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The United States has always been a nation of immigrants. However, the attitudes towards new immigrants have always hesitated and hostile. The United States is changed from a country of welcoming everyone to expelling and kicking out people from the country. The early people in America were also immigrants that came during the last ice age. So, the foundation and success of the country depend entirely on the policy of immigration. The country faced rising immigration issues in the early 20th century. More than 14.5 million immigrants came to the country between the years 1900 and 1920. This huge number of migrants changed the perception and attitude of different policymakers towards immigration policies. New legislations in 1903 and 1907 were introduced to strengthen the national immigration laws. Different commissions were formed to investigate the reasons for immigration from southern and eastern Europe. These commissions proved very influential in developing the immigration act in 1917.

The sentiments against Immigration grew more and more, despite that many immigrants were serving faithfully in the US army. Since most of the immigrants were European which led and many were from German Descent, which led to emotions of anger among people against them. Many Irish people were also subjected to hate as they supported Germany in WW1 and hoped that a German victory will lead to Irish independence from Great Britain. This led to the emotions of Isolation and Nativism in the mind of many Americans and led to the closing of the immigration door for many people.

Different literacy tests were introduced to check whether immigrants were able to read and write in the native language. More hard and difficult medical examinations were introduced which further reduced the number of immigrants traveling to America. The immigration number further reduced due to the outbreak of World War 1. New duties were further introduced to assess the people about their work and whether they were spies or just refugees. Passport compulsions were also introduced in 1918 and paperwork was further made detailed and eventually, proper border crossing cards were introduced.

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In the 20th century, Ellis Island in New York was created as the base camp for immigrants. This resulted in a decrease in the number of immigrants from east European countries. Many of the immigrants were coming to America for a better living so they were poor and lacked money. Many groups surfaced and asked authorities to take literacy and medical tests of the people that we're entering the country. The president’s art that time opposed the theories however, in 1917 congress passed the bill and made the education requirement compulsory. Later in the 1920s quotas were introduced on nationality basis which reduced the people entering the country from Africa and the Eastern European countries which were at war against the US. Immigration from Asian countries was also cut short. However, at the same time Visas were available for people from Great Britain and Western European which shows that the policy was primarily not to restrict the number of people coming to the United States but to restrict people that were at war with the country. However, the basic purpose of the immigration act was to reserve a sense of homogeneity in the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FiNQnJOy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Milestones: 1921\\uc0\\u8211{}1936 - Office of the Historian})","plainCitation":"(Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":149,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/V9U6AXQ5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/V9U6AXQ5"],"itemData":{"id":149,"type":"webpage","title":"Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian","URL":"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian).

European Anarchism was at its peak at that time and people from Europe escaped from the reason ranging from famine, religious disharmony, political persecution, and inequality. The vast majority of the incoming immigrants came and settled in the cities to make a better living for themselves. The lack of opportunities for local people, fear of conflict and imposition of European Anarchism pushed local people to revolt and act against them. The local natives turned to government and asked for policies like Americanization, isolation, and Nativism. The concept of Nativism was to show superiority towards American that was living longer there as compared to incoming people. Local nativists pointed out that the incoming immigrants will bring a mindset of European Anarchism and their assassination of Italian and Spanish presidents with them ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pGEtdBoV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Huber)","plainCitation":"(Huber)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":152,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/8E8VBGPR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/8E8VBGPR"],"itemData":{"id":152,"type":"article-journal","title":"Make America great again: Donald Trump, racist nativism and the virulent adherence to white supremecy amid US demographic change","container-title":"Charleston L. Rev.","page":"215","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Huber","given":"Lindsay Perez"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Huber). The urbanization that occurred after the postwar was also one major thing that angered the local people. The increase in the population of cities meant that their growth was very rapid and a disconnect was created between rural areas and cities. Expanding cities means that more opportunities were available in cities and those opportunities were preoccupied with the incoming immigrants. The incoming immigrants were also skilled and have huge experience in industries. People who left rural areas for opportunities felt that their place was already taken by someone else. Cities were liberal and sinful for rural Americans and they felt that they were left behind their times.

The nativist movements were part of the American culture before the start of this immigration period and throughout the country's history. It dates back to the Know-Nothing Party of the 1840s when different Irish and catholic groups created an organization to promote Nativism in America ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WTiy93wr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Young)","plainCitation":"(Young)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":151,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/YUDE9JVR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/YUDE9JVR"],"itemData":{"id":151,"type":"article-journal","title":"Making America 1920 again? Nativism and US immigration, past and present","container-title":"Journal on Migration and Human Security","page":"217-235","volume":"5","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Young","given":"Julia G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Young). This party did nothing on the national level however, it created a sense of feeling that there is a need for a policy that can control the laws and regulations that can deal with people immigrating to the country.

ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"boXznkMC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brandenburger)","plainCitation":"(Brandenburger)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":146,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/339DT22H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/339DT22H"],"itemData":{"id":146,"type":"article-journal","title":"The High Tide of Immigration—A National Menace","author":[{"family":"Brandenburger","given":"Mackenzie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brandenburger)

The current policies of the American government are more like a revisit to the past. The sense of white superiority and feeling among the public and government institutions that a certain religion is a danger to the existence and survival of American society. The current ban on mosques and the immigration ban on Muslims from certain countries is a reflection of the immigration policy of 1924. A certain group of people is being targeted and put to a patriotic act. The similarities between the Nativism in early 1900 and that of today. Especially the way it is targeted towards a specific group and nationality. There is a huge misconception that if a person came from outside the country his existence will be threatening to the local people however this has not been the case historically and many countries have enjoyed its benefits. The prime example of Which is America itself followed by one of its neighboring countries in Canada. The people who have suffered the most from Nativism in recent times are Mexicans and Immigrants from middle eastern countries.

The concept of Americanism was changed in previous decades. Being American in the past few decades was to be someone who fights against terrorism and work for its supremacy in the world. However, with the new Government, it has changed significantly again. The concept of racism and White supremacy is making its way again. Nativism and Americanization are making their way again. Its study shows that Nativism identifies that it cannot be eradicated and it works in cycles to make its way again. One thing that is also important to note that immigrants themselves can also adopt the concept of Nativism so can their descendants. Complete eradication of Nativism may be impossible however, steps can be taken to improve the legislation and immigration policies.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brandenburger, Mackenzie. The High Tide of Immigration—A National Menace. 2012.

Huber, Lindsay Perez. “Make America Great Again: Donald Trump, Racist Nativism and the Virulent Adherence to White Supremecy amid US Demographic Change.” Charleston L. Rev., vol. 10, 2016, p. 215.

Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act. Accessed 8 Nov. 2019.

“‘The Americanese Wall,’ March 25, 1916.” IDCA, 5 June 2018, https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/immigration-regulation-response-and/americanese-wall.

Young, Julia G. “Making America 1920 Again? Nativism and US Immigration, Past and Present.” Journal on Migration and Human Security, vol. 5, no. 1, 2017, pp. 217–35.

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Self-Deception

Introduction

His weakness was his belief that evil had boundaries (Erik Larson). This quote of Erik Larson has been taken from another book, but it suits to Isaac’s Storm as much as it suits to that book. Isaac's Storm: A Man, a Time, and the Deadliest Hurricane in History (1999) tells the story of the chief meteorologist at the Galveston Texas office of the US Weather Bureau named Isaac Monroe Cline (1861-1955) who was a prominent figure during Galveston hurricane of September 1900 stormed many parts of the US and Canada. Larson attempts to convey the idea that we should not deceive ourselves, and we should not become arrogant if we hold a public office or otherwise our stubbornness would become the cause of mass destruction. He claims that Mother Nature was not the only cause of that destruction rather human follies brought more harm. He uses scientific details in the book that cause some boredom in the text, but for those who have an interest in meteorology can learn very much from this book. Larson’s book Isaac Storm (1999) is an interesting and informative book that tells the reader much about the famous Galveston storm of 1900 AD and it also tells what happens when we undermine warnings regarding issues of public interest. Finally, it reveals the consequences of irrational and blind belief in human-made machinery, it becomes the cause of self-delusion and self-deception that leads to mass destruction.

Body

Erik Larson wrote this book one whole century after the Galveston hurricane of September 1999 that shows that he intended to refresh the memory of Americans about the hurricane. Underlying reasons were that he wanted to recollect the reasons that caused the sudden death of more than 8,000 Americans. His focus was to talk about the reasons other than Mother Nature (natural occurrence of the disaster). Thus, the main point he was trying to get across was that the people designated in public offices have more responsibilities than their ones, and they are expected to behave more rationally and pragmatically rather than being arrogant of authority and power. Cline’s statement that the claim about expected deadly hurricane Galveston is “a crazy idea” is the example of such arrogance because he ignored the warnings given by the Cuban meteorologists.

Mother Nature had its role in the disaster, but the human lives that were consumed by the hurricane would be fewer if there were no role of human follies (the Weather Bureau). Larson writes about the men in the American Weather Bureau who were against the department's investment in technology to forecast the occurrence of a hurricane or other natural disasters. He mentions Chief Harrington’s decision to designate General Dunwoody as an executive of the department who was not a good person to hold such post: “Dunwoody had been,…, objecting at every opportunity to Hazen's investment in scientific research” (Larson, Erik. N.p.). Larson calls him a snake who wanted to obstruct research on weather both in Cuba and the USA. Apart from such black sheep, the Weather Bureau and Isaac Cline ignored the Cuban meteorologists' implication that a deadly hurricane would hit Galveston soon.

The Gilded Age in America was a period of transformation in the economy, technology, government, and social customs. The US had become a developed society and they had much confidence in their solidly built houses that they thought that the hurricane would not be able to hurt them on a large scale even if it enters the city. Consider this excerpt from the book: “Fifty terrified men, women, and children packed into one room, …, Beside the bed stand Dr. Isaac Monroe Cline, thirty-eight years old, bearded, confident the house can endure anything” (Larson, 191). These lines show that the Gilded Age had made them so confident that they did not consider to take special measures despite knowing the hurricane’s destruction in Cuba.

Larson spent so much time describing the scientific causes behind the hurricane. He shows his art of using imagery. His artistic language and the use of figures of speech have appealed the book to account for its literary worth apart from historical significance. His use of imagery and the detailed description of the scientific factors behind the hurricane helped him appeal to the logical sphere of his reader's mind. Moreover, it added much about the scientific reasons to his reader's mind. The issue with this detailed description is that it made the book specific to those parts of America where the hurricane is a known term. Thus, it nationalized the book but narrowed down its scope from an international perspective.

Isaac Cline might have behaved robust and strong nerved man having much knowledge about the world when he was mentioning stories about deadly storms throughout the world, but I am afraid how emotionless he was while talking about thousands of deaths far from his house: “"I had read of the Calcutta cyclone, October 5, 1864, which caused a storm tide 16 feet deep over the delta of the Ganges and drowned 40,000 persons” (Larson, Erik. N.p.). He might not know that his wife and children were also near to drown like those people about whom he was telling tales to his family. The following incidents reveal that all his family and the strong house perished during the hurricane and he miraculously escaped so did his assistant Joseph. They became estranged after the hurricane because Cline was proved badly wrong and it caused the death of more than 8000 Americans. Cline’s autobiography reveals that he later made announcement about the hurricane going against the policy of his department, and this announcement saved the lives of many people. Two arguments are enough to counter his statement. The first one is that there is no witness who can testify that he made any announcement. The other is that even if he is true in his claims, the time he tells about his announcement was the time when the storm has entered the city and the department has announced it already. Therefore, his announcement was of no importance at that moment when he himself was drowning.

The book is not a mere story of past rather it is a warning scripture for the future. It demands the government to allocate sensible, rational, and loyal people to the posts that are responsible for the lives of the public. 8000 American dead bodies stirred America and every analyst agreed that deaths on such a large scale were avoidable if timely safety measures were taken.

Conclusion

Larson’s book is an interesting piece of literature that is a non-fiction piece of work, but it is rich with artistic language and figures of speech like imagery, allusions, and metaphors. It gives factual information about the 1900 hurricane of Galveston, Texas. Moreover, it warns us to never underestimate any threat and stay prepared to tackle any kind of natural disaster. The book is interesting and I like it very much for a variety of qualities in one book: historical information, literary language, geopolitical commentary, scientific information, and a critique on the bureaucratic system. This book clearly tells what happens when a person is affected by self-deception, and it also reveals the consequences if a person sitting in a public office becomes self-deceptive. One segment of the book appealed to me lesser, and it is its chapter: The Law of Storms. It was because so much scientific details about the hurricane caused boredom, and I became less interested in reading the book. This issue, I suppose, can be solved if we discuss this chapter in class, otherwise, the book can be a useful piece of literature for this semester.

Cited Works

Larson, Erik, and J. Gordon Nelson. "Isaac's storm." Environments 27.1 (1999): 143.

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Will the internet have a positive or negative impact on how we process political information and form opinions about politics? Why?

Introduction

Technological advancement has changed the ways of living, and the internet could be reckoned as the latest discovery of man that has changed both ways of living and style of working. The Internet has revolutionized the world and today there is hardly any aspect or area of life that does not involve the internet. The Internet has broken all the man-made barriers and shrunken worldly distances. The information takes just a few seconds for reaching from one corner of the world to the other. Whenever anything happens in the world, the internet is searched as it is believed to have the latest and authentic update. It is asserted that the internet has brought a change in all fields of life; likewise, politics has also been shaped by the internet. Internet is used for conveying one’s voice to the world, in the blink of an eye, and has become one of the most popular ways of informing people about one’s vision and ideology (Chadwick et al, 2009). Internet has changed the conventional ways of politics and now political information is released over the internet for keeping people up to date about the actions/steps that a political party and government takes. It is difficult to say whether involvement of the internet would be having positive or negative impact in the processing of the political information as it is used and perceived differently.

Discussion

Different perceptions could be seen about the internet and how it affects the political information being processed through it. Political information consists of the set of activities that are linked with the political proceedings of a political party. Political information includes making decisions that would be for a greater number of people, as the political decision, whether taken by the ruling party or any other political party, affects a greater number of people. Some people are of the opinion that political information is impacted negatively when it is processed by the internet, while on the other hand, some claim that the internet can cast a positive impact on the political information, on how we process it. A person who supports the idea of a negative impact on the processing of the political information, believes that authenticity could have been tempered by political influence (Farrell et al, 2012). Contrary, those who are in favor of the internet, as something that positively impacts the political information that is being processed, believe that technologies like the internet bring new opportunities to political corporations and candidates for reaching more and more people, so that a greater number could understand their vision.

People who claim the involvement of the internet positively impact our way of processing political information, believe that political parties are being given the potential to spread information. Political information would process the positive aspect of the internet and be used in helping political parties build a relationship with the general public by raising a voice against matters they want to discuss on national and state forums. Internet (especially social media) is used for gathering information about the latest political affairs using various sites. The Internet would have a positive impact on the processing of political information as it has been regarded as a reliable source of information. The Internet has positive impacts on ways of how we process political information as it has become the fastest and most trusted available source (Mallinson et al, 2018). Authenticity, popularity, reliability, and availability are the factors that support the view of the positive impact of the internet, on how political information is processed.

