role of the Working on Country program","author":[{"family":"May","given":"Katherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (May). Recent policies in the banking industry have improved our status of employment ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dw8ilUtE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Daly)","plainCitation":"(Daly)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":288,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YABIA23D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/YABIA23D"],"itemData":{"id":288,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-7315-1742-3","publisher":"Canberra, ACT: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The …","title":"The determinants of employment income for Indigenous Australians","author":[{"family":"Daly","given":"A. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Daly).

It is true that after joining the bank, I have gone through a time of racial discrimination, and stereotypical issues. Major problems were related to respecting my identity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UPs2Gbah","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). Though the time has realized me how I can grow and sustain in this kind of environment as I have to support my family. Finding a job was not easy for me therefore, I bear every kind of stereotypical barrier ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t6qBpefN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nyg\\uc0\\u229{}rd and Saus)","plainCitation":"(Nygård and Saus)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":293,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/I4LNI6YF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/I4LNI6YF"],"itemData":{"id":293,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International Social Work","issue":"5","page":"666-678","title":"Emphasizing indigenous communities in social work research ethics","volume":"59","author":[{"family":"Nygård","given":"Reidunn H."},{"family":"Saus","given":"Merete"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nygård and Saus). I was appointed as an Assistant Manager at the start and later after seeing my hard work and dedication, I was appointed as a Manager. Attaining this state was not easy because there was no social justice in communities for Sami people.

The bank was my employment place where I have suffered social and racial injustice but with self-determination, I have achieved my status ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yqveCSYg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). My organization has no promotion policies, particularly for Sami people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dlZnYqlJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). Mandates were not established to promote and protect Sami people's rights. However, In the last few months, I have created an environment that is safe and protected for Sami people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CB3GOb5g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). I welcome all people based on social and racial justice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gtMCy3XM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Hansen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":295,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/WGAXYC4U"],"itemData":{"id":295,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Northern Studies","issue":"1","page":"39-66","title":"Value Patterns in Four Dimensions among the Indigenous Sami Population in Norway: A Population-Based Survey","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Hansen","given":"Ketil Lenert"},{"family":"Høgmo","given":"Asle"},{"family":"Lund","given":"Eiliv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hansen et al.). My bank has also established some rules and obligations to be followed that are helpful for Sami people. It is very important to have a lasting peace for Sami people so that they can work and establish their status ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eYD2Erml","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Laitinen and V\\uc0\\u228{}yrynen)","plainCitation":"(Laitinen and Väyrynen)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":296,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/IJRHQBRH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/IJRHQBRH"],"itemData":{"id":296,"type":"book","ISBN":"0020-8728","publisher":"SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England","title":"Social work practices and research with Sámi people and communities in the frame of indigenous social work","author":[{"family":"Laitinen","given":"Merja"},{"family":"Väyrynen","given":"Sanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Laitinen and Väyrynen). People from our communities have gone through a tough time where we were not welcomed at various workplaces ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xz7LBzgo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nygaard)","plainCitation":"(Nygaard)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":294,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/X7ZCFV7Z"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/X7ZCFV7Z"],"itemData":{"id":294,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The extractive industries and society","issue":"1","page":"17-24","title":"Do indigenous interests have a say in planning of new mining projects? Experiences from Finnmark, Norway","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Nygaard","given":"Vigdis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nygaard). I had to live on hunger for days with my family. We were not allowed to take part in policy-making at workplaces ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hV7rSY2c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). However, in recent years some policies are redefined by the government and therefore, Sami people are now allowed to take part in almost every kind of workplace including the Banking industry.

Now I have been provided a big opportunity to help and do something for my people therefore, I have introduced a few changes in the Banking industry after getting approval from the higher authorities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ytvKZHOm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). I would be thankful to my mentor Raina Meegtei who supported and helped me to achieve my status. I have learned in my career that Sami people have struggled a lot to achieve their self-determined state in the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"znQp1jTs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman et al.)","plainCitation":"(Altman et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":290,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/7Z8BIZV8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/7Z8BIZV8"],"itemData":{"id":290,"type":"book","ISBN":"0-7315-5662-3","publisher":"Canberra, ACT: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The …","title":"How realistic are the prospects for'closing the gaps' in socioeconomic outcomes for Indigenous Australians?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Hunter","given":"Boyd"},{"family":"Biddle","given":"Nicholas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman et al.). I reminded an incident when I offered a warm welcome to a person visiting my office and my colleagues were misbehaved with me after that ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"U1r8acxF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). The person I welcomed was also a Sami person and I offered him a cup of tea and discussed a few things with him. Later for more than 1 week, other colleagues were passing racial comments to me for me "scared", and "coward" and it was so painful for me to fulfill my duty in these days, however, with time these comments made me strong and determined ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DfBNYazu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gibson et al.)","plainCitation":"(Gibson et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":289,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/AQR6WD7I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/AQR6WD7I"],"itemData":{"id":289,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Implementation Science","issue":"1","page":"71","title":"Enablers and barriers to the implementation of primary health care interventions for Indigenous people with chronic diseases: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Gibson","given":"Odette"},{"family":"Lisy","given":"Karolina"},{"family":"Davy","given":"Carol"},{"family":"Aromataris","given":"Edoardo"},{"family":"Kite","given":"Elaine"},{"family":"Lockwood","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Riitano","given":"Dagmara"},{"family":"McBride","given":"Katharine"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gibson et al.). I learned how to manage and sustain my self-determination ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JxkjFeJ8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). My banking industry has improved and forwarded its vision to welcome Sami people and to have better employment availability for us ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"v5rLOla3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). It is so proud moment for me that now I am working with 15 more Sami people in my Bank pompously ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i1sAiX3l","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nyg\\uc0\\u229{}rd and Saus)","plainCitation":"(Nygård and Saus)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":293,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/I4LNI6YF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/I4LNI6YF"],"itemData":{"id":293,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"International Social Work","issue":"5","page":"666-678","title":"Emphasizing indigenous communities in social work research ethics","volume":"59","author":[{"family":"Nygård","given":"Reidunn H."},{"family":"Saus","given":"Merete"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nygård and Saus).

Variations in the rules leading the Sami have indeed changed at a period when global regulations have prepared it compulsory for states to defend the indigenous populace. However, the employment of these regulations has not been operative and active in various countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dniIFu94","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). Many citizens, indigenous societies are at the lowest and weakest of social ladders consequential in their mistreatment and judgment particularly at workplaces ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EnLZ6xXJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman)","plainCitation":"(Altman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":286,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/N3RD7JKL"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Howard Government's Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible?","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Jon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman). However, the Sami have had to undergo strategies intended for their integration to the mainstream community. Moreover, further polices and rules should be established to improve the working status of indeginous people in countries. Certain polices beed to be redesigned in favor of offering employment to the Sami people in countries. Indigenous people should be allowed to take part in higher level amangeemnt as they better understand the problems of people and to provide them an ebironment of self-determination.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Altman, Jon, et al. How Realistic Are the Prospects for’closing the Gaps’ in Socioeconomic Outcomes for Indigenous Australians? Canberra, ACT: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The …, 2018.

---. The Howard Government’s Northern Territory Intervention: Are Neo-Paternalism and Indigenous Development Compatible? 2018.

Bleeker, Elli, et al. Inclusive Design and Dissemination in Digital Scholarly Editing: CSV Dataset. 2019.

Daly, A. E. The Determinants of Employment Income for Indigenous Australians. Canberra, ACT: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The …, 2018.

Gibson, Odette, et al. “Enablers and Barriers to the Implementation of Primary Health Care Interventions for Indigenous People with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review.” Implementation Science, vol. 10, no. 1, 2015, p. 71.

Hansen, Ketil Lenert, et al. “Value Patterns in Four Dimensions among the Indigenous Sami Population in Norway: A Population-Based Survey.” Journal of Northern Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2016, pp. 39–66.

Laitinen, Merja, and Sanna Väyrynen. Social Work Practices and Research with Sámi People and Communities in the Frame of Indigenous Social Work. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, 2016.

Lindquist, Hein, and Audrey Osler. “Navigating Race and Ethnicity in Research: Working with Norwegian Schools.” Race Equality Teaching, vol. 33, no. 3, 2016, pp. 12–18.

May, Katherine. Indigenous Cultural and Natural Resource Management and the Emerging Role of the Working on Country Program. Canberra, ACT: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR), The …, 2018.

Nygaard, Vigdis. “Do Indigenous Interests Have a Say in Planning of New Mining Projects? Experiences from Finnmark, Norway.” The Extractive Industries and Society, vol. 3, no. 1, 2016, pp. 17–24.

Nygård, Reidunn H., and Merete Saus. “Emphasizing Indigenous Communities in Social Work Research Ethics.” International Social Work, vol. 59, no. 5, 2016, pp. 666–78.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Anthropology And Finance

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Anthropology and Finance

Story

Until the moment of filling up my form for college admissions, I wanted to study literature. However, on the day of my form submission, I read the health care public reforms, payment models and the White Paper. It made me think about the holistic effects of all the public and political decisions on the society and how it runs in the long term. I did not know anything about the subject anthropology, and all I knew was it is similar to archeology or evolutionary studies. Therefore, I started conducting some internet based research on the subject and also met some people who had knowledge about it. I did not submit my university form and decided to take a semester off and study about the prospects of anthropology on my own and then make a decision for myself. The most significant thing that attracted me towards this subject was the interrelationships between so many subjects. It was not only based on mere historical or sociological or economical or biological studies, it was a mixture of all fields and incorporate from one domain to another in order to conduct social assessments. I started visiting history museums and reading books and learned so much about the cultural aspects of businesses and this is what interests me in anthropology.

Introduction

Anthropology is the systematic study of human beings, their behavior as individuals and as societies over the course of long periods. It connects the historical apprehension of the anthropological patterns from the past to the preset and draws comparisons. It is the intellectual product of comparative methods that were developed in the start of 19th century. Paul Broca broke off from the ‘Society of Biology’ in order to form the first exclusive anthropological society, ‘Society of Anthropology of Paris’, in 1859. He mainly focused on the Biological anthropology, however, a German Philosopher, Theodor Waitz, started working on the general and social perspective of anthropology and wrote a six volume book, ‘The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples’. His definition of anthropology was ‘science of the nature of man’. By 20th century, a number of new fields had been explored implying practical approach of anthropology. The organizations started to adopt the anthropological studies in order to solve to specific social and corporate issues. Britain adopted the concept of social anthropology while United States emphasized on cultural anthropology and made it a separate field from social anthropology. U.S. primarily focused on the cross-cultural comparisons and analyzed its application and importance in the field of research. Cultural anthropology is based on the notion of cultural relativism, holism and the application of acquired results in order to frame the cultural critiques.

Anthropology is a vast discipline that includes multiple subjects such as humanities, social and natural sciences. However, the basic knowledge of the field is extracted from the natural sciences and includes the archeological and evolutionary studies of human beings, their physical characteristics, behavior, differences among different groups and societies, social and cultural organization and relations, institutions and social encounters. Anthropology has also laid the foundations of many other interrelated fields, for instance, cognitive sciences, global and ethnic studies and many more. The combination of social and cultural anthropology establishes the baseline for sociocultural anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the philosophical and comparative studies including the interpretation of individuals and their behavior in this world. It also includes the activities such as arts, literature and philosophical ideologies that influence the understanding of one’s culture, experiences, institutions and customs. While social anthropology on the other hand, is more inclined towards the sociological and historical studies. It focuses on the relationships among different people and societies and develops a sense of acceptance towards different social structures. Anthropology is applicable to a dozen of other fields and influences the mode of studies and interaction on a broader perspective. The economic anthropology is a field that helps to understand the human behavior towards economics and its range as per historical, geographical and cultural context. Its origins extend back to the times of Bronislaw Malinowski and Marcel Mauss based on their gifts exchange policy as an alternative to the market exchange. After Karl Marx’ propagation of ‘Political Economy’, the economic anthropologists expanded the horizon and took in the examination studies of corporations, banks, and national and global financial system through the anthropological lens ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XnatYfdn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kluckhohn)","plainCitation":"(Kluckhohn)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":728,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/8AGC2H4Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/8AGC2H4Q"],"itemData":{"id":728,"type":"book","title":"Mirror for man: The relation of anthropology to modern life","publisher":"Routledge","ISBN":"1-351-60616-6","author":[{"family":"Kluckhohn","given":"Clyde"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kluckhohn).

Description

Despite the progression of anthropology in different fields for more than two centuries, anthropological practices in the field of business are still comparatively new. As the global economic activities are on the rise, especially the progress of foreign markets has increased the demand of application of anthropological knowledge and competencies that run the mainstream struggles of corporate strategies and practices. The complex business world offers a complex environment for the utility of anthropological studies in the research market, consumer behavior and corporate design. As the anthropology became stringently inculcated in the business and primarily ethnography, it became a commercially consumable field and formed a new dimension for market research. It has been established that business practices are still principally following the positivist and behaviorist approach, however, it is undergoing through a change from the functional perspective to meaning. It has also opened new prospects for the anthropological comprehension and social critique in the business world ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TmGxL61L","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hann)","plainCitation":"(Hann)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":729,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/SEBS8ANP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/SEBS8ANP"],"itemData":{"id":729,"type":"article-journal","title":"Economic anthropology","container-title":"The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology","page":"1-16","author":[{"family":"Hann","given":"Chris"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hann).

