Critical Essay

Film , A Beautiful Mind in the light of Psychology

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"A Beautiful Mind" is a story based on a fact at the life of mathematician John Nash, who receives the Nobel Prize in Mathematics in 1994. John Nash was the mysterious genius of Virginia. Actor Russell Crowe plays the role of Nash. John Nash is a teacher played by Rusell Crowe, he began as a student in Princeton, in 1947. He stands out for being a great mathematician, with the extraordinary ability to detect patterns both in nature and in various areas, for him, mathematics happens to Be a fundamental symbol in your life.

The story begins with a lonely young man locked in himself, whose best friend was the numbers. Besides, he believes that everything in life could be solved with mathematics. He strives to check everything with numbers, analyze and search for answers through formulas in the movement of the pigeons, of a football game, finally in everything.

When Nash was testing formulas and theories all the time, he didn't have much time to make friends, and his Princeton friends were usually passenger friends who didn't share much with him. When he suffered from schizophrenia, he created a roommate who helped him with his problems and shares with him, who happens to be excellent support for Nash in his awkward moments. "When a natural science makes developments, it only ever does so in the course of the real, and always in the direction of the unidentified" ( Mauss,1979).

Not having much contact with people was a failure with women. Every time he tried to approach a woman, he didn't know how to act, because Nash understood that just as the mathematics were accurate, he was exact and straight to the point. This offered the women with whom he tried to have something, go to bed and have an exchange of fluids and being too direct for his things, provoked rejections from the women until he met Alice, with whom he marries.

When Nash assumes, he is ill, he becomes aware and does everything possible to try to please his wife and that she no longer suffers for him. It was for his wife and son that he tries to ignore his hallucinations even though they are with him for the rest of his life. All the characters invented by Nash's mind give him everything he didn't have, Charles gives him a true friendship., Marcy gives him all the love and tenderness of a young girl of the opposite sex, which makes her have an affectionate relationship. Parker gave him all the thrills that Nash's dull life didn't have, making him work for the Department of Defense by cracking down enemy codes, which was related to what he liked, math. "I believe that to comprehend how scientific and technological information is shaped; we must comprehend what is unconcealed as well as what is challenged" ( Taylor, 2003).

While Nash was a graduate of Princeton University, he developed a theory that changed the focus of the "Game Theory" that would lead to one of the most significant developments in economic, political and biological approaches. The next stage of Nash's life that the film deals with shows how he relates to secret agents of the government, to help decipher the secret messages that, supposedly, the enemies of the nation (Russians) published in newspapers and magazines. At that time, Professor Nash met a student, a student of him with whom he would later marry. At the age of 30, he is diagnosed with schizophrenic paranoia and is admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Because of his illness, he loses his job at the university, and when he leaves the hospital, under treatment, he returns to the university to continue his research. The film ends when Nash is reintegrated into the university, and after five years of research, he is recognized and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1994.

This is how this story ends that could be sadder, but instead the character of Nash managed to become an example of self-improvement and personal, academic, scientific and family triumph. All this could be achieved thanks to his wife Alicia, with his dedication, dedication; but above all for the unconditional love he felt.

The film raises various problems such as:

Nash's social maladjustment due to her shyness and her obsession with mathematics. Besides the difficulty, he had to distinguish between reality and imagination after assuming he has paranoid hallucinations. On the other hand, the courageous and challenging decision of the committee that was to choose the Nobel Prize of that year to give it to a man who had made critical objective contributions in his area, and yet, who had always had a mental problem so serious and subject to So much social prejudice.

Another issue is related to this film is associated with ethics. "Ivy argued that Hippocrates had recognized experimental science on an ethical basis" (Weindling, 2001). According to Gardner's approaches to multiple intelligences, this character in the film and real-life has a highly developed logical-mathematical intelligence; However, his relational intelligence and linguistic intelligence were very lacking, adding that he agonized from schizophrenia, offering little or no development of the other types of intelligence, exactly interpersonal, intrapersonal, corporal and linguistic, which are what enable the development of skills aimed at strengthening the socialization process.( Milnor & Forbes, 1998).

Theories found in the movie

John was initially very frustrated at not creating something that was unique, while his companions advanced in their achievements. This led him to neglect his social life. In a moment of anger, Isaac Newton's theory could be proved by throwing the desk out of the window aided by his imaginary friend Charles.

One day his classmates and friends encourage him to disregard for a moment of homework and manage to conquer the most desired girl of the moment. However, thanks to this insistence, Nash discovers a theory that contradicts the postulates of one of the greatest economists in history, Smith. This brings him to the cusp of his career. "The story told here is about how controlling verdict making at the global level inspires the development of "local" experimental terrains whose ethics are practical and whose subjects can be" ( Petryna,2005,p.189)

Adan Smith Father of Political Economy said that in competition, individual ambition serves the common good. Nash exemplifies Smith's theory by observing the woman and says that the theory is incomplete. It should be "what is most productive, is that everyone in the group wants for them and also for the group.

Concludingly, the film, gives the expression of "physics-schizo" as literally. The biopic about the Beautiful mathematician John Forbes Nash, who received the Nobel Prize for developing game theory in 1994, was based on Sylvia Nazar's book, Beautiful Mind: The Life of the Mathematics Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash. For distribution in the CIS countries, the film was called "The Mind Games" and, perhaps, this is one of the few cases when the distribution company hit the target. During the search for the missing protagonist, his demons torment him - memories of the Second World War, where he had to participate in the liberation of the concentration camp for interned Jews. It seems that gradually the hero himself is losing his mind, but the outcome is much more dramatic.

References

Mauss, M. (1979). Body Techniques, in Sociology and Psychology: Essays (pp. 97-123).

Nasar, S. (2011). A beautiful mind. Simon and Schuster.

Milnor, J., & Forbes, J. (1998). John Nash and" A Beautiful Mind. In Novermber NOTICES OF THE AMS.

Petryna, A. (2005). Ethical variability: drug development and globalizing clinical trials.

American Ethnologist, 32(2), 183-197.

Taylor, J. S. (2003). Confronting “culture” in medicine's “culture of no culture”. Academic

Medicine, 78(6), 555-559.

Weindling, P. (2001). The origins of informed consent: the international scientific commission

on medical war crimes, and the Nuremberg Code. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 75(1), 37-71.

Critique Of Brittany Warrens' Paper

Critique of Brittany Warrens' Paper- Slavery and Serfdom

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Brittany Warren starts off by providing a thesis that is not clear from the beginning of the paper where she looks at the difference between slavery and serfdom. She claims that the major difference between the abolition and the two systems was that slavery involved civil war that did not take place under serfdom. She then proceeds to offer a breakdown on the similarities and differences that result from the serfs and the African Americans (Ingram, 1895). The author traces this fact back to the time when African Americans were dehumanized in the American history.

Brittany offers a thorough analysis of the thesis by breaking it down into five paragraphs. The first paragraph is however long and looks like three paragraphs bundled into one. The other paragraphs are good and offers points on the major differences between the Russian and American slavery whereby in America she argues the slaves were handled in a structured manner and in the end turned to be a good addition to the workforce while in Russian Serfdom, the slaves answered to different lordships because lack of a proper structure (Ingram, 1895).

Brittany provides accurate facts and evidences provided are reliable to the case being analyzed. The author also delves deeper and provides opposing views on the differences between the Russia and American systems. She looked into the differences that existed on the manner Americans and Russians handled the slaves and managed issues to do with them.

At the end of the paper she provides a good justification for classifying various differences and origins that help in following through and connecting with the start of the paper. She also restates the thesis but however misses the mark when she talks of every country remembering its history yet her paper was on the comparison of American and Russian slavery.

References

Ingram, J. K. (1895). A History of Slavery and Serfdom. New York: Wiley and Sons.

Crusade Essay

Were The Crusades An Unprovoked Attack On Islamic Societies In Western Asia And Did It Set Up A Cycle Of Violence Between Muslims And Christians That Was Focused on Revenge?

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Were The Crusades An Unprovoked Attack On Islamic Societies In Western Asia And Did It Set Up A Cycle of Violence Between Muslims and Christians That Was Focused on Revenge?

The question of whether the Crusades had established a cycle of violence between Muslims and Christians that focused on revenge is one that must look at the events as a series of battles that each had different results. For example, the Fourth Crusade was one that involved the Christians not fighting the Muslims at all (Outside & Inside, Madden, p. 661). The personal revenge is stated to be between the Christian knights against their Eastern brothers (Outside & Inside, Madden, p. 661). The violence of the Crusades is specific to the factions involved. Artifacts recovered from Syria and Egypt depict the Christians and Muslims as involved in the same visual culture (Christian-Islamic Encounters, Hoffman, p. 129). The impact from the Crusades is thought to be tremendous on all sides involved. On Muslim society, the Crusades left an impact on the societal consciousness felt till modern day yet the scholarly research available on the Muslims in the Middle East is far less (The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, Hillenbrand, p. 1). This would indicate the Crusades to have had a long lasting impact on the Muslims in the Middle East.

There are other views that would point to the potential that the Crusades were an attempt at ethnic cleansing by the Christians. For example, it is thought that western immigration was not going to be large enough to facilitate an entirely Christian state (The Crusades: A History, Simon & Riley-Smith, p. 62). The situation regarding the unprovoked attacks appears to have the Turks invading modern-day Istanbul within the former Byzantine empire. The Turks seemingly were advancing towards Istanbul for an invasion (The Crusades: A History, Simon & Riley-Smith, p. 62). Therefore, it is very likely the unprovoked attacks were Muslim and potentially led by the Turks against the Byzantines. For example, the advance of the Turks against the Byzantines is thought to have been the event to set of the series of events that became known as the First Crusade (The Crusades: A History, Simon & Riley-Smith, p. 62).

The Muslims were therefore most likely to have led unprovoked attacks against the Christians while the Christians were most likely to have had the tendencies to establish a cycle of violence against all. The cycle of revenge had seemingly been from both the Muslims and Christians to reclaim territories lost during conflicts resulting from the Crusades. An example of this is the statement that in the early eighth century, the area of North Africa, Palestine and Syria as well as most of Spain had been lost to the Muslims. The Christians had lost much land to the Muslims and under Pope Gregory VII led to the dictum to liberate Christians from the East (The Crusades: A History, Simon & Riley-Smith, p. 2). Therefore, loss of land to the Muslims had led the Christians to seek attacks against Muslim empires as a means to reclaim lost territories. These attacks can be interpreted as revenge against the Muslims who taken land from the Christians.

The research had identified the focus of the Christians as one of ethnic cleansing and a means to ensure Christian kingdoms had land for themselves. The Christian knights were the force in the Crusades that attempted to expand the Christian empire and to reclaim territories lost to the Muslims. These revenge attacks can be understood as part of the ethnic cleansing practice the Christians had brought to the conflict. The Muslims were depicted as invaders that had expanded Muslim territories into Christian lands. In this case, the Crusades were an unprovoked attack by the Muslims on the Christians that potentially led to the ethnic cleansing beliefs of the Christians against all non-Christians. The cycle of violence between Muslims and Christians was seemingly created by the Muslims by invading Christian territories thereby facilitating the Christians to seek cyclical revenge against the Muslims to reclaim lands and vice versa.

Bibliography

Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History, “Crusaders as Penitents” (12-25). (Cv).

Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives “Jihad” (89-100, 103-112, 181-193). (Cv).

Thomas F. Madden, “Outside and Inside the Fourth Crusade,” The International History Review, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Nov., 1995), pp. 726-743. (Cv).

Eva R. Hoffman, “Christian-Islamic Encounters on Thirteenth-Century Ayyubid Metalwork: Local Culture, Authenticity, and Memory,” Gesta 43, no. 2 (2004): 129-142. (Cv).

Cuban Refugees And Immigration Policy

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[History and Anthropology]

[Date]

Cuban Refugee 1960-80’s experiencing changes in immigration policy

Introduction

During the nineteenth century, the tradition of Cuban political exiles migrating towards the United States began. Immigration of Cubans started in 1823 when Spain was ruling the island. Many nationalist leaders of Cuba started a revolt and pursued the support of Cuban exiles in Florida and New York. In the early twentieth century, Cuban won its full independence and became an oppressive dictatorship country. In order to take power in Cuba, Fidel Castro led a communist movement in 1959 to overthrow the government of Batista. Castro captured large land holdings by attacking Batista supporters and entrepreneurs. Majority of the Cuban appeared in media as enemies of the revolution as they did not unconditionally support Castro. Many opponents of this revolution sought temporary exile in the US due to the political troubles in Cuba. These immigrants tried to get the benefit due to this political instability in Cuba. Castro's enemies were supported by the administration of Eisenhower as anti-communist freedom fighters. Some of the Cuban immigrants had contacts in the US which helped them to adjust in the new environment. They were already familiar with the American lifestyle and its culture. It is noteworthy to mention that newcomers get critical guidance in the US from the bulk of exiles who had arrived earlier. These exiles helped them to enlist in the federally funded Cuban Refugee Program in order to get free food and health care services. Satisfactory behavior of the Cuban refugees encourages US politicians to made effective changes in the immigration policy in order to help Cubans to adjust them in American society.

