ANA Ethics Module And Your Practice In Ths Field Of Nursing

ANA Ethics Module and Your Practice in the Field Of Nursing

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

ANA Ethics Module and Your Practice in the Field Of Nursing

The American Nurse Association has established and provided a module for ethics and nursing practices that every nurse has to follow in the nursing field. The paper discusses and elaborates how the provisions of the American Nursing Association (ANA) are incorporated in the nursing field and practices.

Provision 1

The very first provision bounds nurses to work with high-level of compassion. Here, nurses are required to act in a way that shows respect and honor towards patients. They have to treat every person or patient in a very unique way, which should be based on the nature of the person (patient). In short, the practices of nurses need to be in respect for dignity, worth and different attribute of every individual.

Provision 2

The fundamental and primary commitment of the nurse should always be the patient. The patient may be a single person, a family, a community, a group or the entire population but nurse should consider her patient as her primary commitment (ANA, 2016). So this ethical consideration for nurse in ANA is one of the most crucial ones because this is considered as the ultimate life activity of a nurse in the field.

Provision 3

Provision 3 of the ANA ethics modules states that the nurse needs to promote, encourage, assist and work for the protection of all rights of patients. A nurse has to protect and promotes patient's rights such as the provision of health requirements and safety of the patient at home or in the hospital (ANA, 2016). In this way, a nurse's job is not only to provide treatment at the hospital while fulfilling every responsibly that benefit the patient.

Provision 4

A nurse is not the person who only provide treatment to the patient as required, while nurse has authority for nursing practices; decision making, as well as taking all important actions in the way with the responsibility of providing the best care. The nurse also has responsibility and accountability too so the nursing ethics require the nurse to be fully responsible and prepared for what you do when performing the job.

Provision 5

According to provision 5 in the ANA ethics module in the nursing field, nurse owes similar responsibilities and duties to herself as to others. A nurse is fully responsible for promoting health and safety, maintain the completeness of her character and integrity. Beyond that, the nurse is required to keep competence while working on personal and professional growth in the field (Fowler, 2018).

Provision 6

The practices of a nurse include establishing, maintaining and working to improve the ethical condition and environment of work setting. The nurse also has to maintain the environment which is conducive to quality, safe and secure health care. Despite, the nurse needs to ensure the safety of the environment where patients are provided with care (Fowler, 2018).

Provision 7

The 7th provision of American Nurse Association ethics modules says that the duty of a nurse is not to provide care to patients only. But, the nurse needs to involve in advancing her profession through studies, research, investigation, scholar inquiry, professional growth, and development (ANA, 2016). These activities are required for nurses working in any role and setting or environment.

Provision 8

The ethical module of ANA states that it is an ethical responsibility of the nurse to be involved in the protection of human rights, promotion of health diplomacy, and eliminate or reduce health and safety inequalities (ANA, 2016). For fulfilling this, the nurse has to collaborate with other healthcare professionals and community and/or public.

Provision 9

The ANA ethics modules say that career of nursing and healthcare, jointly over its specialized establishments, should eloquent nursing standards, sustain the honesty of profession, and assimilate values of public fairness into health and nursing policy.

References

ANA. (2016). American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses 2016: The 9 Provisions. Retrieved 7 August 2019, from; https://anacalif.memberclicks.net/assets/Events/RNDay/2016%20code%20of%20ethics%20for%20nurses%20-%209%20provisions.pdf

Fowler, M. (2018). Guide to the code of ethics for nurses: Interpretation and application. Nursesbooks. org.

Analysing Possible Violations Of Academic Intergrity

Analyzing possible violations of academic integrity

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Analyzing possible violations of academic integrity

If student A is told by his professor that half of his work matches with a paper that was previously submitted in a Walden Course, then the student has violated the Walden’s Academic Policy. In accordance with Walden Academic Policy, plagiarism is defined as the use of intellectual material that is produced by an individual without giving due significance to the acknowledgment of source. It includes an act of cheating and other incidents of inadequacy or lack of citations that are directed by an individual's will. Subject scenario refers to intentional plagiarism that includes cutting and pasting the text of some original source or text in one’s own paper without marking the text in the form of a quotation. The same happened in this case and it ultimately violates Walden's academic integrity policies. It is obvious that if an individual is found to have half of the text copied from some previous document then it must be a violation because Walden’s policy of academic integrity affirms that an individual should not copy some other's task. However, the situation would be different if a student would have cited the work that he paraphrased but it was total copying of text which violates academic integrity. Moreover, Walden’s policy highlights that students are only allowed to read the prior submitted files of the course after approval from the instructor but they are never allowed to paste it in their task. As none of the integrity policies are found to be followed in this case so it is a case of violating academic integrity. This case is more like impersonation because the student has directly copied and pasted the work. Although he has added some of his own understanding, still half of his task seems to be similar with the already submitted task of the course, without any approval or prior information that is given to or from the professor.

There are different tools that can be used to detect similarity index taking into account that each of the tools has a different approach towards the identification of authenticity and acceptable similarity index. SafeAssign is one of the plagiarism detection tools that can help to check and see the similarity index of the text with some external or secondary resources. Taking into account the case in which a student use plagiarism detection tool and found 30% similarity index with the course material then there are certain dimensions to consider. If the student has not cited the work that is rephrased, paraphrased or quoted then it is a clear violation of Walden’s academic integrity policies because it would be considered as plagiarism. Although similarity index would be from the source material, if it would not be cited, it would be considered as a text that lacks copyright adherence. It is asserted that the students should cite all the materials and sources that are used in the text. Another dimension that is associated with this case is, if the student has properly cited the text and it is found to be 30%, then the assignment or work is acceptable because the acceptable similarity index for SafeAssign is between 15 to 40 percent. However, the plagiarized text also matters, because if the students have just copied text in the form of sentences and it is not adequately cited and quoted than it would be counted as an abrogation or violation of Walden’s Academic Integrity Policy. So, it is asserted that there are few dimensions to consider when deciding the authenticity of the text, such as the citation of text in the form of quotations and the type of documents that require copied lines or sentences. However, in a general context, 30% plagiarism work from actual source is acceptable with citations.

There are different forms of plagiarism, taking into account that it ranges from copying and pasting to the quoting of text with citations. Walden’s academic integrity policy has directed students to follow some regulations that can help to authorize the text as originally belonging to the writer, taking into account that all relevant facts and figures are quoted that can impact the honesty of work submitted to the instructor. In this scenario, if a student is told by the instructor that 20% of paper contained same word to word source language and the quoted text is also cited but there are no quotation marks, then the student has violated Walden's Academic integrity policy. In accordance with the policy framework, it is asserted that quotation marks serve as one of the markers for the reader. It is asserted that quotation marks show where the voice of the author ends and where the voice of source starts. When a writer put quotation marks, it is easy to identify the facts and figures that are copied or retrieved from the original source. In the case, this scenario would be a violation of the Walden’s academic honesty and integrity policies because it would be considered as a plagiarized or copied text. Moreover, the scenario of similarity index is also a concern taking into account that copying a text from word to word is also counted as plagiarism. If the task required an exact word to word scenario and there are no quotation marks then it is an evident case of plagiarism because quotation marks are one of the major necessity to show that the text is quoted from some other sources that are either a supporting material or some original source that is used for supporting the task to do.

Analysis Paper

Analysis Paper

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Analysis Paper

Accessing quality healthcare is the right of every person however due to social inequalities and high costs of the treatments people are not able to access healthcare services. Although there are several health insurance policies yet still some people are not able to achieve the insurance policy as well. Due to the private companies' interventions in the healthcare systems various health insurance schemes are available for the people so that more people can avail insurance schemes. In recent years the costs of health care services are risen due to which the expenditure on healthcare has also risen. In the article (Thorpe & Joski, 2005) the author also discussed the rise in private health insurance spending and its association with the treated disease prevalence by conducting a survey on the healthcare expenditures. Additionally, the author highlighted a risk factor that is one of the major reasons for the cause of several diseases and is often neglected. That risk factor is obesity. According to the article, the changes that occurred in treated disease prevalence are due to the rise in the population of the disease prevalence, new technologies that help physicians to diagnose several diseases and awareness regarding various diseases, etc. Although there are certain other factors such as smoking, pollution, aeroallergens, etc that are the reasons for the cause of several diseases. However, obesity remains one of the major reasons of several disease prevalence among different age groups. The results of the survey showed that spending on healthcare is increased by approximately 60% from the year 1987 to the year 2002 (Thorpe & Joski, 2005). Specifically, spending on maternity and newborn care are larger as compared to other healthcare issues. While discussing the highlighted risk factor obesity, the results showed that the individuals that are overweight spend more than $272 per year than the people having normal weight.

 In another article (Thorpe, 2013) the author considered the previous observations that are increased spending on health care due to the increases in the prevalence of treated diseases and expanded the research. For this purpose, the author expands the survey starting from 1987 to the year 2009. The author also determines three factors that are responsible for the increased expenditure in healthcare. These factors are: increase in the prevalence of treated disease, increases in the awareness regarding certain disease and the interaction between two factors mentioned above. The author also identified that due to certain technologies, threshold of many diseases has changed such as the cholesterol level that was considered normal before, it is not considered normal anymore. For instance, to consider a patient suitable for the treatment of hypertension the diastolic blood pressure threshold was 95 mmHg however it was changed to 80 mmHg due to the latest technologies (Thorpe, 2013). New technologies are the reason of identification of many diseases and the risk factor that is obesity is also discussed in the articles above. In this article, the author explained that the number of people considered obese has doubled from 1980 to 2008. This is the main reason that many diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart diseases are also increased among people. Additionally, many therapies that are used for counseling and treating diseases are also the main reason for the increased expenditures in healthcare. This article is different from the other article as in previous article private spending on healthcare was determined by the change in per capita of the total spending while this article determines the change in total expenditure on health care. Also, in this article, the survey conducted was expanded from 1987 to 2009 than the previous article.  

Although most of the research is done on the prevalence of the treated disease and associate it with the increase in health care expenditures however some of the researches do not agree with this statement. In the article (Roehrig & Rousseau, 2011) the author also argued that treated diseases prevalence is not the only cause of increases pending on the healthcare. For this purpose, he examined the number of people with specific diseases regardless of being treated or not and costs per case from the year 1996 to the year 2006. This paper covers not only the prevalence of treated diseases but also the clinical prevalence of the diseases. For this purpose, a survey was conducted that includes people having specific from the noninstitutionalized population and people living in nursing homes. This survey includes both the patients that are treated as well as people who are not treated for specific disease. However, one thing that is similar in this article and the articles mentioned above is the highlighted risk factor that is obesity. In this article, the author also identified obesity as one of the major reasons that cause an increase in the risk of having certain diseases thus increasing health expenditures. The survey results showed that health expenditure on noninstitutionalized populations grew at GDP and 1.7 percentage points while changes in the cost per case were 2.9 percentage points (Roehrig & Rousseau, 2011). Additionally, the increase in the number of people eligible for the treatment is the reason for the treated prevalence effect. However, the reduction in health care spending can be achieved by using certain prevention methods such as maintaining the controlled weight to avoid diseases like diabetes and hypertension, etc.

From the above articles, it is very much clear that due to the awareness programs regarding diseases such as depression, anxiety and the inventions of new technology people are more likely to spend more money on healthcare. Also, many methods such as therapies that are prescribed with medication by physicians are the reasons for increased cost of healthcare services. However, it is high time that the government should intervene and make policies so that people can access healthcare easily. Also, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important to avoid several diseases.

References

Roehrig, C. S., & Rousseau, D. M. (2011). The growth in cost per case explains far more of US health spending increases than rising disease prevalence. Health Affairs, 30(9), 1657-1663.

Thorpe, K. E., Florence, C. S., Howard, D. H., & Joski, P. (2005). The Rising Prevalence Of Treated Disease: Effects On Private Health Insurance Spending: To contain spending, the US health care system needs to address rising rates of treated disease instead of requiring higher cost sharing from consumers. Health Affairs, 24(Suppl1), W5-317.

Thorpe, K. E. (2013). Treated disease prevalence and spending per treated case drove most of the growth in health care spending in 1987–2009. Health Affairs, 32(5), 851-858.

Analyze A Current Health Care Problem Or Issue

Analyze a current healthcare problem or issue

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analyze a current healthcare problem or issue

Limited Access to Healthcare as discussed in the previous assessment is a significant gap in adequate healthcare. This assessment will reflect an extended account on the barriers in access to healthcare and impacts it can have on patients. Access to healthcare facilities is a serious dilemma that should be addressed by healthcare organizations. Limited Access to Healthcare has different aspects such as, "geographical distances and rural areas," "inadequate channels," and "inappropriate channel of healthcare." Limited Access to Healthcare is a prevalent issue despite technological interventions and innovations. Adequate access to healthcare is one of the necessities of every individual.