Economic anthropology has been associated with formalist and substantivist contentions that were initiated by Malinowski and his hostile perceptions towards economics. Nonetheless, the formalists inculcated the anthropological apprehension in economics and its application in the personal finance. The most significant lesson that is learnt from the early economic anthropology is the significance of socio-cultural dimension through which rational decisions can be made. This field is extremely important in the fields of policy and business as personal financial distresses effect everyone and especially the Americans who are struggling to adapt to the structural changes as they make the accountability of personal finances even more important. Thus, it is imperative to understand the role of anthropology in addressing the problems that are so common in the American society around the mega projects and the personal financial issues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3EGg2jco","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aguilera)","plainCitation":"(Aguilera)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":721,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ALE9EWAW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ALE9EWAW"],"itemData":{"id":721,"type":"article-journal","title":"Is anthropology good for the company?","container-title":"American Anthropologist","page":"735-742","author":[{"family":"Aguilera","given":"Francisco E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1996"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aguilera).

The applicability of applied anthropology has various implications, opportunities and limitations for those who work in the for-profit corporations, nonprofit corporations and as self-regulating consultants. It is extremely important to understand the nature of client and their entrenched perception of problems in order to make the anthropological decisions before the ethnographic assessment is carried out. Anthropologists have the ability to contribute in the policy making, evaluation of interventions and devising ethnographic innovations. They have the opportunity to lead the research projects and plans in the fields of behavioral economics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GsBsriY3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maurer)","plainCitation":"(Maurer)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":726,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/KJD9IVQS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/KJD9IVQS"],"itemData":{"id":726,"type":"webpage","title":"Finance","container-title":"Society for Cultural Anthropology","abstract":"Essay collection on finance, edited by Bill Maurer.","URL":"https://culanth.org/fieldsights/series/finance","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Maurer","given":"Bill"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,24]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maurer). Market research provides a prospect to the anthropologists to bring about revolution in the research and logical skills and bring it to the corporate table while categorizing the recommendations for marketing products and services. It is also important to analyze the socioeconomic status of the upper middle class in America by conducting market research. For this purpose, cultural analysis proves to be a powerful tool for instructive and imperceptible vantages points and comprehension of the consumers attitude. Applied anthropologists can make the several improvements and improve the design of goods and services by having a detailed knowledge and comprehending the sociocultural variables that are related to the consumer choices ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3k1fKWlR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cabrera)","plainCitation":"(Cabrera)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":722,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/IE4LKCG9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/IE4LKCG9"],"itemData":{"id":722,"type":"article-journal","title":"Applied Anthropology and Business: Financial Planning, Luxury Cars, and Microfinance","container-title":"URL: http://www. sjsu. edu/anthropology/resources/gradarchive","author":[{"family":"Cabrera","given":"Gregory S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cabrera).

The cultural anthropology in the corporates help in the broadening the experiences and engaging with the ethnographic strategies, working in a multicultural diverse environment and managing financial issues. It assists in collaborating with the client of different cultures who have various problems related to personal finances, living standards and microfinance. Social scientists who focus on the ethnographic studies for financial management have built their work on the research in order to understand its influence on problem solving and decision making. These factors also have a significant impact on the human life and life standards based on science and technology. Social studies that include studies of finances have opened up different domains of finance and help in better apprehension of practices and ideologies that surround financial actions. Along with being the center of focus in the human sciences, finance has become a common focal point for the political conscription and public scrutiny. It is evident from the scrutinized studies of responses of general mases and the government in effect of financial crisis of 2008 to 2011 that finance imparts the inconsistent impact on human actions as compared to its immense effect on human life. Historically, policies of the social scientific arrangements with finance pursued to establish social and cultural scopes of the financial domains. However, the recent strategies have evaluated the systems and rational judgments that embrace the financial aspirations today ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ad8pQOa6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hart and Ortiz)","plainCitation":"(Hart and Ortiz)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":723,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/AUMQY9G8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/AUMQY9G8"],"itemData":{"id":723,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Anthropology of Money and Finance: Between Ethnography and World History","container-title":"Annual Review of Anthropology","page":"465-482","volume":"43","issue":"1","source":"annualreviews.org (Atypon)","abstract":"We review here recent developments in the anthropology of money and finance, listing its achievements, shortcomings, and prospects, while referring back to the discipline's founders a century ago. We take our departure from the work of Marcel Mauss and Karl Polanyi, both of whom combined openness to ethnographic research with a vision of world history as a whole. Since the 1960s, anthropologists have tended to restrict themselves to niche fields and marginal debates. The anthropological study of money and ethnographies of finance, in particular, have been the focus of much research since the 1980s. Despite taking on new objects and directions, anthropologists still find it difficult to connect their situated analyses with global processes and world history. We propose some conceptual and empirical directions for research that would seek to overcome these limitations by integrating ethnography more closely with human history, while stressing the importance of money in shaping world society and attempts to reform it.","DOI":"10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025814","ISSN":"0084-6570","title-short":"The Anthropology of Money and Finance","journalAbbreviation":"Annu. Rev. Anthropol.","author":[{"family":"Hart","given":"Keith"},{"family":"Ortiz","given":"Horacio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",10,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hart and Ortiz).

Interview

In order to establish my views about the cultural anthropological approaches in maintaining the finances and understanding the corporate strategies, I conducted an interview with a professional. I knew a friend of mine whose brother in law worked in a health care accounting firm. I conducted this interview with him in Dallas, Texas on November 18, 2019. His name is Andy Schieffer and he studied accounting from Texas Christian University, Fort Worth. After his graduation, he worked in the university as a research assistant and then he got a job in a reputable health care accounting organization in Dallas. His job is to provide services to different health care organizations and individuals who are in need of devising a payment plan for their care services. It has been now six years he is working in there and has gained a lot of expertise in his field. He told me that he has worked with different populations and of all kinds. He has worked with African Americans, Hispanics, Latinos, Italians, and Asians. He has also worked with people from different religions such as Christians, Jewish, Muslims, Hindus and atheists.

He said that working with each group was a different experience and they differ from each other in so many things including cultural values, religious beliefs, and social practices. He said that these factors had an impact on decision making and understanding of the policies. Some people had individualistic approaches towards their health care plans while others came with collectivist approach. While others had different approaches towards accepting already designed plans. There was also a difference in payment and taxation policies among different organizations and he had to change certain terms accordingly. He said that working with these different groups had influenced their lives such that they then understood and respected the traditional and cultural values of individuals. He also said that there were many professionals who often got offended with such things and were agitated with the difference of opinions and beliefs. He said that cultural competence makes people work together in a diverse cultural work place. When people show affection to others and try to understand the differences, they are more accepting towards variations. He said that making people understand the importance of working in multicultural environments and providing them incentives can make them work together. According to him, developing the tolerance and patience and making them accept the differences can help the future generation to enjoy their lives in this world. The message he gave to me, a student of anthropology, was to learn ways of coping up and understand the differences. He told me to study and analyze the historical and social impacts of different fields and then make sound and ethical decisions.

Analysis

According to the information collected through this interview, I have leant the importance of accepting the cultural variance in a work place. As the world is moving towards globalization, the organizations are fetching people from different places and ethnicities. It has removed the barriers of class, gender, race and ethnicity. All individuals in any corporate are required to follow the principles of integrity and acceptance. Moreover, it is important to understand the life standards and priorities of people from various backgrounds. Similarly, the financial aspects and issues vary from people to people. The social stigmas with any particular group are needed to be removed to devise ethnographic decisions based on cultural variables. The information about different organizations and their payment models also help break the generalizations about the economy being it the capitalist or neo-liberal model. The discussion about the finances allows to comprehend the infrastructure, operations, payment pathways, products and services channels. Anthropology in this context assists to pay due responsiveness towards the technicalities, practices, standards, attitudes and epistemologies of daily life in a broader perspective. It is important for the policy makers to inculcate the cultural system in the political and economic strata in order to be receptive towards changes in the financial management of any corporate organizations.

Recommendations

Research studies and its application in the corporate organizations is highly important in terms that it helps in understanding the objective and requirement of being responsive towards the changes. The implementation of anthropological approaches should be made feasible for the employers by making such policies that provide them incentives. It also helps the employees and the service providers to think pragmatically and critically to bring about enormous apprehension of the human and social sciences. Anthropologists need to play their part in the markets as they have competencies in ethnographic strategies and can bring various perspectives with in the work place. It challenges the market segmentation and certain defined groups of people based on social classes. The culture of any organization is also an important factor in understanding the cultural dynamics of the market. It can also assist in the comprehending of the consumption patterns and decision making process in corporates in the capitalistic societies. The emic and etic views of the companies are also very critical as they may arise certain issues regarding the cultural affiliations and behavior of people and certain societies towards public and corporate policies. There ae certain implications that must be addressed for implementation of applied anthropology with in organizations. The foremost inference is the historical roots of the subject anthropology and its knowledge in the practical setting and counterfeiting the colonialism in businesses. There is also a need to give importance to the cultural diversity in the globalized world as it may affect both personal as well as social networks. The sociocultural context of anthropology on the economy is also needed to be focused in order to maintain healthy corporate relations while increasing the turnover and sale revenues. These applied anthropological practices can make the businesses favorable and culturally acceptable.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguilera, Francisco E. “Is Anthropology Good for the Company?” American Anthropologist, 1996, pp. 735–42.

Cabrera, Gregory S. “Applied Anthropology and Business: Financial Planning, Luxury Cars, and Microfinance.” URL: Http://Www. Sjsu. Edu/Anthropology/Resources/Gradarchive, 2008.

Hann, Chris. “Economic Anthropology.” The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 2018, pp. 1–16.

Hart, Keith, and Horacio Ortiz. “The Anthropology of Money and Finance: Between Ethnography and World History.” Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 43, no. 1, Oct. 2014, pp. 465–82. annualreviews.org (Atypon), doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-025814.

Kluckhohn, Clyde. Mirror for Man: The Relation of Anthropology to Modern Life. Routledge, 2017.

Maurer, Bill. “Finance.” Society for Cultural Anthropology, https://culanth.org/fieldsights/series/finance. Accessed 24 Nov. 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

Anthropology Theories Analysis

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Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Anthropology Theories Analysis

“A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness,” is a short documentary film by the Pakistani activist and filmmaker, Sharmeen Obaid- Chinoy. The documentary film, which was released in 2015, is based on a true incident of honor killing. The incident took place the eastern part of the Punjab province of Pakistan, where a girl survived the attempt of killing by her own father and uncle, on the name of honor. The documentary film has highlighted the issues around honor killing in Pakistan, which is an important part of the Pakistani culture. The film has also discussed the cultural, social, religious and legal aspects of the issue and raised the concern that honor killing laws of Pakistan should be amended in order to ensure justice to the victims and survivors of the brutal act. The documentary film won the academy award as well. The honor killing, which is not actually supported by the religions practiced in Pakistan, is an important part of the cultural fabric of Pakistani society and number of victims have to lose their lives due to this brutal practice. The anthropological theories of historical particularism, cultural constructionism, practice theory, and schema theory may prove as the important sources of understanding the cultural practice of honor killing in Pakistani society.

The documentary film sheds light on the suffering and survival of an honor killing survivor, named Saba. She belonged the eastern part of one of the most populated provinces of Pakistan, she belonged to the lower middle class of the society and wanted to get married into a family, which was lower than status as compared to her family. Her parents had initially submitted to her will. However, the intervention of her uncle, the brother of her father, made the situation worse for her as he wanted to get her married in the family of his in-laws and she was not ready for that. She secretly got married to the boy she loved. Her family found out immediately and her father and uncle reached the home of her in-laws, in order to take her back. She was reluctant and afraid of going with them, being aware of the fact that she would be harmed or forced to get a divorce from her husband, however, they swore on the holy book of not harming her, due to which she agreed to go back with them. Her suspicions which had vanished due to their swearing, turned into reality when they stopped the car in the middle of the way and her uncle started slapping and beating her, which was supported by her father as well. She was shot on face, which she luckily was able to dodge due to a sudden tilt of her head and got a severe bruise on her face. She was then thrown into the nearby river, as they thought that she had died. Luckily, she again survived and rose to surface from the river and found help from the nearby gas station. She was then transferred to hospital, where she got the aid for her face injury. After that, she was provided protection by the police force and her father and uncle were arrested. The case then reached the court and she was pressured by different segments of the society to forgive her assaulter, who were her blood relatives. She was not ready to forgive them, however, had to submit to the pressure of the society, due to which the assaulters were released, without being punished for their crime. The documentary later highlighted the fact that her father and uncle had the view that whatever they did was the right thing to do, which has earned them greater respect in society.

According to the historical particularism theory, it is very important to explore the past of the practiced values and traditions in a culture, in order to understand their development. In the case of the victim, as well as a survivor of honor killing, named Saba, it is important to understand the past of the practice and the development of the scenario. Getting married according to her will was the crime of Saba which was forgivable by her family and triggered their honor to the extent that they attempted to kill her. The past of the practice is that young girls and women in the Pakistanis society are not provided the right of getting married to the person of their own choice and it is considered hurtful for the image and honor of her family if any girl does so.

According to anthropology theory of cultural constructionism, it is quite important to learn and explore the beliefs, practices, and values of any culture through different discourses. It states that the individuals and groups participate in the construction of social reality and exploring this is the major purpose of cultural constructionism. In the case of the documentary film, cultural constructionism applies to its aspects in the way that it highlights the status and importance of honor in that particular society. The individual and groups of the society have constructed their social reality that the women are not allowed to get married to the person of their choice, without the permission of her parents, and if she does so, it depicts the breach of their honor. In order to keep their values and traditions intact, they are supposed to kill the person who brings any sort of disrespect or misfortune to their honor. Saba hurt their pride and honor and they found it as the need of the hour to kill her, in order to restore their honor.