Opinions formed about political activities by accessing information from the internet could be molded in several ways. It has been observed that the internet cast both negative and positive impacts of opinion-making about a political party or its activities. The Internet plays a positive role in forming a fair opinion about politics, as it helps people in knowing more about the political activities of a political party. On the other hand, it could be said that the internet positively impacts the perception or opinion being made, as the internet reveals major realities of political parties. For example, internet portrays the real image of any political figure or party as without any discrimination. Internet helps in viewing the actual face of the political leadership and activities as the internet as shrunken this world into a small global village where none of the reality could be hiding. The Internet plays a positive role in the making of opinion regarding a political party or activities, as it spots light on all the related aspects regarding a political party or activity.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the above discussion, it could be asserted that the internet has both negative, as well as, positive impacts on how political information is processed through the use of the internet. The Internet would have a positive impact on how we process political information as news regarding the political happenings comes up on different sites and pages within a matter of seconds. The Internet also helps the political leadership in having a healthy relationship with the general public as it provides several forums to the particular political parties and to share the necessary information that they want to disclose to people. The Internet helps in forming an opinion about political parties and information by revealing facts. So, as a whole, it could be promulgated that the internet positively impacts on how political information is processed, along with forming of the opinion as it serves as the most authentic and reliable source, available to people.

Works Cited

Chadwick, Andrew. "The Internet and politics in flux." (2009): 195-196.

Farrell, Henry. "The consequences of the internet for politics." Annual review of political science 15 (2012).

Mallinson, Daniel J., and Peter K. Hatemi. "The effects of information and social conformity on opinion change." PloS one 13.5 (2018): e0196600.

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Yigit

Instructor Name

History and Anthropology

22 January 2020

Reflection

Answer 1

The second industrial age of the United States is perhaps cited as a great period in most of the US History Textbooks. What surprised me here is how this industry is often responsible for all the political tensions that we experience even today. Even these days, we are engaged in a trade war with the Chinese due to the will of some Industrialists that want to save some cash to fill their bank accounts rather than working for the greater good of the general public in the US.

Answer 2

In the readings, the thing that was specifically new to me was the concept of Social Darwinism. Not only does the concept feel absurd, but it is also a logical nightmare. The industry depends on the sweat and blood of the labor class. The industrialist contributes little when it comes to the daily workings of the industry. Every mentioned implication of this theory defies logic. If poverty and starvation are the products of idleness and weakness then why are do the citizens of rich Arab states live affluently in their idle lifestyle while the many here in the US do not have enough to educate their children up to college-level without incurring heavy debts. If the social classes owe each other nothing then why will the workers do the bidding of these large corporations and start their own smaller business on a personal scale? Lastly, inequality is the part of society, but no society can prosper with "growing inequality". Israel and China believe that, and that is why they constantly invest in their citizens and aspire for their better future. That is what our federal government should realize as they cannot even handle the current gun control crisis for the betterment of their citizens.

Answer 3

This 1883 animation from the ironical magazine Puck envisions a medieval-style joust between working individuals and the industrialists and railroad proprietors who to a great extent controlled the U.S. economy in the late nineteenth century. The observers in the area of the crowd stamped "Saved for Capitalists" incorporate railroad organization proprietors Jay Gould and William Henry Vanderbilt.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY There are no sources in the current document.

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Why and how did the federalist paper define the powers and structures of the constitution?

The Federalist papers are essays that were written by Alexander Hamilton to convince the New Yorkers to back the amended constriction. It defined the power and structure of the constitution as the government from the reflection of choices. It illustrates that the government is made of the judiciary, executive and legislative branch working in a coordinated manner. It was derived during the delegate meeting in Philadelphia where the constitution was ratified.

The federal papers were essential documents during the constitution-making process. According to Rowling and Richford (14), federal papers were written by Alexander Hamilton to illustrate the importance of the new constitution. Rowling and Richford (141) stated that it was important to accept the new form of government which introduces accountability and coordination. The first federal paper was published on October 27, 1787, by the New York Independent Journal and authored Alexandria Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. It was to provide justification for the need of the newly drafted constitution of the United State. Since the majority of New York delegates were opposed to the newly proposed constitution the federalist paper was written to provide detail illustration to the delegates and to the general public of the importance of the new constitution CITATION Ham91 \p 21 \l 1033 (Jay, Hamilton and James 21). It is stated that the adoption of the newly proposed constitution was difficult since delegates were divided on the power and structure of the government. Through federalist papers, the majority of delegates bought in the concept of power and structure of the government proposed in the constitution.

The event occurred in Philadelphia where all the delegates converged to discuss matters of constitution and politics of the country. According to Scot (14), the federal paper's ideas were arrived at after the proposed constitution was seen by some people as a bad law. The rejection of its content made Hamilton convince James Madison and John Jay to work together convince others to join them in supporting the proposed constitution. James Madison was in charge of convincing delegates from Virginia to endorse the newly proposed United States Constitution. First, the thirteen states were convinced to back the newly proposed constitution of the United States. In the constitution the general system of the government was defined, the separation of power was clearly highlighted and how the government coordinates to achieve its core function.

The mobilization of delegates by James Madison result to massive support from the delegates from Virginia. Oak (18) pointed out that James Madison effort ensured that the majority of delegates from the State of Virginia participated in the drafting of the newly proposed constitution. The majority of the delegates played an active role and this made the changing the structure of the government easy. Jay, Madison, and Hamilton (15) also noted that after the revolutionary war, many Americans realized that the established government under the article of confederation was not working. And therefore, Americans wanted a strong government, which can maintain national unity over a large geographical area. The newly proposed constitution was believed to be the best due to the way the power and structure of the government were drafted.

The federal paper was written by believers of the constitution and the new American after the article of Confederation failed to reflect the aspiration of many Americas. As stated by Ayer (25) the idea of the constitution-making process was to establish a united country. The article “The Federalist Papers," Independent Journal “was published by the independent Journal in 2015and authored by Ayre Brian. It illustrates what happened at Philadelphia when the newly proposed constitution was passed by the delegates.

It was first published by Congress to illustrate the power and structure of the government. It highlights key fundamentals of federal and its powers and therefore, it provides detailed information needed information regarding the definition of power and structure of the government of the United States. It is, therefore; define the power and structure of the government of the United States as a united and coordinated body. It illustrates that the power of the government was spread across three branches to offer check and balances of the government. The Judiciary, Executive and Legislation have a distinct role to play and therefore, the paper reports a distinct structure to the delegates and the people of the United States through Congress CITATION Bri15 \p 14 \l 1033 (Ayre 14).

It was written after a series of liberation by the members of Congress. Therefore, the information contains to reflect the position of the delegates and the lawmakers. It represents the agreed power and structure of the government as presented by the newly proposed constitution of the United States. It is, therefore, the best source, which illustrated detailed information about the power and structure of the government. The speaker gave the green light for the publication after the deliberation and agreement had been made on the newly proposed constitution. It, therefore, made the beginning of the use of the new constitution. It is chosen because of the efficient illustration provided about the research topic. Its publication was done after series of law review and efficient consultation by the house and therefore, it contains the most accurate and efficient information, which can be used to complete a research paper, with the similar research topic.

Based on my research I found the one source to be the most accurate and reflect what is illustrated in the research topic. The source “Federal papers edited by Hamilton Madison and Jay with an introduction and published by New York Independent Journal in October 1787” is the most accurate source. It provides the correct interpretation of federalist paper and how it describes the power and structure of the government. The source also contains methods and result of the federalist papers written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison. It is, therefore, one of the important sources with clear information regarding the federalist paper and how they offer illustration on the constitutional making process.

The selection of the source is based on the relevancy to the topic. It is evident that the source was written by a prominent personality. And therefore, the journal is based on the personal experience and therefore, it reflects the true picture of what transpired during the discussion and exacted of the newly proposed constitution of the United States. It was also published by a renowned journal, the New York Independent Journal and therefore, it reflects the true picture of what happened. The research focuses on the role of federalists in the realization of the new constitution, which change the power and structure of the government. It is important because the definition of the power and structure of the government was illustrated by the federal papers. The discussion of the constitution-making process was essential because it was the genesis of every aspect of power and structure of government. The federal paper was written to provide an explanation on the new changes in the constitution and therefore, it provides a better definition.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayre, Brian. "The Federalist Papers." Independent Journal (2015): 2-13.

Jay, Hamilton Madison. The Federal Papers edited by Hamilton Madison Jay with an introduction by Clinton ROaster. New York: New American Library, 1991.

Oak, James. The Article and The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. A History of the United States. Vol. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Rowling, Kenneth R., and Charlene Bang Bickford. Creating the bill of right, the document Record from the first congress. Vol. 1. Washington DC: John Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Scott, E.H. Journal of the Federal Convention kept by James Madison. New York: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.; Special, 2013.

Thomas, Kenneth R. "Federalism, State Sovereignty, and the Constitution: Basis and Limits of Congressional Power ." Congressional Research Service (2013): 3-18.

1. Urban Pollution

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Urban Pollution

Urban pollution is one of the most important issues of the modern world which is becoming severe with each and every passing day. The population of the urban areas of different parts of the world is increasing rapidly, which give rise to a number of other issues. It increases the housing requirements of the urban areas, increases the traffic and number of vehicles, as well as increase the industries in the society, in order to meet the needs of the growing population. So, the increase in urban population causes an increase in urban pollution. Sancini et al. authored an article in the year 2012, which was entitled "Urban pollution." The authors of the research study have explained in the article that the most important source of the urban pollution is the air pollution, which becomes a part of the atmosphere, due to a number of different reasons. Urban pollution may be caused due to the increase in urban population and increased air pollution in the urban area; however it is affecting the quality of life, as well as causing serious threats to the existence of the earth.

The article which I have selected for this paper is "Urban Pollution." As the title of the article suggests, it is about pollution in urban areas. The authors of the research article have only concentrated on one type of pollution which is rapidly increasing n the urban settings, and that is air pollution. The authors have explained that air pollution is not only affecting the quality of life in the urban areas, by causing a number of diseases, but also leaving long term effects on the atmosphere, which have the tendency of decreasing the lifespan of earth and cause its destruction. The authors are trying to argue n their research article is that with the groining population, in the urban areas, the traffic and housing schemes are also increasing. The increase in traffic is becoming a direct source of increasing air pollution, which is the biggest source of destroying the atmosphere. The authors have mentioned in their article that air pollution is also the primary source of a number of health issues. Carcinogens, as well as a mixture of different chemicals present in the smoke and fumes of the vehicles become a part of the atmosphere and make the air polluted. Moreover, when this air is inhaled by the general population, it causes them health issues like respiratory infection, chronic bronchitis, asthma and other different types of allergies, specifically skin allergy (Sancini et al., 190).

Another important aspect of urban pollution, which is explained and argued by the authors of the research article is industrial pollution. The authors have stated that the increase in the urban population also increases the economic needs of the society, due to which new industries are set up. The new industries are established for two purposes. One is to provide employment to the increasing population, and the other is to meet the economic needs of society. However, it also greatly contribute to the increase in pollution in society. The waste material of the industries causes not only water pollution but also air pollution, which further impacts the living conditions of society. Although the impact of urban pollution on the health and quality of the life of human beings is a greater issue, the greatest issue is that the atmosphere is deteriorating with every passing day. The temperature is rising and becoming the source of melting the glaciers. In addition to it, the ozone layer is depleting due to which the ultraviolet rays from the sun are directly reaching the earth and giving rise to skin and other breathing issues. If urban pollution kept increasing at the same rate, the earth would get demolished in next few centuries, so we really need to work on that aspects and ensure the control of pollution in the atmosphere by changing our habits and activities (Sancini et al., 194).

My views on the topic of the article are that it is the most crucial matter of society at these moments. We have been hearing the talks about increasing pollution in the society and its impacts on the environment of the past two to three decades, however, not paying any heed to the cause. In recent times, the environment and specifically climate of the world has started showing abrupt changes. There is extreme heat in some parts of the world that the forests are catching fires on their own and there is extreme cold in other parts of the world. Moreover, there is extreme rainfall in some countries, causing floods and at the same time, some countries are facing the issue of draught, which is seriously affecting the survival of human beings (Khodakarami, and Ghobadi, 168). My views are that it is the perfect time to take the issue of urban pollution a seriously and accrete awareness about the issue in society, as well as guide the public on how to control it. Moreover, the state departments need to play an even more important role by identifying the sources of pollution and making an effort to control pollution in society.

Pollution is one of the most crucial aspects of the society, which is deteriorating the quality of life, as well as the lifespan of the earth. Air pollution is emerging as the greater source of ruining the atmosphere, by increasing the concentration of chemicals and carcinogens in the air. This is the high time that we take the issue of urban pollution seriously and make an effort at the individual level to not contribute to pollution level in any way so that we can save our atmosphere and health conditions as well.

Works Cited

Khodakarami, Jamal, and Parisa Ghobadi. "Urban pollution and solar radiation impacts." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57 (2016): 965-976.

Sancini, Angela, et al. "Urban pollution." Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia 34.2 (2012): 187-196.

12 Years A Slave- Primary Source Analysis



12 Years A Slave- Primary Source Analysis

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12 Years A Slave- Primary Source Analysis

Who is Northup’s audience? How might he have geared the lessons of the story to his intended audience?

Northup's audience seems to be the general audience. The story is for all the people old and young, blacks or white. It is a story told to be known and remembered by everyone. For some, it might be a painful past and for some a reality check. It is a history many have forgotten and should be known. Some parents might not want their children to come across such history as it depicts brutality and unkindness, but overall, it is a story and history lesson for everyone.How did Northup convince his readers that his story was neither fabricated nor embellished but rather a verifiably true account of his experiences as a slave in the South?Northup assured his readers that he is telling the truth and that everything he said is without any biases and all the facts can be counter checked. Northup lived a life of slave under multiple owners, and he has mentioned all the owners in details and how he was treated by them; such information can be investigated and was investigated by few researchers and documented by some historians as well. Also, how Northup tells his story has a feeling to the truth to it and fact as well if one is knowledgeable about the history of the slaves. Northup, convincingly cited names, dates, events, and places that could be verified, he also declared that he will present a complete and candid account of all the major happenings in the history of his life, and will represent the tradition of Slavery as he had seen and known. It is not just a story by Northup but a story and history with a purpose to it.

Based on Northup’s account of Theophilus Freeman’s slave auction in New Orleans, what kinds of qualities did it seem buyers were looking for in a slave?Buyers of slaves looked for numerous qualities, and therefore, slaves would be presented in a manner to be sold easily. The sellers would make slaves open their mouths and examine their teeth just as a jockey inspects a horse before barter. Firstly, slaves were required to take a bath, those with beards have to shave their beards. Afterward, they would be given a new suit clean but cheap. The men would be given coat, a hat, pants, shirt, and shoes; the females were given dresses of calico, handkerchiefs, etc. to fix about their hair. Before presenting the slaves, they would get proper training as to how to act before the buyers.

Moreover, the tallest slaves were placed at the start and then the subsequent heightened slaves respectively. All of them were pressured to appear smart and energetic. Slaves were also stripped for minute inspections and scars on a slave's back were considered a sign of a slave.

What does Northup’s [Platt’s] prolonged confrontation with his second master, Tibeats, reveal about slave-master relations in the antebellum South?The confrontation of Northup with his master Tibeats reveals that the masters in the antebellum South were never satisfied with their slaves no matter how good and productive they used to be. Slaves used to earn plenty of money for their masters, but it was never good enough or appreciative for them. There was always continuous complains with no kind words. The masters were allowed by law to exercise any kind of authoritarian control. Overall, the relation was extremely abusive, oppressive, hurting and despising.

