Off Grid Challenge

[Your Name]

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

[Date]

Off Grid Challenge

According to supposition, the cost and affect of going off-grid is to be determined. From the analysis of a number of renewable resources including petroleum fired, coal-fired, solar and hydroelectric, we generate one method to replace all energy consumptions with a renewable resource for a 100 square feet house.

A mini hydroelectric setup on area with the head of 270 meter approximately is required. According to Oregon, their net power generation for one month is 1940 MWh. In fact, they launch their projects on large areas. Hydroelectric constitutes 10 % of the total 17 % of electricity generated through renewable resources in US. For electricity,

10m/s2 * (liter/sec)0.3m3/s * 270 m * 0.5  =  405 m5/s3                                                = 405 m5/s3 * 1000 kg/m3 (water density)                                                = 405000 J/s                                                = 405000 W                                                 = 405 kW which is 400 kWh approx..

3.34 MBTU of natural gas heating can be substituted by using this in one month. For one year 3.34* 12 = 40.8 MBTU.

Based on rough estimation, cost is between $15000and $40000 combining the expenses of turbines, Kaplan, propeller etc.

The use of renewable resources of energy is better for country’s economy. The expenses other than maintenance are very limited after installation. The efficiency, however is one issue which may be a reason of scarcity of the use of domestic plants with renewable energy resources. The efficiency of the generators used in grids is 90 % approximately while these small systems are efficient up to 50 %. These systems are valuable when it comes to saving the energy using renewable resources but initial deployment is not easy. Further, issues related to maintenance of the such installed systems on domestic level are also a reason for people not selecting to go off-grid. It is feasible and possesses very bright prospects in terms of dealing with shortage of resources and overcoming environment related concerns. So, people are needed to be appreciated and supported by government to carry out such incentives.

OIL SPILLS IN THE GULF AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CLIMATE AND THE MARINE AND WILD SPECIES

Oil Spills In The Gulf and Its Impact on The Climate and The Marine and Wild Species

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Oil Spills In The Gulf and Its Impact on The Climate and The Marine and Wild Species

Oil spills are defined as the leakage of water into seawater due to human activity or any other accident which results in the contamination of water. It is well known that among all the energy sources oil is the most common and important source, and it is also a well-known fact that it is not evenly distributed around the world , therefore, it is transported on daily basis to various parts through ships and also with the help of pipes across the globe. Due to the continuous transport sometimes accidents occur ad this oil is mixed with water or earth’s crust. These spills contaminate the shores thus resulting in serious health conditions and also they are harmful to the environment and water bodies ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EkX0Q733","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Atlas, 1991)","plainCitation":"(Atlas, 1991)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1519,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/G7PHSGAH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/G7PHSGAH"],"itemData":{"id":1519,"type":"article-journal","title":"Microbial hydrocarbon degradation—bioremediation of oil spills","container-title":"Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","page":"149-156","volume":"52","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Atlas","given":"Ronald M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1991"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Atlas, 1991).

Oil spills are harmful to the environment, marine life and also human beings. when exposed in the ocean then the oil coats the fur of various animals like seal and otters which results in the reduction in the insulating effects which further results in the fluctuations of body temperature and causes hypothermia. Oil is also harmful to animals because it can make an animal blind thus leaving it defenceless. Oil prevents the birds from flying so many birds end up drowning, even if they survive they end up having various disorders of lungs, liver and also nervous system.

So far, oil spills are considered as the biggest human-induced environmental disasters. Oil spills have destroyed the ecosystem, it has also ruined some beautiful landscapes and also caused extensive economic loss. It has a detrimental effect on both the marine organisms and also on the animals that live near the shores. It can not only damage the population of certain animals but also causes slow and painful deaths to the rest of the population. There are a number of ways through which the oil spills affect the environment and some of them include disruption of the food chain, poisouning of seafood and also by causing health issues for volunteer who put their safety at risk in order to clean up these oil spills ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZrM568el","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How Do Oil Spills Affect The Environment?,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“How Do Oil Spills Affect The Environment?,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1514,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/BX6MYWYJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/BX6MYWYJ"],"itemData":{"id":1514,"type":"webpage","title":"How Do Oil Spills Affect The Environment?","container-title":"WorldAtlas","abstract":"Oil spills have widespread and long-lasting impacts on the environment. Learn more about the effects of oil spills on marine life and coastlines.","URL":"https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-do-oil-spills-affect-the-environment.html","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("How Do Oil Spills Affect The Environment?" n.d.).