The practice theory sheds light on the working of the societies and according to it, if the people of society conform to any practice, then it would be maintained for a long period of time. On the other hand, if they refuse to conform to it, then society would change. In the case of the documentary film, honor killing has been a part of the Pakistani society since a long period of time, which depicts that the society conforms to its practice. It is still practiced in the modern world and the people like Saba, who are the victims and survivors of the situation, do not get the chance of not conforming to such practices due to the pressure of the society. Moreover, criminals do not get punished, which is an important reason for the motivation of other segments of society.

According to schema theory, the practices, values, and traditions of any society are stored in the cognitive learning of the individuals through the culture. In the case of the documentary film, honor killing had been stored in the mind of the general public of the Pakistani society. They think that if the women get married with their own choice and not by the will and permission of the male head of the family, then she deserves to die, as she has undermined the honor of the family. Moreover, the laws of the country also support the act by allowing the victims to forgive the criminals and resolve the issue.

The theories of anthropology provide the opportunity of exploring the cultural issue of honor killing in Pakistani society. The theories highlight the fact that the practice is interwoven in the culture of the society through years of practice and the law also supports it by allowing the right of forgiveness to the criminals. It is presented as an act of valor and bravery, which serves as its promotion while motivating, as well as expecting other people to act in the same manner, if they face the similar issue, which is actually wrong and should not be practiced.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

ANZAC Day

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ANZAC Day

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University

Summary

In the period 2014-2018, many countries announced plans to commemorate the centenary of the Great War, and few of the countries collaborated with the Australian government. Different states and private sectors helped the federal government in funding. The financial commitment of Australia has beaten combined financial commitment of the UK, Germany, New Zealand, Canada, and France. The level of commitment shown by Australia is quite puzzling as it does not experience World War like the UK, Germany, New Zealand, Canada, and France. Australia, at the time of the World War, was part of the British Empire. Though 1 of the Australian population sacrificed on the battlefield is the part of the British Empire, but still, this number is nothing in comparison to sacrifices borne by allied partners France and the UK. Anzac Day would be remembered in history (25 April) as it was the day when Australian troops landed in Gallipoli (that in now modern Turkey), and the battle with Ottoman forces represented the single most significant loss of life. According to the National Commission on the Commemoration of Anzac Centenarys report, the Great War centenary should be considered as an opportunity for remembering all the Australian who lost their lives in wars. Frank Bongiorno, this commemoration would be a resource of the link of Australian national identity to the military endeavor. This paper is divided into three parts, first part focus on the story of Gallipoli and contours of the Anzac (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) myth, second deals with Anzac and its politics (concerning both foreign and domestic politics). The third part focuses on centenary commemoration and dynamics of remembrance.

In this paper, the hardships and struggle of the Australians have been highlighted. This paper also investigates the sacrifices of the Australian troops under the leadership of the British officers. Different techniques and ways that were used by the world powers are spotted in this paper for attacking each other. The landing of Australian troops in Gallipoli is considered to be the worst step as it took the lives of around 800 Australian soldiers. The author also spotted the sufferings of women, though they were not permitted to participate in the war but fulfilled the responsibilities of the medical personnel. Women were excluded from the dominant narrative of Australian participation, glory, and loss. The political leadership of Australia got engaged with the story of the Gallipoli, particularly for exploring the national identity and nation. Anzac Day 2015 got attention globally, especially the dawn service at Anzac Cove. A great number of people took part in the services held at Anzac Day, but a restriction was put on the commercial usage of the term Anzac (McDonald, 2017). Australians wanted to remember their heroes who are lest forget by them and are still fresh in their memories. Efforts were made for coining a new commercial terminology for the in place of Anzac. A campaign was started by Woolworths for the customers so that they could share the photographs of the veterans on the online platform so that these pictures could be displayed publicly in the form of posters. There have been observed different ways in which societies remember their heroes as well as the experience of Anzac. Globally, the way heroes and historical wars are remembered raised tension and it has been concluded that giving meaning to the past, particularly to the war, is a critical task to perform that needs proper attention as it would become the part of past, present, and future.

Reference

McDonald, M. (2017). Remembering Gallipoli Anzac, the Great War, and Australian Memory Politics.Australian Journal of Politics History,63(3), 406-418.

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Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Application Question 4

Application Question 4

Dawn M RoaslesKnerbuhi

Institutional Affiliation(s)

Author Note

Application Question 4

Declaration of Independence enjoys wide respect of the Americans, living in any part of the world. This document was the sole reason, America, we know today was able to get Independence from the British monarch. The spirit of the Deceleration of Independence was directed against Great Britain, which considered the American colonies as solely their land ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JwgerLtA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(LeBaron 2017, 19)","plainCitation":"(LeBaron 2017, 19)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":573,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/FZWTTJ6S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/FZWTTJ6S"],"itemData":{"id":573,"type":"article-journal","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Anarchy Is Order: A Defense of a Stateless Society","title-short":"Anarchy Is Order","author":[{"family":"LeBaron","given":"Taylor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}},"locator":"19","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (LeBaron 2017, 19). A close analysis of the declaration of Independence suggests that it contains a wholesome approach for the Americans to come. It was a spirit-directed in the favor of Americans of that time and for many million Americans who were to pursue their aims at this area of land. A close reading of this document presents a wider understanding of the American system which the Americans follow.

Fredrick Jackson Turner’s thesis argues that the westward expansion of the American people provided an opportunity to make people of the other world believe in American democracy. In 1893, he believed that the frontiers of America are shaping the democratic norms, and by all means, these frontiers strengthen the democratic culture of America ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"at8pIXor","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(O\\uc0\\u8217{}Reilly 2018, 27)","plainCitation":"(O’Reilly 2018, 27)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":575,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/NVU5IC9M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/NVU5IC9M"],"itemData":{"id":575,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Austrian-American History","issue":"1","page":"1–30","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Fredrick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis, Orientalism, and the Austrian Militärgrenze","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"O'Reilly","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}},"locator":"27","label":"page"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (O’Reilly 2018, 27). It has impacted the interpretation of American history in a positive manner since it had been able to make Americans believe that democratic norms are inherent in the administration they elect for themselves.

John Brown’s story is related to abolitionist movements inside America. Being a radical abolitionist, his efforts against slavery led the seizure of the US arsenal at Harpers Ferry in October of 1859 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sPWhK3Z3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(2015, 39)","plainCitation":"(2015, 39)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":577,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/V237NBSK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/V237NBSK"],"itemData":{"id":577,"type":"book","publisher":"UNC Press Books","source":"Google Scholar","title":"John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War","title-short":"John Brown's Body","author":[{"family":"Nudelman","given":"Franny"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}},"locator":"39","label":"page","suppress-author":true}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (2015, 39). It is widely argued that his presence at the Harpers Ferry was to ignite a rebellion of the slaves, however, he denied these charges. His efforts can be understood as an exercise of the psychological history since he employed different psychosocial traits to make people believe that slavery is a transitionary period they had been moving through.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY LeBaron, Taylor. 2017. “Anarchy Is Order: A Defense of a Stateless Society.”

Nudelman, Franny. 2015. John Brown’s Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War. UNC Press Books.

O’Reilly, William. 2018. “Fredrick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis, Orientalism, and the Austrian Militärgrenze.” Journal of Austrian-American History 2(1): 1–30.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Arabian Nights

Arabian Nights

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

Introduction:

By taking history in accounts, it has been seen that there exist different versions of the same story. Different writers used to write the same story, though the main storyline remains the same. This fact cannot be denied that there is an impact of time, in which a piece of literature is written. “The Seven Voyages of Sindbad” is a story that has been translated and edited by various writers with little innovation in it. Authorship has a significant influence on the style in which a story is represented. By taking a look at both versions of “The Seven Voyages of Sindbad”, it could be seen clearly that the writing style of both the versions is torching a light on the way how both the writers are depicting and highlighting main things of their age. One of the most important things that could be seen in both these versions is the characterization of the main character. It depends on the audience how they are going to view Sindbad as a character, as both the version has spotted a light on two opposing sides. The version of the story would help the reader in making a perception about Sindbad. Reflection of readers could be mold by using both, the tool of time and author's way of looking at things.

Discussion:

Composition of the story has been seen greatly influenced by the time in which that story was written. There are obvious pieces of evidence that have been depicted in the version written by Antonie Gallard, that the time that has been depicted by Antoine was the Golden Age of Muslims. This is the time period in which Basra was a famous trade port for Muslims and Harun al-Rashid was caliph, who was famous for his generosity, shows all the positive side of Sindbad, who has been portrayed as faithful and obedient person who despite taking a decision of having no more voyage, goes on voyage for accomplishing the task assigned by the caliph. In his version, Antonie has used a language that writers used to utilize in their texts for making them appealing for the readers, and he tried to use informal kind of language for making his text more realistic. But by taking a look at the version written by Husain Haddawy, character of Sindbad has been depicted as a greedy person who just wanted to have more and more for resources for satisfying his appetite of wealth. There could be seen a complete shift in the language and the way the structure of the story is presented.

It has been seen that authorship defines and molds the story and this thing could be realized by taking a look at literal texts. Thought that the author wants to inculcate in the minds of the readers by presenting various sides and aspects, makes a picture in the mind of the readers. Pieces of evidence could be seen from the story of Sindbad, as both the translators, tried to portray the same character by using their power of pen. They both created a different picture of Sindbad, the sailor. By having an in-depth analysis of the two texts, one could see role of an author while developing the image of a character. It has become quite evident that if the author wants the reader to have a positive image of the story he would create such scenario through his style of writing that the reader is going to think about a story or writing, in a positive way. If author wants the reader to have negative thought, this would be also possible by the use his writing skills. In the version translated by Husain Haddawy, the author has netted the story in such a way that readers get a negative image of Sindbad for some time as he has been portrayed as a greedy person who despite having much wanted to add more in his wealth and got stuck in perils.

But on the other hand, it has been seen that the version translated by Antonie Gallard, Sindbad has been portrayed as an individual who is obedient, faithful and sincere. This is the part of the human psyche and many psychologists have proved, that most people are going to perceive a thing, the way it is being represented. History has supported this point many times that the author makes up the ideology of the masses, and the impact of the writing becomes obvious on the lives of readers. In literature, there is concept, according to which it is being said that writer's personality used to have a great impact on his writing so likewise there would be a great impact of the writing of a writer on readers.

Another major thing is the time in which a thing is being written. It has generally been seen that time period has a great influence on the way a writer is going to write about a thing. In the given version it has been seen that in one text, the setting has been depicted in a way that it reflects dominance of Islam in a specific reign (Hawari,et,al,1980). Time that has been portrayed in Antoine's version supports the period when Islam was at its peak, and the setting of the story advocates and supports this point as well. Time frame is one of the elements that would be given prime focus in any writing. By having an analysis of any literary text, it becomes evident that only those things are going to be written that would be appropriate according to the time in which a text has been written. We are mainly concerned with two separates versions of "The Seven Voyage of Sindbad, it could be seen in both the texts that things are following a certain time frame.

Language of both the texts is quite different as both the texts are written in two different periods. By analyzing both the texts carefully, this fact could be easily observed and understand that time cast a great impact on the nature of a text. By looking at the version that has been given by Husain Haddawy, it could be claimed that it is not as old as the version of Antoine, by looking at the setting of the plot of both texts showcase things that are important for a specific time period. For example, in Antoine's version, there is a depiction of the culture as there was involvement of caliphs and slaves that points toward the time of Islamic rule. It has been seen that the concept of slaves and caliphs used to exist in old ages, so it becomes evident that time significantly influences writing and by looking at the events, setting, characters, and other things would never have any conflict with the time in which that text is being written.

By taking both versions of the same story in accounts, that are being written by two different writers and in different time, this fact cannot be denied that there would arise many questions in the minds of the readers who would read this story. It is quite evident that readers who would read Husain Haddawy's translation that would be based on text edited by Muhsin Mahdi would take it in a different way. The version that has been given by Husain Haddawy depicts greed of society, protagonist and the entire scenario, that has been built in this version points toward the time that would be different from time sketched in any other version. In this scenario, few things that have been sketched by Husain points toward modernism as it has been seen that in this version of Sindbad there is a discussion on trade and specifically the items that have been quoted shows that it was the time when people started developing the areas. In the given version by Husain, it could be guessed by time that this story does not point towards ancient time as people were aware of the things that are popular nowadays.

Conclusion:

So, as a whole, it could be said that the impact of time in which a text is being written cannot be denied at all. Also, the audience or the readers are going to have a perception about a thing that would be built upon on the thinking of the author. No one could deny impact of time and author's influence on the writing. For the overall scenario, it could be said, that the way a writer presents a thing before his reader, reflects his personality and the time in which that particular text was being written. From both the versions, it has been seen that the techniques that the writer uses in his writing determines his purpose of the overall text. Understanding the underlying purpose, psyche of the writer and time in which he wrote, would help the readers in understanding a text and context in which the writer has written that text. An exegetical analysis reveals that the understanding of text refers to a direct approach that can give information about the writer and his thinking. In the same way, both the writings have added to the body of knowledge by inferring specific traits and attributes such as human nature, religious beliefs, social spectrum, the influence of society and the interference of political and public factors such as the type of government and approach towards other people.