For what reasons did Northup criticize Southern plantations as inefficient?Northup's perch in the cultivated area grading allowed him to have an extensive look of the plantation both as a monetary enterprise and a communal one. He was disgusted by the exploitation that he suffered as a slave along with his fellow slaves, and too by the twisted, wretched culture that it produced. According to Northup, Slavery dehumanized "the humane and finer feelings" (Solomon, pp. 106) and stimulated even larger extremes among the worst.

What was an average day’s work like for Northup [Platt] on Master Epps’ plantation, where he spent ten years of his life as a slave?Every day work in the fields of mater Epps would end at sunset, but then again work would continue even after dusk and beyond. After a working the entire day, each slave had to attend to his or her particular errands, for example, one slave had to feed the mules, another slave had to feed the swine, some had to chop woods, etc. even packing had to be performed by candlelight and every slave might go to sleep.

What did Northup [Platt] buy with the money he saved, and how did the practice of earning "Sunday money," tips for playing the violin, and even free time during the holidays (e.g., Christmas) give rise to a distinct Southern slave culture?It was kind of a custom in the slave States to let a slave hold whatever payment he may acquire on Sundays for their services performed. The pretended Sunday money that is also labeled as the slaves' economy by historians was only a tricky set of provisions that permitted the slaves to supplement the inadequate payment that the masters doled out. The money made with Sunday money was usually used to purchase cutlery, clothes, liquor, tobacco, etc. , with his Sunday money bought a violin that helped him endure the extensive donkey's years of slavery. also tried multiple times to buy freedom with his saved money.Discuss the various ways Solomon Northup [Platt] attempted to escape. Why was it nearly impossible for slaves to escape from the Southern interior to freedom in the North?Throughout the years of slavery, Northup persistently tried to look for a way to escape and reclaim his liberty. According to Northup, “There was not a day throughout the ten years I belonged to Epps that I did not consult with myself upon the prospect of escape” (Solomon, pp. 123). More than a few times Northup thought that he had found a way to independence, but every time he was disappointed and even had disastrous consequences. Northup tells that it was nearly impossible to escape from the Southern interior to freedom in the north as there seems to be no way out. But the hope of liberty never left his attention.Discuss several key ways in which southern whites practiced everyday slights designed to demean slaves and cow them into submission by denying their manhood or womanhood.Northup reports that the slaves had to learn to take off their caps, lower their eyes, and bare their heads in front of their masters or the white men, it was a language of the slaves in front of the white men. They also had to step back to allow a white female to pass, through these forced acts and by negating the manhood or womanhood of the slaves, they were demeaned and made to cow into obedience.Discuss several key ways in which southern white plantation owners, plantation mistresses, managers, and overseers, psychologically terrorized slaves into complete submission.

Plantation mistresses' usual affairs with slaves mostly with subjugated females were convoluted by their spouses' flirtations in the quarters. Women slaves were psychologically terrorized by the owners by being raped by their male owners and then being abused the master's wife. Southern white plantation owners, Mistresses, Managers, and overseers also used to whip these slaves for many reasons.How did Northup finally secure his liberty after twelve years in slavery?

Northup made a connection a Mr. Bass, a carpenter he assisted. Mr. Bass was touched by Solomon’s life story and offered his help. Northup writes multiple letters and requests Bass to send them to the North to Parker and Perry which Bass forwarded. Parker and Perry received the letter in early September, and the men immediately forward it to Anne. Anne then asks Henry B. Northup to help release Northup. The Governor's personal attention made the case stronger. The case is then assessed, and after taking into consideration ground realities and confirming what was previously a free man, he is granted his right back and is released from slavery.

References

Northup, S. (1853). Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northrup, a Citizen of New York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853. Seven Treasures Publication.

19th Century Reforms Essay

Gabriel Liuzzi

Instructor Name

History and Anthropology

23 October 2019

Nineteenth-Century reform movements

Nineteenth-century reform movements were the political movements initiated by the local subjects of different kingdoms and states across the globe. They included several different movements inspired by the Second Awakening and Transcendentalism CITATION Phi07 \l 1033 (Gura, 2007). These movements aimed to gain rights from the ruling elite after the concept of nationalism started to take root in the daily lives of the people. One of these important movements was called temperance, which gave the concept of banning alcoholic beverages in the US. Another one of these movements moved for free education in all the US. In addition to that, different sections of the society were studied under the philosophy of transcendentalism, which believed in the good nature of the people and that everyone should be treated with respect, even criminals. These movements helped found several different organizations in the US like the American Anti-Slavery Society. A lot of movements were also initiated in states besides the US. For example, in European states, there was active campaigning for women's rights that finally paved the way for their right to vote CITATION Mar12 \l 1033 (Fuller, 2012). The Tanzimat movement was started by the Ottomans in attempts to modernize their empire and usher in a new era of prosperity. Several reforms were passed in the Russian Empire as well regarding the judicial system, the abolition of serfdom and the building of modern infrastructure CITATION Ale05 \l 1033 (Polunov, 2005). The Asians were also not left out of the fray as well. The Meiji Restoration was a set of reforms implemented in Japan that turned a weak ancient kingdom into a strong empire that annexed the entire Korean peninsula and a significant portion of China. The Chinese experienced a political reform of its own, in the shape of the Boxer's rebellion, that aimed at decreasing the British influence within their borders CITATION Mar15 \l 1033 (Margrit Pernau, 2015). Hence the nineteenth century experienced an unprecedented array of reforms that set the precedent of the modern nation-state concept and political system that is currently used throughout the world.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Fuller, M. (2012). Woman in the Nineteenth Century.

Gura, P. F. (2007). American Transcendentalism: A History.

Margrit Pernau, C. B. (2015). Civilizing Emotions: Concepts in Nineteenth-Century Asia and Europe.

Polunov, A. (2005). Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814-1914.

1st Document

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Changes in the Social Status of Women during Paleolithic and Neolithic Period

Introduction

The paleolithic period is characterized as an ancient cultural stage and human development stage. At that time, people usually preferred to live in groups and often choose locations that could be defended easily. Their survival was completely dependent on hunting and collecting nutrients such as plants to eat. During the paleolithic period, both genders had an equal position in society. All chores were equally divided among men and women, which illustrated that the concept of social status was almost not existed. Both genders were responsible to provide food for their families. However, at the beginning of the Neolithic period, inequality between the social status of men and women began to increase. The introduction of agricultural concepts and practice began to change the social status of both men and women. Here, the focus is to indicate various factors that led to the change in women’s status throughout history.

Discussion

A critical examination of the paleolithic period is highly necessary to determine the status of women in society. At that period, there was relative equality of sexes as men were responsible for hunting, while women had to gather plants to eat (2). Different roles of men and women in the paleolithic period comprised a hunter-gatherer society. It is important to mention that the woman was a major source of providing food for the family regardless of the fact that hunting seems more glamorous. This can be understood by the fact that meat was difficult to find during the winter and spring months. Therefore, it is obvious that women were the main provider of food for the entire family. However, the distribution of chores among men and women was more or less the same.

It is notable to mention that men were not only responsible for hunting wild animals as they had other chores as well. While women gathered all sorts of things such as nuts and seeds, men were responsible to make clothes with animal fur. They were also responsible to make certain accessories with bones and rocks. Furthermore, narrow stone blades and other such tools were crafted by paleolithic people with the help of ivory and bone. A critical analysis of the paleolithic period indicates that they had no idea about agriculture as they only gathered plants instead of planting them. Moreover, archeologists examined various sculptures of the paleolithic period, which provides a sufficient indication of women's dominance and respect in society. The ‘Venus of Willendorf’ is a sculpture that contains an image of fertility. According to this sculpture, it is indicated that women were given higher status in society. The majority of sculptures of the paleolithic period are women-centric, which demonstrates a dominant society. Also, on the basis of various sculptures in the paleolithic period, historians and archeologists suggested that women had an upper hand regarding social status in society. These sculptures indicated that the paleolithic period was based on a matriarchal system in which women hold primary power positions. At the beginning of the paleolithic period, the social organization of a family was female-centric. Social privilege and moral authority were basic aspects of women living in that period.

Furthermore, the status of women changed in the Paleolithic period where they and their skills and capabilities became more credible and productive. Hence, their status has been changed in the way that became more valued to men than the previous times in that particular period. The status of women got more value because they were only involved in the creation of tools and equipment from the stones. While the changes in their skills and competencies, they started the creation of tools and equipment from metals. Despite this, the contribution of women to the food sources got a hit to almost 80% while only 20% had been filled by the men. Therefore, because of those reasons, women have been valued with more respect, reverence, and admiration as compared to their status in the Neolithic period. Beyond that, almost every woman in society in the Paleolithic period got more patriarchal values and beliefs because of their proper role in society. As well as the number of significant negative relationships with the women has been discouraged and the way of treating women has been changed completely.

With the beginning of the Neolithic period, a significant change has been observed in the agriculture field. The Neolithic period has been characterized as a starting point that changed the social status of men and women. People of the Neolithic period began to practice agriculture instead of just collecting the plants. As per British anthropologist Margaret Ehrenberg, women were considered as the first farmers and originators of the agricultural field (14). It is important to consider the fact that the Neolithic period was the most prominent period in human history as it introduced the concept of agriculture (15). Regardless of the fact that meat has an important source of proteins in the diet, its overall proportion was relatively much less in order to feed the entire family (15). Due to that particular aspect, women had to take care of agriculture. That was a major turning point during that period as the entire responsibility of agriculture fall upon women due to their previous experience in gathering plants and nuts. Regardless of the fact that the role of women and men was equally distributed at the beginning of the Neolithic period, a great emergence of deities began to formulate. Women were given the responsibility to practice on the farm and stayed at the home-front. While men stayed outside their home-front for hunting. During these times, men began to control certain important aspects of society, which ultimately reduced the value and social status of women in society. It has been observed that the entire system of power began to shift into a patriarchal system.

With the passage of time, women were compelled to farming, grinding corn, producing cloths, and spinning and weaving. The discovery of agriculture and duties of childbearing began to revolutionize the role of women in that society. Women began to stay at home to take care of their breastfeeding babies. Another reason why women had to work in farms was the presence of horticultural societies at that time. Women were responsible to make holes by using digging sticks in these societies (16). The surplus of food from agriculture resulted in population growth as people could now reproduce without the fear of food shortage. This ultimately results in more pregnancies and babies, which completely restricted women to their houses. Men began to take charge of everything as women had to stay at home to take care of their babies. These changes in the Neolithic period changed the matriarchal system into a patriarchal system, where men began to dominated major aspects of lives. Neolithic period is considered as one of the earliest periods of human civilization as the small group of bands of hunter-gatherers had transformed into large agricultural settlers.

The Neolithic period had gradually changed every aspect of communities to a significant extent. Crop cultivation and domestication of animals are major aspects of that period. Furthermore, gender roles were not completely defined until the Neolithic period as shores are approximately distributed between men and women. The only thing that matter at that time was survival. Both men and women had shared their time to ensure their survival. However, the arrival of agriculture in the Neolithic period shifted human lifestyle and subsistence. A persistent negative impact of agriculture has been observed over the lives of women in the Neolithic period. It is demonstrated that the social status of women in society had decreased due to the arrival of agriculture. Another way to describe the dominance of men in society can be related to the change in the roles of animals in the Neolithic period (17). Previously, animals were considered only as a source of food for the community. However, with the introduction of agricultural practices, humans began to utilize them for agricultural purposes. Males were responsible to take care of their animals for agriculture, which eventually led them to dominate the agricultural department as well (17).

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the roles and social status of women have significantly changed throughout the history of mankind. At the beginning of the Paleolithic period, the concept of social status and class was almost negligible. Men and women almost shared the same status in society due to the equal distribution of various chores. The major priorities of people in the Paleolithic period included food and shelter. Men were responsible for hunting, while women had to gather food from plants. Regardless of that, women enjoyed an appropriate status in society as indicated by various sculptures. The arrival of agricultural practices at the beginning of the Neolithic period began to shift the domination of gender in society. Women had to stay at home to look after their breast-feeding children along with farms. Due to these particular aspects, men began to dominate every influential status in society.

2005 Riots In The French Banlieues

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2005 riots in the French banlieues

Introduction:

The 2005 French riots were the riots that took place in Paris and other cities of France. The riots were taking place for two to three weeks between French and Africans. The state of emergency was declared on the 8th of November. Reports indicate that the event started after young Africans were chased by the police. The death of the young African Americans leads to the disturbance between police and Africans which turned into riots.

Discussion:

The banlieue is home to individuals initially from the French states. While a few are actual outsiders, most are offspring of foreigners who came to France years ago. After World War II, when the nation vigorously enlisted laborers from the states while it was encountering a production and monetary extension where the banlieue had regularly been the geographic focal point of tension, it is the connection among France and the offspring of its previous states that expedites the nation's most noticeably terrible feelings of disturbance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"92HyK8TT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDonogh)","plainCitation":"(McDonogh)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":617,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/5CEF7L2H"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/5CEF7L2H"],"itemData":{"id":617,"type":"chapter","title":"“Bad Spaces?”: Interrogating Suburbs, Myth and Spatial Justice","container-title":"Ségrégation et justice spatiale","collection-title":"Sciences humaines et sociales","publisher":"Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre","publisher-place":"Nanterre","page":"185-202","source":"OpenEdition Books","event-place":"Nanterre","URL":"http://books.openedition.org/pupo/2144","ISBN":"978-2-8218-5086-6","shortTitle":"“Bad Spaces?","author":[{"family":"McDonogh","given":"Gary W."}],"editor":[{"family":"Fol","given":"Sylvie"},{"family":"Lehman-Frisch","given":"Sonia"},{"family":"Morange","given":"Marianne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",11,20]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDonogh). The circling accounts of the youngsters in the banlieue are that they, the beurs (French word to depict Arabs), have not acclimatized, were not an original resident of the French countryside. French believe that they don't work, don't think about, and just purpose troubles in the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AjlCKeRZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}E7.Pdf})","plainCitation":"(E7.Pdf)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":615,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/IJ82B46P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/IJ82B46P"],"itemData":{"id":615,"type":"article","title":"e7.pdf","URL":"http://rimd.reduaz.mx/revista/rev9ing/e7.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (E7.Pdf).