Discussion

Cuban immigrants took advantage of the political condition of the US after the cold war. 119,922 Cubans migrated to the US between 1959 and 1962, which is considered as peak immigration season. It is notable to mention that majority of these immigrants were primarily of Cuba's elite including cattlemen, sugar mill owners, professionals, representatives of foreign companies, big merchants, and executive and owners of firms. Some of these immigrants entered the US through a secret US program named as "Operation Pedro Pan", while others came indirectly from other countries such as Canada. Upon arrival in the United States, many Cuban immigrants face difficulties as they did not have any resources.

Immigration policies for Cuban refugees 1960s-1980

The country of the United States of America has a long history of accommodating refugees from different parts of the world. This form of consideration eventually makes it essential to critically examine different perspectives in the form of immigration policies for refugees. When it comes to the identification of the significant forms of immigration policies for immigrants set by the United States of America than immigration policy for Cuban refugees is one critical aspect of consideration (Clark 363). It is worthy to mention that the time period of 1960s-1980s has its strong significance when it comes to the exploration of the changing perspective of immigration policy specifically in the case of Cuban refugees. Critical consideration of the refugee policy development and changing domains in this perspective eventually helps to analyze the existing association between the countries of the U.S. and Cuba. The government and other legislative institutions of the United States of America attempt different forms of attempts in the form of policy changes in case of immigration policy for the Cuban refugees. The main focus of this form of consideration is to evolve the relationship between these countries in the form of the adoption of various reforms. Identification of the approach of reform in the form of immigration policy change for Cuban refugees is essential to make the better inference that how this form of change impacts the lives of the Cuban refugees. The perspective of the policy change in the form of immigration policy for Cuban refugees is also helpful to make better inferences about the attempts of U.S. to attain and sustain a better developing relationship with the less developed countries such as Cuba.

Identification of the particular problems associated with the perspective of Cuban refugees is essential to make better inferences about the approach of change of immigration policy. The growing concern of security made it necessary for the Cuban citizens to seek political asylum in different parts of the country (Hughes 187). This particular approach was the main prospect of consideration related to the overall approach of the immigration policy of the U.S. specifically in the case of Cuban refugees. The arrival of hundreds of thousands of Cuban refugees in the country made it essential for the government of the United States of America to reconsider the approach of immigration policy regularly to ensure better reforms and line of action for the Cuban refugees. Different practical aspects play a critical role in the overall domain of settling refugee policy for Cuban immigrants. There were plenty of Cuban citizens who illegally entered in the land of the U.S. and asking for the protection. It was one challenging prospect for the government of the U.S. to ensure better reforms to effectively deal with the issues concerning the refugees. The approach of the historical domain helps to identify that a huge number of refugees entered the country of the United States of America who was recognized as the “boat people.” Cuban exodus was the critical attempt that linked with the overall perspectives of the approach of immigration policy for them. This form of consideration eventually causes an extensive transfer of Cuban people to the land of the United States of America. The government of the country attempts to offer different forms of reforms to effectively handle the concern of immigration policy specifically for Cuban refugees. The change in the refugee policy in the form of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 was the significant attempt that changes the overall perspective of living for Cuban refugees in the country of the United States of America.

A different form of constitutional changes adopted by the legislative entity of U.S to ensure better life of Cuban refugees in the host country. A critical exploration of the impact of policy change is effective to identify actual changes experienced by Cuban refugees under the social, cultural, and economic perspectives. When it comes to the exploration of the particular policy change in the form of immigration policy for Cuban refugees than the approach of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 can never be ignored. Undoubtedly, the legislative perspective of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 immensely influenced the lives of Cuban immigrants. The significance of this form of policy change was crucial because it eventually permits Cubans to become the permanent residents in the country of the United States of America if they had been living in the country for at least 2 years. This form of policy advancement is one significant form of development considering the overall perspective of the immigration policy for the Cuban refugees. The main aim of this form of policy reform is to provide better security prospects for the ones who take shelter in the country as the Cuban refugees. It is important to indicate that certain eligibility criteria were set by the government of the United States of America to offer the option of permanent residence to the Cuban refugees. Adjustment of status set by the legislative authorities to ensure the better form of living for the ones who are characterized as the Cuban refugees in the country. This form of practical implication in the form of immigration policy reforms for Cuban immigrants provides better humanitarian relief to the Cubans who were suffered due to the facet of political refugees. Provision of relief for the Cuban refugees was the basic aspect of concern that turns as the prominent reform in case of immigration policy for refugees who originally belongs to the land of Cuba.

Significance of changes in Cuban refugees’ immigration policies

It is mandatory to identify the actual impact of changes in the immigration policy in the case of Cuban refugees. This form of consideration eventually helps to determine better outcomes about the actual position of Cuban refugees in the country of the United States of America. Deep analysis of the change in the immigration policy for Cuban refugees eventually helps to determine the impact of change on the lives of Cuban refugees. This form of consideration closely involves the perspectives of politics and the perception established by Cuban refugees. Identification of the political condition of the country is important to identify the actual foundation of the perspective of change in immigration policy. Post-cold war was the time that question the democratic perspective of the country and make it essential for the government to adopt the approach of some forms of necessary reforms. When it comes to the approach of the reform in the form of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 than it is essential to mention that this practical domain was associated with various aspects of considerations. There was the consideration of common wisdom that was directly associated with the overall practical perspective of the policy reforms in the form of the Cuban Adjustment Act in 1966 (Duany 21). The main concern for the legislative institutes of the country was to provide and ensure a safe living environment for the refugees to attain and sustain a better position of the country at the global level. The two major challenges for the government of the United States of America were to involve the community of Cuban refugees in the form of provision of permanent residents for them and involve them in the form of the strong workforce for the country.

The approach of humanitarian involvement in Cuba established as the key factor to initiate the perspective of immigration policy reforms for them. There is a need for examining this entire perspective critically to effectively determine the actual consideration of the idea of policy reforms in case of immigration for Cuban refugees. The significance of the policy changes can observe in both paradigms of past and present to figure out the actual implications of the actual idea of policy formulation. The Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 mainly established as the significant attempt to ensure the better form of anti-Cuba weapon with the adoption of unique privileges for the natives of Cuba living in the country of the U.S (Brewer 47). The main purpose of the attempt of the policy change in the form of Cuban Adjustment Act (CAA) to provide necessary benefits to the natives of Cuba who lived in the country of the U.S. and want some form of relief in the form of accommodation. When it comes to the approach of the CAA from the perspective of the U.S. government than the main aspect of significance was that the government of the country was interested to successfully adjust its relationship with the world. Migration waves in the form of growing participation of the Cuban immigrants are one necessary domain of consideration in the entire scenario of Cuban immigration and relevant policy changes.

The systematic immigration program offered by the country of the United States of America to successfully figure out all the concerns faced by both the government and Cuban immigrants in the form of seeking asylum by the Cuban refugees. Involvement of different associated concerns makes it essential for the policymakers to critically examine the entire perspective and offered some valuable practical measures that eventually change the lives of the Cuban refugees in a positive manner. Proper execution of the policy execution also makes it essential to critically examine its actual implications in the lives of Cuban refugees (McBride 36). It is vital to determine how the changing perspectives in the form of immigration policy change the lives of the Cuban refugees. When it comes to the exploration of the particular impacts of immigration policy changes in the life of Cuban immigrants than social, political, and economic are three major aspects of consideration.

Impact of changes in immigration policy

In 1959, the government of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba was overthrown by Fidel Castro and his guerrilla forces. Majority of the Cuban migrated to the US as political refugees in order to get rid of the unstable political condition of Cuba. Majority of the immigrants were the members of the elite and middle class who managed to settle themselves in Florida. The United States found the urge to reform their immigration policy due to the growing strength of the civil right movement on the other end. At that time, the national origins quota system was being practiced for immigrants in the US. In the meantime, African Americans were fighting against discrimination and inequality through civil right movements. In accordance with the civil right movement, national origins quota system seemed as discriminatory and backward (Lipman 62). Cuban refugees began to raise their voice against this quota system. Therefore, President John F. Kennedy made reforms in the existing immigration policy in 1963 by saying this quota system “unbearable”. However, after the assassination of Kennedy, Congress made efforts to introduce the Immigration and Naturalization Act 1965. It is notable to mention that the reforms in the existing immigration policy had an immediate and lasting impact. These reforms provided preferences to be made on various scenarios such as permanent residents, relatives of the US citizens or refugees of unrest or violence (Colomer 431). It is important to consider the significance of a new immigration policy to meet the goals of family reunification. The whole family was allowed to reestablish their lives in the US in accordance with the new immigration policy (Perez 15).

Regardless of such disadvantages in terms of economic loss, the politicians of the US made efforts to adjust these Cuban refugees. Americans had not upheld to the required standards needed to create a positive image until 1965. Therefore, the US politicians wanted to help these refugees to depict the Statue of Liberty as a nation refugees. The existing racist quota system was targeted by the domestic criticism which caused a bad impression over the US's image. In response, the political agents of the US tried to come up with an adjustment act in order to improve the image of the US. Unique privileges were provided to African Americans in the Cuban Adjustment Act (CAA) which includes a quick path to citizenship. It is notable to mention that the US had opened its doors to the population of Cuba, but it significantly disrupts the economy of the US. The Cuban Adjustment Act merged as the US financial and economic blockade (Portes, Alejandro, and Puhrmann 12). However, these reforms provide significant humanitarian relief to Cubans who were unable to get residence through other avenues. The adjustment act proved to be effective for Cuban immigrants as it showed that the behavior of Cubans is taking serious consideration in the United States. These refugees were granted greater access than other immigrants due to their familiarity and perceived similarities to the culture and values of the US. Even after a decade of the Adjustment act, very few instances of crimes were reported from the communities of Cuban refugees. Cuban adopted American traditions without any hesitation due to their familiarity with the environment of the US. Unlike other migrants who radically change the culture of America, Cubans painted themselves with American cultures, which was beneficial for Americans as well as they began to like these immigrants.

Although, Cuban refugees came to the US without any resources, they handled themselves in order to adjust in the new country. Cuban's stay in the US proved that they could easily manage assimilation into the communities of the US. They were worthy of the help and deserved compensation as the collective attributes of the Cuban refugees were positive towards the US. The US reformed its policy in accordance with the positive attribute of Cuban refugees. They were offered vast assistance programs in the US in addition to an advanced process. The Cuban refugees were found cooperative in the US so they were provided with 3,500 college loans. There were also given 1,600,000 hours of English and vocational training so they can easily mix themselves in American society. The adjustment act helped fifteen thousand people to get financial assistance which exceeded standard operating procedures for normal immigrants in the US. It is noteworthy to mention that the US reinforce a holistic approach through such mutually reinforcing ideas of individuals in order to assimilate the Cubans into American society. Statistics show that the US spent more than one billion dollars on the Cuban relief program to comfort the Cuban refugees (Fagen et al. 15). The effort exerted to make Cubans successful in the US through English language training, relocation services, and housing subsidies. The impact of immigration on economic growth is positive if the immigrants are highly educated. However, the Cuban refugees were not much educated so they did not contribute significantly towards the US economy. On the other hand, the US policies regarding their development have an evident impact on its economy. The US economy suffered a lot due to the provision of free food and medical facilities to the exile of Cuba. The immigrants did not boost the performance of the US economy, but they proved to be a financial blockade.

Conclusion

To conclude the discussion about the approach of the immigration policy of the U.S. specifically for the Cuban refugees in the era of 1960s to 1980s. It is vital to mention that it is one critical form of policy measure adopted by the government of the U.S. to ensure the proper form of immigration approach for the ones who need protection. Cuban Adjustment Act (CAA) is one major development in the form of policy change in the context of immigration policy development specifically for the Cuban refugees. The focus of this form of consideration was to provide necessary protection to the Cuban immigrants who were interested to stay in the country of the U.S. permanently. It is observed that the facet of changes in the form of immigration policy impacts the lives of Cuban refugees prominently in a social, political, and economic manner.

Works Cited

Clark, Ximena, Timothy J. Hatton, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Explaining US immigration, 1971–1998." The Review of Economics and Statistics 89.2 (2007): 359-373.

Colomer, Josep M. "Exit, voice, and hostility in Cuba." International Migration Review 34.2 (2000): 423-442.

Current, Cheris Brewer. "Normalizing Cuban refugees: Representations of whiteness and anti-communism in the USA during the Cold War." Ethnicities 8.1 (2008): 42-66.

Duany, Jorge. "Cuban Migration: A Postrevolution Exodus Ebbs and Flows." Migration Policy Institute (2017).