References:

Hawari, R. (1980). Antoine Galland's Translation of" The Arabian Nights". Revue de littérature comparée, 54(2), 150.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 5 Words: 1500

Arc Of Justice

Name

Instructor Name

Subject

Date

Arc of Justice

Racial issues in America have a long history, but few incidents increased the already existing tension between the White Americans and African Americans. History is filled with the accounts of injustices done to the African Americans by introducing various laws and bans. For instance, Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery in 1865, by, passing the 13th amendment to the American constitution. Racism still prevailed in the American society for decades because of White supremacists and their xenophobic attitude towards the Black minority; they would regard them as not "capable of full political participation and self-determination” (Brown 1).

Jim Crow Law was one of those laws made by the White Americans, which denied the civil liberty and civil rights of the minority groups. This law was enacted in 1877 and according to the clauses in this law, Black Americans were not allowed to use public pools and phone booths reserved for the white community at the microlevel. Similarly, there were segregation orders for schools, hospitals, lands and transport services as well at a major level. Historian Kevin Boyle discusses these events in his book Arc of Justice and the prologue, and he says, “Bit by bit, however, urban whites carved a color line through the city” (Boyle 9).

Many riots occurred due to this segregation and the book Arc of Justice deals with the story of an African American physician, Dr. Ossian Sweet. Dr. Sweet was a well-off person and he bought a house in Detroit that was located in a White residential area. When he decided to move into his house with his family members, he foresaw the situation of a white neighborhood due to the segregation policy and carried some guns for protection. He faced severe backlash from his White neighbors and when a violent White mob tried to attack his home, his brother Henry Sweet opened the fire. A white person died in the exchange of firing and rock-throwing; police arrested 11 people on the charges of murder.

Dr. Sweet wanted to live in the same locality and through the support of the NAACP, he hired attorney Clearance Darrow and started advocating the need for separate housing societies for the Black people. However, they failed in getting justice from the court and the defendants were discharged. The Civil Rights law was passed in the 1960s, but the segregation between these two ethnicities was observed and Black people were continued to be harassed by the White Americans. The Jim Crow Law gave a legal right to the majority Americans to treat the minority group inhumanely as the author puts it: “Jim Crow taught the great mass of southern whites to see ordinary places and everyday interactions as sacred” (Boyle 56).

Works Cited

Boyle, Kevin. Arc of justice: A saga of race, civil rights, and murder in the Jazz Age. Henry Holt and Company, 2007.

Ngozi-Brown, Scot. "African-American soldiers and Filipinos: racial imperialism, Jim Crow and social relations." The Journal of Negro History 82.1 (1997): 42-53.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Archive Case Study

The purpose of this memorandum is to give a detailed overview f three main aspects I am concerned about as the archivist. These three aspects are: archive storage, development and maintenance; spending plan and priorities for $10,000 allocated as funds; and plan for upgrading the archival system for better retrieval.

Professional Operation and Archival Management

Source oRDER and origin/publish oRDER

Archivists apply the 2 standards of 'source' and origin/publish request' while dealing with their accumulations. These standards ought to be the establishments for every one of the exercises archivist complete on the repositories. Archivist have to see how and where the repositories were made and how they are requested before archivist find a way to improve how they are kept and thought about.

Source implies the history of possession identified with a gathering of records or an individual thing in an accumulation. For repositories, this implies the makers and any consequent proprietors of the records and how the records identify with one another. Safeguarding data on these connections is basic as they provide proof of how and who made and utilized the records before they turned out to be a piece of the repositories.

Source provides fundamental logical data for understanding the substance and history of an archival accumulation.

Origin/publish request

Repositories are maintained in the control in which they were origin/publishly made or used.4 It is fundamental to comprehend this when working with repositories so this origin/publish request is safeguarded. This origin/publish request enables overseers to secure the credibility of the records and provides fundamental data with respect to how they were made, kept and utilized. Now and again this origin/publish request has been lost through poor taking care of or 're-arranging'. In contrast to books, archival records are not comprehended alone as individual things. Their significance originates from their associations with different records and the general population or associations that made and utilized them. At the point when repositories are recorded or 'listed', the point is to portray and protect these connections.

Posting and recording

Point by point classifying is an advantageous however tedious procedure. Many built up repositories have excesses of material hanging tight to be classified, so archivist are not the only one on the off chance that archivist do as well. In the event that archivist don't have time or assets to inventory everything in detail now, archivist should set time aside to make a fast box, record, volume or thing list in the event that archivist don't as of now have one.

This gives archivist a review of the substance of the gathering.

It enables archivist to make a brisk appraisal of any serious issues with the state of the material or any unique accumulation required due to its configuration (for example photos, materials, broad media or advanced material).

It enables archivist to distinguish material that may be especially huge for research and it empowers archivist to recognize any material that may require uncommon access limitations.

When material is recorded, it enables archivist to take physical and scholarly control of it – it resembles stock control in a shop.

And when archivist provide access, it shields material, as archivist recognize what archivist have and what archivist are making accessible to researchers.

Improving accumulation

Repositories should be stored in conditions which are cool, dry and occasionally steady, with least presentation to normal or counterfeit light and insurance from nuisances, contamination and access by unapproved individuals. Making a snappy appraisal dependent on the 'how to' direction underneath will enable archivist to recognize any quick needs or chances and to plan how to handle them.

The archive accumulation zone ought to be kept up and utilized just as a store. This will look after security, ecological dependability and light dimensions.

Any archive store ought to take into account extension space for increments to the gathering. It additionally needs additional room to take into account repackaging, which can imply that the accumulations occupy more room than they did previously.

Accumulation – rooms

Look at the accumulation zone – is it perfect, dry and secure? It ought to be.

Always clean without synthetic compounds or water, utilizing a vacuum cleaner where conceivable.

Vacuum cleaners ought to have great channels to abstain from spreading more dust around the accumulation zone. 'HEPA' channels are surprisingly better as they get a bigger measure of little particles, leaving the zone more clean.

It is a smart thought to wear a dust mask while cleaning the accumulation zone.

Are the entryways (and windows) lockable and secure? They should be to avoid uncontrolled access, damage, issue or robbery.

Are fixes to the accumulation region required? Check the roofs, corners, dividers – would they say they are spotless and sound; is there proof of damp, splits, damage or crumbling?

When fixes are being made, store the repositories in another protected spot. Synthetic compounds in paint and other beautifying materials can influence archival materials as they discharge gases. Maintain a strategic distance from oil based paints. Take care to limit dust and flotsam and jetsam while rooms are restored.

The archive store ought to incorporate a solid, load bearing floor to take the heaviness of the archival accumulations, the bundling and racking.

If archivist know or think there are unsafe materials in the accumulations or archivist find proof of shape, look for pro exhortation from a conservator.

Supporting safe access

Individual and private data

Not all repositories are reasonable for prompt access. On the off chance that they contain individual data about living individuals or data that is private for some other reason, archivist may need to limit access to them. If all else fails, it is better not to make the confined or private material accessible to others until archivist have gotten an opportunity to think of it as further and counsel the important individuals and enactment.

On the off chance that archivist are an open segment association, archivist may find that the repositories are secured by the Freedom of Information Act or the Environmental Information Regulations, the two of which provide a privilege of access for individuals from people in general, with some particular exclusions. Provided that this is true, archivist can deny access just in the event that one of the exclusions in the Act or the Regulations applies.

Providing access

Taking care of and access is a noteworthy hazard to the security of documents. Continuously direct individuals who see the repositories, even in a private accumulation, and provide direction on fundamental document dealing with. Archivist ought to likewise limit the sorts of things researchers can take into the perusing room or library territory in the event that archivist have one.

Any individual who utilizes the repositories must deal with them cautiously. Instances of 'perusing room principles' can be discovered online which may support archivist. As a rule anything which can hide, damage or be mistaken for the records and any nourishment and drink ought to be rejected from the zone where repositories are stored or took a gander at.

Financial Plan - $10,000

Shockingly, the state of accumulations will in general weaken because of a blend of components, for example, deficient and thoughtless use and treatment of the documents; severely controlled natural conditions; and improper accumulation. Besides, numerous cutting edge materials are less tough (for example paper and ties produced after around 1850, compositions, photos). A decent conservation approach must ensure access to the data and limit document crumbling. Along these lines, safeguarding is a center obligation of all archival and library administrations having documents of national legacy significance.

Likewise preventive preservation is significant as it plans to lessen dangers of disintegration: natural control; normal support and assurance of the accumulations by utilizing fitting treatment, hostile to burglary gadgets and making surrogate documents for vigorously utilized origin/publish documents.

Reasons for disintegration might be outside or inward, outer causes fall into a few classes:

Mechanical Forces

The origin of these powers might be common (quake), accidental (breakdown of a rooftop or a rack), or human (taking care of, yet additionally vibrations from a bustling street adjacent).

Mechanical disintegration is most much of the time brought about by poor treatment of documents while they are being moved, made accessible to perusers, photocopied or captured.

These dangers are typically managed by the security administration. Burglary, similar to vandalism, may prompt the complete loss of the item or document. Demonstrations of war can be incorporated into this classification.

Fire

Fire is a peril for all accumulations, yet natural materials are especially defenseless. Fires cause across the board damage and massive misfortunes.

Water

Water is a genuine danger to accumulations. The damage might be because of: spilling channels, releasing rooftops, overwhelmed waterways, typhoons, and fire-battling. At the point when the water damage isn't found in time, or when salvage measures are inadequate for the size of the catastrophe, at that point further damage is by and large brought about by molding.

d. Biological Pollutants

Gaseous poisons catalyze synthetic weakening of materials by oxidation and hydrolysis or for accumulation.

Strong poisons cause mechanical decay by scraped spot and empower the spread of form and creepy crawlies, ex: sediment, dust and particles.

Light

Light sources all transmit in factor extents electromagnetic waves which are imperceptible to us. Unmistakable radiation itself conveys certain risks, as despite everything it conveys enough vitality to cause changes at atomic dimension.

The dimensions and variances of relative moistness have an a lot more prominent effect on the dominant part segments of library and archive documents.

In view of the relationship of temperature and relative mugginess it is basic to dependably control the two parameters all the while.

Too much high relative dampness: more than 65 %) prompts the expansion of shape and quick consumption of metals.

Too much low relative dampness: prompts lack of hydration of natural materials which at that point become delicate.

Fluctuating relative mugginess: they lead to mechanical worries of differing degrees (expansion, contracting).

Exorbitantly low temperatures: make plastic materials delicate and expands RH.

Unnecessarily high temperatures: accelerate the disintegration of shaky materials (corrosive paper, nitrate films, cellulose acetic acid derivation movies and shading films).

Protection of Materials

Light: its power and sythesis:

Light power must not surpass fifty lumens , IR avoided, span of lighting must not surpass three months for a presentation time of eight hours per day at fifty lumens. Which is connected in the features of the compositions historical center.

Atmosphere Control:

Temperature of 20° C +/ - 2° C, relative stickiness of 50 % +/ - 10 % prescribed.

Battling contamination and biological operators: Protected against air contamination, not to bring natural material like foodstuffs, unapproved cardboard pressing material into accumulation territories, standard investigation and preventive treatment of the structure (cleaning, testing , and so forth.).

Taking care of, moving and utilizing documents:

Documents ought not be retired too firmly or excessively freely together, and power ought to never be utilized to put a document or a holder on a rack.

Metal covered racks are best over wooden ones because of the acidic vapors that ascent from certain kinds of wood.

For crumbled origin/publish copies with feeble spine on the off chance that they were put upstanding this may prompt all the more tearing and disintegration, so we are running a venture to put our gathering of around 5000 compositions after their cleaning and documentation of their weakening conditions in corrosive free boxes on a level plane to protect them in a superior manner.

The researcher must be educated regarding the basic principles for taking care of documents.

Microfilms Preventive Measures

Climatic control:

The stickiness level is kept over 25 % and beneath around 60 % and temperature at 16° C +/ - 2° C.

Fighting contamination and biological specialists.

Dealing with, moving and utilizing microfilm materials.

Observing System

On a day by day bases the temperature and relative stickiness are estimated and modified with the structure the executives framework (BMS) and any deviation in the readings is managed in a split second, so as to ensure that our gathering is in the correct accumulation and show natural conditions.

Items are checked for evident contagious contamination.

Settle plates are opened for one hour in the accumulation and show regions, and irregular swabs are taken.

Silica gel is utilized to keep up RH in the grandstands of the Manuscript Exhibition Gallery which is recovered 4 times each year.

The materials of which library and archive accumulations are created, in particular paper, parchment, palm leaves, birch bark, cowhide and glues utilized in bookbinding, are vulnerable to two primary types of crumbling. One is biological disintegration brought about by creepy crawly assault and additionally contagious development, and the other type of decay is brought about by antagonistic natural conditions, for example, boundaries of dampness or wide changes in relative stickiness related with huge varieties in day and night temperatures, light and barometrical toxins. These two types of weakening are interconnected in light of the fact that sticky conditions support the development of organisms and accumulations of dust and soil will draw in creepy crawlies.

Where there is buildup or dampness because of high mugginess, there is dependably the nearness of biological developments such forms or organisms, bugs and rodents causing pervasion. Biological operators assault paper and other natural materials when both temperature and moistness are uncontrolled. Additionally, man's negligence likewise supports the development and multiplication of bugs. The accompanying shows such negligence:

Accumulations of soil and dust from poor or thoughtless housekeeping rehearses;

Introduction of foodstuff to accumulation and show zones;

Entry of creepy crawly swarmed things into the gathering;

Open windows, air vents or ineffectively fixed windows and entryways;

Unattended rooftop breaks and splits in a disintegrated structure; and,

Poor ventilation.