This event of riots was the result of prior pressures. The distress was an outflow of dissatisfaction with high joblessness and police badgering and ruthlessness. Protester trusted that they lived in ghettos. Everybody lived in fear. The protestors’ rural areas were likewise home to an extensive, generally North African, migrant population, allegedly including religious pressures, which a few reporters accepted contribute further to such disappointments and the prejudice against Muslims after the September 11 assaults and the Iraq War of the Bush administration. However, as indicated by Pascal Mailhos, leader of the Renseignements Généraux radical Islamism or Islamic psychological oppression had no impact over the 2005 common disturbance in France ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0q5lYSlH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Koff and Duprez)","plainCitation":"(Koff and Duprez)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":610,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/H77URQM8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/H77URQM8"],"itemData":{"id":610,"type":"paper-conference","title":"The 2005 Riots in France : The International Impact of Domestic Violence","source":"Semantic Scholar","abstract":"Following the Autumn 2005 riots in France, many observers in both the popular and the academic press argued that the urban violence that occurred over a two-week period was an open challenge to the French Republican model of citizenship, which does not recognise racial, ethnic or religious affiliations. Many experts focused their analyses of the riots on the relationship between discrimination and ethnic mobilisation in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Often, the discussions surrounding the uprisings were embedded in the ongoing debate between liberal and communitarian notions of citizenship and the lack of ethnic recognition in France. The articles in this special issue of JEMS indicate another interpretation of the events of October November 2005. According to much of the comparative analysis presented in this collection, the riots were not a challenge to the French Republic but a demonstration of its schizophrenic characteristics.","shortTitle":"The 2005 Riots in France","author":[{"family":"Koff","given":"Harlan"},{"family":"Duprez","given":"Dominique"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Koff and Duprez). While pressure had been working among the adolescent public in France, the move was not made until the reviving of schools in autumn, since a large portion of the French general public was on vacation amid the pre-fall months. In any case, on 27 October 2005, around ten African returned by walking from the playground, where they spent the evening playing football. En route, they damaged a major historical site. People who lived nearby the historical site took notice of the incident and called the police.

Immigrants were living in the Paris rural areas. Training there was of low quality, work openings were rare, and despite the fact that they were French residents, they were not considered as the part of society by the French population ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9sBgETcx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Horvath)","plainCitation":"(Horvath)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":609,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/JSUZMPFB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/JSUZMPFB"],"itemData":{"id":609,"type":"article-journal","title":"The French 'banlieues': realities, myths, representations","source":"www.academia.edu","abstract":"Since the 1980s the predominantly high-rise housing estates constructed in the 1950s and 60s have undergone a process of marginalization and have become increasingly stigmatised. Despite the social, demographical and architectural diversity of the","URL":"https://www.academia.edu/35812123/The_French_banlieues_realities_myths_representations","shortTitle":"The French 'banlieues'","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Horvath","given":"Christina"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Horvath). In October 2005, two young men lost their lives while being chased by police. The banlieue before long went up on fire. As the youngster of the banlieue started to burnt vehicles, the fear reached to America with many anticipating that comparative issues would happen in the US if migration were not reduced. The brutality impelled the French government to announce a highly sensitive situation, utilizing a 1955 law made amid the Algerian conversion. With this policy, France made a backward strategy. France had actualized a provincial law to manage the youth of its states. France was being devastated by fire, malevolently set by young fellows of shading, infers the city of light and human progress being torched by the hate. Given the status of France as an admired country, and of the French as advanced, refined, and excellent, the riots turned out to be much increasingly impossible ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iJHoLqLJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ang\\uc0\\u233{}lil and Siress)","plainCitation":"(Angélil and Siress)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":608,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VH435ISY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VH435ISY"],"itemData":{"id":608,"type":"article-journal","title":"THE PARIS \"BANLIEUE\": PERIPHERIES OF INEQUITY","container-title":"Journal of International Affairs","page":"57-67","volume":"65","issue":"2","source":"JSTOR","abstract":"Debates on contemporary urban conditions often center on the periphery of the city where an ever-increasing proportion of the urban population is forced to live. This article focuses on the banlieue—the periphery of Paris—as a model for the breakdown of the spatial order in cities globally. We examine how France's urban planning, guided by political and economic influences, has created and sustained banlieue poverty and marginalization. With rising anxieties about civil disorder in Paris resulting from the spatial inequities and cultural stigma toward the banlieue, it is now generally agreed that the city's historical planning policies have failed. We argue that any attempt to allocate space within a city equitably cannot emanate from the city center alone, but must also come from the marginalized periphery, which is equally a part of the system.","ISSN":"0022-197X","shortTitle":"THE PARIS \"BANLIEUE\"","author":[{"family":"Angélil","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Siress","given":"Cary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Angélil and Siress).

France's urban policies, guided by political and monetary impacts, has made and supported banlieue poverty and unemployment. With rising worry about the common issue in Paris coming about because of the disparities and social disgrace toward the banlieue, it was presently commonly concurred that the city's policies were badly failed. November-December riots pushed the right to make three representative indicators towards the French-West Indians or French-Africans who felt separated as a result of the skin color. It likewise helped the right to embrace a formally hostile to racist and even somewhat against colonialist behavior. These measures did not cost anything to the State, however, they were a response to every one of the rioters who had appeared French ID to French and remote TV cameras and clarified that this report did not ensure them against supremacist segregation in France ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HdEP8T0e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What Happened after the Paris Suburb Riots?\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“What Happened after the Paris Suburb Riots?”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":614,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/32YYIQVQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/32YYIQVQ"],"itemData":{"id":614,"type":"webpage","title":"What happened after the Paris suburb riots? 2005","container-title":"libcom.org","abstract":"Mouvement Communiste on the aftermath of the Paris suburban riots of 2005, the reaction of the right and resulting new government policies.","URL":"http://libcom.org/history/what-happened-after-paris-suburb-riots-2005","shortTitle":"What happened after the Paris suburb riots?","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“What Happened after the Paris Suburb Riots?”). However, these measures were additionally coordinated towards the individuals who would cast a ballot in 2007, explicitly the West Indians who had a significant job in appointive legislative issues both in Metropolitan France and in the French West Indies. The policy did not just embrace these representative measures; it additionally chose to dispatch every one of its powers in a hostile against jobless, remote illegal and young workers. Unemployment was the lasting supporting factor of the French economy and one of the variables which can clarify the November-December riots. Youth unemployment was very high, exceptionally for less skilled, and among them for French-Africans or French-North Africans. In a nutshell, political policies or social principles of France were the most striking element in rebel against financial underestimation and social segregation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BnubwgFj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Epstein)","plainCitation":"(Epstein)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":619,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SWTNPPVZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/SWTNPPVZ"],"itemData":{"id":619,"type":"article-journal","title":"When Opportunity Moves Off-Shore: Multiculturalism and the French Banlieue","page":"19","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Epstein","given":"Beth"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Epstein).

Various false and ideological reasons have been utilized to clarify these protestors. As on account of U.S. ghettoes, French common laborers rural areas were not practically identical to the ghettoes. Hence the truth, there was no racial viciousness. The educational system was experiencing a significant crisis that incorporates authentic expert issues and absence of control; the interruption of argumentative to social and reprobate conduct; a developing imbalance of assets and staff. There was an unequal distribution of employment. Many African were unable to acquire the knowledge or even who got the knowledge was unable to find a decent job. The working environment gave the most understanding of the hidden bias principal in French society. Immigrant workers had assumed a vital monetary job in the improvement of French industrialism since the mid-twentieth century. The monetary disasters and the resulting stagnation expanded challenge among modest qualified French whites and the new black French with unpronounceable names and hybridized communication, who frequently lived in the equivalent disgraceful neighborhoods. The riots by youth in France's urban and social area were the outcome of an exhausted institutional framework that has worn-out its financial and social limits; however, the failure of political policies and police role made the condition of France worsted.

The pressure of several youngsters from the Paris banlieue was appeared on TV and announced in papers and the web, joining two mainlands in their dread of the immigrants and the Arab. Various American conservative political agents immediately understood that this account of viciousness and dread from over the Atlantic would expand to their nation. What came about was a noteworthy societal move that profoundly influenced America, conveying ethnic and class pressures to the front, making pressure and at last throwing out countless individuals who were living in the United States to their native countries. The French disturbance was an appearance of the troublesome and difficult life experienced by youngsters of North African.

Conclusion:

The 2005 French riots were the riots which highlighted the hidden biased condition of France. The disturbance in France leads to tension in the U.S who advanced their immigration policies and laws. High unemployment, political failure, biases in society, and the negative role of the police was the factors that resulted in riots.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Angélil, Marc, and Cary Siress. “THE PARIS ‘BANLIEUE’: PERIPHERIES OF INEQUITY.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 65, no. 2, 2012, pp. 57–67.

E7.Pdf. http://rimd.reduaz.mx/revista/rev9ing/e7.pdf. Accessed 6 May 2019.

Epstein, Beth. When Opportunity Moves Off-Shore: Multiculturalism and the French Banlieue. p. 19.

Horvath, Christina. The French 'Banlieues': Realities, Myths, Representations. www.academia.edu, https://www.academia.edu/35812123/The_French_banlieues_realities_myths_representations. Accessed 6 May 2019.

Koff, Harlan, and Dominique Duprez. The 2005 Riots in France : The International Impact of Domestic Violence. 2009.

McDonogh, Gary W. “‘Bad Spaces?’: Interrogating Suburbs, Myth and Spatial Justice.” Ségrégation et Justice Spatiale, edited by Sylvie Fol et al., Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre, 2014, pp. 185–202. OpenEdition Books, http://books.openedition.org/pupo/2144.

“What Happened after the Paris Suburb Riots? 2005.” Libcom.Org, http://libcom.org/history/what-happened-after-paris-suburb-riots-2005. Accessed 6 May 2019.

3 Essays

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[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

History and Anthropology

Significance Of The Interstate Highway

There are some intrastate highways; which means, that are situated completely in one country. The idea appears to be self-contradictory at the beginning. The term "Interstate" states to the group of nationally interconnected freeways, and not to the route that each highway crosses. Since Alaska and Hawaii have no borders with the United States, interstate highways are found completely in national limitations. Puerto Rico is not a government; though, it also has roads founded through the Federal Administration as interstate highways.

The interstate highways in Puerto Rico and Alaska are not marked as interstate highways, but are marked as primary highways for federal funding resolves. Interstates A-1 to A-4 are situated in Alaska, and interstate PRI-1 to PRI-3 are situated in Puerto Rico. These thoroughfares are not obligatory to have the same principles as those of interstate highways, so many of these highways do not have overpasses (Gifford, 319). The highways in Puerto Rico are mainly tolls that were not subsidized by the Eisenhower Interstate System. There are very limited highways in Alaska; people are situated mainly near Anchorage, Wasilla and Fairbanks.

This system won a titleholder in President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was predisposed by his practices as a young Army Officer voyage the state in the 1919 Army convoy on Lincoln Highway, Initial road through US. Eisenhower increased a gratitude of the Reich autobahn structure, the primary "national" realization of the modern German Freeway net, as an essential constituent of a nationwide defense structure however serving as the Utmost leader of the Allied Forces in Europe throughout the Second World War. world. He acknowledged that the projected organization would also run key land transportation routes to martial provisions and troop placements in the event of a crisis or foreign invasion.

Significance of earned income tax credit:

Earned Income Tax Credit is a refundable tax credit. A tax credit reduces the amount of taxes on the income you owe on your tax returns. The tax credit mechanism is similar to the reduction mechanism, but you do not have to have high incomes and a large amount of tax to take advantage of it. For example, installing a condensing boiler gives you 30% tax credit on the amount of the bill. This mechanism consists of deducting deductible amounts as a deduction from your taxable income and not by reducing your tax. For example, a property deficit of $10,700 is deductible from the overall income. This mechanism is especially interesting for taxpayers taxed in the highest bands of the scale. Indeed, deductible amounts are often not limited in amount or set at a high limit. The impact in terms of economy is then stronger than with a simple tax reduction (Hotz, 149).

The earned income tax credit is a sum withdrew from the quantity of tax that a commercial or individual necessity wage. Depending on the tax system or the state, a tax credit may be given for dissimilar types of taxes, for example income tax, the property tax , or VAT .

Tax credit is a reduction of the amount of taxes to be transferred to the budget by the amount of taxes paid abroad. However, with this method of eliminating double taxation, a tax credit is provided, as a rule, not for the entire amount of tax paid abroad, but only for that part that does not exceed the maximum possible tax amount from the same amount of profit in the country of residence where the organization pays taxes with all profits, regardless of where they are received.

Mobility in time, space, human behavior and energy

Mobility in time, space, human behavior and energy characterized the period 1945-75 in American history is a true. Mobility has always been a value appreciated. For much of the history of mankind has meant moving individuals or goods at the speed at which a person is able to walk, a horse move forward, an ox pull a car or a boat plow the water driven by oars or sails. Until the nineteenth century, when we learned to exploit the energy of hydrocarbons, we were not able to move either individuals or merchandise at much faster speeds. The invention of the motor vehicle powered by oil at the end of the nineteenth century and the airplane at the beginning of the twentieth opened the way to new ways of traveling and made possible a greater speed in the displacements (Gordon, 34).

As a result of these innovations, the twentieth century became the "golden age" of time and space mobility. The volume of movements of people and goods grew at an unprecedented rate. At the end of the century, individuals whose lives had elapsed within a radius of a hundred kilometers from their place of birth now traveled to remote continents for business or pleasure as if that were the case. Raw materials, manufactured products and food from one end of the world were accessible to the inhabitants of the other extreme. The different geographical regions did not participate equally in this expansion. In the 21st century, for the average citizen of a rich country, long distances have become practically irrelevant.

The passage of time has allowed it to evolve in a way that maintains an economic balance between its costs and the needs of its users. Many important aspects of migration there are beyond the scope of work, such as those related to labor insertion and migrants' living and working conditions, their geographical distribution, their organizational forms as migrants, their educational levels, their religious preferences or their processes of social incorporation, as well as the changing and complex legal framework that regulates the entry of foreigners to that country, for pointing out some of the most relevant and studied in the very wide literature that constantly it is generated around this spatial mobility.

Works Cited

Gifford, Jonathan L. "The innovation of the interstate highway system." Transportation Research Part A: General 18.4 (1984): 319-332.

Gordon, Robert J. The rise and fall of American growth: The US standard of living since the civil war. Vol. 70. Princeton University Press, (2017).

Hotz, V. Joseph. "The earned income tax credit." Means-tested transfer programs in the United States. University of Chicago press, (2003). 141-198.

3 Film Reviews And 7 Newspaper Reports

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Part I: Film Study

Group 1: Birth of a nation 2017

The birth of a nation film is based on the story of an African slave (Nat Turner), who considers himself as a child of God. This Virginia- born slave has this rare quality of witnessing himself as the child of God. He, therefore, considers himself as learned. The honour (Samuel Turner) of the slave uses him this ability to subdue the other free slaves. Nat believes in himself that he should use his abilities to work for bettering the living conditions of other slaves. As, throughout his life, he has been witnessing atrocities of the fellow slaves, therefore he decides to make the people aware of their destiny. He finally orchestrates the uprising, making his people stand against the regime. Although there remains no considerable success on Nat's part, he remains successful in igniting the sense of populism in his people. This film, therefore, reveals that how populism works for the subdued communities.