Fagen, Richard R., Richard A. Brody, and Thomas J. O'leary. Cubans in exile: Disaffection and the revolution. Vol. 7. Stanford University Press, 1968.

Hughes, Joyce A. "Rethinking the Cuban adjustment act and the US national interest." . Thomas L. Rev. 23 (2010): 187.

Lipman, Jana K. "A refugee camp in America: Fort Chaffee and Vietnamese and Cuban refugees, 1975-1982." Journal of American Ethnic History 33.2 (2014): 57-87.

McBride, Luke. "An Analysis of the Differences in Response to Refugee Events: A Look into the Cuban and Ethnic Albanian Refugee Events." (2017).

Perez, Lisandro. "Immigrant economic adjustment and family organization: The Cuban success story reexamined." International Migration Review 20.1 (1986): 4-20.

Portes, Alejandro, and Aaron Puhrmann. "A bifurcated enclave: The economic evolution of the Cuban and Cuban American population of metropolitan Miami." Cuban Studies(2015): 40-63.

Cultural Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Author

Institution

Cultural Anthropology

Cultural anthropology is the branch of anthropology that highlights how human societies and cultures are developed throughout the course of history. The book ‘Deeply Rooted in the Present; Heritage, Memory, and Identity in Brazilian Quilombos’, written by Mary Lorena Kenny, copes with the most important anthropological questions. Albeit, the book is written for general readers, however, it becomes a significant reference book for people who work on or planning to work on identity, heritage, ethnicity, and race. The writer gives her readers a chance to explore the quilombo movement which was pivotal to the transformation of politics, culture, and land throughout Brazil. Mary Lorena Kenny not only discussed the aforementioned issues but also provided a profound analysis of globalization, sustainability, and economics in her book. This essay will discuss how Mary Lorena Kenny discussed the issues of sustainability, economics, and globalization. The essay will aim at evaluating the effects of globalization, economic issues and the problems related to the sustainability of quilombola communities.

Discussion

Globalization

The concept of globalization hinges upon the circulation of human beings, ideas, and goods. Traditional and indigenous communities of Brazil, that are comprised of the vestiges of escaped of slave communities, were allowed to own land in their name. The basic purpose of creating a legal status was to recognize the relationship between such communities and their lands. Traditional communities, however, are now under the immense pressure of globalization. These traditional communities were left detested following the abolition of slavery in Brazil and fought a hard battle afterward for their recognition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NPKnMSP3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kenny, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kenny, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":622,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/W7GZRLVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/W7GZRLVL"],"itemData":{"id":622,"type":"book","title":"Deeply Rooted in the Present: Heritage, Memory, and Identity in Brazilian Quilombos","publisher":"University of Toronto Press","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Deeply Rooted in the Present","author":[{"family":"Kenny","given":"Mary Lorena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kenny, 2018). These communities were to maintain their traditional lifestyle but their connection with global markets has increased than ever. They are now compelled to make improvements in their lifestyle following their augmented connection to the global market. Improving lifestyle is no less than a challenge for these traditional communities on account of having access to greater mobility and information technology.

A very interesting question comes to mind while reading Kenny's book i.e. what do these communities are confronted with? These communities are actually caught in the undertow and that is the real problem. They are in a double-blinded situation i.e. they have to deal with economic expansion and extension of current ecological ideology. The growing disjuncture between collective social movement, territory, and subjectivity are the main issues resonated by the overall impact of globalization ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rYF8WheQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown, Gonz\\uc0\\u225{}lez, McIlwraith, BC Open Textbook Project, & BCcampus, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Brown, González, McIlwraith, BC Open Textbook Project, & BCcampus, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":625,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"itemData":{"id":625,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown, González, McIlwraith, 2017). In addition, the modern nation-state system that makes an assertion to define all the regions under its arrangements of affiliation and allegiance is also another problem these traditional communities are exposed to. Creation of diverse socio-spatial networks also owes globalization which played a vital role in the fragmentation of society coupled with its dispersion. Globalization imposed environmental restrictions on these communities owing to juxtaposition with conservation areas. Globalization resulted in incoherence between territory and identity of these communities.

Economics

Economic strategies impact the form of development and the populations adapt incessantly to the market condition owing to their dependence upon extractive activities. Changing socio-economic environment compels such communities to reconfigure themselves accordingly. The most important thing in terms of economy is the diversification of revenues, especially when the empowerment of local populace is seen objectively rather than subjectively. Public authorities design and set their priorities on the basis of global requirements and orientations. Sometimes, the global requirement is to alleviate poverty and so does it become the objective of public authority. Sometimes, global watchdogs and policymaker tend to shift their focus from poverty alleviation to environmental conservation. In either case, public authority aligns its objective with global orientations and needs.

Access to land does not solve all the problems of subsistence. In the case of Brazilian traditional communities that represent the relics of slave communities, people benefitted in terms of education and cultural findings. However, the quilombola statute does not provide the means of subsistence to the populations of such communities. These communities do not enjoy stable access to commodities and services. This instability owes weak commercial partnerships and institutional alliances ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LxOV1eTS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":625,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"itemData":{"id":625,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al., 2017). Traditional communities of quilombola are the product of organic solidarity in lieu of mechanical solidarity i.e. they are founded on different goods, skills, and tasks. Such frameworks paved the way for consumerist economies which aided individuals to display their identity through the obvious use of various goods. Diversity of the cultural product has been decreased owing to the homogenization of culture as a consequence of economic globalization. Consumption of cultural products has been lowered owing to the rapid expansion of the leisure market as a consequence of cultural homogenization. Albeit, such communities have resorted to extractive activities, the inhabitants still need to explore unforeseen alternatives for their economic wellbeing and survival.

Sustainability

Quilombola represents both opportunities and restrictions, however, both depend upon the sustainability of development projects. The most important issue is the generation of suspicion, uncertainty, and conflict between the leaders. Quilombola heritage program which is important for the socio-economic wellbeing of quilombola communities seems to have been hijacked by few leaders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ER8BVkZu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":625,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"itemData":{"id":625,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al., 2017). Albeit, the policies designed under the quilombola heritage program are to augment the life quality of the inhabitants but the territories are not sovereign. Local issues have been downplayed and the problems in rural areas such as famine, unemployment, and less educational opportunities are critical to the sustainability of quilombola communities. In addition, in the absence of any impermeable social and spatial boundaries between rural, poor, and quilombola communities, it would be quite hard for the policymakers to implement quilombola heritage program.

Another important factor that affects the sustainability of quilombola heritage program is credulous use of the term ‘traditional community'. Diversity and concentration of contemporary and future local uses of ecological resources are downplayed owing to quilombola's labeling as a traditional community. Its interaction with regional, national and international market also gets affected when quilombola is termed as a traditional community. Environmental measures are also critical for sustainability because contemporary measure are not in harmony with the quilombola populace ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l6u7575z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brown et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Brown et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":625,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/2YS3HW3W"],"itemData":{"id":625,"type":"book","title":"Perspectives: an open invitation to cultural anthropology","source":"Open WorldCat","abstract":"We are delighted to bring to you this novel textbook, a collection of chapters on the essential topics in cultural anthropology. Different from other introductory textbooks, this book is an edited volume with each chapter written by a different author. Each author has written from their experiences working as an anthropologist and that personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. Our approach to cultural anthropology is holistic. We see the interconnectedness of cultural practices and, in all of the chapters, we emphasize the comparison of cultures and the ways of life of different peoples. We start with Laura Nader's observation that cultural differences need not be seen as a problem. In our complicated world of increasing migration, nationalism, and climate challenges, cultural diversity might actually be the source of conflict resolution and new approaches to ensuring a healthier world. Indeed, as Katie Nelson reminds us, anthropology exposes the familiarity in the ideas and practices of others that seem bizarre. Robert Borofsky advocates for anthropology's ability to empower people and facilitate good. Borofsky calls on anthropologists to engage with a wider public to bring our incredible stories and important insights to helping resolve the most critical issues we face in the world today. This book brings Nader, Nelson, Borofsky, and many others together to demonstrate that our anthropological understandings can help all of us to improve the lives of people the world over. We need you, as students, to see the possibilities. As instructors, we want to help you share anthropological knowledge and understanding easily. We want all readers to be inspired by the intensely personal writings of the anthropologists who contribute to this volume.","ISBN":"978-1-931303-55-2","note":"OCLC: 1050870316","title-short":"Perspectives","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Brown","given":"Nina"},{"family":"González","given":"Laura Tubelle","dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"McIlwraith","given":"Thomas"},{"literal":"BC Open Textbook Project"},{"literal":"BCcampus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brown et al., 2017). Such environmental measures would lead to the inception of social movements. The principal economic activities also require diversity through commercialization of such activities. The management plan that allows locals only to grow staple foods in highly degraded soils also affects the sustainability of quilombola. Albeit, the management plan of the park persuades the local to take part in agroforestry but local populace has a sense of mistrust for the park. This is yet another issue which hinders the sustainable development of quilombola.

Conclusion

Globalization is not a very simple term, neither does it only talk about transmission, transportation, and contract on the global scale. Globalization is not about how many places, communities, and cultures are connected but in what ways are they connected. It affects both the economy and sustainability. It has its pros and cons, sometimes it provides us with the stage and sometimes it gives us a background. Quilombola has also been affected by the contradictory implications of globalization. In the case of quilombola, pros of globalization were downplayed by its cons. It resonated economic disparity, instability, mistrust, and conflict as far as quilombola is concerned. It polarized the locals’ movement to towns and restrained the traditional movement of locals. Geographical factory alone does not govern the impact of globalization but also the socio-cultural networks and access to mobility are pivotal.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brown, N., González, L. T. de, McIlwraith, T., BC Open Textbook Project, & BCcampus. (2017). Perspectives: An open invitation to cultural anthropology.

Kenny, M. L. (2018). Deeply Rooted in the Present: Heritage, Memory, and Identity in Brazilian Quilombos. University of Toronto Press.

Culture And Health

Culture and Health

Name

Affiliation

Date

Culture and Health

Health and healing practices have always had a very important position in the cultural practices of a community. Although the modern healing practices and medicines are practiced equally in the developed countries of the world, the traditional and tribal societies of the world had their own set of cultural healing practices, which they believed to be more influential. “Coping with Life: Religion, World View, and Healing” from the book by Richard B. Lee sheds light on the cultural and spiritual healing practices of the Ju/′hoansi people, who are the indigenous trial community of southern Africa. For centuries, the tribal community of the Ju/′hoansi people has followed the traditional and spiritual practices of healing and restoring health, as they believed it to be more effective, as compared to the modern western medicine and health practices. They believe that the disease is either a form of suffering and misfortune, which needs to be dealt by the use of healing practices, or it is just the will of the god, who wants to kill people. The chapter has shed light on the views of spirituality, god, healing myths and dance practices of the Ju/′hoansi people, which will be discussed in detail in this paper.

There is a greater link between religion, world view and the healing practices of the different communities of the world, as human beings have the faith that God has created them and has the authority of bestowing them with health or disease. So, a greater population of the world tends towards religious practices, in order to ask God for health and ease in pain. In addition to it, some people from the tribe or community practice the activities which they believe can restore the health. in the case of the Ju/′hoansi people, they believe that there are four classes of the supernatural forces, which consist of the high god, the low god, the animal spirits and the gangwasi. The high god is the one who created human beings, and he is good towards them as well. O the other hand, the low god is the evil one. The animal spirits are created for the benefit of human beings, and the gangwasi are the dead human beings, who become evil after dying and become an important source of killing people. The Ju/′hoansi people believe that pain and suffering are mostly caused by the gangwasi who tease and cause pain to the living people, due to the unknown reason and become the source of killing the people. Therefore, they believe that it is important to carry out the spiritual practices of healing, which would help the dying or ill person to become healthy and not die according to the practice and wish of the gangwasi. The Ju/′hoansi people believe that the greatest disease and misfortune is caused by the gangwasi, who never become happy by seeing their loved ones happy and satisfied in their life when the gangwasi, who once was a living person has died (Lee, 2012).

According to the worldview of disease and suffering of the Ju/′hoansi people, it is mostly caused by the gangwasis, their ancestors who have died. In addition to it, according to the worldview of the healing practices of the Ju/′hoansi people, they need to practice the healing dance, delve into a trance and practice spirituality to get rid of the misfortune caused by their dead ancestors in order to save the dying people. Moreover, the believe of the Ju/′hoansi people reading the misfortune caused by their dead ancestors seems quite troubling in the way that most societies of the world believe that they need to offer prayers for their departed ancestors, who would become the source of alleviating their pains and sufferings, but is the case of the Ju/′hoansi people, their ancestors actually become the source of causing misfortune, suffering and pain. The Ju/′hoansi people believe that their ancestors expect them to act and behave in a certain manner and they cause the misfortune by making the person ill when they are not happy with the attitude, actions or behavior of the individual (Miller, 2017).