Rodents and bugs are the most exceedingly awful adversaries of books and other natural materials that are cellulose in nature. The materials contain proteins and sugars through estimating, glue or starches, and other natural substances alluring to creepy crawlies. The nature and degree of the damage depend on the bug and material, yet in addition on how instantly the pervasion is found and controlled. Damage may shift from a couple of openings to finish devastation.

The science and microbiology of protection of archival materials is another creating science which have a few dimensional prospects. For one to fill in as a conservator he needs well information of inorganic, natural and systematic science, microbiological tests and recognizable proof aptitudes, ecological sciences and protection ideas.

So we sort our preparation framework into two fundamental classes, one is for specific understudies that have a logical foundation and one for non particular understudies. Specific understudies will have the ability to comprehend the instruments of each progression of treatment and testing, while non particular understudies will just comprehend the general idea without the detail that exists in each progression.

In view of that we need to know the claim to fame of the learners and their capacity to comprehend the preparation to choose the kind of preparing they will get. This is finished by analyzing their C.V. furthermore, influencing a request to assist us with deciding. For that we have prepared an arrangement of addresses and a program of reasonable preparing for the two classifications.

Archival Program

Digitization is the way toward changing over data, for example, content, photos, sound and video records, into digital arrangement. Digitization takes into account the protection of the substance of the material by making an accessible surrogate, putting less strain on the origin/publish. Digital articles are then kept up in a digital repository that offers a helpful method to store, oversee, access and safeguard these surrogates.

There are three essential digital repository capacities. The first is the procurement or catch of digital substance. The second is the accumulation and the board of digital substance. The third involves the recovery of digital substance and production of expectations (or what should be possible with the digital substance). Hardware and software are required for these capacities. Their expense can run from zero to costly dependent on the decision of hardware and software.

Fundamental Considerations In Planning The Project

Before setting up a digital repository think about a portion of the accompanying inquiries: What are the explanations behind building up a digital repository? Which reasons are most huge to the repositories' statement of purpose? For instance, a portion of the explanations behind digitizing may incorporate expanded access and use, security, protection, the board and credibility. At the General Service Office Repositories our digitization endeavors have supported in improved access, just as improved safeguarding of the materials by lessening treatment of the origin/publishs. Archivist will need to take tim e to settle on which digitization gear would be best for the repository. Essential research ought to be done preceding acquiring hardware and software. Investigate conceivable dangers to the repository, including media, hardware, software and additionally control disappointments. Here are a few inquiries to think about that may assist archivist with avoiding awful results.

Software and hardware innovations require progressing consideration because of ceaseless and quick headways.

At the point when another innovation develops it generally rapidly re-puts its more established form. At the point when a software innovation is deserted or a hardware gadget is never again delivered, digital records made with such advancements are in danger of misfortune. This is called digital out of date quality. Strangely, today we can in any case read hundreds of years old origin/publish documents in their local language. However, in genuinely short request, digital media innovation has progressed to Blu-Ray and memory media. Keep in mind that any accumulation medium can come up short whenever. Archive the information on more than one medium and check the repositories consistently for disappointments.

References

Yeo, G. (2017). Continuing Debates about. Currents of Archival Thinking, 163.

Hunter, G. S. (1997). Developing and maintaining practical archives. Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Duranti, L. (1994). The concept of appraisal and archival theory. The american archivist, 57(2), 328-344.

Yeo, G. (2008). Concepts of record (2): prototypes and boundary objects. The American Archivist, 71(1), 118-143.

Cook, T. (2001). Archival science and postmodernism: new formulations for old concepts. Archival science, 1(1), 3-24.

Phillips, F. (1984). Developing collecting policies for manuscript collections. The American Archivist, 47(1), 30-42.

Featherstone, M. (2006). Archive. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2-3), 591-596.

Falk, H. (2003). Digital archive developments. The Electronic Library, 21(4), 375-379.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 10 Words: 3000

Argumentative

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Argumentative Essay

While looking into various cultural contexts, the concept of gender, class, race, or sexuality is mostly determinant on the dominant or majority group of the society. It is shaped according to their faith and believes regarding these constructs of society. The development of social identity is not static, and it changes from one culture to the other. Likewise, it varies across different frameworks. The various aspects of this social identity intersect with each other and create a particular stature regarding that concept into specifically a society and more broadly the whole world. The perception regarding the societal constructs of race, gender, or class relies heavily on the universal rule of thumb. This essay will present the argument related to the influence of social context on the intersectional perception associated with the race, class, gender or sexuality of the society.

Intersectionality is a sociological and primary hypothesis about how an individual can confront different dangers, for example, persecution, control and segregation when their different organic, social and social personalities cover, for example, sex, race, sex, riches, age, capacity, sexuality and numerous different qualities (López, and Gadsden, p.120). Intersectionality keeps up that abusive foundations, for example, bigotry, classism, ageism and innumerable more "isms", are interconnected and don't act independently of each other. Covering social character measurements which establish each human individual must be perceived and multidimensionality of lived encounters among individuals grasped. These measurements converge with the end goal that nobody is only sex or ethnicity or incapacity or a sexual introduction or a social class or religion, etc. Moreover, intersectionalities are not some accumulation of layers that are heaped or included. People have numerous particular social character characteristics at the same time and them transaction in extraordinary ways.

Positionality is the act of an analyst depicting his or her very own situation in connection to the examination, with the suggestion that this position may impact part of the investigation, for example, the information gathered or the manner by which it is translated. Ethnography is a careful investigation of individuals and societies. It is intended to investigate cultural wonders where the specialist watches society from the perspective of the subject of the examination.

Race/class/sexual orientation contemplates their inceptions in the political developments of the last quarter of the twentieth century, in particular, the social liberties and ladies' developments (Healey, Stepnick, and O'Brien, np). Both of these developments brought forth new grant in the foundation, grant that is focused in the encounters of gatherings who have recently been barred, overlooked, misshaped, and stereotyped in standard scholastic work. As three beginning models, the resulting passages will concentrate on these.

The investigation of the race since quite a while ago expected that to be incorporated into society, racial-ethnic gatherings needed to give up their very own way of life and go up against the social estimations of the overwhelming crowd. Incidentally, while this model won in sociological hypothesis and research, racial meetings, particularly African Americans, were assumed not to have one of their very own kind cultures; or, in the event that they did, it was ventured to be obsessive what's more, in this way, a reason for the absence of osmosis. Presently, even though the absorption show still plagues much research (and still casings the association of most messages in the human science of race and ethnicity), contemporary race hypothesis centers essentially around how race and prejudice are inserted in the structure of overwhelming organizations. The procedures of racialization and racial arrangement – that is, the way bunches progress toward becoming built as a race with regards to authentic and social processes– now overwhelm hypothesis in the humanism of race. In this way, the worldview for concentrate race has moved from attention to qualities of national gatherings in essence to the structure of social association and the job of race in forming overwhelming social organizations.

Likewise, the investigation of sexual orientation has moved far from its first spotlight on sex as an educated job to seeing how sex is implanted in the structure of social establishments. The gendered organization is the idea currently used to characterize the all-out examples of sexual relations that are available in the procedures, practices, pictures, and belief systems, and circulation of intensity in the different divisions of public activity. This brings a significantly more auxiliary investigation of sexual orientation to the front line. Instead of seeing sex just as an issue of relational connections and scholarly characters, this system concentrates the examination of sex on relations of intensity – similarly as contemplating institutional prejudice centers around power relations and procedures of financial and political subordination not naturally relational ties.

Lastly, as to the investigation of sexuality – an all the more as of late rising field of concentrate in sociology– researchers have moved far from concentrate sexual introduction entirely inside a structure of aberrance and, preferably, presently inspect heterosexuality as an imperceptible arrangement of institutional power and benefits (Kang and Bodenhausen, p.553). Likewise, with race and sex, contemporary grant on sexuality is encircled by a worldview that underlines both the social development of sexuality and the presence of sexual benefit inside overwhelming social organizations. Race/class/sexual orientation considers a start in the expansions for racial equity and the women's activist development, even though these investigations have gone up against their very own real existence inside scholastic grant. Presumably, for some race/class/sexual orientation grant is essentially another scholarly pattern. Numerous more youthful researchers, for instance, have grasped the significance of contemplating race, class, and sexual orientation, however coming the same number of doing from contemporary sex thinks about, they can be embarrassingly uninformed of the historical backdrop of social liberties and the specific chronicles of differing racial-ethnic gatherings.

Knowing the causes of race/class/sex thinks about in social and political developments is a significant update that race, class, and sexual orientation grant isn't the only hypothesis for the wellbeing of theory, yet instead is in a general sense pull in the craving for change in the interest of subordinated gatherings. Grant on race, for instance, however long a piece of the customs of human science, has been in a general sense modified by the expanded voice of non-white individuals, who are significantly less ready to agree to examinations that envision racial-ethnic gatherings as detached, best case scenario or, best case scenario, complicit in their own persecution – perspectives that keep on denoting the point of view of moderate masterminds. I am thinking here about the individuals who trait the disappointment of gatherings to prevail to their assumed social inadequacy. Such polemics are only from time to time dependent on definite experimental proof, yet somewhat on generalizations, generalizations that we in the institute are not insusceptible.

Works Cited

Healey, Joseph F., Andi Stepnick, and Eileen O'Brien. Race, ethnicity, gender, and class: The sociology of group conflict and change. Sage Publications, 2018.

Kang, Sonia K., and Galen V. Bodenhausen. "Multiple identities in social perception and interaction: Challenges and opportunities." Annual review of psychology 66 (2015): 547-574.

López, Nancy, and Vivian L. Gadsden. "Health inequities, social determinants, and intersectionality." (2016): 119-128.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

ART HISTORY

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

ART HISTORY

The term Art History refers to the study of the history and development of art objects which involves paintings, buildings, sculptures, furniture, ceramics and other forms of visual arts, from academic perspectives. The subject focuses on the style, design, texture, format, of the art objects. Many pieces of work have been contributed to the topic of art history. One of the notable works of writing has been penned down by Donald J. Olsen, published on July 27th, 1988.

Donald J. Olson focuses on the construction structure of the public buildings and homes during the era of the nineteenth century. The author mainly focuses on three big cities, London, Paris, and Vienna, which have always had great architectural structures and buildings. Olson acts as the suave and sophisticated guide of these beautiful cities and presents them as documents of civilizations. Although Olson has beautifully portrayed the artwork of these cities, he could have made it more accurate by inculcating the aspects of the economic conditions, incomes, resident occupations and religions of the people living in these cities.

Another author, Michel de Certeau in his book “Walking in the City” elaborates the concept of place and practiced space. As per the writer, the place is “the order (of whatever kind) in accord with which elements are distributed in relationships of coexistence" or "an instantaneous configuration of positions. It implies an indication of stability" (p. 117), whereas space is defined as "space is composed of intersections of mobile elements" (p. 117). If I observe my campus in the light of the definitions provided by De Certeau, then the lawns and the ground can be considered a place and the fences or gates protecting them can be referred as practiced space.

Kevin Lynch, in his book, “Image of a city” presents the concept of Legibility, which means that the cityscape should be easily “readable” and understandable. The author explains that people should be easily able to recognize and identify urban buildings and constructions as coherent patterns as they engage in way-finding.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Art Museum Visit

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Art Museum Visit

To fulfill the requirement of an art museum visit assignment, I visited "The Ringling Museum of Art.” The museum is located in Sarasota, Florida and I visited it with one of my friends, two days ago. The entry to the museum was free for the students, which is commendable because it serves the purpose of motivating the students to know more about history through art and explore the art forms of different eras. The museum held the status of state of the art museum and was established in the year 1927. The overall impress of the museum was quite impressive and awe-inspiring. Its architecture has been designed keeping in view the stylistic techniques of modern times. In addition to it, the museum has a vast range of diverse art collections, which are not only limited to the American and European culture but also depict the elements and artworks of Asian and Cypriot cultures. The layout of the museum has been established according to modern standards and practices. Moreover, the collections in the museum do not depict the artworks of a specific period but include the artwork from the fourteenth century to the present times. The artworks on display are also not limited to some specific area or culture of the world but encompass the broad variety of art.

My personal experience of the visit to the art museum was not only inspiring but also quite refreshing and fulfilling as well. The artworks made me feel like I was the part of the society and the era which was depicted in the artworks. I was able to get insight into the society, as well as the thoughts of the artists while observing the artworks. This was my first time at this particular museum, and I would not have expected it to turn more exciting and inspiring than this. I really enjoyed the visit to the museum and the most important role in this regard was played by the artworks of ancient times, which provided me insight into the older cultures of the world. I had not expected that I would ever enjoy the visit to some museum to this extent and I went to visit it just for the sake of completing the assignments; however, the atmosphere of the museum made me get immersed into the beauty and attractiveness of the artworks. The best thing about my visit was that I was able to explore the artworks of Asian, as well as Cypriot culture as well, which were truly amazing and I do not think that there was anything which needed improvement in any way. The experience of seeing art in person totally differs from seeing images in the textbook or online, because in the online or textbook versions, we are not able to explore the little details, which are actually quite mesmerizing.

One of the artworks, which especially caught my eye and I could not help but appreciate was "Still Life with Musical Instruments" by "Bartolomeo Bettera," who was an Italian painter of the seventeenth century. The artwork, as evident from its name, depicted the still life through the musical instruments. The artwork was oil on canvas painting and was created in 1660. The image of the painting consists of some musical instruments which are present in a room, which also contains a chair and box, as well as curtain and table cover. The artist has used the dark colors in the painting, except for the instruments, which are in a similar color of original instruments. The artwork does not belong to a specific movement or style but is just oil painting, depicting the still life.