If populism as a social phenomenon is traced, one may find its history dating back to the same times in the 1800s. Since populism is the politics for the ordinary people, therefore Nat's efforts in the Birth of a nation conforms to each attribute of populism. Populism just as a concept was introduced in 1892 by the Greenback Party ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cB44g2La","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(M\\uc0\\u252{}ller)","plainCitation":"(Müller)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":650,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ACUXAF3W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ACUXAF3W"],"itemData":{"id":650,"type":"article-journal","title":"Parsing populism: Who is and who is not a populist these days?","container-title":"Juncture","page":"80–89","volume":"22","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Parsing populism","author":[{"family":"Müller","given":"Jan-Werner"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Müller), as argued by Muller in Parsing Populism. But, this could not be argued that populism found its traces in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It has been there throughout the 1800s. Similarly, the birth of a nation has focused on the African American slave struggles in the early years of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, it took over the form of conservative party politics ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3HdG6CGv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(M\\uc0\\u252{}ller)","plainCitation":"(Müller)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":650,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ACUXAF3W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ACUXAF3W"],"itemData":{"id":650,"type":"article-journal","title":"Parsing populism: Who is and who is not a populist these days?","container-title":"Juncture","page":"80–89","volume":"22","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Parsing populism","author":[{"family":"Müller","given":"Jan-Werner"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Müller). The governor of Alabama, George Wallace had been the forerunner of the populist narrative in the early twentieth century. Then in the last decade of the same century, Ross Perot had remained the bearer of populist politics. In the present century, there could the rise of the tea party after the election of President Obama, the 2011 financial crisis (Occupy Wall Street) and Bernie Sanders rise to the Presidential race are some events that conform to the populist narrative. The Birth of a nation is an ultimate reflection of how the populist narrative with time creates its space and make the people stand together for a similar cause.

Group 2: The Best Years of our Life

This film is related to the experiences of three military persons when they return home and try to adjust themselves in civilian life. Since the life of this military personnel had to remain busy in challenging the enemy camps during the world wars, therefore at first they face serious difficulties in managing their lifestyles as a civilian person. The film has set over the plot that these British soldiers spent their majority life in challenging the American forces in the two world wars. It appears from the movie that how these soldiers stand against the opposite military campaigns and kept challenging the U.S hegemony. This reflects how the populist narrative has to focus on standing upright against the challengers. This challenge has been reflected in two ways, one in the form of life during their services for the army and secondly in the form of managing themselves in the civilian lives.

As Safran has argued that the best years of our life depicts that how any single person or a single self must have to oppose the narratives, which are disturbing for the shelf-life of any person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yY7OhFIU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Safran)","plainCitation":"(Safran)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":652,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A3YLVK2F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/A3YLVK2F"],"itemData":{"id":652,"type":"article-journal","title":"Disability portrayal in film: Reflecting the past, directing the future","container-title":"Exceptional Children","page":"227–238","volume":"64","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Disability portrayal in film","author":[{"family":"Safran","given":"Stephen P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Safran). This is what he has classified as the disability of the characters if they are not challenging any established narrative. In terms of this movie Fredrich March, Carver Andrews and Harold Russell, who are shown as the military personnel facing challenges in their personal and the career life are actually challenging the populism. The populism in terms of this movie is what the classic sense of personal life and of professional life is. This went on the same for the people of today. Many times in this world of today, people face challenges that make them stand against an established narrative on the workplace or even in personal life too. The best years of our life therefore in this way remains relevant in becoming a populist in the personal and the professional life of ours.

Group 3: Roma

Roma- the movie presents the idea that how to fake love is present in the lives of everyone. The filmmakers have based the plot of this movie on the traditional notion that the males leave their so-called loves, just to go away with the responsibilities. The males have been portrayed in Roma as deceiving their partners, with whom they have enjoyed a pleasant time in person. Roma goes on with the traditional norm of the society, we live in. This society has been based on the pretext that male has the right to subdue the female on the pretext of sharing pleasant moments, as to how Fermin has done with Cleo. The other female character of this movie- Sofia is also been treated in the same way by his husband, who is dodging the four children of them as well. The movie is about how worst the living condition of a woman is if her husband or her partner abandons her.

Durgnat argues that populism is very much relevant to the private lives of our ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kKHnt0PF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Durgnat)","plainCitation":"(Durgnat)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":654,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FBRLUGXL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/FBRLUGXL"],"itemData":{"id":654,"type":"article-journal","title":"Genre: Populism and Social Realism","container-title":"Film Comment","page":"20","volume":"11","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Genre","author":[{"family":"Durgnat","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1975"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Durgnat). Although the article is quite old and was published in the year 1975, it presents the idea of how populism can serve the individual life of ours. As in the movie Roma, the female characters at the end start tracing their male partners holistically and start arguing with them about why they have been bitter towards them. This is how Durgnat presents his perspective of challenging the personal circle of ours. This is the populism in the personal and the private lives of ours. Durgnat has also based his opinion on the notion that populism starts the day one starts challenges the self of his or her. This self, Durgnat mentions is related to our private lives also. Roma that's how to accommodate the populist narrative, but this time the narrative is too squeezed. It is narrowed in making the personal self-aware, just in case if one hopes to stand amongst the populists.

Part II: News Reports

News report 1

Vocabulary terms

WordsDefinition

Republican CongressmanCongressmen elected on Republican Party nominee

Donald Trump Current President of the United States

Market Share Share of different companies in a market

Foreign relationsExternal relations of different countries

TariffsEconomic penalties

Trade talksNegotiations pertaining to trade

The trade warthe term introduced after the U.S- China trade standoff

Democrats’Supporters or politicians belonging to Democratic Party

BluffingDodging

Trade negotiationTalks over the trade terms

Analysis

The U.S and China are presently facing the trade war. The trade war is the term introduced after these two countries are engaged in a trade standoff. If viewed historically, the U.S has remained the sole economic partner of global countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"O5Sqz8PK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}GOP Senators Back Trump in China Trade War, Saying the Pain Will Be Worth It If It Yields a Deal\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“GOP Senators Back Trump in China Trade War, Saying the Pain Will Be Worth It If It Yields a Deal”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":656,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5NXLE6TG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/5NXLE6TG"],"itemData":{"id":656,"type":"webpage","title":"GOP senators back Trump in China trade war, saying the pain will be worth it if it yields a deal","container-title":"USA TODAY","abstract":"Republican senators say tariffs are hurting are farmers but they hope the result will be a trade deal with China that levels the playing field.","URL":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/china-trade-gop-senators-back-donald-trump-tariffs-despite-pain/3665904002/","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“GOP Senators Back Trump in China Trade War, Saying the Pain Will Be Worth It If It Yields a Deal”). At present, China is giving a tough time to the U.S over global trade. This trade war or trade talks have entered the crucial phases since the history of the bilateral relations between the U.S and China. There is a reason why the trade war has been so intense at present. The reason remains the income inequalities among the citizens of the U.S. Since we have studied that the income inequalities lead toward benefiting the host country, therefore China has been on the gaining edge at present. This has sparked a hot debate in the U.S Senate and the President has been quite critical of the Chinese moves. This shows that both the countries will have to reach some new deals pertaining to the trade and their bilateral economic relations. There is a one more important aspect of this trade war which is global. The economic partners of both countries have urged them to resolve their bilateral economic disputes, as it is leaving others on a losing edge. The history between the U.S and China suggests that they have never remained so cooperative that they will put some efforts to strike a new deal. The economy and rest of the other figures, however, suggest otherwise.

News Report 2

Vocabulary Terms

WordsDefinition

ReinstateFocus Over again

Mining banState’s ban over mining

Environmentalist One who study environment

DeforestationAnnual increase in the cutting of trees

AmazonThe World’s largest Rainforest

Carbon emissionAverage number of Carbon release

Economic potential Potential in terms of the economy

Global WarmingAverage increase in the global temperature

Biodiversity The diversity in the biology of nature

BacktrackRetrieval from any stance

Analysis

Brazil has banned the mining close to the Amazon forest. This ban has come in force after some non- governmental organization that is working for the betterment of the environment have raised their concerns on this mining. These companies claim that the ban was mandatory in terms of the state activities that were seriously undermining the biodiversity of the Amazon forest ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XUgu6Kpf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Brazil Will Reinstate a Mining Ban in Parts of the Amazon\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Brazil Will Reinstate a Mining Ban in Parts of the Amazon”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":658,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/S5W97WQE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/S5W97WQE"],"itemData":{"id":658,"type":"webpage","title":"Brazil Will Reinstate a Mining Ban in Parts of the Amazon","container-title":"Fortune","abstract":"Preservation of the rainforest is seen as essential to curbing global warming.","URL":"http://fortune.com/2017/09/25/brazil-amazon-mining-ban/","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Brazil Will Reinstate a Mining Ban in Parts of the Amazon”). The UN has previously many times have called the countries which neighbour the Amazon forest to limit such activities which undermined the biodiversity of the Amazon forest. The government of Brazil which is considered to be backing the mining activities have backtracked from its initial position. Some legal experts claim that the legal position of the Brazilian government in the court has remained contradictory to the UN laws. They claim that this could also be the reason as to why Brazil has backtracked from its earlier stance on the mining activities. There are than people who also believe that cutting and the mining of the Amazon forest is for the reason of creating new suburbs in Brazil, considering its growing population. Since when the issues of the global warming have come over to reflect some hazardous impacts on the life of the population, many governments and dozens of the non- governmental organizations that are working for the betterment of the environment have started working on creating pressures on governments who are working contrary to such norms. This has also resulted in changing the attitude of masses towards the bettering of the global environment.

News Report 3

Vocabulary Terms

WordsDefinition

Controversial Not agreed upon or which has a dubious annotation

Belt and Road Initiative China's mega infrastructure initiative of the twenty-first century

Mega potential Enormous potential

Economic zonesAreas specified for economic activities

ContractorsOn who agrees on working with the government

BRIBelt and Road Initiative of China

Economic initiativeAny initiative for the economic betterment of the country

Protectionism A new economic term which means protecting the domestic

economy

Influence tool The way how a state influence other states

G7Group of greater seven states

Analysis

The Belt and road initiative of China remains important in deciding the strategic scenario of this century. This mega infrastructure initiative has sparked controversies in different capitals of the world since they are unable to align the economic interests with each other. This suggests that the economic war for the hegemony of the world would keep on infusing and there will be tough competition on seizing the strategic opportunities. This news report suggests that the United States should not be part of the BRI initiative, as it undermines its global superpower position. There are then the policymakers in the U.S, which opines the same. These policymakers and analysts base their reason on the notion that since we have never been with good terms with China, therefore its initiative could be damaging for the U.S ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jDAbBKcd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Commentary\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Commentary”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":660,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2UXPLBEL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/2UXPLBEL"],"itemData":{"id":660,"type":"webpage","title":"Commentary: Top China Diplomat: Why the U.S. Shouldn't Sit Out the Belt and Road Initiative","container-title":"Fortune","abstract":"The Chinese Ambassador to the United States makes his case for China's global infrastructure push—and urges the U.S. to join.","URL":"http://fortune.com/2019/04/23/us-china-belt-and-road-initiative/","title-short":"Commentary","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Commentary”). The U.S policymakers on other sides suggest that since half of the countries of the world are now the parts of this initiative, therefore the U.S should not take this holistically. The critics in the U.S on other side believe that if China remains successful in creating new opportunities for engagement for the smaller countries it will help in bridging the soft power image of China, which could be in the long run destructive for the U.S. the neutral countries of the world argue that there should be a point where this mega initiative should collaborate with the U.S and the economic opportunities could be more divided.

News Report 4

Vocabulary Terms

WordsDefinition

Vibrant economiesThriving economies

A swath of the worldDestructive world situation

Huge yield in economy Huge output in economic gains

Geographic footprint Geographical presence

Silk RoadOld route of Chinese trade

Tax revenue Tax gains for the state

Power shortagePower shortfall

Development issueProblems related to the development

Financial bottleneckFinancial issues

Enhanced coordinationIncreased coordination

Analysis

China's BRI is also considered as threatening for the continent of Europe. The author writes that Europe has been trespassed by this initiative of China. The European region has huge economic potential that what the author believes would be of no use if it starts to materialize anytime in the near future. There are many reasons according to the writer which he thinks could be the basis of European's discontent with the BRI initiative of China. He based his reason on the pretext that the BRI is taking away the opportunities of the economy and many such strategic opportunities that could be otherwise benefitting for Europe. The article is important in the sense to analyze as what exactly are the threats in the minds of the European's elite keeping in view the unfolding of the BRI initiative ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5xZBxuB9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}What to Know About China\\uc0\\u8217{}s Controversial Belt and Road Initiative That\\uc0\\u8217{}s Targeting Europe\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“What to Know About China’s Controversial Belt and Road Initiative That’s Targeting Europe”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":662,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/TCVCSKRD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/TCVCSKRD"],"itemData":{"id":662,"type":"webpage","title":"What to Know About China's Controversial Belt and Road Initiative That's Targeting Europe","container-title":"Fortune","abstract":"As Italy considers whether or not to join the Belt and Road Initiative, here's an explanation of what the Chinese project entails.","URL":"http://fortune.com/2019/03/14/what-is-china-belt-and-road-europe/","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“What to Know About China’s Controversial Belt and Road Initiative That’s Targeting Europe”). There are than people in Europe who argue that the BRI will provide very cheap facilities in terms of crude oil, electricity and other resources to China. They then argue that this will help in making strong its geographical presence. Based on these reasons this article presents the reasons and the fears why the Europeans call the BRI as the trap by China. As like the U.S believe that this will generate income inequalities in the U.S, the Europeans also believe that this will create inequalities in their continent too. The BRI is, therefore, being considered another controversial issue of the time. The experts believe that the income inequalities is the first and the foremost issue that can erupt from materializing of the BRI.

News Report 5

Vocabulary Terms

WordsDefinition

Delta AirlinesA U.S airline company

New York JFK John F. Kennedy Airport in New York

Mumbai City in India

FlightAir trip

Chhatrapati Shivaji Mumbai’s international airport

international airport

Delta one SuiteBusiness class of Delta airlines

Prolongedextended

Non- stop route24/7 Continuous route

Jet AirwaysIndian Airline Company

Flight baseWhere aeroplanes stop

Analysis

This news report is about the resumption of the Delta companies’ flights for India. The article mentions that the U.S Air Company will from now onwards takes some non- stop flights between India and the U.S. considering the mass movement of people between the U.S and India, it is not surprising that the resumption of these flights is a new thing. Prior to this both jet airways and the Delta airways have been operating jointly the flight operations between the U.S and India. This article suggests that transportation has gone to the next level. It is now not the times when the sea route was just available to sail from one part of the world to the other part of the world. The ships are now considered an old technology which is time-consuming. The travel to some faraway places has been replaced by that of the aeroplanes. This article also suggests that the air flight operations that have been once utilized from either side (the American) has now been expanded to both sides. Every Indian airline company has now been using the air bases of the U.S, to continue their flight operations. This has helped the airline companies to boost their business and on another hand, it has helped in facilitating the passengers moving to and from America and India ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"voAnY5MY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Delta to Resume Flights to India with Service between New York JFK and Mumbai\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Delta to Resume Flights to India with Service between New York JFK and Mumbai”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":664,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WD4B96N7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WD4B96N7"],"itemData":{"id":664,"type":"webpage","title":"Delta to resume flights to India with service between New York JFK and Mumbai","container-title":"USA TODAY","abstract":"The airline said its return to India was made possible by 2018 agreements between the governments of the U.S., United Arab Emirates and Qatar.","URL":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2019/05/01/delta-india-flights-new-service-between-new-york-jfk-airport-mumbai/3638125002/","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Delta to Resume Flights to India with Service between New York JFK and Mumbai”). There is one other thing that is attractive to note. This is the introduction of the business class by both the airways. The business class has been the newest addition to the lifestyle on board.