Lee (2012) has explained the traditional and spiritual healing practices of the Ju/′hoansi people in his book. He has shed light on the giraffe dance of the men, as well as the drum dance of the women of the Ju/′hoans tribe. According to them, n/um is the substance which has the healing powers and has the ability to cure the ill people. The n/um is present in the bodies of the healers. The author has described in the book, that the giraffe dance practice is the healing practice in the way that it puts the dancer, or the healer in the state of trace and provides them with n/um, which they use for healing people. The healing dance is a general practice of the Ju/′hoansi people; however, it is specifically practiced when a person is seriously ill. According to the practice, the n/um is present in the bodies of the healers, and when they start dancing, it heats up with their blood and move towards their brain, form the spine of their bodies. After reaching the brain, it causes a trance on them, which is also known as !kia and that state of trance enables them to become bigger than their selves. They are able to see the gangwasis, who is in the form of smoke or just a soul. They negotiate with their gangwasi for the healing and health of the ill person or fight with them. On the other hand, due to dancing, they become sweated which they think is spiritual and rub it on the body of the ill person to restore his/her health. In the case of giraffe dance, the men hold the central position while the women play the supporting role by chanting the songs, other healing words or even shrieking loudly. The dance practice carries on for hours in the case, when the healers have to restore the health of seriously ill people. The healers work individually as well as in groups (Miller, Van Esterik, & Van Esterik, 2007).

In the case of drum dance, it is practiced in the same way as the giraffe dance; however, the difference is that women have the central role in it and men play the supporting role. The healing abilities are bestowed to the Ju/′hoansi people, and half of the men and one-third of the women of their community are healers, although they have to achieve the status of !kia, to achieve the trance and healing powers. They do not practice black or other forms of magic, as they think that it would become the source of breaking their unity and mutual trust in each other. On the other hand, they accept the wonders of antibiotics; however, they do not practice modern or western medicine and healing practices (Lee, 2012).

Religion plays an important role in defining the worldview and healing practices of different communities of the world. In the case of Ju/′hoansi people, they believe that the illness and suffering are caused by the misfortune of their deceased ancestors who are not happy with their actions and they need to fight with them to restore their health. They practice the giraffe and drum dance, due to which they get the n/um, which is rubbed on the body of the ill people and restores their health. On the other hand, sometimes the suffering and diseases are caused by the god, which kills the people, and the healers cannot save the person in that case.

References

Lee, R. (2012). The Dobe Ju/'hoansi. Nelson Education.

Miller, B. D. (2017). Cultural anthropology. Pearson.

Miller, B. D., Van Esterik, J., & Van Esterik, P. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

Curation Project

Curation project

Student’s Name

Institution

Course Code

Date

Introduction

My research was on to extent did soldiers engage with their wives and family members during the civil war. The focus of the study was effective for leaders wrote by soldiers to their wives. During the civil war, the soldiers were writing letters back home to their wives to inform them of their condition and as a form of encouragement. The focus of the research is to discover to what extent did the letters from the soldier impact their performance on the battlefield. Did the soldier got encouraged because of the letters shared? The choice of the format was based on the information be gathered, I wanted to include soldiers who participated, and a sample of some of the letters CITATION Joh151 \l 1033 (Sweet 2015). The use of a column where the image is on one side, and the description on the other side could work well. The format could allow me to have a proper arrangement of the images. The format provides a place for an image, brief description and therefore, it makes the presentation neat and easy to understand.

In order to develop this project, canva software was used to create images of letters and some of the soldiers who participated during the civil war. Canva is a design software or an application, which is used to create images. It provides access to photographs, graphics, vector images, and fonts. It can be used by the designer and no designer as well. In the process, I discovered that the importance of letters which was being exchanged and the impact, which the letters caused to the soldiers CITATION Her14 \l 1033 (Herbert 2014). The use of canvas allows me to create the biography of the Mexican leaders who were caught up in the middle of the war. Therefore, my main objective was to highlight the example by creating biographies of soldiers and also have some pieces of the letters which was exchanged between soldiers and their wives back at home CITATION Cec15 \p 23 \l 1033 (Leong-Salobir 2015, 23). The “Recipe book for women in the colonies” is a historical event that gave me an idea of the project. The recipe book for women in the colonies provides details on how women used to survive within the colonies in many camps. According to Steinitz (2018,11), the tale of women can be linked to other several stories about the war which occurred in the early days. Therefore, the concept gave an idea to construct a project which reflects the war in Texas.

However, I learned a lot of things during the creative process. First, I learned how to bring together different images and combine biographies using canvas. The use of canvas improved my knowledge and skills on how it can be used in the field of anthropology and especially to looking into historical aspects of events that occurred during the early days. It helped discover how Mexicans citizens who migrated to were caught in the middle of the war CITATION Wie98 \p 24 \l 1033 (Wier and Stuart 1998, 24). It also helped in collecting the images and details of various historical leaders, and through the creative, I got the opportunity to learn several things besides history and canva usability.

Creative Portion

Collection of Gettysburg NMP)

A soldier writes home from France in 1944

Courtesy 2nd Infantry Div.

A Letter by an Indian Soldier to his wife

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Herbert, Amanda E. Female Alliances: Gender, Identity, and Friendship in Early Modern

Britain. New York: Pearson, 2014.

Leong-Salobir, Cecilia Y. "Spreading the word: using cookbooks and colonial memoirs to

examine the foodways of British Colonials in Asia, 1850-1900." In C. Helstosky (Ed.), The Routledge History of Food, 2015: 2-15.

Steinitz, Mara. "Destabilizing Domesticity: The Construction and Collective Memory of Jewish-

American Womanhood from 1900 to 1950." History Honors Projects 23, no. 4 (2018): 2-35.

Sweet, John H. "American Civil War Soldier Letters Home."

https://www.americancivilwar.com/kids_zone/soldiers_letters_civil_war.html, 2015: 2-15.

Wier, Patricia, and R Stuart. "Sources of Information about American Cookery in the British

Colonies & Early Republic." Applewood Books reprint edition, 1998: 2-18.

Debate Over Taxation And Representation

Susana Perez Garcia

Enter the Name of Instructor

History and Anthropology

October 19, 2019.

The debate over taxation and representation

British Perspective

After the conclusion of the seven years’ war (widely known as the French- Indian War), Britain’s annexed long patches of land in North America. The war which Britain fought for seven years cost a lot in terms of finances to Britain. They could not retain the spillover effect of the war on their domestic economy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"l8gN3TxV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Braudel and Mayne)","plainCitation":"(Braudel and Mayne)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":744,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ARXZU4CF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ARXZU4CF"],"itemData":{"id":744,"type":"book","title":"A history of civilizations","publisher":"Penguin Books New York","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Braudel","given":"Fernand"},{"family":"Mayne","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Braudel and Mayne). In order to support the other voyages and to retain the statue of the domestic economy, Britain started looking for ways to pay the debt. For the reason of depleted economy in Britain, the British government refrained from imposing new taxes on people in Britain. In order to meet the demanding gap, they found the American colonists as the right resource to help meet the financial crisis. Another reason for the growing attention toward the North American colonies was to prevent the effect of French- Indian collaboration. The French- Indian collaboration was viewed as threatening for the British Empire.

In order to limit the influence of France, Britain reasserted its position over the North American colonies in many ways. At first, through the Proclamation Act of 1973, Britain stopped the Westward expansion. The only reason it stopped the westward expansion was to develop the North American colonies in an orderly manner. Another manner used by Britain to influence the Northern colonies was to increase the revenue generation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XY8WEqPd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jennings)","plainCitation":"(Jennings)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":745,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HJ6PZP4R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HJ6PZP4R"],"itemData":{"id":745,"type":"book","title":"The invasion of America: Indians, colonialism, and the cant of conquest","publisher":"Norton New York","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The invasion of America","author":[{"family":"Jennings","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1976"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jennings). It increased the duties over colonies related to trade and development. In 1764, it enacted the Sugar law over the colonies. The sugar act helped Britain in limiting bribery and smuggling. The British Parliament then passed the stamp act in 1765. The colonists in America resented strongly to the stamp act. They were unable to understand the reason for paying tax on documents. The impression that colonists are not liable to pay the taxes was strongly criticized by Britain. From Britain’s perspective, the new taxes were imposed, so that the Americans can share the burden of the collateral economy with Britain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8Rjo8dol","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chomsky and Dieterich)","plainCitation":"(Chomsky and Dieterich)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":748,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Y86M69LR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Y86M69LR"],"itemData":{"id":748,"type":"book","title":"Latin America: From colonization to globalization","publisher":"Ocean Press New York","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Latin America","author":[{"family":"Chomsky","given":"Noam"},{"family":"Dieterich","given":"Heinz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chomsky and Dieterich).

The colonies in Northern America were under the control of Great Britain. Since the early days in the colonies, Britain saw the colonies as a source of wealth, especially after the discovery of gold and the plantation of tobacco. Since the colonist was dependent for the very basic needs over Britain, and they had Britain as the only major trading partner, therefore, Britain considered it a right to further colonize the colonies. Although gradually, Britain started losing the grip over colonies, trade links and defense of the colonies largely remained with Britain. Since a mighty part of their defense remained with Britain, so Britain considered this the right to look after the matters of colonies which they considered as their inheritance.

American perspective

From the American perspective, things were quite different. Each American viewed the growing imposition of taxes as a financial burden. They were not ready to accept the fact that Britain was doing this all under the financial constraint it was facing. Another reason is that the colonists rejected the imposition of taxes was the weak economic conditions. There was no rapid production which could have made them able to pay taxes. Secondly, the Northern and Southern both were associated with small businesses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0D01fpwx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Braudel and Mayne)","plainCitation":"(Braudel and Mayne)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":744,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ARXZU4CF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/ARXZU4CF"],"itemData":{"id":744,"type":"book","title":"A history of civilizations","publisher":"Penguin Books New York","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Braudel","given":"Fernand"},{"family":"Mayne","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Braudel and Mayne). In Massachusetts, only the fishing industry was producing that wealth which could have paid huge new taxes imposed by Britain. Other than Massachusetts, the other colonies relied upon self-sufficiency. Colonists used to produce products of daily usage by themselves and the concept of industrial-scale was lacking. In large colonies like Carolina and Virginia, people relied on imported items to meet their domestic requirements. These imports by colonists benefited the markets of London, Bristol, and Liverpool ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YPzGabrJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chomsky and Dieterich)","plainCitation":"(Chomsky and Dieterich)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":748,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Y86M69LR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/Y86M69LR"],"itemData":{"id":748,"type":"book","title":"Latin America: From colonization to globalization","publisher":"Ocean Press New York","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Latin America","author":[{"family":"Chomsky","given":"Noam"},{"family":"Dieterich","given":"Heinz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1999"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chomsky and Dieterich).

However, as the colonies grew the process of industrialization developed. The colonists who were associated with agriculture and livestock used to pay the taxes, though the tax burden for them increased. Later on, with the development of the industries and growth in agriculture, Britain expanded the tax ration. They also encouraged the colonists to expand the trade networks with Britain in order to support Britain's economy. With the imposition of general taxes and the stamp act tax specifically, the anti- Britain impression among the colonists became strong. Many colonists who were associated with trade started facing declines and gradually they took their shares out of the mighty economy. Although it was hurting for the economy of both Britain and colonies, the Britishers continued to exploit the economy of the colonies. The American impression which was anti- Britain from decades started materializing, which resulted in wars and frequent clashes.

For Americans, the relationship with Britain was crucial. For each little endeavor, they were dependent on support from Britain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8fHY07IN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stoler)","plainCitation":"(Stoler)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":749,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HBW22J6G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HBW22J6G"],"itemData":{"id":749,"type":"article-journal","title":"Tense and tender ties: The politics of comparison in North American history and (post) colonial studies","container-title":"The Journal of American History","page":"829–865","volume":"88","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Tense and tender ties","author":[{"family":"Stoler","given":"Ann Laura"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stoler). During the early years of colonization, the colonists considered their relationship with Britain as important for their defense against the French- Indian collaboration. Later on, for political support and economic assistance, Britain was so crucial for the colonies. However, with time, Britain started expanding its political control over the colonies which was becoming simply unbearable for the colonies. Another reason, the colonists were fed up with Britain’s control was the development of their own army ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Y3CP8TYU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stoler)","plainCitation":"(Stoler)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":749,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HBW22J6G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/HBW22J6G"],"itemData":{"id":749,"type":"article-journal","title":"Tense and tender ties: The politics of comparison in North American history and (post) colonial studies","container-title":"The Journal of American History","page":"829–865","volume":"88","issue":"3","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Tense and tender ties","author":[{"family":"Stoler","given":"Ann Laura"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stoler). Gradually, it all helped the colonies to stand on their feet a strong and growing nation. For colonists, the relationship with Britain soon became a burden which they believed must be sided away.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Braudel, Fernand, and Richard Mayne. A History of Civilizations. Penguin Books New York, 1995.