As the impact of oil spills on the environment is huge therefore there are various preventive measures that are taken in order to prevent it. If oil spills are caused by some leakage in the boat then it must be checked that all the fuel lines and tubes are in good condition. At home the pipes and also the oil tanks must be checked for any type of corrosion and also over-pressurization, if there are some damaged parts then they must be replaced by new ones. Installing an oil safety valve on the supply line of the heating system is another good option to prevent oil spills because this way it will stop automatically if the lines are broken. Using dispersants is another option to clean oil spills, these are chemical agents just like soaps which breaks down the oil slick into smaller drops, through this method smaller oil particles are biodegraded ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Wu0NmNRb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kingston, 2002)","plainCitation":"(Kingston, 2002)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1518,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5KMK3B3M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/4C6u8dIT/items/5KMK3B3M"],"itemData":{"id":1518,"type":"article-journal","title":"Long-term environmental impact of oil spills","container-title":"Spill Science & Technology Bulletin","page":"53-61","volume":"7","issue":"1-2","author":[{"family":"Kingston","given":"Paul F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kingston, 2002).

Due to the advancement in science and the efforts of various environmentalists, it is now possible to clean the oil spills. There are various chemical methods ad certain preventive measures that can be used in order to clean the oil spills. Although the damage to the environment cannot be reimbursed it is possible to take measures in order to minimize the effects of oil spills. This can be done by completely cleaning all the oil spills by adopting the right option to clean it and by breeding those birds which are near to extinction due to the hazardous effects of the oil spills.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Atlas, R. M. (1991). Microbial hydrocarbon degradation—bioremediation of oil spills. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 52(2), 149–156.

How Do Oil Spills Affect The Environment? (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2019, from WorldAtlas website: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-do-oil-spills-affect-the-environment.html

Kingston, P. F. (2002). Long-term environmental impact of oil spills. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, 7(1–2), 53–61.

Optional Term Paper

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Term Paper

The change in global climate can be largely accredited to human activities. Since the advent of industrial revolution, the gas emissions from greenhouses have largely and steadily been increasing. During the late 1970s, a relentless increase in carbon emissions surfaced and the use of fossil fuels along has chiefly contributed to an unprecedented change in temperature. The average temperature are 0.8 degrees higher as compared to the temperature levels in the pre-industrial levels. Being increasingly conspicuous, the effects of climate change are statistically evident as well. According to a recently published report from NASA, the warmest five years in the history of this planet have passed since 2014. The main indicators of this statistic were the deadly and adverse heatwaves in many regions of Asia and Europe. Many glaciers and ice shelfs are already at a threat of collapse and disappearance as a consequence of increasing global temperatures and carbon emissions. The G-7 held in France, during 2017 primarily discussed the wildfires in the Amazon and Arctic. It is predicted that between 2030 and 2050, temperature is going to increase with a significant 1.5 degrees’ hike, amounting to global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a special short on the issue and advocated that a collective effort would be required to slow down the worsening of this situation.

Since the early 1970s, there has been a lot of research in the fields of climate sciences. Two noteworthy names in this regard are Dr. Richard Lindzen and Dr. James Hansen. The former is associated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the latter serves in NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dr. Hansen has demonstrated increasing concerns about the adversities and potential threats posed by the global warming which is a direct outcome of human activities. Widely regarded as one of the most prominent climate scientists in the contemporary world, he has also efficaciously pointed out the consistent failures of our concerted efforts in an attempt to address this issue. These two doctors have significantly worked for the propagation of righteous understanding regarding this issue and both have opposite perspectives on the matter. Dr. Lindzen believes that climate is not that sensitive to the changes as has been portrayed by the popular belief. Dr. Hansen constantly exhibits through his work and writings that groups of human population are running out of time while trying to address the issue whereas, on the contrary, Dr. Lindzen is striving to pacify people and signifies that this is not something to get worried about.

There is an option which enables he general public to compare the authenticity of the two perspectives from these two scientists by reflecting upon the dynamics of their research and predictions, and by gauging their accuracy in their respective beliefs. In 1988, Dr. Hansen presented his seminal work in U.S. Congress, a carefully curated climate model which exhibited the intensity of global warming under three different situations in the next thirty years. In the three scenarios, the level of greenhouse gas emissions was demonstrated differently. On the other hand, Dr. Lindzen has not attempted to predict anything about global temperature with such meticulous detail, however, shortly after Dr. Hansen’s presentation, he gave an effective talk at MIT. This talk can be reconstructed in the contemporary world and its implications can be seen to match with Dr. Lindzen’s initial claims consistently. Dr. Lindzen was of the opinion that it is the planet’s natural internal and inherent variability which swamps any warming signals by the greenhouse gas emissions.