News Report 6

Vocabulary Terms

WordsDefinition

John Kasich American politician

Green New dealProposed new deal on the environment

Climate moderators Who are working for climate betterment

Free Market Open Market

Capitalism An economic system

CoercionA hostile way of doing things

Climate ChangeGlobal rise in temperature

Defence departmentDepartment that looks over to the defence affairs

ConservativesWho shares a narrow approach

Economic principlesEconomic rules of engagement

Analysis

The free market moderators identified by John Kasich who is an American politician are solely responsible for the climate change He has argued in his article that not the government entities, but the free private investors are responsible for the climate change. He argues that since the many private firms work independently of the government regulations and they have to just fulfil some nominal SOPs, therefore they must be accounted for the havoc of Climate change. In his article, he has also suggested that a new green deal must, therefore, be designed in order to bring them at par with the global regulations on climate change. This article suggests that since there have been very new inputs in the energy sector and many new companies are now part of this sector, therefore the responsibility must now be divided. He has also suggested that since the regulations of the government lack, therefore a new deal be brought forward in order to curb climate change. The article is relevant to the growth of the suburbs part of the course which suggests that climate change will continue to linger in the development of the world. John Kasich has also argued about the new trends in the development of climate change. He argues that since climate change remains the worst threat to the earth, therefore new methodologies should be adopted to curb this threat ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XG5E0IPk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Kasich\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Kasich”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":666,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WCD38CVY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/WCD38CVY"],"itemData":{"id":666,"type":"webpage","title":"Kasich: Forget the Green New Deal. We need climate solutions from free-market moderates.","container-title":"USA TODAY","abstract":"Our climate change response should be based on free-market capitalism and personal choice, not coercion. We already know that these approaches work.","URL":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/03/11/green-new-deal-climate-change-free-market-solutions-john-kasich-column/3122692002/","title-short":"Kasich","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Kasich”). The author has also talked about the worst aspects of climate in relation to that of the existing agreements on climate change. Considering the narrow scopes of the existing agreements, he has proposed the new green deal.

News Report 7

Vocabulary Terms

WordsDefinition

Blood Pressure Rate of the heartbeat

Drug recalldrug reminiscence

Cancer-causing impuritiesImpurities which causes cancer

Front line patients Patients who need critical attention

Chemical labsLabs for drug testing

Enormous challengesMassive challenges

ConsumersUsers

Pharmaceutical companiesCompanies which manufacture medicines

Unchecked PlantsUnregularized plants

Global IndustryInternational industry

Analysis

This article suggests that the health condition in India is at the worst time it was ever before. Since there exist wide income inequalities among the citizens of India, therefore, the chemical companies who manufacture drugs take advantage of this. Since the drug prices are regularized by the Indian authorities, and they are therefore be kept lowered. In curtailing with this the drug manufacturers have started using the chemicals which are reported to cause cancer. In such a condition, cancer patients in India are expected to increase. The article suggests that since the most commonly used medicines are that of the blood pressures and are related to other heart diseases. Therefore, the pharmaceutical companies take advantage of this and manufacture medicines of low quality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7PXJBTMA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Blood Pressure Drug Recall\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Blood Pressure Drug Recall”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":668,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/63D8QZMC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/63D8QZMC"],"itemData":{"id":668,"type":"webpage","title":"Blood pressure drug recall: FDA investigates foreign plants that made drugs with cancer-causing impurities","container-title":"USA TODAY","abstract":"The FDA increased inspections of foreign drugmakers. Problems remain at Chinese and Indian plants that made blood pressure meds recalled for cancer risk.","URL":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2019/01/14/fda-zhejiang-huahai-hetero-labs-blood-pressure-drug-recall-cancer/2547858002/","title-short":"Blood pressure drug recall","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Blood Pressure Drug Recall”). The report also suggests that since the patients in India face many inequalities in their incomes, therefore, they have no other options rather than just taking the medicine. The federal investigation agency of India which is responsible for regularizing the medicine has suggested that some foreign hands are also involved in the manufacturing of the substandard medicines. The medical experts related to the Pharmaceutical manufacturing opines that since Indian companies have a mega manufacturing base and they have links with some foreign companies, therefore, it is cumbersome to trace the guilty ones out. The article concludes by mentioning that heart diseases and blood pressure medicine must be regularized just for the reason of their mega use.

USSO Think Piece 2

A lot of critical work has been carried out on the American way of life, especially in the nineteenth and eighteenth century amid mass industrialization, market revolution and urbanization. The application of shrewdness to monetary and social issues transformed the American way of life. The possibility that the new society is the reasonable result of the activity of human instinct under lucid conditions, is rehashed in various structures. It implies that individuals are fundamentally great and liberal. On the off chance that objectivity is utilized to make a general public that mirrors that integrity and liberality. Some of the critics propounded that morality is a fundamental issue that lingers on. Rapid industrialization rendered laissez-faire policy coupled with self-reliance and individualism. Liberal critics enunciated the expectations and reservations of the individuals who felt isolated or outcasted, the individuals who were considered inept to participate in the 'American Promise' of a superior future, the individuals who were deprived of rights, and opportunities amid such urbanization and market evolution. The proliferation of monopoles was on the rise when the 19th century was approaching the dusk. Some critics exposed a glitch in a laissez-faire economy.

Various critics supplemented the concerned draft contingent upon their very own repugnance and fears. In the mid-nineteenth century, with Enlightenment hope fermented by long stretches of war and upheaval, commentators were wary of America's innocent confidence that it had the course of the politics. It, not only changed the course of politics but the lifestyle of the Americans. Later in the century, Heroes of social equity expected to wage war against the Yankee industrialism and the mass urbanizations. The American way of life amid industrialization and market evolution on the basis of laissez-faire estranged the Idealists: the aversions for calamity, the well-made affection with realism, the compensation from antiquity, and the desired rootlessness, personified in the fragile edifice of American communities.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Blood Pressure Drug Recall: FDA Investigates Foreign Plants That Made Drugs with Cancer-Causing Impurities.” USA TODAY, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2019/01/14/fda-zhejiang-huahai-hetero-labs-blood-pressure-drug-recall-cancer/2547858002/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

“Brazil Will Reinstate a Mining Ban in Parts of the Amazon.” Fortune, http://fortune.com/2017/09/25/brazil-amazon-mining-ban/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

“Commentary: Top China Diplomat: Why the U.S. Shouldn’t Sit Out the Belt and Road Initiative.” Fortune, http://fortune.com/2019/04/23/us-china-belt-and-road-initiative/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

“Delta to Resume Flights to India with Service between New York JFK and Mumbai.” USA TODAY, https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2019/05/01/delta-india-flights-new-service-between-new-york-jfk-airport-mumbai/3638125002/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

Durgnat, Raymond. “Genre: Populism and Social Realism.” Film Comment, vol. 11, no. 4, 1975, p. 20.

“GOP Senators Back Trump in China Trade War, Saying the Pain Will Be Worth It If It Yields a Deal.” USA TODAY, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/china-trade-gop-senators-back-donald-trump-tariffs-despite-pain/3665904002/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

“Kasich: Forget the Green New Deal. We Need Climate Solutions from Free-Market Moderates.” USA TODAY, https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/03/11/green-new-deal-climate-change-free-market-solutions-john-kasich-column/3122692002/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

Müller, Jan-Werner. “Parsing Populism: Who Is and Who Is Not a Populist These Days?” Juncture, vol. 22, no. 2, 2015, pp. 80–89.

Safran, Stephen P. “Disability Portrayal in Film: Reflecting the Past, Directing the Future.” Exceptional Children, vol. 64, no. 2, 1998, pp. 227–238.

“What to Know About China’s Controversial Belt and Road Initiative That’s Targeting Europe.” Fortune, http://fortune.com/2019/03/14/what-is-china-belt-and-road-europe/. Accessed 15 May 2019.

501 Historiography

Week 8

The History of the History

Before involving in this course, the concept of historiography was blurred in my mind; I used to mix up the ideas. However, throughout the course, we equipped with an excellent opportunity to read a myriad of different articles, books’ chapters, and opinions of instructor and students that was significantly helpful in the refinement of concepts in this regard. Historiography is an elaborative account of historical events and historians; historiography evaluates the value of historical annals for contemporary audiences. The craft of historiography enwraps various works of historians and evaluates their approach, usage of tripartite sources, techniques, and theoretical frameworks. In short, it can be defined as the history of history. Historians must comprehend the implications of historiography because it allows them to pinpoint the origin, causations, and underlying biases of different historical works. However, not all historians consult historiography while writing their historical books; take the instance of David McCullough. In his book “1776”, McCullough overlooked the inclusion of any comparative standpoint of other historians; such publications take place to evade the peril of monotony and aimed to serve the typical audiences. The historiography, I learned throughout this course, will be useful in my other history courses as well because now I understand the structure of historical writing and know other relevant aspects regarding biases etcetera. I have learned what sources should be considered while writing a history piece and what sources should be avoided. The historiography will work as a mind map for me in comprehending and analyzing course content and my assignments during other history courses.

Bibliography

McCullough, David G., and Mathieu Fleury. 1776. Varennes, Québec: AdA, 2007.

A Fractious 1860 Presidential Election,

American Elections 1860

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

American Elections 1860

Introduction

One of the reasons for the escalation of the Civil Was considered to be the secession of the 7 Southern States. This was one of the prime reasons was the formation of the Confederacy in the 1861. Later on, the election become all the more controversial due to the statehood of the Kansas in the free states and the Lincoln military resistance to the Confederacy that led to the secession of the four more states. In the given time period, there were four more nominees that were setup by the Republican Party with an anti-slavery expansion platform. The problem started when the Lincoln refused to acknowledge to the right to the secession. The other reason for the escalation of the tension was the yield of the Federal property that were located within the Southern States. There were number of historians that have explored this reason at the given point of time.

Reasons for the Secessionism in 1860

There were number of historians that have talked about the various reasons that so many white Southerners that have adopted to the secessions during the course of the 1860. This was something that happened almost after three decades that had stilted between the Northern and Southern States that were witnessed due to the protection of the tariff. For instance, the Federal Spending and the civil rights of the refusing people to allow the slaves to travel with the slaveholder with the families that belong to the Northern States. At the same time, the tariffs had been levied on the Southern Imports that were carried out to make sure that the protection of the industries was being done in the right manner .

Change in the Tax Legislation

The major discussion point was the way levied on the Southern imports and the idea was to make sure that the protection of the Northern industries that were witnessed at the given point of time. The key thing that was the major point of debate in terms of the way charges were levied on the South cotton but the same taxes in the Northern Wool. The ratio in terms of the Federal expenditure that were carried out at the given point of time and the way North navigation in terms of the lighthouse versus the longer coastline that is located in the Southern region. There was also instance in terms of way legislation has to be designed at the given point of time. The argument that was set forth at that point of time was that how the secessionists had desired the independence in terms of how the honoring was being done. s a result, Southern extremists demanded a slave code for the territories, and used this issue to divide the northern and southern wings of the Democratic Party. Southerners left the party and in June nominated John C. Breckinridge, while Northern Democrats supported Douglas. As a result, the Southern planter class lost a considerable measure of sway in national politics. Because of the Democrats' division, the Republican nominee faced a divided opposition. Adding to Lincoln's advantage, ex-Whigs from the border states had earlier formed the Constitutional Union Party, nominating John C. Bell for President.

Change in the Northern Attitude

It has to be noted that the level of tolerance in terms of the Northern state that had regarded the slave ownership and the perception at that point of time was termed as a great sin. It has to be noted that the practices that are carried out in terms of the slavery and the promise and commitments that are regarded in terms of the way these things are supposed to done at the appropriate point of time. The succession of the slavery is something that is needed to be controlled as far as the way stopping of the spread of the slavery. From this time to the outbreak of the civil war, one thing that happening at an alarming rate was that how the cost of the slaves was increasing quite steadily with the passage of time. Not only that, the price of the cotton was fluctuating and some of the people were making an argument that how it was a start of the everlasting argument between the people of the United States and was the start of the civil war .

Repercussion of the Secessionist in The Lincoln Election

The argument that was being made after the election of the Lincoln was that how the belief had emerged among the secessionists that the long-term implications are going to be there specially if one talks about the broader social system at that point of time. Specially there were major concerns about how the practice of the slavery was being looked after at the point of time. The problem was that none of the parties were looking for an imminent solution was far as the way problem was supposed to be resolved at that point of time and with little effort in terms of the mitigation, it could have been made sure that the all the impending issues were being looked after in an appropriate manner, but that was not the case here. Some of the people are of the point of view that the election of Lincoln was one of the tipping points in terms of how the divide between the different demographical population was further widened and why the lack of policy making and perspective was one of the prime reasons that it could not be resolved in the appropriate manner to say the least. This was one of the rare instances that the situation that was being faced at that point of time could not have been resolved with the help of the electoral and democratic process and the failure of the policy makers to come up with the right solution is considered to be one of the biggest failures of the United States policy makers at that point of time.

Schism in the Democratic Party

Some of the internal party politics that was happening at that point of time was another reason that the electoral process was considered to be rather fractious at that point of time. There was lot of schism in the Democratic Party in a sense that the how the shape of the Lecompton Constitution had shaped up at that point of time. The Freeport Doctrine and the shape that it took as well as the impending decision of the fire eaters was one of the other reasons that the change was apparent. Specifically, the sort of opposition that was faced by Freeport Doctrine in terms of the Southern Fire Eaters so that they are able to oppose the front at that point of time and how the bid for the Democratic process was happening. The situation was further complicated due to the fact that how the Douglas has defeated the pro slavery Lecompton Constitution. One of the apparent reasons for this victory was the fact that how the majority of the population of the region was anti-slavery .

Constitutional Union Party

The major political faction that emerged at that point of time was the Constitutional Union Party. The party was predominantly made of the disgruntled democrats as well as the Unionists and the Former Whigs. On the 9th of May, the first convention of the party was being held and the John Bell was appointed as the main presidential candidate at that point of time. The main claim that was made by the Union party was that how they are the part of the law. It also underlined some of the differences that were witnessed in terms how the elections were being held at that point of time. The major issue that was witnessed at that point of time was that there was no pretext of the secret balloting and thus the results were always up for the argument in terms of the loyalties of the people.

Conclusion

In the hindsight, it can be said that the elections of the 1860 can be considered as one of the pivotal moments of the history of the United States. One of the reasons that elections were able to gain considerable mileage is due to the fact that how it changed the landscape of the how the American politics was being run at that point of time. There were many people who tend to argue that these elections were the starting point of the Civil War and the way differences appeared among people in terms of the broader policy making, the treatment of the slaves as well as the other impending issues, it became apparent that how the problem was lot more complicated at that point of time.

Endnotes

Asher, Herbert B. Presidential elections and American politics: Voters, candidates, and campaigns since 1952. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1980.

Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. Black Reconstruction in America: Toward a history of the part which black folk played in the attempt to reconstruct democracy in America, 1860-1880. Routledge, 2017.

Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A narrative history. WW Norton & Company, 2016.