Chomsky, Noam, and Heinz Dieterich. Latin America: From Colonization to Globalization. Ocean Press New York, 1999.

Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Norton New York, 1976.

Stoler, Ann Laura. “Tense and Tender Ties: The Politics of Comparison in North American History and (Post) Colonial Studies.” The Journal of American History, vol. 88, no. 3, 2001, pp. 829–865.

Declaration Of Independence

Woohyoung

Instructor Name

History and Anthropology

28 December 2019

The Declaration of Independence

For a dependent country, freedom is the ultimate goal of their existence. But this goal is easier said than done. This movement requires certain cooperation from the majority of the people of the nation with the governance system. After this seemingly impossible task is accomplished, then a plan needs to be drafted and debated upon. Then the declaration of independence is made publicly. Such is the case of the US declaration of independence in 1776.

The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. This document, as the name suggests, was aimed at the formal declaration of independence of the American Colonies from the governance of the British Crown. This declaration included a detailed explanation of why the colonists needed their independence. Throughout its course, it talks about the natural rights of human beings, such as their rights to revolution, while simultaneously discussing the oppressive measures taken by the Crown against the colonists. The Continental Congress approved the final shape of the draft on July 4th, 1776, which is celebrated throughout the states as a national holiday even today.

Before the idea of declaration was even though off by the founding fathers of the United States, the relations between the colonists and their master were already under severe strain. There were often slight conflicts between the Colonists and the British. The Seven Years' War added further fuel to the fire. Furthermore, the British were in a financial crisis, due to their participation in this war. The British parliament had to take steps to stabilize its ailing economy. They thought of implementing a series of taxes on their American subjects through several legislative acts, like the Stamp Act and the Townsend Acts. The British defended their rights of taxation as their right of payment to defend the colonists from the French. The colonists, however, had a different point of view in which they stated that, since they were not part of the legislative process, so these acts had no legal value. That was the time when the maxim "No Taxation without Representation" was chanted in the crowds. The colonists gave the notion that the British had no legislative jurisdiction over them, and that they have their legislative setup. Congress began to oppose the taxation levied on the American colonies on legal grounds and asked the American people to boycott British goods. The British held their stance which created further tension among the two parties. King George went as far as asking help from his European allies in the containment of the rebellious activities of the Colonists.

As the year 1776 dawned, the desire for independence was further surmounting in the hearts of the colonists. The British decided to pressurize the Americans into submission rather than negotiating with them. In February of 1776, the Crown passed the Prohibitory Act, which was aimed at establishing a naval blockade against the colonies. King George hired German mercenaries for the purpose. Needless to say, these measures were also counterproductive to the British cause as well.

The desire to gain independence was stronger than ever before, at that point in history. But when though they had popular support, there was still some hesitation among the members of the Congress regarding the declaration of Independence. The congress believed themselves to be a collection of representatives at the time at were bound by the laws of their respective states, which did not promote the much-needed sense of unity. Therefore, all the states started to legally allow their representatives in Congress to vote for independence. This political initiative was first taken by North Carolina and others followed in its footsteps.

Naturally, some states were opposed to the whole notion of independence, the primary ones of them were the states of New York, Delaware and Pennsylvania. The latter one was seen as the state that should be politically targeted to change its political ideas as it was assumed that others will follow suit if the state of Pennsylvania changed its mind. For this purpose, John Adams wrote a preamble, trying to explain why the declaration of independence was vital for their survival as a nation. Adams' labor would naturally bear fruit as the British simply refused to negotiate with their American "subjects". This, coupled with the naval blockades with the help of the German Mercenaries gave the Americans enough reason to unite against the British under one banner. John Adams' Preamble was given official status by the Congress and passed. After that, a series of meetings started that were aimed at finding the right set of representation to debate and draft the declaration of independence officially. Richard Henry Lee offered the resolution on the floor for discussion. The crux of the resolution was that the "United Colonies" had an inherent right to be independent of the British and that all sorts of political connections that currently existed between the British and the American needed to be revisited and/or dissolved. After several rounds of discussions, the support needed to move the declaration forward started to materialize at the end of June 1776.

After the resolution was finally passed, the next step that needed to be taken as the preparation of the initial draft of the declaration. Some wordings were changes to serve the interests of the participating parties. Most important of these were the parts related to the Slave Trade by Congress. The first part of the Declaration was naturally about natural law. This law was the basis of the entire argument of independence as it referred to the inherent right of the people to administer policies independence to their liking. The next part discusses the main crux of the idea that prompted the whole movement of the declaration of independence in the first place. This part mainly described the rights of the citizens to overthrow the government if it failed to serve the interests of the general public. In the part after that, the congress charged King George with a series of crimes against the people of the united colonies, declaring that he was no longer fit, politically or otherwise, to rule them as their sovereign.

The list in the latter part was rather long, as it charged the British King for several offenses. These included his refusal to Consents to Laws that promoted the wellbeing of the American colonists, putting constructive checks and balances on the governors that ruled their respective colonies, frequently dissolving the house of representative without citing a proper reason to the general public, making judgment in a dictatorial fashion, and inflicting damage on the colonies by a series of regional wars. In the part of the declaration after that, the members of the congress expressed their disappointment with the behavior of the British crown as it failed to respond favorably to the attempts made by the congress to seek a truce through negotiations. The final part of the declaration enforced the fact that the British were solely responsible for the current crisis due to their criminal negligence. It said that the British had brought the conditions to such a point that independence from the British was the only viable option. Hence, the declaration of independence ended with a note that American Colonists did not want to keep political ties with the British and wanted to become an independent country.

Different historians have different notions when it came to the interpretation of the different impacts that the declaration of independence had left on American history. According to Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the United States, there were no innovative ideas when it came to this declaration. He declared these ideas as the shared sentiment of the American people. There was, however, one man to whom the main idea that brought forward this resolution was attributed. He was the English Political Theorist, John Locke. This conclusion was reached by many historians as the whole jargon of the declaration of independence has a close resemblance to the Second Treatise of Government that was presented in one of Locke’s many revolutionary works.

After the approval of the Declaration, the final draft was read publically in the Hall of Independence by John Dixon. This declaration started to increase the drive of the general public towards the notion of independence as any symbol of the British Crown that was present in the colonies was destroyed. A statue of the British King George was pulled down in New York and was used to make ammunition for the musket that was later used against the Red Coats in the many battles.

There were many issues in the declaration that were addressed later by other Presidents years after the declaration of independence was signed. For example, the issue of slavery was resolved by President Abraham Lincoln. This was one of the core issues that even caused serious fault lines among the American people that even led to civil war due to a serious debate that was focused on the creation of a new slave state to balance representation in the congress at the time. The meaning of the entire concept was discussed in detail between him and Stephen Douglas in 1858, focusing particularly on the part that says that "all men are created equal". Lincoln was of the view that the term all men was a universal reference and should be interpreted as such for the sake of progress of all the American citizens. He believed that this maxim was the crux of the entire declaration and therefore it should be protected and upheld to function as a moral guide for the sake of the interpretation of the constitution.

Before the publication of the declaration, several copies were made that were used in the course of discussions related to the fine points of the declaration. To this date, there is a copy written on a parchment known as the Engrossed Copy which was kept by the Library of Congress, but after an argument by the National Archives, the copy ended up permanently at the Rotunda of the Charter of Freedom.

To conclude the argument, the Declaration of Independence shows a strong desire of a nation to become independent of its oppressors. This move managed to set a precedent that was followed later by numerous other nations. Even in these times, we see the drive of impeachment of the current President of the United States as an idea instated in American society through the tenants of the declaration of independence. But most important of all, it managed to teach the entire world a very important lesson. The people of the world should never be scared when it comes to the defense of their rights, and their desire to seek independence from oppressive powers.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Armitage, David. The Declaration of Independence: A Global History. Harvard University Press, 2012.

Detweiler, Philip F. "Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence, 1819-1821." The American Historical Review (1958): 598-616.

Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence. 1776.

Ritz, Wilfred J. "From the Here of Jefferson's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (2012): 499-512.

Declaration Of Independence

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Declaration of Independence

Declaration of independence was a revolutionary document in the history of United States that was approved on July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress. Thus declaration announced the independence of 13 North American British colonies belonging to the Great Britain. It also explained the underlying rationale behind resolving these united colonies into independent state on July 2—the day when voting was done. The sole purpose of declaration was not just communicating that colonies have now gained independence from the Great Britain but also explaining it rationally why this measure was necessary to execute. After reading the document thoroughly, it was found that declaration was based on the basic rights of human beings such as equality, independence, free will, freedom, happiness and prosperity. Out of these attributes, equality and freedom of people would be contemplated with respect to the relevance in current American society.

Equality and freedom

It was demonstrated that all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with particular ingrained rights including equality and liberty. A government is responsible for fulfilling basic needs and protecting the rights of individuals being their sole representative. It was demonstrated that government and their subordinate individuals interact in reciprocal manner; if government delivers the best, people elect them satisfactorily for the continuation of long standing prosperity however if government fails to protect these rights, people are not only rightful but obliged to overthrow such government so that someone better could come upfront and lead them towards fulfilling, stable and secure future. As King George was accused of snatching the rights of people by plundering and applying force taxes on colonies, the declaration rationalize that people are rightful to be freed and build their own government. This declaration states that governments should not be overthrown for insignificant reasons hence a long history of abuses made colonists to exterminate an autocratic government. This extermination is the true representation of freedom and free will of common people that is still very relevant and guides evolving governments to follow identical political benchmarks.

Relevance of these rights in today’s society

Throughout America’s history, there have occurred important and notable periods of civil rights, economic, social and racial inequalities. However, in today’s society, nearly every person is free to possess deviating opinions and viewpoints regarding political and religious matters as long as it maintains the harmony and integrity in society without creating any negative impact on counterparts. Public elections are held after every government completes its constitutionally specified tenure which is a super-colossal expression of political freedom. United States selected its Black President that verifies the notion that all men are created equal without any distinction of age, sex, race, caste, color and religion. After Christianity, Islam is the second largest religion in America and Muslims are allowed to perform their rituals without any restriction. In addition to Muslims, all the other religious minorities of United States are living with peace and harmony. However, the newly emerging trend “globalization” has threatened the economical equality of individuals; it favors only rich and makes the poor poorer. This is because globalization has paved ways towards off shoring due to which poor people of United States suffer imminent unemployment as businesses tend to shift their industries in cheaper and tax free countries whose workforce is willing to work on minimal wages. Based on these rationales, globalization has widened the gasps between rich and poor. Government must take necessary actions to ensure the economical equality and freedom of individuals. There is still lot more to work on and our governments are trying hard to maintain the freedom that defined America two decades ago.

Works Cited

“Declaration of Independence: A Transcription.” The National Archive. 1776. Assessed [13 Nov 2019] from https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript

Denver Art Museum

History Paper: The Trial of Salem’s Witches

Name

Date

Following are the two images selected from the online Denver Art Museum Collection from two different centuries depicting American Indian History.

North American Indian

Piece of art:

North American Indian

Year of creation:

The 1830s

Artist:

George Catlin, an American who was born in Pennsylvania.

Tribe:

American Indian

Piece of art:

Essay

George Catlin is one of the most famous painters in American history. He started his professional life as a lawyer but he was not that satisfied with his work, so he gave time to his real passion that was painting and used to travel a lot so that he could find his painting subjects. From 1831 to 1837, George Catlin was famous in history for traveling extensively among native people, particularly he used to visit North America. This painting is one of the paintings that he made after studying the habits, customs, and modes of life he used to visit. Being a painter, George Catlin used to make small and large paintings but still, he wanted to make something unusual and important. One day, while he was thinking regarding his painting subject, he decided to paint the Native Americans after seeing a delegation of the Indians when they were on their way to Washington D.C. He is one who has studied the life of native indigenous people very closely when he used to visit their far-off places. In the 1830s, he traveled to Saint Louis, Missouri and it was the place from where he traveled towards the north into the lands where, for the very first time, he saw a few white Americans that he never came across before. It was the same place where he met the very first of many American Indians that he was about to paint. This painting “North American Indian” was made by Catlin for showing his love and respect for the American Indians as he believed that they were people of great worth. He painted this painting as he was aware that American Indians would quickly disappear.

This painting was painted in the period, Catlin used to travel to a far-off place for finding the inspiration for his paintings. In this painting, he depicted how worthy and important American Indians people were for him as he tried to paint all the positive aspects that he found in them. For this painting, Catlin was also criticized as he made the critics angry by depicting American Indians as brave and intelligent people. This painting shows his passion for appreciating American Indians and this painting was made when Catlin discovered these people in the northern lands. This painting itself depicts the greatness of the American Indian such as it shows that they had a well-organized civilization because they are portrayed as well-dressed people in the painting. This piece of art also depicts how such a sophisticated people, they were. This painting points towards their bravery and from their facial expressions, it becomes prominent that they are satisfied with their life. This masterpiece gives a glimpse of their life and the importance of their familial life as it portrays en elderly man along with a woman which means that women and elders are equally important for them. This painting also shows that they were a very creative people and knew how to make things for their daily use. The use of fur in this painting shows their skill and brilliance of mind. This painting also depicts their characteristic of valor, as they used to carry weapons (bow and arrow) that depicts that they were well aware of how to protect their families.