The hot debate on global warming, which has been surfacing since the last decade in all the horizons of academic disciplines is structured on two different viewpoints by two distinct states of mind. On the one side, there are scientists, climate experts, politicians, and general activists who predict a long-term and potentially dangerous warming of global surface temperatures. On the other side, there are groups who majorly care about their lucrative opportunities only and merely predict small yet beneficial changes CITATION Joh17 \l 1033 (Nolte).

A real imminent danger entails that the greenhouse effect may trigger unexpected climate changes on a global scale. It is also predicted that these changes will be the precursor for consequences which will be devastating in nature regarding the safety of human population. Proper examination of this global threat is not done by worldwide programs which aim to probe into the underpinnings of climate change which can largely be accredited to humans. There is a need for the development of large-scale, thoroughly comprehensive spectrum of programs which can enhance the general ability to think about the issue and work for it.

The global climate change debate and associated controversy engages the public over the occurrence, intensity, causes and consequences, and actions for mitigating the possible risks regarding global warming CITATION Shw10 \l 1033 (Shwom). The scientific literature in climatic studies leads to a consensual point that in recent years, there has been an unprecedented intense increase in surface temperatures on a global scale. The extant theories and literature also imparts that much of this increasing trend is a result of constant emissions of greenhouse and carbon gases which are largely induced by human activities. There is no scientific perspective, either on a national or an international standing, that opposes this viewpoint. On the other side of this global debate about climate change controversy, there are some member organizations and some individual standpoints that allude to the non-existence of this phenomenon. Members in extractive industries, for instance, mining, oil and gas extraction, quarrying, and dredging mainly support and actively proclaim this stance for obvious reasons. These members and their associated organizations that share a same agenda for lucrative opportunities strive hard in the pursuit of convincing the general public about the non-existence of climate change. The underpinnings of these attempts indicate towards the instilling of doubt among the largely pervasive scientific consensus, and according to popular belief, these members also persuade people that if climate change is happening, humans and their activities are not responsible for it. Another interesting thing regarding the global climate change controversy is that these disputes between the two groups find more recognition in print, social, and electronic media rather than in literature as a scientific topic of inquiry and the prevalence of this matter is chiefly concentrated in United States of America than in any other state.

There has been a resolve of various questions regarding the controversy by the scientists and climate experts whereby they have decisively opined in the favor of scientific consensus. Scientists and climate change experts have shed light on the global warming trend with great care and accuracy. Additionally, they have also pointed to the human activities for this relentless rise in global temperature due to an unprecedented level of carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions in the history of mankind. The disputes and disagreement in opinions among the general public also greatly reflect the scientific debate and signify the climate sensitivity as the result of human activity. These public disputes are instrumental in predicting the climate change at regional and global scales and tend to warn extractive industries about the grave consequences of global warming. In United States, global warming is also a foundational factor and issue of political debate which is widespread among various congressional districts. It also causes split among many political parties. Some issues associated with this controversy have an innate potential to be settled within the boundaries of scientific community but then it does not favor the agenda of various political parties. The responsibility attributed to humans regarding global warming most often finds itself in the realm of politics. The debates which consider human beings as the responsible agents for triggering global warming continue to remain the main subject of attempts that are economically or politically motivated to out-maneuver those who assert their opinion differently. Different bodies in academics and the scientific community have classified these attempts to downplay the counter arguments as a popularly known ideological phenomenon, namely, climate change denial.

Moreover, those standpoints and bodies who actively oppose the mainstream and widely recognized scientific positions have also been questioned. Particularly, there has been a meticulous scrutiny regarding their sources of funding as well. Mostly it turns out that those people and member organizations who actively disown and disregard this highly sensitive matter, are funded by the extracting industries. Particularly in the United States, the scientists who are actively involved in the research efforts in the field of climatic sciences, have frequently reported that state authorities and oil and gas industries relentless pressurize them in the pursuit of suppressing or destroying their work and efforts. They also claimed that powerful bodies urged them to hide powerful scientific data and clear instructions were given to them about not discussing the implications of this data with the general public. Additionally, the fossil fuels lobby has also been overtly identified as a political and financial strong body which is striving day and night to discredit the mainstream scientific consensus on the global climate change.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Nolte, John. "PROOF: CNN Knows Climate Change Is a Big Fat Hoax." 19 January 2017. The Daily Wire . 8 12 2019.

Shwom, Rachael, et al. ""Understanding US public support for domestic climate change policies."." Global Environmental Change (2010): 472-482.