The visit to the museum was one of the most memorable experiences of my life, which made me appreciate the work of ancient artists. I was also able to get insight into the cultures of the previous time, through the artworks, which appeared very exciting to me.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Ask For The Requirements

Ethical Implications of Historiography

Week 8

In his essay “Historians and their Duties,” Jonathan Gorman supplies historians with a precise guideline to pursue their ethical and moral responsibilities. Throughout the essay, Gorman relates the philosophical aspects with historiographical implications. According to the author, it is indispensable for historians to understand their accountability toward the craft of history and its audience. In this context, it is imperative to abide by truth, and to the moral philosophical obligations while connecting the past with the present through their writings. Gorman sketches a detailed picture through which historians could comprehend the philosophy behind historiography. In due course, propositions of several renowned philosophers are elaborated. Gorman includes standpoints of Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and utilitarian approach and Vincent Barry to explicate the moral framework for historians.

Plato says that moral falling take place because of ignorance and therefore historians should think accurately.

Aristotle says that moral failings are the consequences of desires, and thus, historians should differentiate between right and wrong.

Kant supports the idea of free will

Utilitarian approach strives for the morally correct action for the sake of greater good

Vincent Barry asserts the need for considering important aspects and determines the preferences.

In light of all these factors when it is asked what the responsibility of the historian is? One thing is evident that historians' principal obligation is to adhere with truth for the sake of their stakeholders. Yeah, like every business history has its stakeholders that include readers, scholars, the academic and general public, history students, and all the upcoming generation. And in order to serve them with a solid piece of history, historians have to evade the peril of concerning legal and political influences in their account of recollections. And only deliver the truth.

Bibliography:

Gorman, Jonathan. "Historians and Their Duties." History and Theory43, no. 4 (2004): 103-17. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2004.00300.x.

Research Skill Building

Throughout the HIST500 course, we have handed over with different tasks and assignments that involved the use of both primary and secondary resources, along with our personal reflection on some significant issues. During this well-developed and well-delivered course, I learned to make a precise difference between primary and secondary recourses and comprehended the critical nature of tripartite sources as well (it was a new concept for me). While I was working on my preliminary annotated bibliography, I was not sure about the preferred sources, and I literally added a few encyclopedias as references. However, I admit that I am not an expert and I am sure that I must have made mistakes in my research proposal as well, but I am confident that I have learned a lot form this course. I learned the essential components of primary sources and learned how to analyze them and learned to evaluate secondary sources to seek the answers. I learned the idea of biases in primary and secondary sources and discovered that official documentation and similar material could provide accurate information to some extent. I hope to utilize all these skills in my upcoming courses and studies as I have planned to do a Ph.D. in the future.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 30 Words: 9000

Assassination Of Franz Ferdinand

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Introduction

History is rich with the tales about the royal assassinations all over the world, but few assassinations stirred the global peace. Franz Ferdinand the nephew of Austrian emperor Franz Joseph-I was assassinated along with his wife Sophie on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo that triggered one of the most horrible wars of the world: WWI. Ferdinand’s assassination is called the immediate cause of the great war and Serbia is held responsible for the assassination, but the historians have found that many other factors were more responsible for the war. The emergence of Germany as the strongest material power of Europe with its latest technology, the weak confederacy of the Austria-Hungary empire, and the Balkan crises contributed to the setting of the war. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was preventable, and the Austrian authorities should be blamed for the start of the war as they behaved visionless and puppet while the serious decisions were being expected from them.

Body

Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este (1863-1914) was the eldest son of Archduke Charles Louise who was the brother of the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph-I. Franz Ferdinand won the opportunity of becoming heir to the Austrian throne when the actual heir Archduke Rudolph died unexpectedly in 1889. Ferdinand became the Inspector General of the army in 1913. His approach towards Russia was friendly and he was struggling to restore Austro-Russian understanding. British author Fid Backhouse notes that Ferdinand was active to confederate his empire, but the Hungarian reluctance to confederate Austria-Hungary and separatist movements in the empire was a big challenge before him. He was on a visit to Sarajevo (Bosnia) with his wife Sophie when they both were shot mortally by a high school student Princip from Serbia. All the conspirators of the murder were examined and punished in the Serbian court, but such measures by the Serbian authorities could not prevent the war because the Austrians were determined to start the war.

Austrian authorities revealed their incompetence to prevent the preventable assassination of the Archduke that triggered WWI. Austria was facing internal setbacks since the Treaty of Prague (1866) when they submitted to the Prussian empire leaving much of its territory. Austria had become a fish market of principalities that had no strong feelings of consortium towards the emperor after the famous Dual Alliance (1879) that brought Hungary and Austria together. The Austrian emperor had some hope to mobilize the empire with the ascendance of Archduke Rudolf to the throne, but his unexpected death in 1889 opened the way for Franz Ferdinand who was not a competent aspirant in the view of the emperor. Their differences helped the conspirators to weaken the empire. The Austrian royals wanted to confederate the empire, but this suggestion was vetoed by the Hungarians who apprehended their subjugation. Franz Ferdinand was also a strong believer of the confederacy and he claimed that he would live and die for the confederacy. Francis Roy Bridge notes that the authorities were aware of the separatist movements in the empire and they did not take essential precautionary measures before the Archduke's visit. The date of the visit was not chosen wisely. That date reminded the Serbians their ignoble defeat at the hand of the Ottoman Turks back in the 14th century. Serbia was in a cold conflict with Austria since the Balkan crises of 1912-13. Balkan wars left Serbia as a free territory and then the Serbs were pushing for the union of the South Slavic peoples that would cause Austrian disintegration. All these facts were ignored by the Austrian authorities and so were undermined the grenade attacks on the morning of June 28, 1914. The guards did not know how to save the Archduke and they took wrong moves that threw Franz Ferdinand and his wife into the lap of death.

The post-assassination moves by the Austrian were more unprofessional. The emperor was not in the favor of any offensive, but his advisors like the foreign minister  Leopold, Graf von Berchtold pushed him to attack Serbia in July 1914 under the influence of Germany without comprehending that the Russian reaction could be more severe than they thought. Annika Mombauer writes in her article “July Crisis 1914” that the Austrian general Conrad Graf was assured by the German monarch William-II that Germany would stand behind Austria-Hungary if they start a war against Serbia. The Austrians became over-confident and they gave an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia that was partially accepted, but the Austrians used the unaccepted part of the demands as an excuse to wage war on Serbia. The Austrians were confident that Germany would deter Russia in the case of the Russian invasion, but they did not consider the French president’s state visit to Russia. The French president Raymond Poincare assured Russia that France would respect its alliance with Russia in the wake of war although they did not indicate any quick action against Austria-Hungary. Russia on the other side was in rage due to Austrian attack on Serbia and it declared on July 24 that Austria would not be allowed to crush Serbia. Serbia tried its best to halt war as it accepted the much of Austrian demands, but how a sovereign state like Serbia would, Karl Hjembo wonders, accept the other humiliating part of the demands. For instance, Austria-Hungary demanded the authority over dismissing any Serb official and they demanded the Austro-Hungarian officials' allocation in the Serbian territory. Austrian demands show that they were determined to leave no option for Serbia but war. Austria was too confident that it activated its forces on Russian frontier that directly provoked Russia to order mobilization of its army. Even Germany was unaware of these many consequences of the Austrian offensive. Russian armed mobilization led to the German general mobilization and the French mobilization. Thus, started the Great War that would continue for many years. A small country like Austria threw the great empires into the hell of terrible WWI.

One other argument about the start of WWI is that the assassination of the Archduke was a mere excuse by the powers that were already stretching their muscles to start a war. Empires like Germany, Britain, France, the Ottoman, and other states of Europe were enriched with the latest lethal weapons and their youths were craving to test those weapons on the battlefield. Famous European historian Annika Mombauer endorses this argument, and she says that the Europeans were preparing for wars as it was a wedding feast. Nevertheless, Austria played a pivotal role in starting the war and it cannot free itself from taking responsibility.

Conclusion

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie is considered the immediate cause of WWI, but the attitude of Austria towards Serbia after this assassination reveals that they were less mournful for the Archduke and more keen to humiliate Serbia. The Austrian authorities did not take any precautionary measures to prevent the assassination and they exploited this incident for mere political objectives. Apart from that, Austria behaved so irresponsibly after the assassination and it waged unjustifiable war on Serbia that led to the start of the First Great War and consumed millions of Europeans.

Bibliography

Herwig, Holger H. (2014) The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918. A&C Black.

https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4fTCAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=The+assassination+of+Franz+Ferdinand+in+Sarajevo+in+June+1914+was+entirely+preventable+and+much+of+the+blame+rests+with+the+Austrian+authorities&ots=FlGDd9UKjT&sig=vLoOQbxl7UHRvwEmWnGx2w9jxSo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

This is the second edition of the book that was originally published in 1997. Herwig believes that either no one should be blamed for the war or the whole of Europe because the war was the result of that power which had haunted the whole of Europe. The arms race in Europe was at the peak and all the Europeans knew that they would face a major war soon rather many were prepared joyously to test their power. War was glamorized by the masses of the continent where they could get the chance to show their chivalry. Unfortunately, the book concludes, no one apprehended the miserable consequences of that insanity that started after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Mombauer, Annika. (2017) "July Crisis 1914."

https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/pdf/1914-1918-Online-july_crisis_1914-2017-01-06.pdf

A known European historian Annika Mombauer published her article “July Crises 1914” in 2017 to explore the causes of WWI. She believes that the European power was on its climax having so many strong empires and being the leading continent of the world. An arms race was everywhere in Europe and suspicions were penetrating the empires. Everyone in Europe was convinced that a great war is inevitable albeit some powers like France and Britain were struggling to avoid a major crash. Mombauer believes that the incidents of July 1914 are significant in searching for the causes of the war, but the context for the war was set before 1914 with the rise of the German empire and alliances throughout Europe. All the empires like Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary were exploiting the assassination of the Archduke that triggered the war. The article concludes that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the trigger of the war that was the only requirement of the war in such a context.

Bridge, Francis Roy (2002). From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914. Vol. 6. Psychology Press,

https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Oo3SgBOD9M0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&dq=The+assassination+of+Franz+Ferdinand+in+Sarajevo+in+June+1914+was+entirely+preventable+and+much+of+the+blame+rests+with+the+Austrian+authorities&ots=nWuD9kXYWk&sig=D0wePFdxmozc4WL1OGcbXq78L-o&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Francis Roy Bridge's research article finds the reasons for WWI back in Treaty of Prague 1866 that ended long Austria-Prussian war. The author believes that Austria's submission to the Prussian terms weekend its status as an integrated empire and a week dual monarchy of principalities was striving for its existence. Franz Joseph considered 1866 as a turning point in both domestic and foreign affairs as he was striving to save what was left of monarchy after Sadowa. Austria was striving to have a strong confederacy at the start of the 20th century but its Hungarian part was not in this favor. Many separatist movements were another cause of uncertainty in the empire. Franz Ferdinand was a propagator of confederacy that brought him in the hitlist. Germany, according to Bridge, exploited the assassination of Franz Ferdinand to start the war which had its interests and a strong influence upon Austria.

Hjembo, Karl T. Sarajevo 1914: An Examination of the Context by which Austria Hungary Responded to the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Air Command and Staff College Maxwell Air Force Base United States, 2014.

https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1023431

The assassination of the Archduke of a weak empire like Austria-Hungary would not be considered a major event than the assassination of the American president William McKinley if there were no exploiters around. Austria had suffered at the hands of Germans earlier in 1866, but they forgot that misery in the wake of recent Balkan crises 1912-13. Austria was conjectural towards the rise of freedom movements in the empire. Austrians blamed Serbia for these movements and attacked Serbia considering that its strong ally Germany would checkmate any other strong enemy like Russia, but this anticipation did not prove much productive. Hjembo explores the causes of war more in the context where Ferdinand was assassinated and less in his assassination along with his wife Sophie.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

Assesment

Student name

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

Interpret the Evidence

1. The black thought that their jobs were cut down due to white volunteers and black hate white. This summer project helped to bridge the gap between negros and white people to some extent. This was a small project ,it only helped white to have very little relationship with Negros like hand shaking or passing smiles. It will helped to reduce racial discrimination among black and whites.

2. On January 22, 1964, civil rights activists held a protest in front of the Forrest County Courthouse, in defense of the black people's right to vote. The protest manifest the start of a historic year for Mississippi. Afterward, civil rights establishments launched the “Summer of Freedom”, a movement in which more than a thousand unpaid workers from diverse states moved to Mississippi, to work together in the voter registry and freedom school. The main purpose of freedom schools were to eliminate/ decrease racial discrimination.

3. According to him, ‘the goals of the Summer Project appear to be two-fold: first, propaganda in communist economics; second, military job of Mississippi if that can be agreed. This is no extensive a fight of black and white”. According to the freedom summer prospect the main target was to eliminate discrimination base on race and to encourage people to registered as voters.

4. The SNCC organized people to go to the National Convention of the Democratic Party and demand recognition as the Mississippi delegation by law due to the terror that the established Democratic Party imposed on the black people. They noted the illegitimacy of the official Mississippi Democratic Party. They fought for their history to be heard and rejected the petty agreement that the Democrats and the established civil rights movement tried to force them to accept. Fannie Lou Hamer, above, was a sharecropper who opposed resistance to beatings, blacklisting and threats against her life and became a leader of the masses. delegate Fannie Lou Hamer spoke ardently about the violence and fear agonized by Mississippi blacks looking for to register to vote.