The American Indian (Russell Means)

Piece of art:

The American Indian (Russell Means)

Year of creation:

1976

Artist:

Andy Warhol, who was born in Pittsburgh, PA

Tribe:

American Indian

Essay

Andy Warhol was born in Pittsburgh on 6 August 1928 and was a successful advertisement and magazine illustrator. He became famous as an artist after the popular art movements. Andy Warhol is one of the famous artists of the 19th century who used to painted celebrities’ portraits in garish vivid colors. This painting portrays Russell Means was an activist who worked hard for the rights of Native American people. He became a prominent figure of the American Indian Movement (AIM) after being a part of the organization in 1968. This painting was made by Catlin for paying his respect, as Russell is one of the people who attracted both national and international media towards Native Americans. This painting was made when the Native Americans used to be oppressed by authorities when, in the early period of the 1970s, militancy was over-exercising its powers. This painting was painted to show sympathy and support for Russell Means and all other Native Americans. It was the same time when Black Panthers emerged as a strong group. This painting reflects the darkness and gloominess of Russell's life as it was tough for him to raise a voice when violence was becoming more common. This painting was painted to show the bravery and courage of Native Americans. Warhol made this painting to drag the attention towards this nation and the efforts that were made for saving them. The portrayal of Russell Means shows the strength and struggle that Native Americans have been facing.

Through this painting, Warhol used a trick so that viewers could see the Native Americans as a stock character that specifically plays a type. Expressions portrayed in this painting depict the valor and fearless nature of this nation and Means was notorious as the fiercest and meanest Indian leader. It also depicts the cultural colors and uniqueness of these people. Choosing Russell as his portrayal subject, shows that Warhol was interested in studying the culture and life of the Native Americans. Colorlessness of this portrayal also points towards the lifeless life of Russell as he was merely focused on bringing his nation into the limelight so that they could be recognized as a cultural nation and could make the world realize their importance and existence.

So, taking a look at this painting of Warhol, it could be promulgated that this painting is a symbolic representation of the struggle that Russell went through in the 1970s so that his nation would be brought in the eye of the world and could make them realize their importance. The art itself reflects the courage, greatness and strength of one of the most prominent American Indian leaders. He participated in several treaties and also appeared on different important occasions to represent his nation. This piece of art was a symbolic representation of the greatness of American Indians who were a unique and well-civilized people. This painting was created when Russell was actively participating in a public gathering. He is the only one in the history of American Indians who came on the public forums to claim their rights. This painting reflects the valor and strong-headed leader who put all his efforts into raising his voice against all the injustices against his people. It also depicts Russell Means as a one-man army who stood for all the American Indians. “The American Indian (Russell Means)” shows a great history that the American Indians used to have and points towards the period when their great leader was fighting for them.

End Notes

Cholerton, Brenna, Adam Omidpanah, Steven P. Verney, Lonnie A. Nelson, Laura D. Baker, Astrid Suchy‐Dicey, William T. Longstreth Jr, et al. "Type 2 diabetes and later cognitive function in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study." International journal of geriatric psychiatry 34, no. 7 (2019): 1050-1057.

Gaskell, Ivan. Paintings and the Past: Philosophy, History, Art. Routledge, 2019.

Bélanger, Pierre. "No Design on Stolen Land: Dismantling Design's Dehumanising White Supremacy." Architectural Design 90, no. 1 (2020): 120-127.

Bryan Jr, Jimmy L. "Our Eyes Ached with the Very Vastness": Reimagining the Great American Desert as the Great American Prairie." Great Plains Quarterly 39, no. 3 (2019): 243-263.

Destiny Manifested

Wealth and American society

Student name

Assignment

Date

Destiny Manifested

The outstanding American scientist Frederick Jackson Turner went down in the history of science as the creator of the fundamental concept of capitalisms in American history. Whereas, Carnegie talks about the link between wealth and capitalism. Turner and Carnegie justifies the concentration of wealth generated by capitalism in social, political and cultural context.

The main reason is the fundamental difference in the socio-political foundations of two societies: feudal-monarchist that could not give its people the opportunities to develop free territories that the United States, though not all, but a significant part of its people, gave radically different social nature. And yet, with all the flaws, Turner's concepts retain their scientific significance. Most importantly, the West seriously influenced the civilizational identity of the United States. The mass migration of Americans to the Western territories and the conversion of many of them into independent owners strengthened the democratic side of American capitalism, expanded its social base, provided it with advantages that other communities of Western civilization did not have. Capitalism, in US agriculture developed more dynamically and successfully than, for example, in England, as in most other European countries, where the lower layers did not have similar opportunities for advancement to upper social groups. Due primarily to the presence of a “moving border” in the West, as it is known in historical literature, a “moving border” between classes were created. It is also important to note that in the Х1Х century. Many American workers, even without the ability to save money to move to the West as farmers, nevertheless, for the most part, dreamed about it. They shared what many historians call an egalitarian myth : faith in the possibility of becoming an independent master in American conditions.

The Gospel of wealth is based on the idea that commercial competition entails the "survival of the best", i.e. those who have "the greatest talent for organizing". Carnegie believed that those who succeed in business and build huge fortunes are better able to judge the course of the world, and therefore well placed to know where to provide financial assistance. He thought that successful people should retire early enough to spend their fortune on philanthropic actions. In other words, Carnegie thought that a great individual wealth contributed to the radiance of civilization. Carnegie also advocated inheritance as a stimulus, saying it would "encourage wealthy men to take care of the use of their wealth in their lifetime." Encouraging the rich to use their money for a good cause in their lifetime is better, he said, to leave it in the hands of their children (who probably do not have their talent).

Concludingly, both Turner and Carnegie talk about the capitalist and American society in their famous works.

Bibliography

Carnegie, Andrew. The gospel of wealth. Century, 2013.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The significance of the frontier in American history." (1893).

Diagnostic Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

Diagnostic Essay

Introduction

The European era in-between the 14th and 17th century is called “The Renaissance.” This word means rebirth. It is also referred to as the time when science, culture, politics, and intellect boomed in Europe. It is given the place of one of the most critical period when it comes to human development since the demise of Ancient Rome. This period started around the 14th century and spread across Europe like fire. There was a fluid pattern to the spread of this era. The ideas exchanged were very progressive and the cultural mindset evolved on a great deal. There was a significant development in marriage, trade and diplomatic expeditions. While there was progress, there was war as well. The Ancients Greeks and Romans served as the muse for the Renaissance. Like them, the army that conquered could bring a change in the cultural as well as the overall setup.

The Renaissance changed the world in every possible way. It will not be an exaggeration if one claims that it instigated the snowball effect. There was indeed a lot of advancement, but that progression cemented a trail for additional development. The perspective to look at the world completely changed. In this paper, I will like to discuss how Renaissance impacted the modern age, along with addressing a few significant people who in my opinion played a massive part to make it happen beside many others.

Discussion

The Renaissance had an important influence on the modern age. It is safe to say that this era gave society a resurgence. The people outside the elite society were also given a focus for a change. This was the era when the community was led towards a realistic and humanist viewpoint. If it were not for the Renaissance we would not have been able to appreciate art as we do, and nor would have we progressed in science in the manner that we did. People like Leonardo da Vinci who created remarkable art like the Mona Lisa, which is one of the most notable artworks of nowadays, dates back to the Renaissance. This era inculcated the gratefulness of art in the world. This era also gave roots to many literary works. The author Giovanni Boccaccio laid the foundation for literary realism. His work later served as muse for Francesco Petrarca. He was a poet of the Renaissance era. He was also one of the original Humanists of the time. Petrarch is also referred to as the father of Humanism. His work later laid a structure for many known poets (Introduction 10). His poems became the model of Lyrical Poetry. They were acknowledged and read consistently throughout Europe during the ear of the Renaissance. He also takes the crown when it comes to the initiation of the notion of “Dark Ages.”

The era of the Renaissance helped structure a lot of ideas that are still being used today. Yes, Leonardo da Vinci indeed started a frenzy. His input to art and science is said to be one of the greatest contributions of all time. He evoked the concept of realism through the combination of art and science. The era of Renaissance also gave birth to the printing press. It did not stop at there, a lot of scientific discoveries and extraordinary inventions were made. This was also the era when Europe became very mobile. Scholars started to move all across Europe along with spreading their notion of realist and humanist approaches (Invention 14). This instigated a change in all the country and helped make these ideas widespread. Renaissance helped evoke the long lost human spirit. It ignited the urge to learn and progress. There is indeed no doubt in the fact that establishment of art and science cultivated the seed of enrichment in our society. The Renaissance supplemented the modern age societies in every way possible, be it; intellect, social, cultural and scientific impact.

The concept of astronomy and engineering were also dabbled during the era of the Renaissance. Galileo Galilei made a considerable contribution to the world of physics. He is also known as the Father of Modern Physics and Modern Science. Galileo brought about and studied the concepts of velocity, speed, inertia, free fall, projectile motion, and relativity. Other than that, his works include applied technology and science. He helped understand the hydrostatic thermoscope balance and pendulums. His work for the era of Renaissance is uncountable and very notable even today. Another noteworthy contributor from the Renaissance era is Nicolaus Copernicus. He was the one who formulated the model of the universe. In his model, the sun was placed in the center as opposed to the Earth. Renaissance also gave us uniting musical language, more specifically the Polyphonic style. Music came as a source of entertainment and formed a basis to educate people as well. The Religious views in the Renaissance were more or less based on Christianity but were supported by humanist views. Many firm notables like Martin Luther, Erasmus, Thomas More, and Zwingli, who supported theism were also in the provision of the humanist approach (Luther).

Conclusion

The Renaissance played a massive part in what the world looks like today. It was like the world was awakening from a deep sleep. The world progressed the most in this era, and the structure of further development was laid. This was the age when people became self-aware. The people in Italy Florence were very well aware of the changes that were taking place. If we look at it from Petrarch’s perspective, the new period was referred to as the age of national eclipse. The Renaissance spread vigorously from Florence Italy, and soon took over all of Europe. As the Renaissance spread the viewpoints instigated by the era, notions became more reformed and diverse. Local cultures started to adopt these ideas and further improvised them. As for now the 20th century, many scholars began a breakdown of the Renaissance. They pieced it down to a national and regional movement. This movement is what shaped the modern age.

Work Cited

1170 Introduction to the Renaissance (3).pdf. Who do you think are the top 10 most influential people of the last millennium? Slide 9-10

1170 Invention, Discovery Reform I (9).pdf. THE RENAISSANCE: An Age of 'Invention',

'Discovery' and 'Reform.’ Slide 1-17

Luther, Martin. Luther's ninety-five theses. Vol. 31. Fortress Press, 1957.

Difference In Cities

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[English]

[Date]

Difference in Cities

Q. In what ways did cities in Mesopotamia and Egypt differ from pastoral nomadic communities? How did the development of these cities introduce a hitherto unknown urban-rural divide?

When we talk about the pastoral nomadic communities, they survived by herding trained animals who had manageable grazing needs. These communities were quite small, and they migrated yearly amid pasturelands. They lived alongside and made a trade with agrarian people. On the contrary, the cities had a completely different setup. Around 3500 BCE, more developed societies came to being. They supported various cultural changes and technical development, and were known as cities. In the cities of Mesopotamia and Egypt, there were people present who were responsible for farming. The people of the city kept themselves fed with the help of rigorous irrigation agriculture. The cities consisted of various rulers, workers, craftsmen, priests, and administrators. They had a complete change of methods when it came to organizing the communities. They managed all of this by the worshipping of newfound Gods. They believed in following the divinity inspired Royalty and Government. It was like a proper city system, in which a hierarchy was being followed.

The cities became adaptive of the lifestyle which included the specialized labor for every other task like farming and the bulk manufacturing of the goods. On the contrary, the people who lived in the countryside continued with their lifestyle, which included cultivation of the land or they were inclined towards the livestock, which was the animals that they owned. This is the reason why the urban-rural divide was created. The difference is what set them apart.

Q. In what ways does the “Queen’s Lyre” show the wealth and hierarchy the developed with the rise of cities?

Material items can at times portray history better than any piece of written proof. When it comes to our early civilization, the study of the items used by them helps shed light on the type of society they were. The example of "Queen's Lyre" can be taken for better understanding. A monumental grave perspective dating back to around 2500 BC. An object like the Lyre can project so much about the Mesopotamian civilization. The lyre is made of lapis, wood, bitumen and red limestone, and the way it is constructed is quite detailed and intricate. This indicates that there was indeed labor specialization and interregional trade present in order to make the object. Another fact to be noted is that it was found in the arms of a lyrist, in the grave of a royalty, again indicates labor specialization. There is hierarchy being followed; the lyrist was probably killed to be put in the grave of the royal queen. The wealth accumulation can also be witnessed as one can see all the treasure that is present in the grave and taken out of the rotation. A single object the Queen's lyre hit as evidence for wealth accumulation, social stratification, interregional trade and so many other characteristics that can help in studying the early civilization (Pollard 44-81).