Elements of problem and Healthcare issue

There are different elements of "Limited Access to Healthcare." There is an increased rate of consequences and reduced rate of healthcare because of limited access to healthcare. Most of the patients die because of limited access and inappropriate channels of healthcare. Certain major elements of healthcare problem are as follows

Geographical Distances play a major role in determining the lack of access to healthcare. A large number of patients are at risk of demise just because of inability to reach any healthcare organization in time. There are several different aspects of geographical distances such as lack of transportation and unavailability of healthcare organization that can facilitate patients.

Inadequate channel of healthcare is also a major element of limited access to healthcare. Villagers and illiterate people use inadequate channels to address health needs such as, “herbal centers," and “self-medication”. Inadequate channels also play a major in threatening the life of patients. Inadequate channels are a significant tool that determines the deteriorating health standard of villagers and many other people who are unaware of better healthcare resources. (Hhs.gov. 2019). 

Improper healthcare facilities refer to the lack of accountability on healthcare centers making them home to destruction and deterioration. It refers to the fact that there are several healthcare centers that are working without adhering to federal and state health laws. Many healthcare centers are offering unsafe healthcare practices. (Kilpatrick, et, al. 2019). There is a lack of check and balance on healthcare centers, taking into account environmental safety and catering to the needs of patients.

Analysis

Being a medical transcriptionist, it is necessary for me to be aware of the facts and figures that can play a major role in my future plans and my responsibility of being a part of healthcare center. It is necessary for me to be aware of the population that is at risk of delayed and improper healthcare facilities due to improper channels and lack of accountability on healthcare institutions so that I can utilize my knowledge to help them.

The context of limited access to healthcare

Despite technology and latest interventions, there is a major proportion of populations who is suffering from lack of healthcare facilities and are doomed to avail incompetent healthcare facilities. (Cms.gov. 2019). A significant portion of population is facing serious health issues and is at risk because of large distances and lack of transportation.

Population affected by limited access to healthcare

A major section of the rural population is affected by limited access to healthcare. People who belong to far-flung areas and with less knowledge towards adequate healthcare resources are becoming a victim to limited access, ultimately leading to destruction. (Hhs.gov. 2019). 

Considering Options

Adequate access to healthcare can be achieved by ensuring the provision of better and adequate healthcare facilities to people. Creating awareness regarding healthcare and teaching people about the consequences of inadequate healthcare practices. (Cms.gov. 2019). Government can play a major role in providing basic health to people by chalking out ways for the construction of healthcentres and keeping a check and balance on the existing healthcare organizations.

Solution

There is a variety of solutions for mitigating limited access to healthcare; these solutions have different formats and shapes. Government authorities can chalk out ways to promote healthcare facilities in remote areas because it will educate and facilitate the general public. (Cms.gov. 2019). Several laws and regulations can be formulated facilitate the distances that keep healthcare service out of the reach of general public such as the Affordable Care Act. (Kilpatrick, et, al. 2019). A stance of accountability can facilitate people by ensuring adequate healthcare practices. Healthcare centers can undergo an exegetical analysis of patients to know the ratio of people who are suffering due to limited access to healthcare and make efforts to facilitate them. (Astho.org. 2019). 

Implementation

In order to improve access to healthcare facilities, certain implementations should be made. These enforcement range from individuality to universality. Higher authorities should take steps to promote construction of healthcare centers and employ a check and balance on healthcare centers to ensure equal and adequate access to healthcare facilities. Different hospitals and NGO’s should take radical steps to create awareness regarding the use of suitable healthcare channels, side by side, hospitals can keep a record of patients to know areas that need improvement. (Cms.gov. 2019). However, there are certain ethical implications as well, such as race, sect, taboos, and conservations of cultures. Government should pass different laws and amend existing laws to empower rural areas and facilitate people residing in far-flung areas. E-Health and TeleHealth should be brought into practice to facilitate patients, taking into account that check and balance is a base of every healthcare center in order to ensure the proper provision of healthcare facilities. However, there are certain stereotypes that can act as ethical implications in E-Health and TeleHealth. (Kilpatrick, et, al. 2019).

Conclusion

Limited Access to Healthcare is defined as lack of healthcare facilities that are necessary for survival. It includes different aspects that can act as a barrier in approaching and living a healthy life such as lack of transportation, inadequate services, improper channels, and self-medication. Healthcare institutions should understand the importance of access to healthcare facilities that can reduce life loss and empower healthy living. (Cms.gov. 2019). Potential steps should be taken to address this problem such as legal adherence, empowering accountability of healthcare institutions and creating awareness by technological interventions.

References

Kilpatrick, S., Auckland, S., & Woodroffe, J. (2019). Community health planning. The Routledge Companion to Rural Planning.

(2019). Hhs.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2019, from https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/Reforming-Americas-Healthcare-System-Through-Choice-and-Competition.pdf

(2019). Astho.org. Retrieved 24 January 2019, from http://www.astho.org/Programs/Health-Systems-Transformation/Medicaid-and-Public-Health-Partnerships/Documents/Improving-Rural-Health--Making-an-Impact-in-Five-Years/

Cms.gov. Retrieved 24 January 2019, from https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/OMH/Downloads/Information-on-Medicare-Telehealth-Report.pdf(2019). 

Analyze A Current Health Care Problem Or Issue

Analyze a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Catherine Knox

Capella University

Developing a Health Care Perspective

January 2019

Author Note

Analyze a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Sufficient nursing staff available to take care of patients has been a major difficulty in health care facilities. Shortage of nurses is a major risk to the quality health care of patients. The current nursing shortage globally challenges the availability of talented staff to meet the health needs of the future population. The patient ratio continues to increase and at the same time hospitals are having a struggle in nurse-to-patient ratio, which has left nurses in a difficult situation. The low nurse to patient ratio is producing a negative impact on care towards the patient. This paper will try to analyze this critical issue in health care, review the negative effects of a low nurse-to-patient ratio has on the outcome of care, and provide workable solutions to tackle this issue.

Elements of the Problem

The global nursing shortage has grabbed attention in recent times. This shortage covers a limited capacity to accept elements of recruitment and retention. Factors related to hiring include academic fees and poor salaries on graduation. In addition, the factor related to retention is keeping nurses once they graduate. Moreover, the limited resources to deal with the needs of qualified nursing staff decreases the retention rates. Modern research suggests that older nurses prefer short shifts and flexible working timings. They want recognition on their work experience and more professional development opportunities. Lighter duties, new paid roles such as trainers and more autonomy are some factors that help retain these older nurses. Loss of these factors impacts negatively on their performance.

Variety of factors contribute to the short supply of nurses such as the absence of funding for places, poor course evolution and closing of nursing schools. Nurses who are not satisfied enough quit or reduce their working hours and are dissuaded from long-term work-related commitments as other option of employment have more satisfaction. Studies reveal that high patient to nurse ratio is risky for patients and increase the likelihood of medication errors and patient's falls.

Analysis

The issue of the nursing shortage is not new, but factors contributing to it currently are different. These factors include diverse demographics, high-stress environments, and increased demand for nurses, widening career opportunities for females, job dissatisfaction, and low status. Different initiatives are taken to address this issue on the national and international level. Nevertheless, countries will keep on recruiting new nurses to fill shortage until the efforts bear fruits. Opponents fear that health care cost will be increased if the nurse to the patient will increase. Effective recruiting helps to reduce the adverse patient outcomes occurrence. Inadequate nurse staffing practices can result in poor quality patient health care. Costly and dangerous medical errors will result in high turnover among nursing staff. Hospital-acquired infections result in increasing cost by 84% to health care facilities and an increase in hospital length for 5.1 to 5.4 days. In addition death rates also increase from 4.67 % to 5.5% (Stanton, 2009).

Available Options

Research studies have uncovered that nurse staffing is the most important factor influencing staff, patients and the outcomes of health care organizations CITATION Mac061 \l 1033 (MacPhee, 2006). It is well documented that staffing produces an influence on preventing adverse events like pressure ulcers and falls, patient's deaths and contracting nosocomial infections. Health care leaders have to create meaningful working environments to keep skilled staff and use their satisfaction to attract staff that is more talented. Even with reduced turnover rates, it is an obvious fact that new staff will be required to replace those who reach their retirement whether nurses or another staff member.

The image of self-sacrificing nurses in an outdated one and the younger nurses can’t mold themselves into it. They will always react to the programs that will indicate the possibility of sustaining balance in their lives. Having a flexible working schedule is a definite choice, but health care facilities are offering other creative programs to reduce stress among their staff members such as free massage therapies, exercise programs, and yoga classes. Solution to this issue has been debated for many years, but study limitations have made it difficult to implement the best staffing approach.

Solution

Health Information Technology (HIT) has the potential to provide more precise and evidence-based nurse staffing, along with expert opinions. Technology should be used for the purpose of assessing the patient's needs and proper staffing to ensure the financial viability of the healthcare facility. Understanding the economic value of nursing and promoting a model which calculates the positive financial impact effective nurse staffing can produce. HIT can be a credible solution to these staffing issues because it has the capability to trace patient needs for nursing care and real-time responsiveness of nurses to those needs CITATION Luc11 \l 1033 (Lucero, 2011). It has the power to enhance efficiency, quality of care and reduce cost by effective data mining and business analytics CITATION Har12 \l 1033 (Harper, 2012).

Conclusion

Nurses to patient ratio are crucial in the industry of healthcare, and patient outcomes are dependent on nursing staff. Nursing is no different from the other professions, having its own obstacles. Technology can play an important part in health care delivery and helps nurse managers with tools and techniques that can be operationalized CITATION Dou11 \l 1033 (Douglas, 2011). It can be the key to improve staffing issues and gain financial outcomes. Nursing profession must continue to fight for itself, but high nurse to patient ratio is necessary to win the fight because the outcome will be in favor of patients.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Douglas, M. K.-P. (2011). Standards of practice for culturally competent nursing care: 2011 update. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 22(4), 317-333.

Harper, E. M. (2012). Staffing based on evidence: can health information technology make it possible? Nursing Economics, 30(5), 262.

Lucero, R. J. (2011). Information technology, nurse staffing, and patient needs. Nursing Economics, 29(4), 189.

MacPhee, M. E. (2006). Nurse staffing and patient safety. Canadian Nurse, 102(8).

Analyzing An Ethical Decision

Analyzing an Ethical Decision

Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Analyzing Ethical Decision

Nurses in healthcare facilities face ethical dilemmas during their everyday practice. A case study of Mr. Green was demonstrated suffering from cancer at the end of life stage. Nursing staff was taking care of the patient, where the patient told a nurse that he would attempt suicide and keep the secret for him ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3mKv5Nj1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The patient suicide attempt \\uc0\\u8211{} An ethical dilemma case study\\uc0\\u8212{}ScienceDirect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"webpage","title":"The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study - ScienceDirect","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000149","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.). Mr. Green was 57 years old under nursing staff care for aggressive prostate cancer. After diagnosis, he refused to have treatment or surgical therapy 7 years ago ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aqa6wgIv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The patient suicide attempt \\uc0\\u8211{} An ethical dilemma case study\\uc0\\u8212{}ScienceDirect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"webpage","title":"The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study - ScienceDirect","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000149","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.). Alternate treatment therapy was chosen, but he was not able to maintain his follow-up sessions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"shnhflOl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The patient suicide attempt \\uc0\\u8211{} An ethical dilemma case study\\uc0\\u8212{}ScienceDirect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"webpage","title":"The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study - ScienceDirect","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000149","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.). The patient came to know that he would have 4-6 weeks of life after having a cystoscopy. He told a nurse that he has decided to die but keep the secret for me.

Ethical Dilemma

The patient's behavior created a difficult situation for the nursing staff as according to the definition circumstances where a person has to choose between mutually exclusive substitutes is an ethical dilemma ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jlpd29vs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Day, Leahy-Warren, & McCarthy, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Day, Leahy-Warren, & McCarthy, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":251,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/KPFTUR5G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/KPFTUR5G"],"itemData":{"id":251,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Annual Review of Nursing Research","issue":"1","page":"89-107","title":"Self-neglect: ethical considerations","volume":"34","author":[{"family":"Day","given":"Mary Rose"},{"family":"Leahy-Warren","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"McCarthy","given":"Geraldine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Day, Leahy-Warren, & McCarthy, 2016). The nurse was in a state where it has to keep the secret and respect patient's autonomy. To inform the staff to apply an intervention such as monitoring and observing patient to prevent him from suicide.