Overweight And Obesity - A Global Problem

Overweight and Obesity - A Global Problem

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Overweight and Obesity - A Global Problem

Abstract

This paper mainly concerned about a global problem which is Overweight and Obesity. The paper discusses and elaborates every side of the problem. In this paper, the readers have been briefed with the core concept of obesity and its actual meaning. Beyond that, size, nature and distribution of the problem have been analyzed with the evaluation of leading determinants/factors that cause the problem all over the world. Further, the paper provides an in-depth view of the crucial barriers that build walls in the prevention of obesity and overweight while the potential opportunities for prevention of the problem with a brief conclusion are also one of the main phases/parts of this paper.

Introduction

In the current time where even every individual can be found struggling with several issues and diseases which lead to increase their weight for more than it needs to be. The terms Obesity and Overweight are defined as;

The excessive and/or abnormal accumulation of fat or fatness which can impair the health of an individual. According to (World Health Organisation, 2014) they are mainly and highly critical risk factors for several chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

After the concern has been recognized as a problem in the society, the overweight and obesity took a dramatic decrease and coming on to the low level, mostly in the high income and developed nations and countries, while it can be found on the rising in low income and under developing countries (Prentice, 2006).

In adults, obesity and overweight are classified through a simple index called index of weight for height. This index is officially known as BM (Body Mass Index) which is the most commonly used tool for this particular purpose. Beyond that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO),

In adults;

If the BMI of a person is greater than or equal to 25 then it is considered as overweight.

While, if a BMI is greater than or equal to 30 then it would be considered as obesity. Or in simple words, a BMI equals to or higher is obesity.

In children (aged under 5 years),

Based on the WHO Child Growth Standards, if the BMI is greater than 2 standard deviations then it is considered as overweight.

While, if the BMI is greater than 3 standard deviations then it is considered as obesity.

In children (aged between 5 to 19 years),

If the BMI for age is greater than 1 standard deviation above the WHO GR medium then it is overweight.

It would be obesity if the BMI for age is greater than 2 standard deviations above the WHO GR medium (World Health Organisation, 2014).

Size, Nature and Distribution of the Problem

Obesity and overweight are the problems which are increasing at a rapid pace in the United States. In some regions around the world, the issues are considered the most common. The main cause(s) of obesity and overweight are the increased amount of fat cells in the human body.

For more than a few decades, human beings are continuously struggling to decrease the scarcity of food, disease and hostile environment. With the industrial revolution, the main and great powers or authorities recognized and understood that increasing body size (obesity and overweight) in humans than the average was a crucial social, economic, and political problem. In the economic and military countries, the critical dependence is on the weight and body size of the young generation from which the workers, professional, and soldiers are drawn. This is one of the most crucial and important issues on global economic development is even entirely dependent on the competencies and skills as well as on the health of human resources (Prentice, 2006).

Based on the analysis of the data came from several sources, the existence of obesity has been found in more than 23.7% of men on international level while it is 26% in the women where huge amount of individuals struggling with obesity can be found in the low income and under developing countries (Ng, et.al, 2014). Beyond that, the presence of overweight is higher in men than of the women. All around the world, the prevalence of overweight exists in around 34.3% men while this is found up to 18.4% in women which is comparatively a lower rate than the men.

Obesity is a more complex issue and disease in comparison with the issue of overweight. Obesity is complex with several etiology and factors such as physiological machinist, psychological factors, foetal Programmation, physical activities, food production, environmental, behavioural, and social factors and context (Caballero, 2007). Beyond that, the main reasons behind the issues of obesity and overweight also include the increased ages, unbalanced and poorly managed dietary habits, poor and lower education, lack of awareness, and physical inactivity. These are the most highlighted correlates of obesity and overweight on the global level.

Based on the geographic analysis, the disease of obesity and overweight mostly witnesses in Mexico (North), USA, and minorities in the UK (East). While according to the political division, Portugal and the US are the two most affected regions by the problem of obesity and overweight. But the disease exists in the people of the regions whose income levels are comparatively lower than of most of the citizens as well as most of them are jobless and unemployed.

Leading Determinants/Causes

There is no only one thing, determinant, or cause that leads to the problem or disease of obesity and overweight. While there are many factors involved. Based on a view to the historical context and background, obesity and overweight were many rare wonders under the later path of the 20th century. This was because of the reason that most of the population was much likely to suffer from weight deficits, and increased body weights were typically connected with improved health (Prentice, 2006). With time, the view has been changed when the rates of obesity and overweight climb sharply in the last two decades.