Work Cited

Pollard, Elizabeth. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart. , 2016. Print.

Different Approaches To Diversity Issues (1865-1925)

Different Approaches to Diversity Issues (1865-1925)

Tish M.

Author Note

Different approaches to diversity approaches

The American history includes the incidents which reflect upon the cultural values and the social structure, the Americans live in today. These social structures and values are built over the efforts and sacrifices of millions of American. The America known today upholds the values of human rights and most importantly, of the democracy, but this had not been the case in past.

History and issues

This assignment focuses over different approaches the suffrage movement of women adopted. These approaches, however, resulted in the success for women, but mostly these movements remained in conflict over the political interests. During this time, women rights to vote was considered in conflict to the values and norms of the world society at large. But despite the utmost effort to curtail these rights and norms, the suffrage movement helped women to achieve their right to vote. These movements were started in different parts of the world, during the same time, however, the American values and culture got influenced a bit fast, compared in the European or other cultures ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D0AKMidJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","plainCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":543,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"itemData":{"id":543,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The National Museum of American History and photographer Robert Weingarten are working in collaboration to build a historic portrait with help from the public. During the week of May 7-11, the museum will present five blogs about significant individuals in American history. Between May 11-28, visitors can vote on which of these historic figures they would most like to see depicted in the portrait.","container-title":"National Museum of American History","language":"en","title":"Alice Paul: Champion of Woman Suffrage","title-short":"Alice Paul","URL":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,26]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",5,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alice Paul 2012).

In order to analyze, the influence of suffrage movement over the American values, one needs to consider different aspects. For example, there are different perspectives attached to why America adopted certain values earlier than other countries. Similarly, the history suggests that despite the historical European influence, over America, why these values got late acceptance in European countries. If one aims at considering these diverse perspectives, it remains pertinent to consider what led the outburst of the suffrage values. In the case of America, the civil war period (1865 to 1925), shaped these values in a certain manner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"04sbdaCO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","plainCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":543,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"itemData":{"id":543,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The National Museum of American History and photographer Robert Weingarten are working in collaboration to build a historic portrait with help from the public. During the week of May 7-11, the museum will present five blogs about significant individuals in American history. Between May 11-28, visitors can vote on which of these historic figures they would most like to see depicted in the portrait.","container-title":"National Museum of American History","language":"en","title":"Alice Paul: Champion of Woman Suffrage","title-short":"Alice Paul","URL":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,26]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",5,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alice Paul 2012). Women of that time played a much significant role, which is not found in European history throughout. In order to format their efforts, the American women organized rallies and demonstrated the will to participate in issues which concern their rights and duties ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ovaRY1gc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","plainCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":543,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"itemData":{"id":543,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The National Museum of American History and photographer Robert Weingarten are working in collaboration to build a historic portrait with help from the public. During the week of May 7-11, the museum will present five blogs about significant individuals in American history. Between May 11-28, visitors can vote on which of these historic figures they would most like to see depicted in the portrait.","container-title":"National Museum of American History","language":"en","title":"Alice Paul: Champion of Woman Suffrage","title-short":"Alice Paul","URL":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,26]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",5,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alice Paul 2012). The following two organizations remained influential in providing a platform to the American women. The approaches adopted by the two organizations for women right to vote are as follow

Approaches of National American Women’s Suffrage Association

The National American Women Suffrage Association was one of the premier organization formed in 1890 to favour the American women rights. At the start or during the last decade of the nineteenth century, the motto and organizational perspectives attached to this organization were more related to social struggles. The right to vote became popular when the suffragette movements started prevailing in the European continent. The political motive behind such movements remained to get the due rights of the vote, since the women constituted a major chunk of the American population. Later, other small movements related to the suffrage rights of women became dominant in the US, but this movement remained a leading organization working for women’s rights. The political policies of NAWSA however, were limited in scope. As Paul believes that since the political activities were limited and there remained a dearth of organized political values, therefore, NAWSA focused throughout at building a social setup conducive for women ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Fw7o66Tu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","plainCitation":"(Alice Paul 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":543,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MISUQWP6"],"itemData":{"id":543,"type":"webpage","abstract":"The National Museum of American History and photographer Robert Weingarten are working in collaboration to build a historic portrait with help from the public. During the week of May 7-11, the museum will present five blogs about significant individuals in American history. Between May 11-28, visitors can vote on which of these historic figures they would most like to see depicted in the portrait.","container-title":"National Museum of American History","language":"en","title":"Alice Paul: Champion of Woman Suffrage","title-short":"Alice Paul","URL":"https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,26]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",5,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alice Paul 2012).

Approaches of National Women’s Party

The National Women Party, compared to the NAWSA organization enjoyed less political influence. There were many reasons for that, for example, the critics of these organizations from that time believed that such organizations bring nothing, but political humiliations and distress among the general public. They also believed that since America is facing opposition from large groups (the civil war), therefore the demands of these organizations and parties could be met later on. The approaches followed by NWP, aimed at exploring more viable mean to get the due rights. Schultz writes that NWP though had a narrow following, but compared to other organization of such statue, the NWP was clearer about its motto and the political will, they had been fighting for ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8CriZj0Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schultz 2004)","plainCitation":"(Schultz 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":540,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YZZBWNAJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YZZBWNAJ"],"itemData":{"id":540,"type":"book","publisher":"Univ of North Carolina Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Women at the front: hospital workers in Civil War America","title-short":"Women at the front","author":[{"family":"Schultz","given":"Jane E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schultz 2004). Behind the political motives, there was less racial discrimination, and the regional forums of the parties were even led by the Black women.

The virtues and problems associated with strategies

Though the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, laid the basis for the suffragette movement, the social changes that were taking place, gradually laid the basis for such mass movements. The women and the political activists that had been part of these movements never considered, their social backwardness or the absence of opportunities as the stepping stones for them, rather they built their efforts in the very short domain of time ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"txpkVBPn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schultz 2004)","plainCitation":"(Schultz 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":540,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YZZBWNAJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YZZBWNAJ"],"itemData":{"id":540,"type":"book","publisher":"Univ of North Carolina Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Women at the front: hospital workers in Civil War America","title-short":"Women at the front","author":[{"family":"Schultz","given":"Jane E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schultz 2004). There were different problems for these movements as well. Some of these problems were more political in nature, some were related to the social backlash these movements were facing, and some were restricted to the general impressions, which many believe was negative. Interestingly, despite these problems, the women activists made their way to what they believe was worth for ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rCKovBAb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carrie Chapman Catt n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Carrie Chapman Catt n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":544,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MASR54FU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/MASR54FU"],"itemData":{"id":544,"type":"webpage","container-title":"National Women's History Museum","language":"en","title":"Carrie Chapman Catt","URL":"https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/carrie-chapman-catt","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,26]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carrie Chapman Catt n.d.). Throughout their struggle to get the due rights, women activists remain quite confident and there was a general impression that these movements do not include racial violence or segregation of any type.

The success associated with both the strategies

The American women exercising the right of the vote was the ultimate success, they envisioned, and ultimately they were successful in getting that. Interestingly, throughout their struggles, there were different patterns being followed to achieve due rights. However, success became equally relevant to their struggles against violence over women and making them exercise the right to vote ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rpCnHkGC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schultz 2004)","plainCitation":"(Schultz 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":540,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YZZBWNAJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/YZZBWNAJ"],"itemData":{"id":540,"type":"book","publisher":"Univ of North Carolina Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Women at the front: hospital workers in Civil War America","title-short":"Women at the front","author":[{"family":"Schultz","given":"Jane E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schultz 2004). The organizations referred above were the major initiator of such campaigns, and their strategies were at little discords but generally aimed at winning social privileges for women.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Alice Paul: Champion of Woman Suffrage.” 2012. National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/05/alice-paul-champion-of-woman-suffrage.html (January 26, 2020).

“Carrie Chapman Catt.” National Women’s History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/carrie-chapman-catt (January 26, 2020).

Schultz, Jane E. 2004. Women at the Front: Hospital Workers in Civil War America. Univ of North Carolina Press.

Digging For The Goddness

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

DIGGING FOR THE GODDESS

HALLIDAY, EAST ST. LOUIS, GROSSMAN SITES

Nature and Peculiarities of Material Remains Found

Halliday Sites: Halliday site is known as the most ancient Cahokia-era agricultural village. The location is approximately ten miles away for the Cahokia in its southeast side. Archeologists found remains of several old houses at Halliday. On the other hand, a broken smoking pipe that was festooned with the carved snake, human head, and frog face figure was obtained from the proximity. Moreover, the evacuation was unable to find any artifacts associated with men. Instead, they unearthed spindling whorls, weaving equipment, and objects that provided evidence regarding farming, cooking, and pot making.

East St. Louis: The site encountered a great fire back in time, and therefore the remains of houses were mostly burnt. Further remains included household tools, hoe blades, chipped-stone knives, and baskets, fancy ceramic pottery, as well as wooden bowls with maize.

Grossman Sites: The excavation of the site found remains of about one hundred houses along with council houses. The most astonishing thing of all was the buried stone head axes. And when delved further they found more than twenty axes near the council houses. It was surmised that such stone head axes were buried as a notion of skirmish resolution. And in this context, the idiomatic expression of “bury the hatchet” was quoted. It is believed that in ancient times the residents of Grossman sites used to solve their reservations by practising the burial of axes as a symbol of peace.

Relationship between Mentioned Hilltop Sites and Cahokia

The archeological exploration revealed that Halliday was not the only residents in the uplands, as the subject area was occupied by different farmsteads, villages, and particular-purpose temples. Throughout the research, it becomes evident that several foreign communities came and settled in the orbit of Cahokia. In this context, many people of southern Indiana and other ancient immigrants got settled in upland villages in the east of Cahokia, and some accessed the chunky stones as well. When it comes to the relationship between Cahokia and other uphill sites, the archeologists refer to the excavated materials. The unearthing of spindle whorls and stone hoe blades asserts that the people were living in the hilltop area with probable prosper intentions; specifically, the notion is in favor of Cahokia. It is proposed that the people who live in hilltop sites were used to practice farming and weaving and produced sufficient production to meet the necessities of Cahokians.

On the other hand, it is also assumed that the populaces of hilltop sites were spatially closest, and vaguely related, and marginally interconnected populace to the Cahokia. The remains of immigrants of hilltop sites are crucially evaluated because there is a possibility that such artifacts can explicate something significant regarding the Cahokia. After recent exploration, it seems that upland farmers are explicitly interconnected with the complex and ancient societal chronology of Cahokia’s labor, violence, politics, religion, and migration.

Fate of Upland Farmers after the Fall of Cahokia

Through extensive exploration of facts and factoids, it is proposed, that it was the starting era of 1150 when Cahokia went through a chaotic situation in its political and economic métier. And during the same epoch, most of the upland farmers’ descendant abandoned the premises of their farmsteads and afterward, their destination became an enigma for the historical annals. In this context, it is affirmed that on the brink of the twelfth century, and even after that, no trace of any hilltop sites’ farmers and their societies were found.

Work Cited

Pauketat, Timothy R. “Cahokia.” Cahokia : Ancient America's Great City on the Mississippi , 2010, pp. 119–135.

Disabilities Studies

Disabilities Studies

[Name of Writer]

[Name of Institution]

Children with disabilities living in residential care are an extremely vulnerable faction of the society. Their education as well as the special mental and emotional upbringing they require is all completely dependent on caregivers linked to them precisely on professional basis. Without express familial support or unconditional love in the safety of a home, the already objectively exposed child is at an even greater risk of manhandling, neglect or abuse. This assignment will focus on this client group, the life-altering adversities they are at risk of facing and on the social advocacy that can alleviate their social situation. There are several disability theories that relate with the specific issues that children with disabilities living in residential care face. Theoretical context and social relevance have to be understood in order to move on to real life applications of these ideas. The assignment covers this front as well.