Ethical Principles Apply to the Case Study

Three principles of ethics applied here are autonomy, non-maleficence, and beneficence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AEAf7S0F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The patient suicide attempt \\uc0\\u8211{} An ethical dilemma case study\\uc0\\u8212{}ScienceDirect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"webpage","title":"The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study - ScienceDirect","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000149","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.). The noteworthy rational incongruity amid autonomy and beneficence in the scenario. The main intention which grounds the ethical dilemma is ‘if healthcare members should inform other staff members regarding patient's recklessness without patient's consent’ ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"roxr8aZs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The patient suicide attempt \\uc0\\u8211{} An ethical dilemma case study\\uc0\\u8212{}ScienceDirect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":246,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/XY9WEZP4"],"itemData":{"id":246,"type":"webpage","title":"The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study - ScienceDirect","URL":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000149","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect,” n.d.). Moreover, the ethical code non-maleficence is measured in the moral condition, which invades the autonomy principle; however, it contributes provision to the principle of beneficence.

Analysis and Comparison

ANA provides three principle ethical issues, such as the provision of an ethical environment where autonomy and beneficence are practiced ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pSQDDHTm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Drawing the Line: Texas Nursing Law, Ethics and Professional Boundaries || NurseCE.com,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Drawing the Line: Texas Nursing Law, Ethics and Professional Boundaries || NurseCE.com,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":247,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CRBN76DI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/CRBN76DI"],"itemData":{"id":247,"type":"webpage","title":"Drawing the Line: Texas Nursing Law, Ethics and Professional Boundaries || NurseCE.com","URL":"https://nursece.com/courses/104-drawing-the-line-texas-nursing-law-ethics-and-professional-boundaries","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Drawing the Line: Texas Nursing Law, Ethics and Professional Boundaries || NurseCE.com,” n.d.). Maintaining an environment where moral resilience and distress are practiced. Provision of social justice and applying the principles most beneficial to the situation or patient's condition.

According to the Texas code of laws for nursing, nurses are the key professionals involved in the delivery of healthcare services and have to maintain ethical principles in their practice. Nurses have to apply ethics and principles during their practice particularly, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice is predominantly important for them to utilize and therefore were applied in the given scenario appropriately ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eOLJfB0U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aitamaa, Leino-Kilpi, Iltanen, & Suhonen, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Aitamaa, Leino-Kilpi, Iltanen, & Suhonen, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":256,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/4FAEE8PV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/4FAEE8PV"],"itemData":{"id":256,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Nursing ethics","issue":"6","page":"646-658","title":"Ethical problems in nursing management: the views of nurse managers","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Aitamaa","given":"Elina"},{"family":"Leino-Kilpi","given":"Helena"},{"family":"Iltanen","given":"Silja"},{"family":"Suhonen","given":"Riitta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aitamaa, Leino-Kilpi, Iltanen, & Suhonen, 2016). Texas state defines the role of nurses in risk-taking and responsibility for quality care. In the given scenario, nurses have to make decision best suitable and appropriate for the patients and their duty (Karakachian & Colbert, 2017). Applying autonomy ethics on the given scenario would be respecting patients' decisions, whereas providing information to the staff would help them to prevent from worst scenario ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IicvfFgm","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ling, Yu, & Guo, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ling, Yu, & Guo, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/V5BBYW3Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/V5BBYW3Q"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Nursing ethics","issue":"4","page":"1000-1008","title":"Truth-telling, decision-making, and ethics among cancer patients in nursing practice in China","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Ling","given":"Dong-Lan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Hong-Jing"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Hui-Ling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ling, Yu, & Guo, 2019). Decisions are made according to the circumstances and principles of ethics are provided at every state and healthcare facilities very clearly. State of Texas ensures the welfare of people by providing quality care and services at healthcare facilities utilizing registered and licensed nurses.

The best practice that I would prefer would involve the assessment of the situation, such as whether the patient is in a state that he/she would go and attempt suicide and also it would help them to make the right decision ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HqIUy8Oh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ling et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Ling et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/V5BBYW3Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/Hznayqvz/items/V5BBYW3Q"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Nursing ethics","issue":"4","page":"1000-1008","title":"Truth-telling, decision-making, and ethics among cancer patients in nursing practice in China","volume":"26","author":[{"family":"Ling","given":"Dong-Lan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Hong-Jing"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Hui-Ling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ling et al., 2019). Provision and discussion of the situation with healthcare providers such as social workers and psychologists would help a nurse to decide prompt action regarding any scenario.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aitamaa, E., Leino-Kilpi, H., Iltanen, S., & Suhonen, R. (2016). Ethical problems in nursing management: The views of nurse managers. Nursing Ethics, 23(6), 646–658.

Day, M. R., Leahy-Warren, P., & McCarthy, G. (2016). Self-neglect: Ethical considerations. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 34(1), 89–107.

Drawing the Line: Texas Nursing Law, Ethics and Professional Boundaries || NurseCE.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2019, from https://nursece.com/courses/104-drawing-the-line-texas-nursing-law-ethics-and-professional-boundaries

Ling, D.-L., Yu, H.-J., & Guo, H.-L. (2019). Truth-telling, decision-making, and ethics among cancer patients in nursing practice in China. Nursing Ethics, 26(4), 1000–1008.

The patient suicide attempt – An ethical dilemma case study—ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013215000149

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anatomy And Anatomy

Anatomy and Anatomy

Anatomy and anatomy

The human body responds to the external and internal conditions differently. Considering the nature of the infection, the human body takes up defense measures against it. It also differs the way how this infection inside the human body spreads. Resultantly, the human body responds to the bacterial and viral infection differently ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RRKr3VCg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brain, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Brain, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":752,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CJ9Z5YV5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CJ9Z5YV5"],"itemData":{"id":752,"type":"article-journal","title":"How your immune system works","container-title":"Found at http://science. howstuffworks. com/immune-system4. htm","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Brain","given":"Marshall"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brain, 2004). To the bacterial infection, the body reacts by increasing the blood flow while regulating and increasing the blood flow. In doing so, the body destroys the bacteria and sends in the cells from the immune system. In all this process, the antibodies produced by the immune system helps the bacteria which play an important role in cell destruction.

Compared to this, the human body reacts to viral infections by the use of natural killer cells. Natural killer cells destroy the virus-infected cells, without regard to antigens. They use chemicals to induce apoptosis in the infected cells. Since they are not antigen-based, they can act faster than most of the system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0yCVGdAZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brain, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Brain, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":752,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CJ9Z5YV5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CJ9Z5YV5"],"itemData":{"id":752,"type":"article-journal","title":"How your immune system works","container-title":"Found at http://science. howstuffworks. com/immune-system4. htm","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Brain","given":"Marshall"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brain, 2004). Some virus-infected cells also produce proteins called Interferons, which help to reduce virus replication in other cells. Antibodies are produced by B-cells that bind to viruses and prevent them from infecting other cells in the human body. Cytotoxic T-cells also react to viral antigens and attack infected cells.

Another contrasting aspect between the viral and bacterial infection exists in the manner, the immune system of the body treats them. The immune system is generally very good against most viruses. However, it is very slow to respond. It takes a long time like few days to weeks and in some cases, months to recognize and mount a defense against a virus. During that time, the virus freely multiplies and does so without any resistance, which can wreak havoc in the body. However, once the immune system encounters the virus, special cells “recognize” that virus. So if the body encounters that same virus again, the immune system responds pretty much instantly, destroying it before it starts to multiply.

In contrast to this, the purpose of a vaccine is to introduce the immune system with a weakened or killed virus. Some viruses, however, mutate rapidly, for example, influenza. If the human body gets exposed to influenza, the body will remember it, but within a year, the influenza virus can mutate so much that it is, as far as the human immune system is concerned, a brand-new virus ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1XN6gBnQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Brain, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Brain, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":752,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CJ9Z5YV5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/CJ9Z5YV5"],"itemData":{"id":752,"type":"article-journal","title":"How your immune system works","container-title":"Found at http://science. howstuffworks. com/immune-system4. htm","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Brain","given":"Marshall"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Brain, 2004). Similarly, some viruses attack the cells that are responsible for the immune response, like HIV. It doesn’t help to have the immune system recognize HIV if the cells that are supposed to respond are the ones that the virus has already destroyed.

Lastly, It is important, to note that there is currently no good way to distinguish between viral infection and bacterial infections. The resultant diagnostic uncertainty is a major driver in antibiotic over-prescription, which in turn is a major driver of antibiotic resistance. However, antibiotic resistance is emerging as a major threat to public health. Initial infections make the same turn in health, in the case of both viral and bacterial infections. At the preliminary stages, the body reacts to virus in the same manner. In the last stages the infections mainly remain the same.

However, when the defense against the disease reach during fighting, there happens some differences. In the case of bacterial infection, more of the innate immune system remains activated, as it contains some bacteria-specific features. Lastly, more granulocytes, mainly neutrophil and eorinophil, are recruited to the site to empty their granules. For viral infection, more killer T-cells activation is workable, as the infected cells will present virus from the inside and therefore needs to be destroyed.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brain, M. (2004). How your immune system works. Found at Http://Science. Howstuffworks. Com/Immune-System4. Htm.

Anatomy And Anatomy

Lab report

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Lab report

Drinking alcohol or caffeinated beverages increases urine output more than drinking an equivalent amount of water?

A hormone that limits the release of urine is ADH. Caffeine and other beverages inhibit its release. This would result in less water to be released in the body, and more is released in the form of urine. Caffeine and the other kinds of beverages block the reabsorption process of sodium.

Would urine osmolality be increased or decreased?

With the consumption of alcohol or caffeinated beverages, the production of ADH is blocked. This would result in dilute blood and dilute urine. The dilute urine will decrease the osmolality of the urine.

Explain why someone with diabetes inspidus must drink more water than normal?

Due to the least production of ADH, the patients will need to urinate more. The frequent removal of excessive water will result in greater thirst. To balance the excessive loss of water, the patients with diabetes inspidus will have to drink more water to maintain their water balance of the body ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14ogt1ha2f","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Evans, James, Shirreffs, & Maughan, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Evans, James, Shirreffs, & Maughan, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":149,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/CCRVCSG4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/CCRVCSG4"],"itemData":{"id":149,"type":"article-journal","title":"Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration","container-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology","page":"945-951","volume":"122","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Evans","given":"Gethin H."},{"family":"James","given":"Lewis J."},{"family":"Shirreffs","given":"Susan M."},{"family":"Maughan","given":"Ronald J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Evans, James, Shirreffs, & Maughan, 2017).

What happened to plasma osmolality when you give a severely dehydrated person to drink a large amount of water?

The plasma osmolality decreases with the intake of large amounts of water. In dehydration conditions, plasma osmolality increases because the solute is not lost; only water is lost ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1vp3ho8r6n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Evans, James, Shirreffs, & Maughan, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Evans, James, Shirreffs, & Maughan, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":149,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/CCRVCSG4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/CCRVCSG4"],"itemData":{"id":149,"type":"article-journal","title":"Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration","container-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology","page":"945-951","volume":"122","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Evans","given":"Gethin H."},{"family":"James","given":"Lewis J."},{"family":"Shirreffs","given":"Susan M."},{"family":"Maughan","given":"Ronald J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Evans, James, Shirreffs, & Maughan, 2017). With the intake of a large amount of water in this condition, plasma volume decreases increasing osmolality.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Evans, G. H., James, L. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Maughan, R. J. (2017). Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(4), 945–951.

Anatomy And Anatomy

Lab report

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Lab report

Explain the change in IC during exercise?

During exercise, the body needs more oxygen and the lungs require more oxygen to breathe. Exercise makes the body requirement for oxygen higher than normal, as the body requires more oxygen and more energy. The depth of respiration increases with exercise. With all other changes to the respiratory system, IC increases since oxygen requirement increases. More oxygen is carried to the cells to provide more energy. In response, the heart beats faster than normal to allow more oxygen to be reached to the cells of the body (Siriwardena & Fan, 2018).

Explain the change in FRC during exercise?