Almost at the initial stage/level, the cause(s) of increased body weight and even size is fully and well understood. People gain more than the normal weight when the used calories exceed those of the expended. But this cannot be considered the only one leading factor or determinant and that is the real gaps witnessed in our understanding about the leading determinants of obesity and overweight (Finkelstein, Ruhm, & Kosa, 2005). Hence, several factors or determinants are there which are considered as the leading ones in obesity and overweight. Those determinants/factors are, but not only;

Shifts and huge changes in the economic factors that postdate the increase in the rates of obesity than the normal

Poor and unhealthy quality of diet and food as well as wrongly manage and unbalanced dietary patterns and schedules

Genetics and actual and sexual life interaction

Chronic diseases associated with obesity and overweight.

Enhanced and highly increased intakes of the energy from saturated, animals, and trans-fats which are highly linked with the weight gain. (Especially in overweight women).

Huge changes in the usage of calories on a daily basis.

Reductions in the expenditures of energy and increase in the intake of energy from poly-saturated fats and items (mentioned/listed above on number, 5)

Major causes and results of increased consumption of foods and unhealthy items

Energy imbalances that lead to more storage of fat by the human body (Finkelstein, Ruhm, & Kosa, 2005).

Improper medical conditions and ineffective medications especially in developing nations (Prentice, 2006).

Barriers in Prevention

There are several barriers and troubles that lead to the prevention of disease and issues of obesity and overweight. But some of the most critical and highly noticed are listed and explained below.

Physical Problems

Physical problems such as by born fatness and physical unfitness are the barriers which do not allow individuals for physical exercises etc. Hence, no involvement in physical activities and exercises lead to overweight and obesity (Malik, Willett, & Hu, 2013).

Lack of Motivation

Motivation is one of the best ways and methods to prevent obesity and overweight. Through the motivation, individuals can be motivated towards the benefits of the smart and less weighted human body as well as their benefits for the person while performing any job, task, or routine activity. Here, the most noticed barriers are lack of strong perseverance and lack of priorities for weight loss.

Lack of Work and Activities

The lack of work and engagement in activities can be considered the most critical barriers in the prevention of obesity and overweight. No individual (man or woman) can be saved from obesity and overweight if he/she does not get engaged in physical activities and work practices (Malik, Willett, & Hu, 2013). Hence, this barrier creates most of the issues in preventing obesity and overweight.

Lack of Time

Lack of time is also an important barrier to be noticed in the prevention of obesity and overweight on the local and international (global) level. Time becomes an issue especially when individuals have no possibility of mobility and devotion to the particular/prescribed routines in the place of work or workplace.

Opportunities for Prevention

For Early Infancy:

Growth Monitoring: Education of parents about the growth percentiles, charts, and their actual meanings.

Infant Feeding Mode: Educating parents on satiety cues, supporting breastfeeding as a preferred source for the nutrition of infant, and educating parents regarding formulas of feeding infant (Swinburne, & Wood, 2013).

Sleep and Distress Parental Regulation: Education of parents on manners and sleep durations and assisting them regarding response to infant crying and usage of non-food items (Popkin, 2006).

For Adults:

Health Guidelines: Guidelines that serve as the basis for developing and implementing physical and healthy eating practices and policies.

Community Guide: The presence of Obesity and overweight prevention and control programs and policies for the community/communities for controlling obesity (World Health Organisation, 2014).

Physical Activities: availability of several easily doable and highly productive physical activities to be done on a daily basis.

Transitional Feeding: Use of healthy dietary and avoidance of foods added with sugar and salt is also an opportunity for us to save ourselves from obesity and overweight (Swinburne, & Wood, 2013).

Conclusion

After an in-depth analysis of the concern “Overweight and Obesity - A Global Problem”, it has been concluded that the problem exists with a huge presence in even every corner of the world. This can be witnessed in the East, West, North, and South of the globe. Beyond that, the problem of overweight and obesity exist in both children and adults of both genders. Furthermore, it has also been concluded that no few nor a single factor is there which causes obesity and overweight while a number of determinants exist. In terms of barriers and opportunities in preventing obesity and overweight, we must have some trouble that creates an issue in preventing this global problem but potential opportunities are also there on the other side which can be utilized to prevent the problem of obesity and overweight.