It is a commonly understood fact that caregivers in an institution housing children around the clock are expected to provide fixated and constant attention to their residents. The likelier outcome of this situation is also a generally understood vice of the world we live in as trauma while in residential care is dismally prevalent. Children with disabilities, when living under institutionalized care, need care which is even more patient, determined and steady. Each child will need to grow under the influence of care that caters to their personal needs as a young and impressionable human. Disability is one of the major drivers of institutionalization of children CITATION Ber15 \l 1033 (Berens, 2015) and is therefore likely to be a factor when discussing institutionalized children in general. Residential care for children with disabilities is a hefty yet sensitive responsibility. There is a range of issues that children in residential care can suffer from. Lack of fundamental care can produce mental health issues which have the capability of persisting later in life. Educational impairment is another hurdle which has to be deliberately faced and overcome with reference to children with disabilities in residential care. There generally are difficulties involving attention spans or social interactions in children in residential care which become even more apparent with disabilities. Reading skills and prior academic knowledge are insufficient which translate into educational complications. CITATION Gon17 \l 1033 (González-García, 2017) The stress and emotional burden that arises from strained intellectual progress is one of the problems that can create problems later in adult life as well. When understood in context with the anxiety directly induced by life with disabilities, the additional frustration that life in residential care can bring must not be underestimated. Another one of the most haunting realities for children with disabilities in residential care is the increased risk of child sex abuse. In more than a few cases, residential care units designed to safeguard children with disabilities can also be grounds which provide molesters access to vulnerable children. CITATION Eus16 \l 1033 (Euser, 2016) A 2007 UNICEF report adequately quoted a disability rights activist who claimed that good institutions for children with disabilities simply did not exist. CITATION UNI09 \l 1033 (UNICEF, 2009) In the midst of a scenario so unbelievably tilted against these children, there should be greater discourse on what has led to shortcomings this profound.

Different theories have emerged over time to explain the personal and social implications of disability. Traditional views described disability as a personal tragedy and sought for medical solutions. The common discourse on disability was that the flaws of the body or mind should be regarded as defects which needed fixing. Much of this was because of the positivist theory focused on the orthodox bias towards regarding disabled people as victims of physical or mental suffering. Even though it was an understood idea that it was a subjective experience which varied in disabled people, changing the predominant ideas around disability took activism and relentless advocacy for change. CITATION Oli88 \l 1033 (Oliver, 1988) The functionalist theory of disability gave disabled people the sick role disregarding that most disabled people tend to live without believing something was ‘wrong’ with them. When putting the sick role in comparison with what was considered ‘normal’, this theory only created bias and prejudice. The social model of disability then emerged as an eye-opening replacement of the medical model. The social constructivism theory has focused on learning disability through the experiences of disabled people. The critical theory came after this theory and truly laid the groundwork for declaring the problems faced by disabled people to be social rather than individual triumphs over suffering. As disabled people themselves took control of the narrative around disability, it was soon regarded as a social issue and the rights of disabled people became a significant topic of discussion with regards to human rights. It has since become official that disabled people experience social injustice with regards to access to health care, education, employment and political participation. There are severe and widespread problems of snatching personal autonomy from people with disabilities. This comes in addition to the usual disregard of respect or dignity that people with disabilities tend to face regularly. The document released by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the most recent official declaration of disability rights as a human rights issue. CITATION Még08 \l 1033 (Mégret, 2008) The social model of disability reinvented the sociological conversation around disability and turned it into a social rights movement. Recent rejection of the social model looks for a theory that solidifies the need for political action but is complete with strategies. CITATION Gab04 \l 1033 (Gabel, 2004)

Defining what advocacy precisely means to the person shouldering the responsibility of representing children with disabilities living in residential care is significant. Advocacy should ideally mean giving voice to the vulnerable children, so their problems and the issues faced by them are transported to a wider audience. It must incite empathy and discourse around the things that are wrong with the care given to the children one is advocating for. To get children’s disagreements across and to ensure that their demands are taken into account when making decisions that concern those children must all come under advocacy. CITATION Oli06 \l 1033 (Oliver C. K., 2006) United Nations conventions on the Rights of the Child and subsequent governmental acts on state levels have all been legislative measures to ensure advocacy for children under care or children with disabilities. Children are traditionally excluded from the decisions that affect their everyday lives and recent policymaking has ensured that advocacy especially focused on disabled children is ensured. Other than expressly making sure someone’s voice is heard, advocacy also includes the concept of action against injustice. In the quest for social justice regarding children with disability living in residential care, everything from speaking up for the children to demanding and taking action comes under advocacy. CITATION Pit07 \l 1033 (Pithouse, 2007)

Inclusion should be the focus of advocating for children with disabilities living in residential care. Person centered planning originated from the theorist Wolfsenberger and has since risen to become one of the most discussed methodology of representing vulnerable people with disabilities. This works by focusing on the individual struggles faced by persons with disabilities and eventually devising strategies to improve each situation. CITATION Kee08 \l 1033 (Keenan, 2008) Advocating for children with disabilities in itself is a complicated concept. Children normally excluded from the social distribution of personal autonomy, when disabled, are at an even greater risk of exploitation. Advocacy has to focus on voicing the needs of those children. If a disability impairs or modifies the mode of communication of the special child, advocating for them should be inclusive of their method of communication so it does not categorically exclude children not capable of voicing their thoughts and concerns with normal language skills. When devising a strategy, one of the most important factors which should be considered is time spent between the child and their advocate. In order to build a relationship of trust and understanding, it is crucial that enough time is provided. CITATION Kni07 \l 1033 (Knight, 2007)

In conclusion, it is crucial to understand that children with disabilities living in residential care without family or a stable home are especially vulnerable and in need of special and focused care. There are numerous problems that children in the system continually face but are not equipped to overturn. Many theorists over the years have tried to explain disability and its social connection and implications. These theories can be given a practical angle by applying these to the client group of choice in this assignment. Advocacy that works towards inclusion is a regularly reiterated solution.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Berens, A. E. (2015). The science of early adversity: is there a role for large institutions in the care of vulnerable children? The Lancet, 388-398.

Euser, S. A.‐K. (2016). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in out‐of‐home care: Increased risk for children with a mild intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 83-92.

Gabel, S. &. (2004). Presage of a paradigm shift? Beyond the social model of disability toward resistance theories of disability. Disability & Society, 585-600.

González-García, C. L.-V. (2017). School functioning of a particularly vulnerable group: Children and young people in residential child care. Frontiers in psychology, 1116.

Keenan, P. M. (2008). Guidelines on Person Centred Planning in the Provision of Services for People with Disabilities in Ireland. Learning Disability Practice, 25-26.

Knight, A. &. (2007). Advocacy for disabled children and young people: benefits and dilemmas. Child & Family Social Work, 417-425.

Mégret, F. (2008). The disabilities convention: Human rights of persons with disabilities or disability rights? Human Rights Quarterly, 494-516.

Oliver, C. K. (2006). Advocacy for looked after children and children in need: achievements and challenges.

Oliver, M. (1988). Theories of disability in health practice and research. BMJ, 1446-1449.

Pithouse, A. &. (2007). Adults rule? Children, advocacy and complaints to social services. . Children & society, 201-213.

UNICEF. (2009). Promoting the rights of children with disabilities. UNICEF Innocenti Digest 13. New York: United Nations Children's Fund .

Discovery At Mound 72

Name

Instructors’ Name

Course Title and Code

Date

Discovery at Mound 72

In the second half of the twentieth century, the archeologists discovered some sites which hold great importance for the archeology department. The sites were discovered by chance and made the archeologist aware of the settings of the societies and people who used to live there. Melvin Fowler was the archeologist, who came across Cahokia and discovered the archeological site. He was forced to believe the fact that Cahokia was a well-planned city laid out by skillful surveyors, because of the evidence excavated from the site. The most remarkable evidence secured by the archeologists was the dead bodies of men and women which were buried in the pits. There were not spate graves; however, people were buried collectively in the pits, which also highlighted the fact that they did not die naturally, but they were killed. The archeologists perceived that Cahokia was a well-planned city because of the organized structure of the society, which had the plaza, the housing scheme and the business area that was clearly depicted in the excavations.

The unusual thing about Mound 72, when compared to other earthworks at Cahokia, is that it consisted of several pits, located at some distance from each other, which contained the collective dead bodies of the people. The mound 72 was different from Cahokia in the way that it was a well-established city, consisting of different well-defined parts of the city setting. On the other hand, the mound 72 only contained a number of pits, which contained the collective dead bodies of the people of that era (N.A.).

Numerous finds associated with the mound of 72 were discovered by the archeologist, which specifically consisted of pits of dead bodies. In one of the pits, the archeologist found the dead bodies of fifty-three women. According to them, the fifty-two women fell in the age range of fifteen to twenty-five years, while one woman was almost thirty-five years. They also discovered the fact that the women were killed either by slitting their throats or by being poisoned. Another remarkable feature was that the women were buried in two layers. There was a body on another body. In other pits, discovered near the first, the dead bodies of two men were discovered. In addition to it, the men were buried on the layer of beads, which were originally a part of some fabric, which was not present anymore, due to decaying process and only the bones of the dead bodies were present in the pits (N.A.).

The finds reveal major information about Cahokia’s level of socio-political organization, as well as the types of funerary rites and performances performed at this locality in ancient times. The most important thing is this regard is that there was an unequal system in the society, which consisted of the powerful and powerless groups of the society. Moreover, society was prone to religious rituals and services as well. The political and social organization of the society highlighted the fact that there was a power struggle in the society and the poor had to suffer in this regard. In addition to it, the organizational structure of the society highlights the aspects of administration as the society contained the plazas, the housing schemes, and the business areas as well. The society practiced the funerary rites in ancient times, which focused on the collective burial of the dead bodies. The practice associated with the widespread legend of twin or half-brothers in the way that people were buried in the set of two, as there were many dead bodies in the same pit, which were layered upon each other (N.A.).

The discovery at mound 72 is one of the greatest discoveries of the archeologist, which shed light on the sociopolitical organization of the ancient society. It also provided an insight into the religious practices of the ancient society as well. The mound 72 had been a point of curiosity for the archeologists for a great time, and ultimately they were able to discover its significance.

Work Cited

N.A. Discovery at Mound 72. Cahokia. N.D.

Discuss One Example That Illustrates How Women Contributed To Colonial Protest Against The British Government, 1754-1775 And One Example That Illustrates How Women Contributed To The American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783.

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Women Contributed to Colonial Protest Against the British Government, 1754-1775

There were many women who contributed to colonial protest against the British government such as Queen Alliquippa and Nancy Ward. The most important personality in the era of British government was Sybil Ludington. She was born in 1761 in Duchess County, 1839 in Unadilla, New York. She was involved in the American Revolutionary War.

Between 21 o'clock and the dawn she rode in the darkness a distance of approximately 65 kilometers. "Pattern at Ludington's," she told the militia members on the farms. That night, she rode via Carmel to Mahopac, then to Kent Cliffs, and from there to Farmers Mills, where she made her way home. With a stick she drove her horse Star and knocked on the doors, with her father's musket she defended herself against a highwayman. As she drenched in rain and returned home exhausted, most of her father's 400 soldiers were ready to leave.

The men reached late to protect Danbury, however in the beginning of the Battle of Ridgefield. Men were capable to push Governor of the New York Colony, General William Tryon and his men to Long Island Sound. Sybil was later commended by General George Washington.

After the Revolutionary War Sybil married in 1784 the lawyer Edmund Ogden from Catskill. She played an important role in the history of British. The philosopher Martha Nussbaum reports from her childhood: "At that time I was completely taken prisoner by a children's book entitled Ride for Freedom. It was about a girl named Sybil Ludington, “I asked my parents to re-enact their story in the basement, and used various objects kept there as horses”. The story of Sybil Ludington has the enthusiasm for the American Revolution awakened in her. There were many personalities who contributed in the American Revolution.

Discuss The Conservation-preservation Debate That Milner Brings Out In Chapter 11. Based On The Information Provided In The Readings For This Week, Which Would You Have Supported During The Early 20th Century? Provide Reasons For Your Support.

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Conservatism vs Preva

With the turn of the 20th century, there was a considerable divide among the way people used to think about how the management of the American wild lands was supposed to be carried out. There was untiring effort on the part of the both sides to make sure that how the protection or the lack of it for the open space is supposed to be carried out. When one reads the work and the narration that is provided in the chapter, it can be seen that how the case for the preservation has been advocated. The idea behind this through process was to make sure that how the areas that is being owned by the government is supposed to be used only by the Federal government. There was a deliberate effort to make sure that the time and effort was being placed when it comes to making sure that the preservation of the industries such as mining could be carried out that played an integral part when it comes to the survival of the United States. The idea that is being discussed here is that how effort must be made to make sure that the forests and the natural land must be kept in its natural condition. The main rationale behind this thought process was to bring a degree of control towards encroachment and other such vices. Looking closely at both the sides of the argument, the case can be made that how both the ideologies are quite similar in terms of the way they work. The basic thought process behind this ideology is to make sure that the protection has to be there for the natural resources that are available at the broader level in the economy and how the whole thing is going to be managed for the generations to come in terms of the sustainable environment.

Works Cited

Major Problems in the History of the American West (2nd ed). St. Charles, IL: Houghton Mifflin. Chapter 11, White, R. (1993).

Milner, C., Butler, A., and Lewis, D. R., eds. (1997).