The functional residual capacity (FRC) is the amount of air which is left in the lungs after expiration. It is calculated as the sum of two lung volumes that is RV and ERV. The volume of air left after expiration is FRC. During exercise ERV decreases which causes the value of FRC to decreases during exercise ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a5ohmne78r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siriwardena & Fan, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Siriwardena & Fan, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":147,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/4TJYR7YF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/4TJYR7YF"],"itemData":{"id":147,"type":"chapter","title":"Descent into heart and lung failure","container-title":"Mechanical Circulatory and Respiratory Support","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"3–36","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Siriwardena","given":"Maithri"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Eddy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siriwardena & Fan, 2018). The value of FRC declines as the volume of air remained in the lungs during exercise is low.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Siriwardena, M., & Fan, E. (2018). Descent into heart and lung failure. In Mechanical Circulatory and Respiratory Support (pp. 3–36). Elsevier.

Anatomy And Anatomy

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ANATOMY AND ANATOMY

Name

Course

Date

DISCUSSION

What caused the change in HR with exercise

The heart rate goes up with the practice, this is because. During the exercise, there was an increase in muscle activity which leads to an increase in the CO2 and other metabolic wastes in the muscles that needed to be removed. Therefore, this leads to the reqirement of more oxygenated blood that could help distribute to the want for the muscles during the activity. This intern caused an increase in the heart rate (Wilcox, B. R., Cook, A. C., Anderson, R. H. 2005).

Discuss the effects of venous return and heart rate on the exercise EDV.

In the course of doing the practice, the sequential pump of the muscles leads to the venous return by the high pressured blood along the singled way valves which get into the heart. Similarly, the rapid lung functionality will develop a change in the thoracic pressure which facilitates the movement of the blood to the heart (Anderson, R. H., Brown, N. A. 1996, p. 3). Exercising your body frequently improves the venous return by adding the volume of the blood in the body, improves the end-diastolic amount and finally, it helps in the increase of the size and the contraction ability of the heart muscles. Frequent exercise also increases the number of the blood capillaries at the organs where the oxygen and the carbon IV oxide are interchanged, therefore will help in the reduction of the peripheral resistance (Anderson, R. H., Brown, N. A. 1996, p. 4).

What caused the change in ESV volume with exercise

This was due to high amount of blood that was being distributed out of the body and used at the peripheral capillary level.

Why did SV change with exercise

The SV increased because of the added strain of the stressed heart to distributed oxygenated blood around the body since CO2 had accumulated the muscles and needed to be removed.

Discuss the importance of the change in CO2 with exercise

Improving the cardiac output permits a person to have a minimized heart rate during a physical exercise. Adding up to the pressure that has been imposed on the body in case it is serving a standard amount of flow for some time. And this will be of help since it minimizes the relaxing rate, therefore, it causes minimized pressure to the cardiovascular system allowing the body to function more effectively (Wilcox, B. R., Cook, A. C., Anderson, R. H. 2005).

Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, give supporting data from your experiment that supports your corrections.

The predictions are as follows from the previous reports. The heart rate will rapidly increase and this is to the want for the removal of the waste materials and CO2 from the muscles to minimize fatigue. Therefore there will be the need to deliver a lot of oxygenated blood to cleanse the muscle (Anderson, R. H., Brown, N. A. 1996, p.5).

Similarly, during the exercise, the SV will increase due to the effect with an increased heart pressure to distribute oxygenated blood to the entire body to replace the removed deoxygenated blood.

Finally during the exercise to there would be an increase in the production of CO2 to the quantity of the blood supplied that is required to equalize homeostasis

APPLICATION

We measured the stroke volume of the left ventricle. What was the average stroke volume of the right ventricle at rest and after exercise

The predictions are as follows from the previous experiment. The stroke volume should be the same for each ventricle at rest that is at 72,149. It might also be reflected or greater compared to the left since the right side is the accumulation section with the deoxygenated blood from all over the body and also considered to be the first holding room when the exchange of gases between the blood begin (Wilcox, B. R., Cook, A. C., Anderson, R. H. 2005).

Assume that for one beat, the stroke volume of the left ventricle is greater than that of the right ventricle. Explain why in a normal heart this would be corrected on the next beat.

The predictions are as follows from the previous experiment. The electrical functionality in the heart will stanadrdize the expansions and contractions of the ventricles ocuupied and released to acqiuire the bodys want for oxygen.

Similarly, it is an intense system that transports the blood from one point to another. In case it is not rectified, the left ventricle may become empty cannot, therefore, supply oxygenated blood around the body. Therefore possibly causing vapor lock.

Explain why elite athletes have a lower than heart rate, yet have a higher than normal ability to increase cardiac output.

in their practice, they improve their cardiac muscle, thereby reducing the hearts activity at rest, though with practice, it will maintain stronger contraction to meet the bodys demand for oxygen therefore eliminating carbon IV oxide.

Similarly, cardiac ability adapts during the training program. Where there will be the addtion of the ventricle size, reduced activity heart rate hence more stroke volume (Wilcox, B. R., Cook, A. C., Anderson, R. H. 2005). There making the heart to maintain high cardiac accommodation.

References

Wilcox, B. R., Cook, A. C., Anderson, R. H. (2005).Surgical anatomy of the heart. Cambridge University P

Anderson, R. H., Brown, N. A. (1996). The anatomy of the heart revisited.The Anatomical Record An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists,246(1), 1-7.ress.

ANATOMY AND ANATOMY PAGE MERGEFORMAT 6

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Anatomy And Anatomy

Lab report

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Lab report

Discussion

Response 1: Explain how insulin changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment?

In the experiment, insulin caused plasma glucose concentration to decrease. When insulin helps the cells to absorb glucose, the level of plasma glucose concentration in blood decreases.

Response 2: Explain how glucagon changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment?

Glucagon helps in the breakdown of liver glycogen in the body, which in response increases the blood glucose concentration. In the experiment, glucagon changed the plasma glucose concentration to increase.

Response 3: Explain what caused the change in plasma ketone concentration over the course of the experiment?

During fasting, the ketone level is high in the body which is required for the production of energy in the form of ATP. When the body consumes carbohydrates, these are used instead of ketone ultimately level of ketone decreases as not required by the body to produce energy.

Response 4: Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin concentration observed during the experiment?

The level of glucose in the body controls the concentration of glucagon and insulin via the process of negative feedback. When the body consumes sugars or food, this causes an imbalance in the blood sugar levels. The pancreas in response to blood sugar level produces insulin to take up sugars by the cells which ultimately levels the blood glucose normal.

Response 5: Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma glucagon concentration observed during the experiment.

In the experiment, low glucose levels stimulated the pancreas to produce glucagon. The glucagon breakdown started in the liver which raises the concentration of glucose in the blood back to normal and in response glucagon inhibited.

Response 6: The insulin glucagon ratio changed over the course of experiment indicating changes in glucose storage and changes in the ability to increase blood glucose concentration via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. State when glucose storage capability was highest and why?

The glucose storage capability was the highest 1 hour before meal which is indicated because of the maximum sugar present in the blood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1hhjn26e0a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wilson, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/RPVZILDF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/RPVZILDF"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis","container-title":"Emergency Nurse (through 2013)","page":"14","volume":"20","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Val"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson, 2012).

Response 7: State when glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis were highest and why?

The process of glycogenolysis is at its peak after consuming food because it is the process of breaking down glycogen to glucose. The process of gluconeogenesis is highest during the condition of fasting as this is the process of conversion or formation of glucose to glycogen.

Response 8: Explain how a high blood ketone helps the body conserve blood glucose?

High blood ketone level is a condition that means the body is capable to burn a significant amount of fat to produce energy in the form of ATP. Insulin keeps the body to use glucose to be stored for later use as many individuals are relying on the glucose consumption for the energy.

Response 9: Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction?

The level of blood glucose was high after the meal, it was 6.4 after consuming a meal. The blood plasma level of ketone was the highest in fasting that is 109. Plasma insulin level was also high after meal and graphical representation shows that the level of insulin was high at table 3. The level of glucagon in blood plasma was high one hour before the meal depicted in graph 3 in support of the answer.

Application

Response 1: During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have the same effect on plasma glucose levels as glucagon. Explain how epinephrine and norepinephrine affect plasma glucose and why this is important during exercise?

During exercise, more energy is required for the body. Glucagon help in rising blood glucose level in the body and epinephrine and norepinephrine also function to release more glucose to produce more energy in the cells ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1r7p8gsmff","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wilson, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/RPVZILDF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/RPVZILDF"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis","container-title":"Emergency Nurse (through 2013)","page":"14","volume":"20","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Val"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson, 2012).

Response 2: The symptoms of diabetes mellitus include high plasma glucose levels and ketoacidosis (blood pH decreases due to increasing levels of ketones). Explain how diabetes causes these symptoms?

In patients with diabetes mellitus insulin is not produced to meet body requirements. This results in a high level of blood acids that are ketones ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1h5fqc2dku","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wilson, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Wilson, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/RPVZILDF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/RPVZILDF"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis","container-title":"Emergency Nurse (through 2013)","page":"14","volume":"20","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Val"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wilson, 2012). A high level of ketones causes ketoacidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Wilson, V. (2012). Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Emergency Nurse (through 2013), 20(7), 14.

Anatomy And Anatomy

Lab report

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Lab report

Discussion

Response 1: Do you think erythropoietin levels in athletes at low altitudes are lower, higher or the same after training at a high altitude for 2 months? Explain your answer?

At high altitudes air pressure is lower, the pressure of oxygen is also lower which causes stimulation of more production of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin level increases resulting in increased requirement of oxygen. Kidneys will secrete erythropoietin to make RBC production to increase hemoglobin production and deliver it to the muscles.

Response 2: Calculate the average ml of oxygen molecules in 100 ml blood in the athletes at lower altitudes and then in athletes at high altitudes while training at high altitudes. Use the following information ml of oxygen per gram of hemoglobin.

Erythropoietin levels at low altitudes are higher in athletes. At low altitude our body has 14.3g/100 ml of blood. Considering the value per gram 1.39 ml of oxygen. This would be 20.1 of oxygen in every 100 ml of blood. Our body has 17.1g/100 ml at the levels of high altitude. Considering the value 17.1g/100 ml of blood. We will get 1.39 ml of oxygen per gram resulting in 23.81 of oxygen in every woo ml of our blood.

Response 3: Do athletes training at high altitudes have more or fewer oxygen molecules per ml of blood then athletes training at low altitudes? Explain why this difference gives athletes who train at high altitudes an advantage over athletes who train only at low altitudes.

Athletes utilize exercise to produce more red blood cells at high altitudes. Because the oxygen molecules per volume of air is less which prepares the body to make more hemoglobin. This extra hemoglobin is required to carry increase amount of oxygen to the muscles.

Response 4: In family 1, can the mother or father donate blood to their child to explain your answer?

While donating blood the donor and recipient must be compatible. Mother’s blood will cause clotting and it will end up in death. Father’s blood cannot cause clotting and can be donated to the child.

Response 5: In family 2, can the mother or father donate blood to their child? Explain your answer

Blood typing is the blood test that will decide if the blood compatibility. Recipient and the donor blood must be compatible. In this case, parent's blood is matching with the blood of donor that is child and both can recipient their blood to their child.

Response 6: In family 3, can the mother or father donate blood to their child? Explain

To donate blood, blood test is performed. Blood typing is the blood test that will decide if the blood compatibility. Recipient and the donor blood must be compatible. Parent’s blood is matching with the blood of recipient that is child and both can donate their blood to their child.

Response 7: What will happen if someone did not receive a compatible blood type during blood transfusion?

An ABO reaction that is incompatibility occurs that is when someone receives a blood type that is wrong. It is rare as blood typing is performed before blood transfusion but it is potentially fatal that happens when incompatible blood is recognized by our immune system. A red blood cell protein called an antigen is attached to the cells. People with blood group B have antigen B. people with blood type A carry antigen A. The immune system produces antibodies when recognized wrong blood antigen if the body does not have in the blood. This will cause the immune system to react in response to the new cells and resulting in kidney failure, blood clotting will cause low blood pressure and death.

Conclusions

Response 8: In one or 2 sentences, state how hematocrit and hemoglobin level change with altitude?

At high altitude, the concentration of the hemoglobin and hematocrit is high. With the high altitude, there are low oxygen levels that stimulate more red blood cells to be produced. This ultimately causes hemoglobin or hematocrit to allow effectively carrying more oxygen to the muscles.

Response 9: In one or 2 sentences, state why it is important to match blood type when giving blood transfusion?

During blood transfusion procedure, blood test is performed. It is the blood test that will make sure that recipient and the donor blood must be compatible. This is important because the antigens attached to the blood cells react with those not present in the blood. To avoid this reaction, blood must be matched.