References

Caballero, B. (2007). The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview. Epidemiologic Review, 29(1), 1–5. DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxm012

Finkelstein, E., Ruhm, C., & Kosa, K. (2005). Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 239–257. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144628

Malik V.S., Willett, W.C., & Hu, F.B. (2013). Global Obesity: Trends, Risk Factors and Policy Implications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 9, 13-27. DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2012.199

Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M. Graetz, N., Margono, C. & Gakidou, E. (2014). Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults During 1980-2013: a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013; The Lancet, 384(9945), 761-788. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8

Popkin, B.M. (2006).Technology, Transport, Globalization and the Nutrition Transition Food Policy. Food Policy, 31(6), 554-561. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.02.008

(Prentice, A. (2006).The Emerging Epidemic of Obesity in Developing Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 93–99. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyi272

Swinburne, B. & Wood, A. (2013). Progress on Obesity Prevention over 20 years in Australia and New Zealand. Obesity Reviews vole 14(S2):60-68. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12103

World Health Organisation (2014). Global Status Report on Non-Communicable Diseases 2014 - description of the global burden of NCDs, their risk factors and determinants, World Health Organisation, 2014. http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-status-report-2014/en/

World Health Organisation. (2014). Obesity and Overweight. Media Center Fact Sheet No. 311, reviewed in May 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

Panther Lab

Panther Lab

Author

Institution

Panther Lab

An animal that is native to Africa, Asia, America and a member of the Big Cat family is known as the Panther. These Big Cats have the quality to adapt different habitats. Panther are considered elusive and powerful. Albeit, the classification of Panther as a separate species is something that is technically not plausible. A number of factors are responsible for the decline in Panther’s population and the most important factor is the declining population of Jaguars and Leopards. The purpose of this lab is to study and analyze the factors that are responsible for the population decline of the Panthers.

Population density is pivotal for intraspecific competition between individuals from the same species. The two patterns that we can expect from intraspecific aggression in terms of mortality are interference and exploitation. Interference is an adapted pattern and occurs when species establish hierarchies owing to their aggressive behavior. Such a pattern will give a few individuals a dominant status over others. Individuals with dominant status will prevent other individuals to reach the resources. Normaly individuals form territories restrict the admittance of other individuals to a resource. This pattern is sometimes referred to as contest competition. Another pattern is the exploitation in which the same resource is exploited by the individuals of the same species that leads to the depletion of a resource. This kind of pattern represents indirect competition between individuals.

Population decline of Panther owes both, density dependent and density independent factors. A few of the density-dependent factors that affect the Panther population are waste accumulation, predation, disease and parasites, and competition within the population. In addition, density-independent factors are also responsible for the population decline of Panthers such as wildfire, severe weather, pollution, and other natural disasters.

Roads and traffic are important factors that affect the population of the panther in a number of ways. The mitigation measures that can be taken to reduce human-related Panther mortality are; building crossing structure, fencing, noise barriers, escape ramps and dry ledges. The mitigation measure must be according to the behaviors of the species, for some of the species have similar needs and their response to any mitigation measure is also identical ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4CdX3mBn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 1\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"1","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":612,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VZHM2RIP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VZHM2RIP"],"itemData":{"id":612,"type":"chapter","title":"Railway disturbances on wildlife: types, effects, and mitigation measures","container-title":"Railway Ecology","publisher":"Springer, Cham","page":"81–99","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Railway disturbances on wildlife","author":[{"family":"Lucas","given":"Priscila Silva"},{"family":"Carvalho","given":"Ramon Gomes","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Grilo","given":"Clara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1.

The dispersal of Panthers towards north is critical to starting a healthy subpopulation in the Northern Swamps. The available habitat for Panther dispersing towards North is about 1,500 acres. The strategies which wildlife organization should adopt in order to manage the increasing population of Panthers are; prey control, lethal trapping, live trapping, engaging with the conservation community, preventing poaching, designing effective mitigation measures and managing habitat loss ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dlKwOD5T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 1\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"1","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":612,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VZHM2RIP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/VZHM2RIP"],"itemData":{"id":612,"type":"chapter","title":"Railway disturbances on wildlife: types, effects, and mitigation measures","container-title":"Railway Ecology","publisher":"Springer, Cham","page":"81–99","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"Railway disturbances on wildlife","author":[{"family":"Lucas","given":"Priscila Silva"},{"family":"Carvalho","given":"Ramon Gomes","non-dropping-particle":"de"},{"family":"Grilo","given":"Clara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1.

The limitations for the further expansion of the Panther population are population fluctuation, habitat loss, fragmentation, conservation cost, management of habitat, and human resource management, and construction of facilities to cure injured individuals.

The occupation of habitats by coyotes northward of panther’s current range would be a significant source of interspecific competition. It is because both the species are carnivorous and require the same resource for food. In addition, domination and territory will also place a restriction on the resources to either of the species ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8vBk3kZn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 2\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"2","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":614,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/PDRFEEBC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/PDRFEEBC"],"itemData":{"id":614,"type":"article-journal","title":"Landscape analysis of adult Florida panther habitat","container-title":"PloS one","page":"e0133044","volume":"10","issue":"7","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Frakes","given":"Robert A."},{"family":"Belden","given":"Robert C."},{"family":"Wood","given":"Barry E."},{"family":"James","given":"Frederick E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 2. Moreover, the depletion of resources is also possible which will definitely affect the density population.