A Shrinking World

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

A Shrinking World

The troops of Alexander achieved victory not on the battlefield but also in terms of connecting various societies and cultures. In this regard, the conquests of Alexander served as guidance in the era of practices and thinking that revolutionized Greek achievements into a mutual compatible culture known as Hellenism (Tignor, Robert, et al.). In fact, Hellenism did not take over local traditions and values instead it paved the way to adjustments and adaptability in the cultures it came across. In this way, several parts of the world got interconnected. In addition, Alexander set the foundation for a state machine and brought stability and security in different trade systems. For this purpose, the main commercial routes were constructed, and among them, the most famous is the Silk Road. The armies of Alexander kept following the existing routes of long-distance trades and traditional exchange. However, these connections had some boundaries in the form of institutional flaws. The fresh ideas came along: different regions of the world could be integrated through mutual culture and common merchandises.

Hellenism had been the hallmark of Alexander’s victories (Tignor, Robert, et al.). The links of culture and trade improved regional interaction and cooperation that provided the world with the opportunities for new methods of connecting societies and coming together. The caravans covering long distances and naval trading led to the frequent routes that were connected via commercial hubs.

Moreover, the victories of Alexander removed the obstacles between the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia and promoted Hellenistic characteristics which expended to South Asia. In this respect, the conquests of Alexander witnessed the progress of Cosmopolitan World. The small state of Macedonia had transformed into a regional state, taking over neighboring states and utilizing its resources alongside revenues out of the slave trade to sponsor new military technologies and a regular army (Tignor, Robert, et al.). Alexander emphasized Hellenistic culture that signified a collective identity of those who followed the Greek ways.

The Hellenistic culture comprised disciplines such as history, philosophy, political and cultural approach, and the way of entertainment, competitive sports, and arts. A common language Koine Greek got the status of international language, which greatly helped communication for trade and commerce and transfer of ideas. Different cultures of the world came together, so, fresh ideas emerged that stressed the cosmopolitan identity of many people. The kingdom witnessed expansion, and Hellenistic culture remained its distinguishing feature.

According to Strabo (the Greek Geographer), the city of Alexandria had become a hub of trade and commerce across Afro-Eurasia. Also, Alexandria had a wonderful Harbor which was protected by banks. The harbor was known as "Great Harbor," and it was divided into many small harbors. It was a busy Harbor, and the overall exports outweighed imports, which means the city earned substantial revenue through this port. The infrastructure of the city was also impressive as it had wide roads to ride horses and drive carriages. Alexandria received important trade good from different parts of the world and supplied the local products to different countries. In addition, the city had a dynamic population, and it truly represented Hellenistic culture, several Greek and non-Greek individuals communicated in common language (Tignor, Robert, et al.). The people of Alexandria were provided with entertainment by keeping in view the taste of a large audience.

Alexandria in Egypt was a role model of multicultural Hellenistic city. The people belonging to different cultures of the world embraced the Hellenistic identity in the city of Alexandria. The idea of Hellenistic culture was great from Alexander which brought different cultures and ethnicities together. The model was followed by different empires such as Romans adopted various elements of Hellenistic culture to have their influence in the Mediterranean. Finally, the city of Alexandria offered so much to the world and its citizens that it became a symbol of trade, development and art and culture.

Works Cited

Tignor, Robert, et al. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World from the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present. The Mongol Empire to the Present. Volume Two. WW Norton, 2008.

Account For The Growing Involvement Of The Federal Government And Its Bureaucratic Movement In The American West. What Are The Progressive Legacies Of This Movement

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Account for the growing involvement of the federal government and its bureaucratic movement in the American West. What are the Progressive legacies of this movement?

The Reclamation Act of 1902 set out a new precedent in terms of federal power as the Federal government acted in the interest of 20 states by the passage of this act. Through this act, federal government gained the authority to commission projects for water retention, diversion and transmission in the American West. The Bureau of Reclamation commissioned and executed several projects within five years. These projects were undertaken and executed by the bureaucracy and made the federal government more interventionist than it had ever been in the country’s history.

The Boulder Canyon Project Act also served to further the growing role of federal government. Later renamed Hoover Dam, the project was indeed a necessity and extremely beneficial in the long run but its execution showed that federal government was increasing its influence by the day. Bureaucrats controlled this project as well – a testament to their growing role in state territories.

One of the Progressive legacies of this growing involvement of federal government and its bureaucratic movement is the crackdown on trusts by the federal government under Theodore Roosevelt. This curbing of trusts was the most visible sign of growing federal power as Presidents after Roosevelt continued to make decisions that undermined state authority. The steps taken by President Hoover were even more interventionist and arguably worsened the situation after the Great Depression, instead of correcting it. Artificially keeping wages high and doubling tax rates did not help. Another legacy is the New Deal by President Franklin Roosevelt. This created organizations like Tennessee Valley Authority that created artificial jobs and further emboldened the federal government to expand its power even more. Arguably, these actions by federal government were necessary, but the ever increasing role of federal government was evident from the actions such as Reclamation Act, Boulder Canyon Project Act and Anti-Sherman Trust Act, the last of which was pursued relentlessly by Theodore Roosevelt.

Works Cited

Milner, I. I., et al. "Major Problems in the History of the American West." (1997)

Additional Sources

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History and Anthropology

1: The resource curse of Congo or Africa is the most relatable one. In Africa and most specifically in Congo the resources are mostly unearthed by the poor but once they are unearthed by the poor then they are controlled by the rich people or the ones who hold a stronghold in the community. Then all these resources are sold in a world which is not concerned about the origin of these resources or the people who worked hard to unearth the resources. The curse of resources refers to the fact that in Congo specifically those who have money, weapons and power often leach off the poor ones or a desperate crowd. In the mines where the poor people have to work harder, they have to give around 50 cents to the soldier who stands there in order to collect the cash and once the people hand over the cash then only when the door is opened and they are allowed to enter the place. These payments are usually described as tax paid by the soldiers but in reality, the citizens of the region do not get many resources or reward in return. Despite the resources that they uncover in these mines and the fact that they don’t get enough return of their hard work the village where these people live is a filthy warren of mud huts. Water-borne diseases are quite common in the village due to the consumption of water from the only river which is used in the region from washing clothes to cleaning ore. The riverbed is studded by jawbones of slaughtered cows and goats. The rain in this particular region creates an extra problem because when it rains the river overflows which results in the spreading of various diseases like cholera and also dysentery. In the mines there are no extra facilities for the workers, there is no telephone service in the mines but only a ham radio system which is the only source of communication between the mines and the outer world. There are some comforts in the city which the workers can enjoy but the comforts as well are not cheap for them. In the city for the mine workers, a bowl of beans and rice costs them around $50 in a month. Therefore it is safe to say here that although the region is rich in minerals and water along with lots of fertile lands but the resource curse is quite apparent in case of Congo because the despite of the presence of the resources the citizens are still living miserable lives mainly because they are only used to unearth the resources and in that process they lose their life and also they have to invest their meagre income or money in the form of tax payment which is another sad reality (Polgreen).

2: The curse of resources has hunted the daily life of the Congolese and the impact of this curse on the Congolese is quite deep and also clear. Although it is true that the land is blessed with resources such as minerals, fertile soil and also water but still this nation which is located at the heart of Africa is known very less about its resources but it is known about its domination and war since its founding as a colony under the King Leopold II of Belgium in the 19th century, the curse of resources can be evaluated by the fact that the bloodshed of the Congolese and also the terror has always been driven in part by the unlimited and also endless global thirst for Congo's resources including both its mines that are rich in minerals and the fertile soil. The novelist Joseph Conrad has referred to it as the "vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured by the history of human concise". When the pneumatic tire was invented then King Leopold started to sucking every last drop of rubber from the Congo's jungles, and his military men used to kill every single person who created hurdles in their way. Then decades later large reserves of Cobalt were discovered in the country which is basically a mineral essential that is used in building fighter jets and it helped the then ruler of the country who was known as Zaire to keep the United States of America strongly behind him during the cold war. The riches of Congo played a significant role in the overall conflict of the nation that major unfolded during the past decade in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide the war began majorly when the main perpetrators of the slaughter went to the neighbouring Congo. In 1996, Rwanda started an effort to bring back and flush all the perpetrators but soon it turned out to be a big regional conflict which then descended into a war if plunder but half a dozen nations. The discovery of tin ore in 2002 was another curse of resources that deeply affected the Congo country. Once the tin ore was discovered that not only civilians but also the armed forces arrived in the country overnight and they started to battle with each other. During this period the armed forces started to forcefully reinforce illegal taxation of every worker who used to come to the mine. During this entire period the system made sure that they along with their allies skimmed millions of dollars in the following years when the control of militia was quite strong in the region, this was an expensive and also lost opportunity for a nation for whom development was the only way to get rid of the resource curse that the entire nation and the Congolese were suffering from. In order to extract the minerals from the soil the workers used to work really hard in the mines and the tunnels where all the extraction are carried out are normally pitch-black and also suffocating narrow. Furthermore, the tunnels are suffocating narrow which is another additional problem for the miners in that area. The open pits in the mines create additional problems for the miners because during heavy rainfall accidents occur due to collapses and also mudslides. Mudslides and cave-ins along with gas emission cause to kills unknown number of miners each year. There are various incidents that take place in the mines, there are accidents like the collapse of tunnels resulted in crushing the miner’s leg (Polgreen)...

3: The ongoing problem in Congo did not happen overnight but it is a result of the incompetence and greed of both the government and also the military who wanted to have control on the resources of the country. As the problem itself is quite an old one so that means that the problems in the country cannot be resolved overnight and it will take time. First of all, in order to solve this problem and to free the Congolese from the curse of resources, it is very important that the soldiers are transferred out of the mines and also all those responsible for the large scale looting of the mines must be prosecuted. Apart from that, it is also important that the minerals from Congo must be certified because all over the world people are putting their money into the account of some worst human right violators by simply using a cell phone or computer (Polgreen).

Film 1: Virunga is basically a work of heart-wrenching tenderness heart-stopping suspense. The central characters of this film who are the wardens of the African oldest national park are heroic beyond words. In this movie, they are frontline soldiers who risk their lives in order to protect the endangered species, which are the world's last mountain remaining gorillas. The director of this movie set out to chronicle the daily threats that are faced in the park in Congo. The conflict arises when he tracks down gruesome evidence of poachers merciless work. In May 2012 when the newly formed M23 rebel group declared war then the conflict arises and it threatens the lives and also stability of everything they were trying to protect

A: The Congo’s colonial legacy helped to shape this legacy by declaring a state of war in the overall region and also by using the soil of Congo for its benefits. It was not important for them to protect the rights of the people rather they were busy in making money in whatsoever way possible. Congo is the country which basically generates wealth while most of its people are still poor, and this movie makes it clear that the colonial spirit lives on in the form of western corporate interests.

2: SOCO which is a London based Energy Company tried to look for oil in the park. This company planned to exploit the region resources at the expense of the park and also its inhabitants in the parklands in order to do that it bribed the government officials and also the M23 fighters.

3 and 4: The role of the French journalist Melania Gouby is very critical in this movie because with her invaluable assistance Mr Von was able to produce footage of the rebel tanks and secret palm-greasing with abundant panoramas of serene wildlife. The park rangers helped to rescue the endangered gorillas by successfully exposing the British energy company SOCO and its deadly intentions.

5: Such problems can only be solved by proper policy making of the country. First of all, no foreign company should be allowed in Congo before getting NOC from the government and secondly, the higher authorities in the government should be corruption free so that no such problem can occur in the future.

3. Article 1: There are many efforts by the people who are in the Virunga national park for development. They are trying to convince the government to develop roads, electricity and also water resources in the park because these are some of the resources without which the economic growth is near to possible. They are also trying to spread awareness among the masses about the conservation of this park because in this park many the endangered species are present and also this park is one of the most important centres of wildlife so the rangers along with journalists are trying to raise the issue of illegal activities in the park (Amy).

2: The development of power plant is something I will never support in this region because most f these power plants are not maintained properly by the owners and also there were cases of scams in which the businessmen raised funds from the villagers and then they run off with the money. As far as tourism is concerned it should be developed and promoted in the region because it creates new jobs for the locals and the locals are able to earn more money with the help of the tourists (Amy).

Article 4: The new imperialism colonists should give reparations to countries which are impacted by colonialism. The people who really want to return and move back to Africa must be allowed to do so and also it should be the responsibility of the colonized Africa to provide aircraft to such people who want to move back to their country (Africa | Trillions demanded in slavery reparations).

5 Article 1: the well-known movement which is also called the Mau Mau movement of Kenya is important for the British because it was a revolt by the nationalist armed peasant’s revolt against the colonial state its policies and also its local supporters (Mau Mau and Kenya).

2: The majority of the Mau Mau group came from the Kikuyu ethnic group in the Central Province. People from Embu, Kamba and Meru also joined the movement. Some other evidence of the movement showed that people from Luo, Luyia and Massai also contributed to this movement. These were landless peasants and young men who lost their land to the corrupt chiefs and other landed gentry in the Central province while some of the members were victims of land appropriation who and they were carried out to enable the European settlement. This movement was started to demand political independence in Britain and also for equal employment opportunities (Mau Mau and Kenya).

3: the British government crushed the movement quite wisely as most of the leaders of the Mau Mau movements were operating from underground so the British government undertook major rehabilitation campaign in the Central Province in order to remake Kenya by defeating radicalism. In the post-emergency period members of this group emerged as triumphant this campaign was basically carried out in the detention centres and even in the Kikuyu reserves. The main objective was to get the detained and arrest the leaders in order to renounce the movement (Mau Mau and Kenya).

4: This movement is silent history due to the controversies revolving around the Movement and also its complexity. It is still unknown that what role this movement played in the decolonization of Kenya and who benefited from this movement due to all these confusions it is still silenced in the history (Mau Mau and Kenya).

6: The message of Noah in the short clip is quite clear and brief where he addresses the audience about the British colonization of Africa. He says that British liked the concept of colonization which is also one of the most arrogant forms of patriotism and as Britain liked the idea in their own country so they also tried to implement it elsewhere and now it behaves like colonization never happened. He says that now Britain doesn’t like the foreigners coming to their country while in reality, it was Britain who told the world about the UK. Every other country was having fun when Britain invaded their country and told them about the existence of the UK and Britain.

Work Cited

“Africa | Trillions Demanded in Slavery Reparations.” BBC News, BBC, 20 Aug. 1999, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/424984.stm.

Amy Yee. "The Power Plants That May Save A Park, And Aid A Country". The New York Times, 30 August. 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/business/congo-power-plants-poaching.html.

Heather, Randall W. “Mau Mau and Kenya.” Journal of Conflict Studies, journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4364/5027.

Polgreen, Lydia. “Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 15 Nov. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/world/africa/16congo.html

Adolf Hitler's War Aims In WW2 (World War 2)

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Adolf Hitler’s aims in WW2

Introduction

Adolf Hitler is known as a famous German politician, who also served as a leader in the Nazi Party. He became most powerful during the tenure of his dictatorship in the span of 1933 to 1944. In all these years, considering his power he initiated the war famously known as World War II in Europe while tending to invade Poland. As a dictator, he used his army to fight in the war, which turned the war into a holocaust. The war is still remembered, even after so many years, for causing an extensive loss of human lives.

World War II is considered as a deadly war, and with its negative meanings, the role of Hitler is also highlighted. It is believed that Hitler was a major figure behind this deadly holocaust. However, historians have come to decide that Hitler also had some aims that he wanted to achieve by hosting this war. In this way, the current paper will be focused on highlighting the aims and goals that Hitler had in World War II.