Application

Response 1: Blood toping (using injected substances to artificially enhance performance) is illegal in many sports. Two substances used are erythropoietin and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) one of the actions of HIF is to increase the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Explain how administering erythropoietin can increase performance and how HIF increases performance through angiogenesis?

Administering erythropoietin can increase performance because it is the protein that produces new RBCs. Erythropoietin production will be enhanced by increasing the amount of HIF present. Producing new RBCs will stimulate the cells to carry more oxygen to the cells. This would be resulting in more performance and more endurance.

Response 2: Myoglobin levels are higher in Tibetans and other ethnic groups that live at high altitudes. Explain the benefit of higher myoglobin levels for individuals living at high altitudes.

The myoglobin protein is a muscle protein which is increased in concentration in the people living at heights. As the height increases the oxygen level is low. This low oxygen levels stimulate production of more red blood cells as the oxygen requirement is increased. More myoglobin to allow effectively carrying more oxygen to the muscles to adjust to the atmosphere.

Response 3: An Rh-mother is given Rh immune globin during her pregnancy. Rh immune globin prevents the formation of antibodies to Rh antigens. Explain why this is done.

As we know our immune system reacts against antibodies that are not present in the body. This treatment will prevent the immune system to produce antibodies in response to the newborn Rh-positive cells. If the fetus is Rh-negative it means it has no Rh factor. In case of Rh-positive, it will have Rh factor ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2k9k1gq2hj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Renkonen & Timonen, 1967)","plainCitation":"(Renkonen & Timonen, 1967)"},"citationItems":[{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/PNUW57HE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/PNUW57HE"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"article-journal","title":"Factors influencing the immunization of Rh-negative mothers","container-title":"Journal of Medical Genetics","page":"166","volume":"4","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Renkonen","given":"K. O."},{"family":"Timonen","given":"S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1967"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Renkonen & Timonen, 1967). If the blood blends with Rh-positive blood the defense system will active in response to produce antibodies.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Renkonen, K. O., & Timonen, S. (1967). Factors influencing the immunization of Rh-negative mothers. Journal of Medical Genetics, 4(3), 166.

Anatomy And Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

Anatomy and Physiology

Discussion

Response 1

The systolic AP and MAP rise in exercise as the exercise causes more oxygen to be needed to the muscles and because of the increased requirement of the oxygen affecting the heart to inflate quicker and stronger to help the demand to be accomplished MAP increase. MAP increase which resulted in the blood vessels to widen and the blood flow more and more is required. This blood flow is required much faster and quicker to supply more blood to the energetic skeletal muscles.

Response 2

The systematic vascular resistance drops in the course of exercise. These values are higher when resting as the blood flow is increased. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) drops in workout due to vasodilatation. The vasodilation is the widening of the blood vessels. The vasodilation occurs in the active skeletal muscles. The massive decline in vascular resistance in skeletal muscles during dynamic exercise causes complete systematic vascular resistance to reduce. The increase in mean arterial blood pressure increases cardiac output. Increasing cardiac output maintains blood pressure at elevated levels during exercise and this increases in vasomotor tone. The vasomotor tone increases in exercise as the exercise intensity increase the tone increase ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2gfdpcbe3q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of vasodilation and arterial resistance on cardiac output","container-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog","page":"170","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siddiqui, 2011).

Response 3

As the MAP causes blood vessels to dilate and resulting in decreasing systematic vascular resistance and more blood flow towards active skeletal muscles. When blood vessels dilate, it causes blood flow to increase which is due to the decrease in vascular resistance and also with increased cardiac output. Vasodilation happens by relaxing smooth muscles. This relaxation causes more blood flow in the arteries. This happened because the vascular resistance decreases. An increase in the diameter of the vessels is caused by the relaxation of the smooth muscles resulting mainly from the relaxation of vessels arteries, arterioles, and large veins. Dilation of vessels such as arteries and arterioles leads to a decrease in vascular resistance and a decrease in blood pressure and decrease heart rate as well. This is helpful in conditions such as heart failure, hypertension, and angina. In medical complications of hypertension and angina, chemical arterial dilators are used. When MAP drops it results in lowering blood flow in the vessels cause them to constrict and ultimately blood pressure decreases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7i9jdl1at","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of vasodilation and arterial resistance on cardiac output","container-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog","page":"170","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siddiqui, 2011). Continuous lowering of MAP would result in dangerous and complicated situations such as the kidney would not be able to work properly and protein would be lost in the urine.

Response 4

My predictions were accurate. In the first experiment, the MAP increase also CO increases. A high level of MAP indicates that a lot of pressure is there in the arteries. High MAP causes blood pressure more than 100 mmHg. High MAP will lead to blood clotting or heart muscle damage. This is because the heart has to work harder than normal causes damage to heart muscles. At rest, the MAP was 95 and it increases in the second experiment. During exercise, MAP increases because of the blood vessels which dilated ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a22q1qojbou","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of vasodilation and arterial resistance on cardiac output","container-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog","page":"170","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siddiqui, 2011). High blood pressure causes increase MAP and it would result in a heart attack. Prolonged drops in MAP would result in serious and drastic negative effects on the body. As the intensity of exercise increases the cardiac output also increases which maintains blood pressure during elevated levels of exercise.

Application

Response 1

These calcium blockers deliberately slower the movement of calcium into the tissues of the heart of blood vessels which ultimately result in lower blood pressure. These calcium channel blocker medicines are used to treat high blood pressure conditions in patients. The body uses these blockers to narrow down blood vessels. This results in high blood pressure. Physicians use calcium blocker medication to lower blood pressure. These blockers block the effects of calcium on blood vessels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aseu125na9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of vasodilation and arterial resistance on cardiac output","container-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog","page":"170","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siddiqui, 2011). This makes easier for the blood to flow and vessels dilate and relax. Calcium channel blockers working in 2 to 4 hours after taking the first dose and it would take weeks to have ultimate results. Calcium blockers are anti-hypertensive medicines which help in lowering blood pressure. If someone takes calcium blocker medicine at night, results would be seen in the morning in the form of lowering blood pressure.

Response 2

As we know arterial blood vessels carry oxygenated blood towards body parts away from the heart. These vessels carry blood away from the heart with a lot of pressure or force and a strong pump of the heart. This force causes the blood to move in the vessels with pressure. The pressure in the vessels would result in the fast flow of the blood. The aggressive force causes the flow to carry the blood to every part of the body. If this arterial vessel is cut, the pressure causes the blood to flow quicker and stronger than in veins. This flow for a longer period would cause serious consequences and even death ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a8najgip4q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Siddiqui, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ONknjWue/items/EJ36DKWI"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of vasodilation and arterial resistance on cardiac output","container-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog","page":"170","volume":"2","author":[{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Siddiqui, 2011). The artery cut would result in blood spurt out with pressure ultimately result would be loss of blood. The veins carry blood towards the heart and is deoxygenated blood. This would not result in that serious damage as that or arterial cut. Arterial blood is necessary for the vessels, tissues, and cells as it carries oxygen with it. Loss of oxygenated results would cause serious consequences.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Siddiqui, A. (2011). Effects of vasodilation and arterial resistance on cardiac output. J Clin Exp Cardiolog, 2, 170.

Anatomy And Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

[Writer]

[Institution]

Anatomy and Physiology

Post 1:

The physiology of heart during exercise conducts substantial regulatory actions to maintain the normal cardiac and transport functions within the body. In the course of exercise, the cardiac output increases significantly to provide sufficient oxygen to all body cells and remove excess carbon dioxide. When the heart rate increases, the cardiac contractions increase with its increasing cardiac output. The blood flow also increases due to enhanced cell metabolism. Blood cells contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen to all body cells and discharges carbon dioxide and sends it back to the lungs. Excessive metabolic activities require an increased need for oxygen and nutrients supplied to the cells. So, as the blood flow increase, it carries oxygen with it and on its way back it removed carbon dioxide. This change in the oxygen intake and an increase in cardiac output results in significant changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. The increased heart contraction during exercise induces an increase in the volume of stroke and decrease in the end-systolic volume in the ventricles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VwMuZahR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kudomi et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Kudomi et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":57,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/WW3N39SA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/WW3N39SA"],"itemData":{"id":57,"type":"article-journal","title":"Myocardial blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen measurement in the right and left ventricles at rest and during exercise using 15O-labeled compounds and PET","container-title":"Frontiers in physiology","page":"741","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Kudomi","given":"Nobuyuki"},{"family":"Kalliokoski","given":"Kari"},{"family":"Oikonen","given":"Vesa"},{"family":"Han","given":"Chunlei"},{"family":"Kemppainen","given":"Jukka"},{"family":"Sipilä","given":"Hannu T."},{"family":"Knuuti","given":"Juhani"},{"family":"Heinonen","given":"Ilkka HA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kudomi et al., 2019). These regulatory changes in the cardiac and circulatory system help meet the demand for providing enough oxygen to the cells and increasing the amount of carbon monoxide during vigorous activities like exercise.

Post 2:

During the workout, there is a higher demand for the heart to pump faster in order to provide energy to all the muscles. Cardiac muscles go through the process of sympathetic vasoconstriction and the decrease in systemic vascular resistance increases the cardiac output and stroke volume. Vasodilation in cardiac muscles is induced by metabolic factors. Vasodilation in arterioles influences a decrease in the peripheral resistance for the blood flow. The decrease in the parasympathetic activity of the sinus node increases the heart rate and sympathetic activity. The process of adrenergic functional sympatholytic decreases and it eventually stimulates the nervous system. The sympathetic nerve mediates ventricular myocardium and maximizes the blood flow towards skeletal muscles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qFY6s4Wi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher & Secher, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Fisher & Secher, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":58,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/HVPGZENQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/HVPGZENQ"],"itemData":{"id":58,"type":"chapter","title":"Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Exercise in Humans","container-title":"Muscle and Exercise Physiology","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"541-560","author":[{"family":"Fisher","given":"James P."},{"family":"Secher","given":"Niels H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fisher & Secher, 2019). The systolic and diastolic rate can measure blood flow pressure. If it consistently remains high, it can cause blood to clot and damage cardiac muscles.

Post 3:

Under the condition of extreme exercise, resistance in the systemic vasculature allows the flow of blood towards skeletal muscles and tissues and minimized flow towards parts of the body that do not require an immediate intense supply of oxygen. Vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscles induce vasoconstriction in kidneys and gastrointestinal organs as sympathetic activity of neurons supply them blood. The absorption level of oxygen in hemoglobin is decreased as the level of carbon monoxide increases in the blood. Calcium is a vital chemical element for maintaining the electrical conductivity of cardiac muscles. The calcium channels blockers inhibit the entry of calcium into cardiac cells and blood vessels. It results in the prevention of vasoconstriction and thus electrical conductivity. This mechanism reduces the force of contraction as the arteries open up and lower the blood pressure. Arteries transfer the blood from the heart and reducing the pressure carry the oxygen-rich blood to the venous vessel. If the venous vessel is stopped, a large quantity of blood can be lost but it will not cause the spurting out of blood in the arterial vessel ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jQCkZDMt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gordan, Gwathmey, & Xie, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Gordan, Gwathmey, & Xie, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":59,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/5DJHY9T2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/5DJHY9T2"],"itemData":{"id":59,"type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function","container-title":"World journal of cardiology","page":"204","volume":"7","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Gordan","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Gwathmey","given":"Judith K."},{"family":"Xie","given":"Lai-Hua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gordan, Gwathmey, & Xie, 2015).

Post 4:

In the intervals of rest and exercise, the heart rate increases with the progression of exercise but not the end-diastolic volume. It happens as the ventricles empty themselves and the heart rate increases. The cardiac output increases so that the need for oxygen demand can be met. It might occur that the ventricles do not completely fill up before unloading the blood. The rigorous exercise helps to decrease the diastolic volume ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XoNxWm69","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher & Secher, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Fisher & Secher, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":58,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/HVPGZENQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/HVPGZENQ"],"itemData":{"id":58,"type":"chapter","title":"Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Exercise in Humans","container-title":"Muscle and Exercise Physiology","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"541-560","author":[{"family":"Fisher","given":"James P."},{"family":"Secher","given":"Niels H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fisher & Secher, 2019). As during exercise, the cells run short of oxygen, the heart contracts with strength. As the blood contains hemoglobin for the exchange of gases. It is imperative that during exercise carbon monoxide is increased for the absorption of carbon monoxide for meeting the body demand for oxygen. The average heart rate of an individual is 72 while resting and 149 during exercise as the stroke volume increases.