This lab exercise fits within the context of environmental science owing to the nature of questions discussed in the lab report. All the questions discussed above spin around the sustainability of a certain species, which in our case is Panther. The existence of Panthers, their extinction, their migration, and the cause of death of Panther, all owe environmental factors in one way or other. The environment directly or indirectly affects the population density of the Panthers.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Lucas PS, de Carvalho RG, Grilo C. Railway disturbances on wildlife: types, effects, and mitigation measures. In: Railway Ecology. Springer, Cham; 2017:81–99.

2. Frakes RA, Belden RC, Wood BE, James FE. Landscape analysis of adult Florida panther habitat. PloS one. 2015;10(7):e0133044.

Plastic Bottle Problem

Plastic Bottle Problem

Introduction

The population of world has grown so much and this huge population is also producing a large amount of the garbage. In modern world and life, the disposable items like soda cans, snacks and plastic bottles of water or any other liquid are now become the necessities. However, the increase in usage of these products results in increasing ratios of the plastic contamination all over the world. The plastic material consists of major hazardous contaminants. These pollutants or contaminants pose a huge threat to the environment. These threats or harms might be either in a form of land, water and air pollution. The pollution caused by plastic bottles is always a debating topic. Nowadays, the problem of plastic bottle has turned out to be solemn problem in all over the world. Every year, there are billions of plastic bottles that ended up in oceans. The plastic bottles that are thrown in land sides and other places block the flow of drainage system. The plastic bottles that are thrown in drains can reach rivers and ended up in oceans. Plastic bottle do not degenerate by itself (Jambeck et al., 2015). It has a huge negative impact on environment and life of river species as well as oceans. It affects them in antagonistic mode. Due to this, thousands of mammals and birds are killed each year in all over the world. It is highly a critical and worrisome element in terms of the balance in environments.

Discussion

The degradation time of plastic bottles is about 500- 1000 years, however it is only estimation and no one knows the exact time of the degradation of plastic bottles. The use of plastic bottles has increased only from the past century. In the manufacturing process of the plastic bottles, numerous dangerous and risky emissions are produced that can cause the horrible and deadly disease or infections in human beings and other animals. Benzene, Xylene and Ethylene oxide are few of the hazardous toxins that are present in plastic. These toxins are affecting the environment very badly. It is very difficult to dispose the plastic bottle in a proper way. The plastic can result in a permanent damage to the living organisms. There are numerous additives like adipates, phthalates and alkylphenols in plastic are identified as toxic and harmful material. Another carcinogen component Vinyl chloride, a material used in manufacturing process of PVC pipes (Jambeck et al., 2015). The plastic pollution has affected the human health, environment and animals to much larger extent.

Effect on Humans

Most of the plastic bottles are made up of BPA or Bisphenol A. It used in manufacturing process of plastic to make it hard and clear. It is an endocrine disruptor and has been demonstrated as risky and toxic for the health of humans. This toxic chemical is responsible for risking the life of humans by infecting them with various diseases like difficulty in neurology, fertility issues in females, birth defect in newborns, early puberty in girls, different types of cancer (Sigler, 2014). The Bisphenol A enters into a human body specifically through the contact with plastic drinking bottles. The ratio of BPA is measured high in growing fetuses and placentas of pregnant females.

Effect on animals

Large number of plastic bottles cannot be recycled and the caps of bottles are currently not recyclable. These plastic bottles with or without their caps are settled down in the bed of the oceans. Many marine animals mistake them as their food and these plastic wastes end up in their stomachs. The recent example of the sea animal tragedy is of the albatross, found dead on the island of Hawaii. The stomach of albatross was full of the trash of plastic bottles and around 120 caps of bottle. The life of sea animal falls victim to this issue on regular basis. The death of sperm whale is another example. The sperm whale was recently found dead on a beach of North America. The plastic gallon bottle was gummed into its small intestines. The stomach of whale was full of plastic bag, plastic bottles and bottle caps (Sigler, 2014).

Effect on Environment

Some plastic water bottles are also made up of polyethylene terephthalate or PET which is a product of petroleum. In order to produce these types of plastic bottles, an excessive amount of fossil fuels is required. It is stated in a report that, in the era of 1970s, the United State was the largest oil exporter in the world, but these days U.S has become the largest importer. The recycling process of plastic bottles is very hard and tough. Out of huge number of the plastic bottles consumed in all over the world, many of them are made of material which is non-recyclable. There are very few plastic bottles companies which are manufacturing bottles with recycled material. The rest of the bottles end up in landfills, leaking hazardous chemicals into the soil. These bottles can be seen everywhere from parks to sidewalk, rivers and yards (Vince and Hardesty, 2017). These bottles are so dangerous to the environment that if these bottles are cut down into smaller chunks they will take more time in degrading or decomposing than human body.