5. President Lyndon Johnson, nevertheless, was terrible of losing white southern votes if the MFDP representatives were placed and encouraged a negotiation. The identifications group of the DNC presented to award the MFDP two at-large chairs, to seat members of the all-white allocation who would officially promise to provision the DNC’s applicants in the future votes.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Assessing The Mongols

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Assessing the Mongols

Introduction

Mongol Empire recognized as one of the most influential nations in the history of human beings. It is an established fact that the approach of excessive power is used by the Mongols to rule different parts of the world. They are known for their acts of brutality and immense authority to impact the lives of other nations. It is interesting and crucial to explore the empire of Mongols in various social contexts other than their approach to violence and the extensive use of power. When it comes to the consideration of the Mongols Empire as the dominant civilization than there are many different factors of consideration. A critical exploration of the cultural, social, and religious perspectives of Mongols is also important to make better inference about the influence of Mongols as the powerful civilization. The theoretical foundations set by Rubruck in case of civilization can be used to comprehensively observe the overall approach of Mongol civilization. Exploration of different aspects of Mongols further helps to identify the foundations that can be used to determine Mongols as civilization. Here, the particular focus is to critically analyze Mongol’s culture considering Rubruck’s account to make better inferences about the perspective of civilization for Mongols. DiscussionDeep observation of the social factor of culture is mandatory to define a nation under the perspective of civilization. The benchmark of culture is used by Rubruck to investigate the account of civilization specifically in case of Mongols. At the first step, it is essential to understand the theoretical foundations of the concept of civilization to determine the social position of Mongols. The prospect of civilization defined as the proper combination of the aspects of culture, science, industry, and the government ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LZFYzthD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown)","plainCitation":"(Brown)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2037,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/FDIVZ99F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/FDIVZ99F"],"itemData":{"id":2037,"type":"webpage","title":"What Is a Civilization, Anyway?","container-title":"World History Connected","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Cynthia Stokes"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown para 4). This particular interpretation assists to consider the major characteristics of the civilization in case of different nations. Culture is illustrated as one major standard to define the position of any nation in the form of civilization. This particular standard of civilization can also use in case of Mongols to determine their position as a civilized nation. The cultural perspective of Mongols can be observed in many different forms such as their everyday religious practices and different customs. Early Western accounts of Mongols focused by Rubruck to provide comprehensive and valuable knowledge about the cultural practices of Mongol people. Social and religious customs practiced in the Golden Horde (Mongol empire) are clear signs to identify Mongol’s position as a civilized nation. The element of Mongol’s celebrations is used as the standard by Rubruck to discuss the social and religious aspects of Mongol Empire. Events of Mongols’ celebrations illustrated by Rubruck are the clear indication of their inclination to follow rich cultural norms and customs. “Brother of the master” is the clear symbol of their trust in the religious standards and values that eventually helps to define their cultural domains ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mIPVOVlL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saad)","plainCitation":"(Saad)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2036,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/VEDC9RYM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/lMSdZ3dY/items/VEDC9RYM"],"itemData":{"id":2036,"type":"book","title":"William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols","publisher":"Lulu.com","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=kORJdSrWuG8C","ISBN":"978-1-4116-5876-9","author":[{"family":"Saad","given":"R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saad 10). There are many examples of their events of festivity shared by Rubruck that assist to recognize Mongols in the form of civilization. Making capital drinks in winter is another prominent cultural aspect of the Mongol Empire.

Adoption of cultural rituals was established as part of their faith that appeared in the form of different activities. Celebration practices adopted by Mongols clearly indicates about their sense of connectivity with each other as a group. This specific argument can evident through the example of the festival provided by Rubruck. He explained the whole event in detail when they enjoy feasting collectively and there was no distinction between men and women when it comes to express their happiness through drinking wine. Consideration of food is another major paradigm that helps to understand the cultural approach of the Mongol Empire. Details provided by the Rubruck shows that Mongol people strictly followed their traditional aspects when it comes to consuming different food items. They used any form of a dead animal as their food without any kind of distinction. This particular phenomenon reveals that the Mongols people were striving to eat meat regardless of creating any difference. Particular customs were also followed by them when it comes to their prospect of eating. Animals are used as an integral part of the diet of Mongols. It is observed by Rubruck during his journey that they were even motivated to consider rats and other small animals as their options of food.

Critical observation and analysis of the particular funeral practices of Mongol people can also be an effective approach to better understand the specific culture of the Mongol Empire. Loud crying was the basic funeral ritual followed by Mongol people when someone dies from them. Another clear fact about their funeral practices is that they buried their noble individuals in different tombs and regularly visit those places. Another interesting traditional feature was the custom of the Mongol Tribe that they buried treasure with their dead bodies. This particular practice indicates about unique cultural perspective practiced by the people of Mongol Empire. Setting a statue of the dead person was the common tradition that was built in some specific manner to depict their unity. Development of pyramids was another funeral practice adopted by Mongols as their basic cultural practice. The strong traditional paradigm of Mongol people can also be observed in a manner when people were not allowed to visit any sick person. This certain traditional practice helps to consider that they strictly followed some superstitious beliefs in their lives. Consideration of the religious customs of Mongols is another clear aspect to identify the actual culture prevailed in the Mongol Empire. The pyramid structure of authority applied in Mongol Empire that developed basic principles of faith for everyone. Practices for different days of month decided by them by following their adopted rules of astronomy that were set by their chief.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, it is essential to mention that the civilization of the Mongol Empire was rich in culture as Mongol people followed their traditions in different aspects of life. Their cultural practices can clearly be observed in the case of the aspects of religion, food, festivals, and funeral practices. The description of traditional norms shared by Rubruck is a useful source of information to observe the lives of Mongol people other than their popularity of improper approaches of power and brutality.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, Cynthia Stokes. “What Is a Civilization, Anyway?” World History Connected, 2009.

Saad, R. William of Rubruck’s Account of the Mongols. Lulu.com, 2005, https://books.google.com/books?id=kORJdSrWuG8C.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Assgiment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Assignment

The most striking idea about the impact laid by urbanization on metropolitan life is the project of mapping or map-making as mapping is the work done by the public which transformed the whole London over the course of the mid-nineteenth century. The project of mapping and movement in that era was a phenomenal idea as various systematic construction of subways and the diagrams for mapping the city made the city as a body which is to be rendered correctly. The residents and engineers were involved very profoundly with the aim to build the city into a refined and organized form by accurately mapping the streets and roads.

The task of mapping required the urban body to be made intelligible and visible on the world map and the map of the country (Nead, np). Visibility referred to the perceptibility, and it not only came through maps but also due to the advertisements and illustrations in the newspaper. According to Nead, the altering exterior of London necessitated the representation in new forms, for instance, increased plotting of the maps in the surface and subterranean roads. But in order to do this articulately, the urban cartography of picturesque tradition had to be paved in a new, more nonconcrete representational viewpoint (Dennis, np). The skeleton ordnance survey of London and its vicinities are considered as one of the most primitive illustrations of the novel style in map-making. Nead explored the plainness, clarity, and effectiveness in ideologies of the modern mapping systems.

The detailed explanation of the London’s structure has been given in this book ‘Victorian Babylon’ by Nead. She gave an overview of the urbanization projects and issues in this book, and it clarified the Victorian Era and the impact on the metropolitan life of this urbanization. She offered an enhanced form of focus on the exemplary sites and gave a detailed view about on cultural importance through this urbanization.

Works Cited

Dennis, Richard. Cities in modernity: representations and productions of metropolitan space, 1840-1930. Vol. 40. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Nead, Lynda. Victorian Babylon: people, streets, and images in nineteenth-century London. Yale University Press, 2005.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Assigment 3 Part 1

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Assignment 3 Part 1

The story pertinent to the discovery of Machu Picchu had taken different courses throughout the years. The accepted version is of Hiram Bingham which states he set out to explore and find a lost city buried in the impenetrable tropical jungle. Annie Peck was a prominent mountain climber who assisted him to explore Peru. She was a brave woman who nourished the belief that Mount Huascaran was higher than Aconcagua and after several attempts, she succeeded to climb it on August 1908.

Annie Peck and Hiram Bingham were irrefutably different from the Spanish Conquistadores and the New Imperialists as they aimed at exploring rather than dictating their hegemony. However, Bingham was accused of violating the territorial integrity of Inca sites. Bingham's intentions were exploring the architectural items but it also seems contentious ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N1LCYNld","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Finders Not Keepers\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Finders Not Keepers”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/PUPTG6ZQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/PUPTG6ZQ"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"webpage","title":"Finders Not Keepers: Yale Returns Artifacts To Peru","container-title":"NPR.org","abstract":"Objects excavated from the Machu Picchu ruins in the early 1900s have finally come home. The artifacts were taken by Yale explorer Hiram Bingham III. After 100 years, an international custody battle and an angry letter from Yale alumni, they're are back on display in their country of origin.","URL":"https://www.npr.org/2012/01/01/143653050/finders-not-keepers-yale-returns-artifacts-to-peru","title-short":"Finders Not Keepers","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Finders Not Keepers”). If it was found from Inca sites, they should have been there. Peck was the lady who motivated Bingham after climbing the mountain which Bingham took as a challenge and competition.

Yale explorer returned some of the items after exploring them to Peru but some were kept in possession ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jaCpQ35f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Yale Returns Machu Picchu Artifacts To Peru\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Yale Returns Machu Picchu Artifacts To Peru”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":140,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/F2A2GQES"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/yvjivw9i/items/F2A2GQES"],"itemData":{"id":140,"type":"webpage","title":"Yale Returns Machu Picchu Artifacts To Peru","container-title":"NPR.org","abstract":"After nearly 100 years, a collection of antiquities from the Inca site of Machu Picchu is going home. The artifacts have been at the center of a long and bitter custody battle between the government of Peru and Yale University.","URL":"https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132083890/yale-returns-machu-picchu-artifacts-to-peru","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Yale Returns Machu Picchu Artifacts To Peru”). However, the demands of Peruvian accelerated in the past decade and Yale and Peru engaged in a confrontation in a federal court of the United States. The artifacts were ultimately decided to be returned to Peru in various shipments for research and experiment purposes.

The problem of the artifact is contentious as it includes retrieval of an item which was found by Bingham in the first place. It can be argued that if Bingham had not found the artifacts, they would not have existed. The issue should be resolved amicably by a collaboration of Peru and Yale. The specific time period should be allotted to both the parties wherein they can possess the artifacts.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Finders Not Keepers: Yale Returns Artifacts To Peru.” NPR.Org, https://www.npr.org/2012/01/01/143653050/finders-not-keepers-yale-returns-artifacts-to-peru. Accessed 1 May 2019.

“Yale Returns Machu Picchu Artifacts To Peru.” NPR.Org, https://www.npr.org/2010/12/15/132083890/yale-returns-machu-picchu-artifacts-to-peru. Accessed 1 May 2019.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Assigment 3 Part 2

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Cod

Date

The Cold War: Guatemala

Question 1:

CIA declassified the sixty years old documents related to the Guatemala cold war during the year 1997. The cold war was fought in the earlier years of the 1950s. The purpose of the cold war was to get rid of the president of Guatemala who was believed to be a communist. The declassified documents of the CIA revealed the planning of the operation to carry out the operation with the support of the Guatemalan army, which also planned to kill almost fifty-eight supporters of the president. The documents were declassified under the Freedom of Information Act, that the public has the right to know about the matters which are not classified anymore (Weiner).

Question 2:

The cold war policy of the United States of America during the post second world war ear was containment. The forces of the United States of America, as well as the CIA, tried to restrict the popularity of communism in the region. The cold war of Guatemala was also for the sake of stopping the communist rule in the region. The country wanted to keep the Soviet and communist support out of the western hemisphere (Weiner).

Question 3:

The involvement of the United States of America in Guatemala was based on manipulating the political stance of the public and their views about the ruling force of the country. The CIA led the operation and motivated the army of Guatemala to carry on the operation of assassinating the then president of Guatemala, named Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, who was believed to be a communist supporter. The United States of America feared that Guatemala would ultimately become a communist state, leading to the popularity of communism in the western hemisphere. The involvement of the United States of America was not justified because it did not have any right to manipulate the internal affairs of any country (Bergin).

Question 4:

During the cold war of Guatemala, the CIA planned to assassinate at least fifty-eight Guatemalans because there were the close allies of the then president of Guatemala, who was believed to be the supporter of communism. CIA had planned the assassination of the president and feared that his mission of spreading communism in the region would be forwarded by his allies. The killing of the fifty-eight Guatemalans was planned to ensure that communism does not grow in the country and the region (Weiner).Question 5:

The main purpose of the forces and government of the United States of America towards lending support to the Guatemalan military over its democratically elected government was to ensure that communism is not supported in the region. The United States of America was not in favor of the communist rule and did not want the other countries in the region to support it. So it started an operation against the democratically elected government of Guatemala. CIA manipulated the military of the government regarding the aims and plains of the president and provided the support to lead his assassination. The forces of the United States of America also provided support to establish a new democratic rule in Guatemala (Bergin).

Question 6:

The thing which strikes me the most about the trial of former General Rios Montt is that he had not enacted the whole operation according to his will and power. He was the most prominent figure during the Guatemala cold war and became the president of the country after that. He was not the only assailant in the actions which were inhumane, violent and oppressive. However, he was the only one who got punished (Malkin).