Post 5:

The electrical conductivity regulates the filling in and contraction of the heart ventricles. During exercise, the vasoconstriction helps in filling and emptying the blood from ventricles in order to meet the needs of the oxygen. The conductivity mechanism increases the cardiac output at rest but at the time of exercise, heart pace increases and the contractions become stronger so that by the increased blood flow, oxygen can be made available to all cells and carbon dioxide be discharged out ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5M11rDa1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tse, Lai, Yeo, Tse, & Wong, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Tse, Lai, Yeo, Tse, & Wong, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":60,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/KVIAUU9T"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/9Hfkg8Y0/items/KVIAUU9T"],"itemData":{"id":60,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mechanisms of electrical activation and conduction in the gastrointestinal system: lessons from cardiac electrophysiology","container-title":"Frontiers in physiology","page":"182","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Tse","given":"Gary"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Eric Tsz Him"},{"family":"Yeo","given":"Jie Ming"},{"family":"Tse","given":"Vivian"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Sunny Hei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tse, Lai, Yeo, Tse, & Wong, 2016).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Fisher, J. P., & Secher, N. H. (2019). Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Exercise in Humans. In Muscle and Exercise Physiology (pp. 541–560). Elsevier.

Gordan, R., Gwathmey, J. K., & Xie, L.-H. (2015). Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function. World Journal of Cardiology, 7(4), 204.

Kudomi, N., Kalliokoski, K., Oikonen, V., Han, C., Kemppainen, J., Sipilä, H. T., … Heinonen, I. H. (2019). Myocardial blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen measurement in the right and left ventricles at rest and during exercise using 15O-labeled compounds and PET. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 741.

Tse, G., Lai, E. T. H., Yeo, J. M., Tse, V., & Wong, S. H. (2016). Mechanisms of electrical activation and conduction in the gastrointestinal system: Lessons from cardiac electrophysiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 182.

Anatomy And Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

[Writer]

[Institution]

Anatomy and Physiology

During exercise, significant regulations are required in cardiovascular system in order to maintain the heart rate and sufficient supply of oxygen to all body parts. These adjustments include increase in heart rate and cardiac contractions which ultimately result in increased cardiac output. Enhanced cell metabolism results in increased blood flow ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fxjCESxA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Korthius, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Korthius, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":95,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/FDTJWMPF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/FDTJWMPF"],"itemData":{"id":95,"type":"chapter","title":"Chapter 4: Exercise Hyperemia and Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation During Muscular Activity","container-title":"Skeletal Muscle Circulation","publisher":"Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences","author":[{"family":"Korthius","given":"Ronald J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Korthius, 2011). This blood regulation in cardiovascular system is required for delivery of oxygen and nutrients from blood to the muscles and removal of carbon dioxide. The changes in consumption of oxygen and manifold increased cardiac output may result in structural changes in left ventricle which increases stroke volume and the end-systolic volume in the ventricles decreases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BFtXm64O","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kudomi et al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Kudomi et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":97,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/R5I8XWG6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/R5I8XWG6"],"itemData":{"id":97,"type":"article-journal","title":"Myocardial blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen measurement in the right and left ventricles at rest and during exercise using 15O-labeled compounds and PET","container-title":"Frontiers in physiology","page":"741","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Kudomi","given":"Nobuyuki"},{"family":"Kalliokoski","given":"Kari"},{"family":"Oikonen","given":"Vesa"},{"family":"Han","given":"Chunlei"},{"family":"Kemppainen","given":"Jukka"},{"family":"Sipilä","given":"Hannu T."},{"family":"Knuuti","given":"Juhani"},{"family":"Heinonen","given":"Ilkka HA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kudomi et al., 2019). These processes help regulate the supply of oxygen and reducing carbon monoxide during excessive exercise ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j3347FMK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Joyner & Casey, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Joyner & Casey, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":96,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/2GDFH4XB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/2GDFH4XB"],"itemData":{"id":96,"type":"article-journal","title":"Regulation of increased blood flow (hyperemia) to muscles during exercise: a hierarchy of competing physiological needs","container-title":"Physiological reviews","page":"549-601","volume":"95","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Joyner","given":"Michael J."},{"family":"Casey","given":"Darren P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Joyner & Casey, 2015).

Exercise affects the concentration of urine such that pulmonary absorption level is higher in the course of exercise which results in increased pulmonary blood flow thus increased alveolar permeability ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x2Ot9vUh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Haase et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Haase et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":99,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/5HN9LINL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/5HN9LINL"],"itemData":{"id":99,"type":"article-journal","title":"The influence of exercise and dehydration on the urine concentrations of salbutamol after inhaled administration of 1600 µg salbutamol as a single dose in relation to doping analysis","container-title":"Drug testing and analysis","page":"613-620","volume":"8","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Haase","given":"Christoffer Bjerre"},{"family":"Backer","given":"Vibeke"},{"family":"Kalsen","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Rzeppa","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Hemmersbach","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Hostrup","given":"Morten"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Haase et al., 2016). Dehydration results in concentrated urine as higher level of circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) reduces renal free clearance of water ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0MvWqEP7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garrahy, Cuesta, & Thompson, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Garrahy, Cuesta, & Thompson, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/URZRLAAF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/URZRLAAF"],"itemData":{"id":100,"type":"article-journal","title":"Physiopathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Inappropriate ADH Secretion and Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome","container-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases","page":"405-431","author":[{"family":"Garrahy","given":"Aoife"},{"family":"Cuesta","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Christopher J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Garrahy, Cuesta, & Thompson, 2018). Reabsorption of water causes decreased urine output and increase in the volume of blood which ultimately results in decreases osmosis thus highly concentrated urine. But the low level of ADH decreases water absorption and permeability and plasma osmolality decreases to maintain a balance in osmoregulation in kidneys ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"o470rrvs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Meltzer, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Meltzer, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":98,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JMUZU4UM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JMUZU4UM"],"itemData":{"id":98,"type":"chapter","title":"Renal physiology","container-title":"Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"782-794","author":[{"family":"Meltzer","given":"Joseph S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Meltzer, 2019). Plasma osmolality helps sustain the volume of the fluids and normal cell functions. During dehydration the urine osmolality is extremely high so high intake of water can regulate the water balance in the body by increasing plasma volume ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2oq26Cve","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yeun & Depner, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Yeun & Depner, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":101,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/QCNTQH3F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/QCNTQH3F"],"itemData":{"id":101,"type":"chapter","title":"Principles of hemodialysis","container-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","page":"277-302","author":[{"family":"Yeun","given":"Jane Y."},{"family":"Depner","given":"Thomas A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yeun & Depner, 2010).

During exercise, heart needs to pump faster to supply energy to the skeletal muscles. In order to ensure the enough blood supply, the skeletal muscles undergo sympathetic vasoconstriction and the phenomenon is termed as andrenergic functional sympatholysis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HRnsOGkW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fisher & Secher, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Fisher & Secher, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":103,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/QB4EFSFN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/QB4EFSFN"],"itemData":{"id":103,"type":"chapter","title":"Chapter 24 - Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Exercise in Humans","container-title":"Muscle and Exercise Physiology","publisher-place":"Academic Press","page":"541-560","event-place":"Academic Press","author":[{"family":"Fisher","given":"James P."},{"family":"Secher","given":"Niels H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fisher & Secher, 2019). It induces nervous system so that maximum blood flow is diverted towards skeletal muscles. It can be used as a means of measurement of blood pressure and if it remains high consistently, it can lead to blood clotting or damaging cardiac muscles. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VY5T2Fq3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hearon, Kirby, Luckasen, Larson, & Dinenno, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hearon, Kirby, Luckasen, Larson, & Dinenno, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":102,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/8JI7BXKF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/8JI7BXKF"],"itemData":{"id":102,"type":"article-journal","title":"Endothelium‐dependent vasodilatory signalling modulates α1‐adrenergic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of humans","container-title":"The Journal of physiology","page":"7435-7453","volume":"594","issue":"24","author":[{"family":"Hearon","given":"Christopher M."},{"family":"Kirby","given":"Brett S."},{"family":"Luckasen","given":"Gary J."},{"family":"Larson","given":"Dennis G."},{"family":"Dinenno","given":"Frank A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hearon, Kirby, Luckasen, Larson, & Dinenno, 2016). In such conditions systematic vascular resistance helps the blood flow move towards skeletal muscles. As during exercise, the carbon monoxide level increases thus decreasing the absorption of oxygen in hemoglobin. Calcium is an important element for electrical conductivity of cardiac muscles. The calcium blockers inhibit the calcium exchange thus preventing the conductivity and vasoconstriction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2VpgMt9e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gordan, Gwathmey, & Xie, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Gordan, Gwathmey, & Xie, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":105,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/S2S9SIBY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/S2S9SIBY"],"itemData":{"id":105,"type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function","container-title":"World journal of cardiology","page":"204","volume":"7","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Gordan","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Gwathmey","given":"Judith K."},{"family":"Xie","given":"Lai-Hua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gordan, Gwathmey, & Xie, 2015). The normal heart rate of an average induvial is 72, and during exercise it can exceed up to 149 and increased stroke volume and cardiac input. Electrical conductivity stimulates the contraction of ventricles and ensures enough oxygen supply for the muscles and discharge of carbon dioxide ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5SS5xYhu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tse, Lai, Yeo, Tse, & Wong, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Tse, Lai, Yeo, Tse, & Wong, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":106,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/2YDYDS2Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/2YDYDS2Q"],"itemData":{"id":106,"type":"article-journal","title":"Mechanisms of electrical activation and conduction in the gastrointestinal system: lessons from cardiac electrophysiology","container-title":"Frontiers in physiology","page":"182","volume":"7","author":[{"family":"Tse","given":"Gary"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Eric Tsz Him"},{"family":"Yeo","given":"Jie Ming"},{"family":"Tse","given":"Vivian"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Sunny Hei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tse, Lai, Yeo, Tse, & Wong, 2016).

The process of glycogenesis is highest while fasting as at that time liver cells produce excess glucose by the conversion of lactic and amino acids. Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus have extremely high levels of plasma glucose and ketoacidosis and results in decreased blood pH level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JR4EX0sO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Beshyah, Chowdhury, Ghouri, & Lakhdar, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Beshyah, Chowdhury, Ghouri, & Lakhdar, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/5LT53ELJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/5LT53ELJ"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"article-journal","title":"Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis during Ramadan fasting: A critical reappraisal","container-title":"Diabetes research and clinical practice","author":[{"family":"Beshyah","given":"Salem A."},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Tahseen A."},{"family":"Ghouri","given":"Nazim"},{"family":"Lakhdar","given":"Abdulfattah A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Beshyah, Chowdhury, Ghouri, & Lakhdar, 2019). As the pancreas do not produce sufficient insulin, liver produces ketones by converting fatty acids while fasting that can be used a s source of energy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"p0lpFazZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wang et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Wang et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":107,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/PG227IZZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/PG227IZZ"],"itemData":{"id":107,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effect of an amino acid beverage on glucose response and glycogen replenishment after strenuous exercise","container-title":"European journal of applied physiology","page":"1283-1294","volume":"115","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Bei"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Zhenping"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wanyi"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"Jungyun"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Yi-Hung"},{"family":"Ivy","given":"John L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wang et al., 2015). Active metabolism in kidneys secrete acids and are involved in reabsorption of bicarbonates that increase pH and bind with hydrogen ions forming carbonic acid ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"L3XCSPcj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Maiuolo, Oppedisano, Gratteri, Muscoli, & Mollace, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Maiuolo, Oppedisano, Gratteri, Muscoli, & Mollace, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/95VQB4LG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/95VQB4LG"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"article-journal","title":"Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion","container-title":"International journal of cardiology","page":"8-14","volume":"213","author":[{"family":"Maiuolo","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Oppedisano","given":"Francesca"},{"family":"Gratteri","given":"Santo"},{"family":"Muscoli","given":"Carolina"},{"family":"Mollace","given":"Vincenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Maiuolo, Oppedisano, Gratteri, Muscoli, & Mollace, 2016). In order to normalize the pH, faster breathing can help exhale excess carbon dioxide decreasing hydrogen concentration. The normal respiratory pH is around 7, acidic is less than 7 and alkali is greater than 7. The normal pH of partial pressure of carbon dioxide is considered to be 35 to 45 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gBHaeWwE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Versteeg et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Versteeg et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/F39MUVQQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/F39MUVQQ"],"itemData":{"id":109,"type":"article-journal","title":"Acute effects of morning light on plasma glucose and triglycerides in healthy men and men with type 2 diabetes","container-title":"Journal of biological rhythms","page":"130-142","volume":"32","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Versteeg","given":"Ruth I."},{"family":"Stenvers","given":"Dirk J."},{"family":"Visintainer","given":"Dana"},{"family":"Linnenbank","given":"Andre"},{"family":"Tanck","given":"Michael W."},{"family":"Zwanenburg","given":"Gooitzen"},{"family":"Smilde","given":"Age K."},{"family":"Fliers","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Kalsbeek","given":"Andries"},{"family":"Serlie","given":"Mireille J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Versteeg et al., 2017). Increased respiratory condition is termed as hyperventilation where additional carbon dioxide is exhaled off which results in decreased amount of hydrogen in blood leading to alkalosis. In diabetic patients, ketones being acidic in nature cause metabolic acidosis in blood ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TN8UKIES","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(H\\uc0\\u246{}rber et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Hörber et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":111,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/96U3L783"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/96U3L783"],"itemData":{"id":111,"type":"article-journal","title":"Unusual high blood glucose in ketoacidosis as first presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus","container-title":"Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports","volume":"2018","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Hörber","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Hudak","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Kächele","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Overkamp","given":"Dietrich"},{"family":"Fritsche","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Häring","given":"Hans-Ulrich"},{"family":"Peter","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Heni","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hörber et al., 2018).