Hitler’s Aims in World War II

Based on the realities of World War II, it was crystal clear that Hitler wanted to destroy the league of territories and it served as a major driving force for war. However, not only this factor but some other aims of Hitler were also responsible for World war II. Overall, it is thought that Hitler had three major aims, that involved:

To abolish the Versailles Treaty

Expand German territory

Defeating Communism

These aims are considered as the driving force. German military was so focused to meet these aims with their dictator as to start the war. However, every objective had multiple reasons to become a pathway towards World War II, that is why they are discussed separately.

Abolishing the Versailles Treaty

major objective of Hitler in World War II was to abolish and diminish the treaty of Versailles and to meet this aim some actions were taken in this regard. a presentation at the disarmament conference was one of the initial steps taken towards the results. In the conference, Hitler had a focus on asserting the reasons to leave the disarmament conference, emphasizing on the aspect that Germany faced fourteen years of disarmament1, but still, no results were attained. Considering the failures from the Disarmament conference and then the delegation, he took the next step in this regard. As finding no hope from peace and suit organizations, he started increasing the German army. At first, he started to increase the numbers in Germany army secretly, but alongside, an agreement was signed between Germany and England for increasing the size of the German army. However, this agreement did not involve other allies in the decision. The decision was able to provide consent for rearming in other areas, and Hitler took advantage of the agreement and inducted people in his army, around 500,000. Along with that, Germany also increased the size of its naval force by 35%.

Similarly, after increasing the size of the German army, Hitler took a step ahead for occupying Rhineland, and for that matter, he leads his army to march towards the Rhineland. After the occupation Rhineland, many years later Hitler increased his army size to another extent to double the existing numbers.

After, occupying the Rhineland, other treaties with Austria and the league of nations were abolished. All of these actions were taken in way of abolishing the treaty. The major reason behind abolishing was that the Versailles treaty served as a sign of shame and embarrassment for Germans because it reminded them of their humiliation that they faced during World War II. In this way, to get rid of that embarrassment Hitler made an objective to end the Versailles treaty and to lead towards the War as Germans solely wanted War for their satisfaction.

Expanding German Territory

During that time, it was also realized that the population of Germany was growing and for that matter, it was necessary for them to have more living space. Hitler was stern on having that living space by conquering the land in eastern Europe. The major underlying factors were still based on the embarrassment faced during World War I. That is why Germans wanted to invade Europe and bound them to slavery.

Another reason for the objective of conquering lands included Germans belonging from the Aryan race, and they were genetical of the view that they are superior of all and they are destined to be the rulers1. For that matter, Germany stepped towards conquering Czechoslovakia, and at last, ruled it. Similarly, after Czechoslovakia, Germany invaded Poland.

In this way, the attempt of World War II was also a step to conquer more land and to increase the living space of Germany.

Defeating Communism

Another objective of Hitler during World War II was to defeat Communism that indirectly meant war with Russia. As at that time, Russia was the country that was ruled as a communist state. In this way, Germany blamed Russia for being the reason for their defeat in World War I.

The first step taken in the path of defeating communism included a ban on the German Communist party so that no party can stand against the Nazis in Germany. While putting a ban on the Communist party, the Nazis put their leaders into the camp. Moreover, in order to deal with the agony of German people that was initiated by a ban, the Nazi party arranged Reichstag Fire as an excuse from the people. However, when the elections were launched all other parties were excluded and in order to deal with the opposition from the members of other parties, the members of those parties were sent to camps.

Moreover, towards the same aim to defeat the communism Hitler took a step to sign a pact, which is also considered as an Anti-Committer Pact with countries including Japan and Italy. According to the pact, Italy and Japan agreed to a pact that they will fight the communism on an international level. Moreover, after the pacts and agreement with the other countries, having strong army, Hitler then decided to take one of the major steps in the way of ending communism and that is how he announced war on the USSR, and Movement of Hitler took a turn.

Conclusion

Hence, considering the above-described event each one of them has been able to leave a mark on the history of the world. Also considering that the trajectory and occurrence of the above-described events was not the same as some of them happened before and some early. But, the point of the whole discussion was to shed light on the aims and objective of Hitler during World War II, and each of his aims contained a different set of events. Realizing the described events, it can be seen that one of the underlying factors of the included feelings of shame as well as the superiority of Aryan race. In this way, it would not be a wrong implication if the aim of Hitler can be seen as the one satisfying his own self-respect and ego as well as of the people from his country.

Bibliography

Deák, István. Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution During World War II. Routledge, 2018.

African Americans

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African Americans

In America, since the 1950s, an increase in demand for equality by African-Americans has been observed. One of the most obvious examples of acceleration in equality demand has been the “Civil Rights movement”. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. have been two of the most influential and most revered African-American political activists. Both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. were respected leaders of the Civil Rights movement, who struggled for freedom and racial equality. A difference in their leadership could be analyzed easily. King advocated non-violent direct action and passive resistance to achieve equal civil rights. On the other hand, Malcolm X was violent in his actions and rejected white Americas as well as Christian values by preaching the supremacy of black people over white people. According to James H. Cone, in the African American community, no issue is more holy than violence and non-violence (Cone et al, pp. 173-183). Both King and Malcolm symbolize this debate as both these civil rights movement leaders responded differently to violence and non-violence during the freedom fight that the African-Americans fought in the 1960s. Malcolm was more violent in his action and represented himself as the spokesman for the Nation of Islam (NOI) and the Black Muslim movement.

Martin Luther King Jr. is best known in American history for advocating non-violence and promoting the idea that non-violence could not only be used as an effective strategy for bringing a social change but also that it is at the heart of the philosophy of life. In a conflict situation, no limitation of his advocacy of non-violence was remarkable. According to Darryl D. Roberts, the lens of visibility of both Malcolm and King was different (Roberts et al, pp. 425-456). Martin Luther King Jr. used powerful actions and words of non-violent resistance. Few of his most commonly used weapons against racial inequality are protests, civil disobedience and grassroots that used to be organized for achieving seemingly impossible aims during the 1950s and 1960s.

Critics praised Malcolm X for raising his voice against the injustice that was at peak during the 1950s and 1960s. It was the same time when Malcolm rejected the superiority of the white people. Once Martin Luther King Jr. stated about Malcolm, "I think Malcolm X did serve a role, I think he played a role in pointing out the problem, calling attention to it, but his great problem was an inability to emerge with a solution. He had slogans that were catchy and that people listened to, but I don’t think he ever pointed out the solution to the problem”. According to Ryan LaMothe, Malcolm X underwent a series of changes after the political humiliation and a psychological change in his life was later observed (LaMothe et al, 103-129 ). Malcolm was violent in his words as well as actions and believed that one cannot get freedom; self-respect and dignity by letting others over-power him/her. Malcolm’s violent behavior could be seen in his speeches as in most of his speeches, he emphasized on self-defense. According to William W. Sales, Malcolm X accused King was bowing before white people and urged him to be more aggressive in his actions (Sales Jr & William). Controversial and outspoken, Malcolm X was notorious yet charismatic in the eye of the public. William believed that Malcolm X was a multifaceted leader whose strategies of change were dangerous for the racist status quo. Both the historical leaders had the same issue but their directions were altogether different. According to many experts, Malcolm’s agitation worked in favor of his struggle for freedom and once he even denied being American. Malcolm was violent but his effectiveness of agitation could be seen in the admiration of his work and commitment against the racial issues that characterized Malcolm’s life. According to August H. Nimtz, pieces of evidence showed the threat of violence to have been credible, the actual violence exemplified by Malcolm was required for reducing the the violent acts of whites against blacks. (Nimtz et al, pp. 1-22.). Malcolm started threatening the government in his speeches. Effectiveness of agitation Malcolm began with Birmingham that abetted subsequent civil rights gains.

Malcolm X was the minister of religion, spokesman, writer, political and human rights activist who throughout his life raised voice against racial inequality. He spent few years in jail and during his childhood, he began to rob food from the stores. During his life, he got involved in drug dealing, prostitution racketeering, and gambling, etc. He brought a revolution as an African-American leader and was a prominent figure of the Nation of Islam as well, who became popular for articulating concepts of race pride and nationalism in the early 1960s. It could be observed that though both these leaders were different in their ideology and approach, they were quite similar as far as their jobs are concerned.

Martin Luther King Jr. was religion minister, civil right activist, humanitarian and writer who struggled hard for breaking the racial discrimination. One of his greater victories throughout his life was his recognition as the first nonviolent activist. King Jr. was also a key figure of Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955, but being a part of the civil rights movement was the greatest job that he performed at his fullest. He was an exceptional spokesman as most of the experts and critics believe that Luther’s word and non-violent activities were far more influential and effective than the violence done by the whites. Luther motivated black people for joining hands so that they could fight against the oppression that they were subjected to.

Being a civil rights activist, Luther aimed to raise public consciousness regarding racism, segregation, and racial discrimination. One of the main goals of Dr. Martin King Luther Jr. was seeking racial equality for which he adopted non-violent strategies. He becomes immensely popular among both blacks and whites for his non-violent progression in the Civil Rights movement. His goal was earning equal human rights for African-Americans. During the 1950s and 1960s, he put efforts for bringing African-Americans on equal grounds so that both African Americans and white Americans could be treated without any discrimination. He aimed at making people socially, morally and politically conscious of the equality of human rights, as he was advocated for non-violent protests and grass rooting. His purpose was training people to raise their voice for claiming equality for being humans.

On contrary, Malcolm X was also working for a similar purpose like King Luther Jr. Malcolm's goal was to motivate African-Americans and he believed that they must return to their land, or in America, there should be a division of separate lands for the African-Americans where they would not be discriminated on the basis of race and color. Malcolm wanted to end racial discrimination and social injustice. Though, he was a violent and aggressive leader, yet he wanted to see African-Americans as equals of white people. So as a whole, it could be asserted that the effectiveness of Malcolm's violent strategy and attitude could be seen in the decreased violence that African-Americans were later subjected to.

Work Cited

Cone, James H. "Martin, and Malcolm on nonviolence and violence." Phylon (1960-) 49.3/4 (2001): 173-183.

LaMothe, Ryan. "Political humiliation, object use, and psychological changes in the life of Malcolm x." The Psychoanalytic Review 99.1 (2012): 103-129.

Nimtz, August H. "Violence and/or Nonviolence in the Success of the Civil Rights Movement: The Malcolm X–Martin Luther King, Jr. Nexus." New Political Science 38.1 (2016): 1-22.

Roberts, Darryl D., et al. "The invisible work of managing visibility for social change: Insights from the leadership of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr." Business & Society 47.4 (2008): 425-456.

Sales Jr, William W., and William W. Sales. From civil rights to Black liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American unity. South End Press, 1994.

Aimee Semple McPherson American Experience

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Aimee Semple McPherson American Experience

Widely recognized for founding the eminent FourSquare Church, Aimee Semple McPherson was a well-known media celebrity in the 1920s and 1930s. Aimee Semple McPherson was extremely glamorous and for the first time in history, she used trailblazing radio services to preach the contents of her religion to a diverse audience. Belonging from a small town in Ontario, Canada, Sister Aimee Semple McPherson had a unique amalgamation of charisma, theatrics, and humour in her personality. This paper strives to strengthen the inimitability and distinctiveness of her journey in the broader picture of the American landscape in the 1920s.

The documentary, ‘Sister Aimee’, by American Experience is an epic portrayal of the first of many evangelists who was equally popular and controversial and whose charisma had a very powerful spell on the people around her and her adherents. Aimee Semple McPherson played a fundamental role in bringing conservative Protestantism into the limelight and amalgamating it into the mainstream and widely known American popular culture ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EHtBh65p","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sutton)","plainCitation":"(Sutton)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/R3lWGnc9/items/SF36Z4Q2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/R3lWGnc9/items/SF36Z4Q2"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"article-journal","title":"“Between the Refrigerator and the Wildfire”: Aimee Semple McPherson, Pentecostalism, and the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy","container-title":"Church History","page":"159–188","volume":"72","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","shortTitle":"“Between the Refrigerator and the Wildfire”","author":[{"family":"Sutton","given":"Matthew A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sutton). Aimee Semple, also known as Sister Aimee, also courageously presented Pentecostalism in American politics and for this contribution, she is celebrated even today. Sister Aimee took great pride in conveying the true essence of her FourSquare Gospel and propounded that this gospel can serve as a complete institution for body, spirit, soul, and eternity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"045CIi1j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maddux)","plainCitation":"(Maddux)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/R3lWGnc9/items/NDN2K7SG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/R3lWGnc9/items/NDN2K7SG"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Foursquare Gospel of Aimee Semple McPherson","container-title":"Rhetoric and Public Affairs","page":"291–326","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Maddux","given":"Kristy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maddux). Against the milieu of the Roaring Twenties, Sister Aimee Semple McPherson was largely recognized as an American phenomenon due to her extensive social works and diffusion of religion at the same time.

In the midst of the First World War, the American nation was lurching in the adverse effects of war which was a mix of pandemic diseases, hunger, social evils, greed, and huge gaps between various classes of society. Sister Aimee Semple McPherson appeared to be a breeze of fresh air in this scenario and started to work on her evangelical mission. Through this mission, Sister Aimee sought to spread a message of hope across the unprivileged and unfortunate segments of America ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"euPE0D09","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lyden)","plainCitation":"(Lyden)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":138,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/R3lWGnc9/items/HV4GMTWY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/R3lWGnc9/items/HV4GMTWY"],"itemData":{"id":138,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sister Aimee","container-title":"Journal of Religion and Film","page":"0_1–3","volume":"23","issue":"1","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Lyden","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lyden). She travelled across all the states of America and changed the Christian teachings and doctrine which largely talked about hell and damnation, to a message of hope and love. Sister Aimee can be largely accredited to mix two polar opposite elements of everyday life in the dynamic and constantly evolving American culture. These two elements are religion and entertainment and according to popular belief, these two can hardly be incorporated and reflected upon through the same lens.

Sister Aimee was a staunch believer of bringing innovative methods to the contemporary scenario so that the teachings of religion could be propagated efficaciously. With the creation of her own radio station, she disseminated the message of humanity as far as Australia. She successfully established her niche as a celebrity evangelist and religiously supported and tended to the needs of victims of domestic violence and abuse, drug addicts, and unwed mothers.

In 1926, Aimee Semple McPherson disappeared and the causes of this absence are still unknown. It is still highly difficult to pinpoint whether she was kidnapped or that she staged her own disappearance. Her reappearance in the limelight proved to be a highly interesting subject for the media frenzy and she continued her social activism.

In less than three decades, Sister Aimee managed to touch a million lives and the families associated with them in one way or another. To an unprecedented degree, she fused religion and entertainment together and became more popular than many other movie stars who were her contemporaries. Her seminal work is still remembered and the FourSquare church, founded by her, claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents and followers.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Lyden, John. “Sister Aimee.” Journal of Religion and Film, vol. 23, no. 1, 2019, pp. 0_1–3.

Maddux, Kristy. “The Foursquare Gospel of Aimee Semple McPherson.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 2011, pp. 291–326.

Sutton, Matthew A. “‘Between the Refrigerator and the Wildfire’: Aimee Semple McPherson, Pentecostalism, and the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy.” Church History, vol. 72, no. 1, 2003, pp. 159–188.