Question 7:

The thing which strikes me that U.S. officials were not part of the trial is that they only offered an apology for ruining the political structure of a country, as well as taking the life of a number of human beings (Malkin).

Works Cited

Bergin, Eleanor Reid. "The CIA And Regime Change: Lessons From The Cold War." (2015).

Malkin, Elisabeth. "Trial on Guatemalan Civil War Carnage Leaves Out US Role." New York Times, May 16 (2013): 2013.

Weiner, Tim. "CIA in 1950's Drew Up List of Guatemalan Leaders to Be Assassinated." New York Times, May 28 (1997): 1997.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Assigment 3 Part 3

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Assignment 3 part 3

The divide between Shia and Sunni started from the moment when the last prophet Muhammad SAW died. The question rose who will lead after him. Afterward, various factors further expended the religious division include; the Battle of Karbala in 680s, the takeover of Iran by Safavid those were Shia, Sykes-Picot agreement, and the emergence of political Islam in the twentieth century. Battle of Karbala was the event when this religious division turned deadly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Q0QXz7U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}\\uc0\\u8206{}Throughline\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“‎Throughline”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":648,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/ASPIUDFU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/ASPIUDFU"],"itemData":{"id":648,"type":"webpage","title":"‎Throughline: War Of The Worlds on Apple Podcasts","container-title":"Apple Podcasts","abstract":"‎Show Throughline, Ep War Of The Worlds - Apr 17, 2019","URL":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/war-of-the-worlds/id1451109634?i=1000435201602","shortTitle":"‎Throughline","language":"en-us","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“‎Throughline”).

Since the beginning, the political power was in the hand of Sunnis. However, Shia got country Iran with own ethnic identity and military. In addition new movement known as Wahhabism shaking up the political order of the region of Saudi Arabia. Muhammad SAW was the political leader who united Arabia. However, present political leaders are more concerned about who will get the power rather than power based on Islam which is bringing the real conflicts.

Yes, the European division of the Middle East after World War I is similar to the scramble for Africa. The main reason behind both was the seeking of power by the European countries by demolishing the Ottoman Empire and Africa. European established colonization of African territory and partitioned the Ottoman Empire. The partition of the Ottoman Empire was planned by the allied powers include; Italian, French, and British. The scramble of Africa was the result of strategic rivalry by Germany, Italy, and Britain.

The Sykes-picot agreement was the treaty made between France and the United Kingdom. The main reason for the treaty was to divide the Ottoman Empire with approval from Italy and Russia. The agreement was made in 1916 and presented by the Russian Bolshevik government on 23 November 1917. The Balfour policies were based on the declaration by the British government which announced the support for Jews for the establishment of Jewish national hometown in Palestine. Policies included; Jewish will get the political and civil rights in Palestine and any other countries.

In 1948, the US helped Jews to make Jewish hometown with the policy of support and sympathy. US made the unusual corporation that made Israel dependent on the US for its military and economic strength. In 1967, during the 6-day war the US supported Israel by providing military support; however, he tried to hide his support in front of the world. The strategy made the US most distrusted for Israel ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MDcUSvHm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dalrymple)","plainCitation":"(Dalrymple)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":646,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SQX78PTT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SQX78PTT"],"itemData":{"id":646,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Opinion | Why Karzai Bites the Hand That Feeds Him","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"Opinion","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"As America prepares to withdraw from Afghanistan, Britain’s 1842 defeat looms large.","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/opinion/sunday/why-karzai-bites-the-hand-that-feeds-him.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Dalrymple","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10,19]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dalrymple).

The cold war manifested grave impacts on the states of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran. The influence of the Soviet Union dominated the state of affairs in Afghanistan. For instance, the rise of the Taliban and the confrontation of several stakeholders in Afghanistan is an explicit illustration of the detrimental consequences of the cold war. Likewise, both Iran and Iraq advanced to witness revolutionary movements and campaigns which changed the domestic political model in true letter and spirits.

Afghanistan is known as the graveyard of Empires because numbers of empires were made over the region. From the past, Afghanistan remained in the power of foreign countries. Afghanistan collapsed the Soviet Union. Britain was unable to cope with Afghanistan which resulted in the breakdown of ties between Shah Shuja and Britain envoy. The US also tried to get power in the region; however, he lost a large number of militants and budget in the area. The US is spending more than a hundred billion dollars per year in Afghanistan. Britain lost three wars with Afghanistan and the US is paying almost the same at the time.

Durand line is the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Sir Mortimer Durand who was a British diplomat established this international border in 1893. The Durand Line agreement was made after the 1st phase of Anglo-Afghan second war. At that time British controlled the diplomatic and foreign affairs of Afghanistan, therefore border was made to fix the limit of both the countries to enhance the trading and diplomatic relations.

From the past of Afghanistan it can understand that even after the influence of various foreign Empire, the unity of tribes and their leader created the difficulty for the outsiders. The leadership of the region can defeat the power and norms of the other culture. Britain who defeated the number of regions lost the war with Afghanistan. Now America is doing the same losing his military and an annual budget in Afghanistan. In addition, continues power over the people of the outsider can make oppressed people aggressive and extremist like happening in Afghanistan through the Taliban ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FJ2e3kAw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}We Created Islamic Extremism\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“We Created Islamic Extremism”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":647,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/YUU6KV5D"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/YUU6KV5D"],"itemData":{"id":647,"type":"webpage","title":"We created Islamic extremism: Those blaming Islam for ISIS would have supported Osama bin Laden in the '80s","container-title":"Salon","abstract":"Jingoists conveniently forget the West's Cold War strategy was to arm the Islamic extremists that became al-Qaida","URL":"https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/we_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s/","shortTitle":"We created Islamic extremism","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",11,17]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“We Created Islamic Extremism”).

Afghanistan was a secular country who started fighting for freedom. Afghanistan started fighting with the Soviet Union. Al-Qaeda was initially worked for America while the Taliban was the freedom fighters of Afghanistan. So-called freedom fighters are the forefathers of al-Qaeda and ISIS. The US came up with the strategy of the cold war against socialism by supporting extremist of Islam. This strategy resulted in the power of Islamic extremist in the Middle East supported by the West.

West cultivated Osama bin Laden by using him in the strategy of the cold war in Afghanistan. He belonged to a rich family of Saudia. West invested in his international network that turned into al-Qaeda later. Osama bin Laden organized the number of foreign fighters to fight against USSR by providing weapons and construction equipment. The militia was established from throughout North Africa and the Middle East.

The concept of Jihad disappeared hundreds of years ago which was revived in the 1980s by America. America helped Osama bin Laden to establish militia against the Soviet Union that intervened in Afghanistan. The US used Muslims for his strategy. He invested to mobilize 1 billion Muslims to fight against Reagan. CIA agents increased their visit to Muslim countries to encourage Muslims for jihad. Bin Laden helped the US and recruit a number of Muslims for the jihad against communism.

Osama bin Laden belonged to the rich family of Saudia Arabia. He helped America by providing Muslims fighters against the Soviet Union. In 1990, the US entered into Saudia Arabia by force. After defeating Saddam US did not leave the land of Kaaba due to which the US lost his trust by Laden. He warned America and three years later attacked twins' towers in New York.

The US went to Saudia Arabia by force and got the trust of Osama bin Laden by made him believe that US troops were there to helping Saudia in fighting against Saddam Hussain. There were no foreign forces on the land before. However, after defeating Saddam, US did not leave the land which resulted in jihad by bin Laden against US troops.

In 1990, the US supported Iraq by providing them weapon and support against Iran. UK government gave permission to Saddam Hussain to produce the chemical weapons for war. However, the US invaded Iraq for using chemical weapons against them. The US defeated Saddam Hussain whom they first helped during the Iran-Iraq war.

Illegal attack of US in Iraq lead to a loss of about one million lives. A large number of deaths and destruction destabilized the whole Middle East. In this situation al-Qaeda performed as a militant group and spread like a wildfire, the extreme condition of the Middle East lead to the emergence of ISIS.

In the Middle East, most of the countries have been socialist. These countries were repressive to women because laws were made on the basis of Sharia rather than equality among men and women.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Dalrymple, William. “Opinion | Why Karzai Bites the Hand That Feeds Him.” The New York Times, 19 Oct. 2018. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/opinion/sunday/why-karzai-bites-the-hand-that-feeds-him.html.

“‎Throughline: War Of The Worlds on Apple Podcasts.” Apple Podcasts, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/war-of-the-worlds/id1451109634?i=1000435201602. Accessed 15 May 2019.

“We Created Islamic Extremism: Those Blaming Islam for ISIS Would Have Supported Osama Bin Laden in the ’80s.” Salon, 17 Nov. 2015, https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/we_created_islamic_extremism_those_blaming_islam_for_isis_would_have_supported_osama_bin_laden_in_the_80s/.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

Assigment 3 Part 4

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Assignment 3 part 4

26-year-old John Chau from Washington, who was a self-described adventurer got killed by the people of a remote island in the Indian Ocean. It was prohibited to visit the island as the people of the island lives isolated and do not tolerate outsiders on their land ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"w2TdNXw5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gettleman)","plainCitation":"(Gettleman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":429,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/9YQFX6E5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/9YQFX6E5"],"itemData":{"id":429,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"John Chau Wanted to Change Life on North Sentinel Island. Was He Wrong?","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"Sunday Review","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"The death of a young American missionary on a tropical island at the hands of an indigenous group has left us to wonder: Are they better off with us or without us?","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/sunday-review/sentinelese-people-isolated-tribes.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Gettleman","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",12,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gettleman). The reason for Chau visit to the island was to convert the people to Christianity. He made two visits over there. At first attempt, the people of North Sentinel Island tried to kill him but luckily he got safe due to the bible that he was holding in his hand. However, he made the wrong decision to revisit the island as he already experienced the reaction of the people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9m03O7jL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Death of American Missionary Could Put This Indigenous Tribe\\uc0\\u8217{}s Survival at Risk\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Death of American Missionary Could Put This Indigenous Tribe’s Survival at Risk”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":427,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NU6QBBF6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/NU6QBBF6"],"itemData":{"id":427,"type":"webpage","title":"Death of American missionary could put this indigenous tribe's survival at risk","container-title":"Culture & History","abstract":"If the Sentinelese are \"pacified\" in the wake of the death of an American missionary, they may suffer the same fate as other tribes in the Andaman Islands.","URL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/11/andaman-islands-tribes/","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",11,28]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Death of American Missionary Could Put This Indigenous Tribe’s Survival at Risk”).

In January 1991, the team went to North Sentinel to meet the isolated tribe and establishing positive relation by giving them gifts. Cattopadhyay was the first woman who was among the team after giving the written undertaking letter to the government. The people of the tribe were afraid initially but after sometimes they came closer to the team. The team revisited the island later but during third visit, there was no one due to bad weather. Indian authorities abandoned their gift giving after 1991 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G8UbuMjD","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Meet the First Woman to Contact One of the World\\uc0\\u8217{}s Most Isolated Tribes\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Meet the First Woman to Contact One of the World’s Most Isolated Tribes”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":428,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/59YSYJ89"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/59YSYJ89"],"itemData":{"id":428,"type":"webpage","title":"Meet the first woman to contact one of the world’s most isolated tribes","container-title":"Culture & History","abstract":"Anthropologist Madhumala Chattopadhyay floated coconuts to the Sentinelese in an unusually friendly exchange with a tribe hostile to outsiders.","URL":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/12/first-woman-chattopadhyay-contact-sentinelese-andaman/","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",12,7]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Meet the First Woman to Contact One of the World’s Most Isolated Tribes”).

No, there is no such ethical way to contact the isolated tribes. These tribes prefer to be isolated because of the threat of diseases and mistreatment. Therefore, the government should maintain the no contact policy with these communities unless protection is not made against the threat of disease and mistreatment. Anthropologists believe that disease epidemics is developed from demographic inconsistency and reproductive effects and it can make the disappearance of these isolated communities in the future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cSBgIjzI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Londo\\uc0\\u241{}o)","plainCitation":"(Londoño)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":431,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/K9PWK98S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/K9PWK98S"],"itemData":{"id":431,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Missionary’s Killing Reignites Debate About Isolated Tribes: Contact, Support or Stay Away?","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"World","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"There are dozens of communities that continue to live completely off the grid, mostly in the Amazon, where drug traffickers, miners and ranchers threaten them.","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/world/americas/isolated-tribes-sentinel-island.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","title-short":"Missionary’s Killing Reignites Debate About Isolated Tribes","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Londoño","given":"Ernesto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",12,2]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,23]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Londoño).

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Death of American Missionary Could Put This Indigenous Tribe’s Survival at Risk.” Culture & History, 28 Nov. 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/11/andaman-islands-tribes/.

Gettleman, Jeffrey. “John Chau Wanted to Change Life on North Sentinel Island. Was He Wrong?” The New York Times, 4 Dec. 2018. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/sunday-review/sentinelese-people-isolated-tribes.html.

Londoño, Ernesto. “Missionary’s Killing Reignites Debate About Isolated Tribes: Contact, Support or Stay Away?” The New York Times, 2 Dec. 2018. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/30/world/americas/isolated-tribes-sentinel-island.html.

“Meet the First Woman to Contact One of the World’s Most Isolated Tribes.” Culture & History, 7 Dec. 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/12/first-woman-chattopadhyay-contact-sentinelese-andaman/.

Subject: History and Anthropology

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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