Heavy exercise causes the swift of air out of lungs because of rapid breathing. Quick breathing compensates the oxygen supply and the inspiratory capacity is changed due to increase in tidal volume. But there is a maximum vital capacity to the amount of air breathed during excessive metabolic activities and exceeding that point may cause damage to the lungs. During normal breathing, the intercostal muscles stiffen the chest lining for the exchange of air. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DGxVgCmL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kranke et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kranke et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":113,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ACP9WT3R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/ACP9WT3R"],"itemData":{"id":113,"type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds","container-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Kranke","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Bennett","given":"Michael H."},{"family":"Martyn‐St James","given":"Marrissa"},{"family":"Schnabel","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Debus","given":"Sebastian E."},{"family":"Weibel","given":"Stephanie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kranke et al., 2015) In the case of excess air inhaling, the tidal volume increases and thus increasing the rate of respiration. Emphysema is the damaging of alveolar walls due to extreme loss of oxygen and the lining is so narrowed that no air can be passed through it leading to lungs damage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"PE61KtHL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shah, Herth, van Geffen, Deslee, & Slebos, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Shah, Herth, van Geffen, Deslee, & Slebos, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":114,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/KM4DVL45"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/KM4DVL45"],"itemData":{"id":114,"type":"article-journal","title":"Lung volume reduction for emphysema","container-title":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine","page":"147-156","volume":"5","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Shah","given":"Pallav L."},{"family":"Herth","given":"Felix J."},{"family":"Geffen","given":"Wouter H.","non-dropping-particle":"van"},{"family":"Deslee","given":"Gaetan"},{"family":"Slebos","given":"Dirk-Jan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shah, Herth, van Geffen, Deslee, & Slebos, 2017). Kidneys produce erythroprotein for the production of erythrocytes to increase hemoglobin level in blood thus increasing the uptake of oxygen. In the case of blood transfusions, immune system might attack the new cells and cause kidney failure. High blood cells level help the breathing at higher altitudes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BctoWkRH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Yan, Yixuan, Maolin, Zhang, & Jian, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Yan, Yixuan, Maolin, Zhang, & Jian, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":115,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/39LNAQRC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/39LNAQRC"],"itemData":{"id":115,"type":"article-journal","title":"An aviation oxygen supply system based on a mechanical ventilation model","container-title":"Chinese Journal of Aeronautics","page":"197-204","volume":"31","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Yan","given":"S. H. I."},{"family":"Yixuan","given":"WANG"},{"family":"Maolin","given":"C. A. I."},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bolun"},{"family":"Jian","given":"Z. H. U."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Yan, Yixuan, Maolin, Zhang, & Jian, 2018).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Beshyah, S. A., Chowdhury, T. A., Ghouri, N., & Lakhdar, A. A. (2019). Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis during Ramadan fasting: A critical reappraisal. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.

Fisher, J. P., & Secher, N. H. (2019). Chapter 24—Regulation of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure During Exercise in Humans. In Muscle and Exercise Physiology (pp. 541–560). Academic Press.

Garrahy, A., Cuesta, M., & Thompson, C. J. (2018). Physiopathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Inappropriate ADH Secretion and Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases, 405–431.

Gordan, R., Gwathmey, J. K., & Xie, L.-H. (2015). Autonomic and endocrine control of cardiovascular function. World Journal of Cardiology, 7(4), 204.

Haase, C. B., Backer, V., Kalsen, A., Rzeppa, S., Hemmersbach, P., & Hostrup, M. (2016). The influence of exercise and dehydration on the urine concentrations of salbutamol after inhaled administration of 1600 µg salbutamol as a single dose in relation to doping analysis. Drug Testing and Analysis, 8(7), 613–620.

Hearon, C. M., Kirby, B. S., Luckasen, G. J., Larson, D. G., & Dinenno, F. A. (2016). Endothelium‐dependent vasodilatory signalling modulates α1‐adrenergic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of humans. The Journal of Physiology, 594(24), 7435–7453.

Hörber, S., Hudak, S., Kächele, M., Overkamp, D., Fritsche, A., Häring, H.-U., … Heni, M. (2018). Unusual high blood glucose in ketoacidosis as first presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports, 2018(1).

Joyner, M. J., & Casey, D. P. (2015). Regulation of increased blood flow (hyperemia) to muscles during exercise: A hierarchy of competing physiological needs. Physiological Reviews, 95(2), 549–601.

Korthius, R. J. (2011). Chapter 4: Exercise Hyperemia and Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation During Muscular Activity. In Skeletal Muscle Circulation. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.

Kranke, P., Bennett, M. H., Martyn‐St James, M., Schnabel, A., Debus, S. E., & Weibel, S. (2015). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).

Kudomi, N., Kalliokoski, K., Oikonen, V., Han, C., Kemppainen, J., Sipilä, H. T., … Heinonen, I. H. (2019). Myocardial blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen measurement in the right and left ventricles at rest and during exercise using 15O-labeled compounds and PET. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 741.

Maiuolo, J., Oppedisano, F., Gratteri, S., Muscoli, C., & Mollace, V. (2016). Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. International Journal of Cardiology, 213, 8–14.

Meltzer, J. S. (2019). Renal physiology. In Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia (pp. 782–794). Elsevier.

Shah, P. L., Herth, F. J., van Geffen, W. H., Deslee, G., & Slebos, D.-J. (2017). Lung volume reduction for emphysema. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 5(2), 147–156.

Tse, G., Lai, E. T. H., Yeo, J. M., Tse, V., & Wong, S. H. (2016). Mechanisms of electrical activation and conduction in the gastrointestinal system: Lessons from cardiac electrophysiology. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 182.

Versteeg, R. I., Stenvers, D. J., Visintainer, D., Linnenbank, A., Tanck, M. W., Zwanenburg, G., … Serlie, M. J. (2017). Acute effects of morning light on plasma glucose and triglycerides in healthy men and men with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 32(2), 130–142.

Wang, B., Ding, Z., Wang, W., Hwang, J., Liao, Y.-H., & Ivy, J. L. (2015). The effect of an amino acid beverage on glucose response and glycogen replenishment after strenuous exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(6), 1283–1294.

Yan, S. H. I., Yixuan, W., Maolin, C. A. I., Zhang, B., & Jian, Z. H. U. (2018). An aviation oxygen supply system based on a mechanical ventilation model. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 31(1), 197–204.

Yeun, J. Y., & Depner, T. A. (2010). Principles of hemodialysis. In Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, and Transplantation (pp. 277–302). Elsevier Inc.

Anatomy And Physiology

Anatomy and physiology

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Anatomy and Physiology

Discussion

Answer 1: Yes, compensation will occur. The process compensation involves renal system. During metabolism, excessive acids are secreted by the kidneys while reabsorbing HCO3 thus increasing PH. To achieve balance PH the compound HCo3 will bind with H+ forming H2CO3 that will, in turn, remove h+.

Answer 2: No compensation is not occurring. However, the levels of pco2 are low while HCO3 is at normal. With metabolic acidosis, respiration process will increase in order to blow off the CO2.

Answer 3: The increase in the respiratory compensation will increase the respiratory rate that will help in the exhalation of excessive Co2 which will, in turn, decrease the concentration of hydrogen that will make PH normal.

Answer 4: Respiratory compensation will decrease the respiratory rate that will in turn increase CO2 while increasing the concentration of hydrogen in blood thus decreasing the PH to a significantly normal level.

Answer 5: Normal level of PH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 while normal acidosis is lower than 7.35 also the alkalosis is much greater than 7.45. The corrected normal range of pco2 is from 35 to 45. The respiratory alkalosis is greater than 45 while respiratory acidosis is less than 35. Normal HCo3 ranges 22-26 whereas the value of alkalosis is greater than 26 (incorrect pt) the respiratory acidosis PH is 7.25 while pco2 is 74. The respiratory alkalosis PH level is 7.5 also pco2 is 74 and metabolic acidosis 7.29 also metabolic alkalosis is 7.51 and HCO3 is 14.

Application

Answer 1: Copd patients will have an elevated respiratory rate to blow off CO that will retain CO2. This will increase the concentration of hydrogen in the blood thus the PH level decreases.

Answer 2: Holding the breath for a limited time the pco2 and h+ will increase at a much faster rate that, the body will start breathing involuntarily to return to the normal level.

Answer 3: Anxiety attack may result in an increased respiratory rate thus causing hyperventilation. The exhalation of too much Co2 will decrease the concentration of hydrogen in blood that will result in respiratory alkalosis.

Answer 4: Uncontrolled diabetes leads to the development of ketones which by nature are acidic. They tend to build up in blood, they can cause both metabolic acidosis as well as ketoacidosis.

Anatomy And Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Writer

Instructor

Anatomy and Physiology

Explain the change in ERV with exercise.

During exercise, the change in endovascular revascularization (EVR) occurs as breathing rate gets faster by exhaling air out of the lungs.

Explain the change in IRV with exercise.

Iterative-virtual reality (IRV) changes with exercise as breathing gets faster and vigorous exercise demands increase inhale of air for supplying required amount of oxygen.

Explain the change in IC with exercise.

The change in the interstitial cystitis (IC) during exercise is due to increase in the tidal volume (TV). As TV increases, it will reimburse the breathing by decreasing the IRV.

Explain the change in FRC with exercise.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) changes with exercise because when the respiratory rate increases, the exhalation time of the air from the body decreases. This causes an increase in the FRC in to meet the body demand of increased oxygen supply enough for all muscles.

Explain why RV does not change with exercise.

When the residual volume (RV) does not change with the exercise it means that the lungs are not stressed out enough to cause a change in the amount of air within the lungs after maximal exhalation.

Explain why VC does not change with exercise.

The vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled out. In the course of exercise, there’s a significant increase in respiratory rate and inhaling of the air. Hence, the amount of air being exhaled out would not increase during exercise.

Explain why TLC does not change with exercise.

The total lung capacity (TLC) does not change during exercise because it already is at its maximum rate and further increase in it during exercise may cause damage to the lungs.

During exercise, the depth of respiration increases. Name the muscles involved in increasing the depth of respiration and explain how muscle contraction causes this increase.

The intercostal muscles are involved in increasing the depth of the respiration. When these muscles contract, the chest lining is stressed out allowing the exchange of air during normal breathing.

Explain the importance of the change in minute ventilation with exercise.

Minute ventilation is the measure of the volume of the oxygen inhaled in the body within a minute. During exercise, the body’s need for oxygen increases, therefore, the TV increases the rate of respiration to meet the need of oxygen supply ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0UDyjXSr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Caravita et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Caravita et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":265,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JVZWUM2X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/JVZWUM2X"],"itemData":{"id":265,"type":"article-journal","title":"Pulmonary hypertension and ventilation during exercise: Role of the pre-capillary component","container-title":"The Journal of heart and lung transplantation","page":"754-762","volume":"36","issue":"7","author":[{"family":"Caravita","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Faini","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Deboeck","given":"Gael"},{"family":"Bondue","given":"Antoine"},{"family":"Naeije","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Parati","given":"Gianfranco"},{"family":"Vachiéry","given":"Jean-Luc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Caravita et al., 2017).

Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them with supporting data from your experiment.

The predictions about the decrease in the TV is incorrect as during exercise, TV increases by 0.4-1.6 folds. The prediction that IRV decreases is correct, as it reduces from 1.3 to 0.6. The prediction about VC not changing during exercise is correct, the initial reading 4.1 remains the same. While a slight increase in TLC is observed, it rose from 5.5 to 5.6.

Application

During strenuous exercise, TV plateaus at about 60% of VC but minute ventilation continues to increase. Explain how that would occur.

During exercise, the minute ventilation continues to increase as there is significant amount of gaseous exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide as compared to the rest situation. The increase in rate of respiration increases the overall minute ventilation.

Emphysema causes alveolar dilation and destruction of alveolar walls which cause an increase in residual volume with air that cannot be exhaled. Assuming that an individual’s TLC does not change, explain why a person with developing emphysema is not short of breath while resting, but becomes short of breath after climbing a flight of stairs.

In the case of emphysema, there is an alveolar dilation and destruction which causes decrease in the oxygen supply that enters the blood stream during exhalation. When the alveoli are malfunctioned, the previously inhaled air remains in the lungs and new air cannot enter due to no space in the lungs. Hence during exercise, the increased need of oxygen supply cannot be fulfilled as damaged lungs cannot accommodate more air with the continuous increase in the breathing rate and low oxygen concentration will cause short of breath ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n9doRDdb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Faisal et al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Faisal et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":266,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/L73IEYSK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/L73IEYSK"],"itemData":{"id":266,"type":"article-journal","title":"Common mechanisms of dyspnea in chronic interstitial and obstructive lung disorders","container-title":"American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine","page":"299-309","volume":"193","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Faisal","given":"Azmy"},{"family":"Alghamdi","given":"Bader J."},{"family":"Ciavaglia","given":"Casey E."},{"family":"Elbehairy","given":"Amany F."},{"family":"Webb","given":"Katherine A."},{"family":"Ora","given":"Josuel"},{"family":"Neder","given":"J. Alberto"},{"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Denis E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Faisal et al., 2016).

Application

We measured the stroke volume of the left ventricle. What was the average stroke volume of the right ventricle at rest and after exercise?

The volume of the stroke should remain the same at rest for each ventricle but change during exercise. The average stroke volume at rest was 72 and at exercise it was measured at 149.

Assume that for one beat, the stroke volume of the left ventricle is greater than that of the right ventricle. Explain why in a normal heart this would be corrected on the next beat.

During exercise, regulatory mechanisms take place in the cardiovascular system and one such action is the electrical conductivity. It regulates the filling up and contracting the ventricles for meeting body’s need of oxygen.

Explain why elite athletes have a lower than normal heart rate, yet have a higher than normal ability to increase cardiac output.

Athletes increase their cardiac muscles capability through vigorous training. While at rest, the heart does not have to undergo hard working but during exercise, it will contract much stronger in order to meet supply sufficient amount of oxygen to the body and exhaling out carbon dioxide.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Caravita, S., Faini, A., Deboeck, G., Bondue, A., Naeije, R., Parati, G., & Vachiéry, J.-L. (2017). Pulmonary hypertension and ventilation during exercise: Role of the pre-capillary component. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 36(7), 754–762.

Faisal, A., Alghamdi, B. J., Ciavaglia, C. E., Elbehairy, A. F., Webb, K. A., Ora, J., … O’Donnell, D. E. (2016). Common mechanisms of dyspnea in chronic interstitial and obstructive lung disorders. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 193(3), 299–309.

Anatomy And Physiology Task 1

Anatomy And Physiology Task 1

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Anatomy And Physiology Task 1

Respiratory System

Replenishing oxygen level in the bloodstream and releasing toxic carbon dioxide from the body is the basic functionality of the respiratory system (Recio et.al, 2016). There are three main constituents of this system; the airway, lungs, and muscles. The respiration process initiates with the intake of air by the mouth or nose. The air is heated and filtered by mucous membranes in the nasal cavity. Next, the air goes to the pharynx. Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and laryngopharynx are the three sections in which pharynx is divided. The pharynx then leads to the larynx that goes towards the lungs. The larynx directs the air to the trachea. The trachea is further divided in right and left bronchi. Each bronchi has small bronchioles that are connected to the alveoli. The exchange of blood occurs in alveoli. Diffusion is the process through which oxygen from air replaces carbon dioxide in the blood. Oxygen is transfused and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream through alveolar sac (Recio et.al, 2016). The toxic carbon dioxide is then exhaled out of the body.

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system initiates in the heart that continuously pumps blood which is circulated in the body (Recio et.al, 2016). Right atrium and ventricle commence pulmonary circuit while the system circuit is started in left atrium and ventricle. In the pulmonary circuit, carbon dioxide-rich blood enters the heart from the right atrium. This blood is pushed through muscle contraction into the right ventricle. From there the blood is directed to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli through diffusion. The oxygen-rich blood enters the heart from the left atrium through pulmonary veins. Blood is directed from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Muscles contractions push the blood into major arteries that are connected to the organs. Arteries and veins are interconnected through capillaries (Recio et.al, 2016). The tissues and organs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the capillaries. Blood is carried upward in the body through superior vena cava and downward through inferior vena cava.

References

Recio, A., Linares, C., Banegas, J. R., & Díaz, J. (2016). Road traffic noise effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic health: An integrative model of biological mechanisms. Environmental research, 146, 359-370.

Anatomy And W

Fate of the less fortune

Student name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Session 1

Cardiovascular system

Blood through the pulmonic valves into the atrium (called pulmonary artery) and then flows to the lungs then into the left atrium. Blood flows firm left to the right atrium through the open mitral.

Respiratory system

There are different types of gaseous exchange between in respiration i.e. ventilation, internal, external and cellular respiration, but all these processes are different from each other. Exchange of air that takes place between the atmosphere and lungs. It is the movement of a volume of gas in and out of the lungs. Particularly the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place in alveoli. It is the process in which oxygen diffuses from blood in both interstitial fluid and cells. It is the process of exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) which takes place between gills, lings and external atmosphere. Cellular respiration is one of the

Session 2

Step by the step digestion process

The process of digestion consists of a series of step by step reaction of food and digestive hormones. It starts right from the oral cavity as it is important to break down the food into simpler components in the mouth so that they could be easily absorbed in body cells. When one eats food start moving and food is pushed back towards the throat. A small flap called the epiglottis covers the windpipe. Saliva is the main enzyme used in chewing.

Next food moves into the esophagus and the process becomes automatic after food is swallowed, the brain sends a message to the esophagus muscles (Shortt et al, 2019).

At the end of the esophagus, sphincter (a ring-like muscle) is present that relax and let the food pass into the stomach. The same organ stays close so that the flowing back of food could be stopped.

The stomach is the main organ in which digestion takes place and in this part, food is mixed with digestive juices. After the initial digestion, chime goes to the small intestine. Stomach acid is the main enzyme used for digestion in this part.

Small intestine muscle mix food with juice coming from the pancreas intestine and liver. It is the stage where the mixture is sent for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and digested nutrients are sent to the bloodstream and the next digestive process passes to the large intestine. Digestive juices include bile and pancreatic juice in this part.

In the large intestine, undigested food is separated and the large intestine absorbs water then changes the waste into the stool. Peristalsis moves stool in the rectum.

Lower end of large intestine stores stools unless it is pushed out during the bowel movement out of the anus.

Session 3

Muscular contraction

Muscle contraction could be divided into four parts to understand the process muscle contradiction mechanism from the brain to the muscle cell.

The motor nerve gets a signal from the brain for action potential for passing down a neuron to a junction called neuromuscular junction and it is the part where stimulates the release of calcium into the muscle cell.

This calcium goes into muscle cells and binds troponin with actin and myosin and contraction uses ATP as an energy source.

It is the stage where the brain releases hormones and ATP is re-manufactures so that myosin and actin could maintain strong binding.

When stimulation of nerve stops relaxation occurs and the brain sends a message for releasing hormone. Calcium is a pumped back-breaking link between myosin and actin into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When ATP would be longer available relaxation would fail.

Process of synaptic transmission

The synaptic transmission consists of different steps

It is the first step neurotransmitters are synthesized

In the second step neurotransmitter is the release

In the third step, the packaging of neurotransmitter takes place

In the fourth step binding of neurotransmitters take place

In the fifth step, the chemical signal for stopping is sent.

Session 4

Components of the central and peripheral nervous system

The nervous system has two main components i.e. the brain and spinal cord. The brain contains about around 86 billion neurons and trillions of support cells known as glia. The spinal cord in a woman is about 43 cm long while it is 45 cm long in men. It is housed by the vertebral column and the backbone, but the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.

The peripheral nervous system is also divided into two major i.e. automatic and somatic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that send information (sensory) to motor nerves and the central nervous system that points towards skeletal muscle. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into three components that include the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous system, which controls internal organs as well as glands. The enteric nervous system consists of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gall bladder, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract, etc.)

Signal transmission process

Auditory

Nerves impulses are sent to the brain from the ear through the auditory nerves. Cranial nerves are one of the several sensory nerves which connect nerve impulses to the upper "temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Visual

An optic nerve is a group of nerves that connects and transmits information related to the vision from the eye to the brain. It is the optic nerve that receives light signals through both amacrine and bipolar cells. The signal sent to the brain by the eye interprets the signal into a visual image.

Olfactory

In the epithelium, sensory neurons detect odor molecules that are dissolved in mucus and send information about the odor to brain cells and this process is known as sensory transduction.

Session 5

Reproduction

The ovary cycle refers to the series of changes at the time of the maturation of follicles. In this cycle when the ovum is shed and corpus luteum is developed and the follicular phase shows the development of follicles in response to the release of follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) but if implantation takes place then corpus luteum is maintained.

Follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) helps in regulation, growth, development, reproductive processes and pubertal maturation of body.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) plays an important role in controlling the function of gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males).

Estrogen plays a role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females (breasts, regulations of the menstrual cycle and endometrium). It also helps in the maturation of sperms in males and maintains production of a healthy libido.

Progesterone helps in the thickening of the lining of uterus each month and helps in nourishing the egg (fertilized)

Renal system

In glomerular filtration, both blood and urine are filtered by nephron. In this process, hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus forces filtrates out of capillaries and into the slits in the nephron. Nephron works in the two-step process for filtering the blood and tubule returns required substances to blood and removes wastes.

Reference

Shortt, A., Lynch, M., Harte, P., Ruttledge, L., & Dennis, P. (2019). U.S. Patent Application No. 16/301,140.

Anatomy Physiology

Lab Report

Name

Institution

Respiratory System

Parts of upper respiratory system: mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx (Bevan, 2015).

Parts of lower respiratory system: trachea, lungs and diaphragm (Bevan, 2015).

Basic process of respiratory system initial respiration and gaseous exchange: during the process of inhalation, diaphragm moves upward and lungs are expanded, air enters into the lungs and oxygen movies into the blood capillaries whereas carbon dioxide of the blood moves into the lungs through lung walls and bronchioles. The time for exhalation arrives, diaphragm moves downward and lungs contract; air present within the lungs moves outside the body through mouth and nasal pathways. Hence, gaseous exchange takes place in association with the respiration (Bevan, 2015).

Cardiovascular system

Heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) are the structures of cardiovascular system (Bevan, 2015).

Process of blood circulation: oxygenated blood moves from left atrium to the left ventricle through tricuspid valves. It then pumps blood to the aorta and reaches whole body through arteries and capillaries. Deoxygenated blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then moves to the pulmonary artery where its oxygenation takes place (Gylys & Wedding, 2013).

Skeletal system

Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments are the structures of skeletal system.

Muscular system

Skeletal muscles are the main structures of muscular system.

Nervous system

Brain and spinal cord are the main structures of nervous system.

The basic process of movement in football player with reference to musculoskeletal and nervous system

Scenario: a football player kicking field goal

While executing a systematic movement, nervous system coordinates the logical reasoning based decision making and musculoskeletal movement. A football player would first start processing in his prefrontal cortex about how much force is required to take the ball in the goal area, he would think systematically and his brain would command his bones and limb muscles to exert instant pressure on the football. Hence, in collaboration with the nervous, muscular and skeletal system, football player would kick a field goal (Bevan, 2015).

References

Bevan, J. (2015). structue and function of the human body. 10th ed. Chicago: Mosby year book inc, pp.24-36.

Gylys, B. A., & Wedding, M. E. (2013). Medical terminology systems: A body systems approach (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co..