Solution and Recommendations

Plastic pollution is a huge problem and developed countries are taking it seriously. There are some major solutions and recommendations to overcome this issue. The Reduce, Reuse and Recycle process can help in handling the issue.

Reduce

Reduce drinking water from bottles. A person can save his or her resources by drinking from water fountains or glasses rather than buying non-recycled plastic bottle. A person must always check and research for the water he or she is buying in plastic bottle, is pure or clean than tap water (Li, J. et al., 2015).

Reuse

In order to handle the pollution of plastic bottle a person should invest in BPA- free bottles that can be used again. He or she must carry a refillable bottle whenever he or she is on the go.

Recycle

A person can contribute in handling the issue by sorting the plastic bottles, which can be recycled at the municipality (Li, J. et al., 2015).

Moreover, it is the duty of the companies and authorities to work together to promote the use of recycle able material in plastic bottle. The material must not be harmful to the environment and human health (Duckett and Repaci, 2015). The international polices on this issue has also been introduced. By following these polices and rules marine pollution due to plastic can be overcome (Xanthos and Walker, 2017).

References

Duckett, P.E. and Repaci, V., 2015. Marine plastic pollution using community science to address a global problem.Marine and Freshwater Research,66(8), pp.665-673.

Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R. and Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.Science,347(6223), pp.768-771.

Li, J., Zeng, X., Chen, M., Ogunseitan, O.A. and Stevels, A., 2015. Control-Alt-Delete rebooting solutions for the e-waste problem.Environmental science technology,49(12), pp.7095-7108.

Sigler, M., 2014. The effects of plastic pollution on aquatic wildlife current situations and future solutions.Water, Air, Soil Pollution,225(11), p.2184.

Vince, J. and Hardesty, B.D., 2017. Plastic pollution challenges in marine and coastal environments from local to global governance.Restoration Ecology,25(1), pp.123-128.

Xanthos, D. and Walker, T.R., 2017. International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads) a review.Marine pollution bulletin,118(1-2), pp.17-26.

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Pros And Cons Of The One Child Policy In China

Student Name

Instructor

Course Name

Date

Pros and Cons of One Child Policy in China

China’s one child policy was introduced in 1979 to regulate the rate of population growth, but was scrapped as an official law in 2015. The law forced individuals to follow specific guidelines that may not be suitable to personal wishes and plans of parents. Besides, the rule preferred boys over girls for the purposes of inheritance. Consequently, China saw an upsurge in the number of abortions whenever unintended pregnancies occurred. This article aims to discuss the merits and demerits of the policy in the context of China.

Pros

One advantage of the policy is that it changed the perception of the girl child in the Chinese society since girls born to families as the only children got access to education, which greatly improved the quality of their lives. Secondly, parents with one child find it easier to provide for their child and accord them quality life since they can afford quality education, housing, and other recreational activities. Thirdly, the one child policy saw an increase in job opportunities in China for children born after 1979 since there was no competition for available employment slots, which helped to reduce poverty and improve the overall quality of life. Lastly, the Chinese government rewarded compliant families with benefits such as land allowances, free water for agriculture, and quality healthcare services (Settles, et al.). Therefore, families and children stood a chance to benefit from the law if they complied with an increased probability of improving the quality of their lives.

Cons

The first demerit of the one child policy is that there is less evidence to support the efficacy of the policy, despite the claim by the Chinese government that the policy regulate population growth by 400 million births. In addition, the policy resulted in a disparity in the number of boys and girls born that explains why today the male population is 30 million more than that of females in China. Furthermore, the policy resulted in a care burden for elderly parents, which increased the levels of dependency in the country and reduced the quality of life for these families (Huang). Therefore, the policy certainly brought unintended consequences that were unforeseen during the adoption of the policy.

In conclusion, the implementation of the one child policy in China came with both positive and negative impacts on the Chinese society. The benefits included improved perception and roles of girls in the society, improved chances of employment, and better living standards for families. Nonetheless, the downside of the policy included disparity in the number of boys and girls born, and an increased burned of care for elderly parents among other disadvantages. Therefore, such policies are evidence no government should forcefully plan for the future of its citizen’s families without consent.

Works Cited

Huang, Wei. "How does the one child policy impact social and economic outcomes?" IZA World of Labor, 2017, wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/387/pdfs/how-does-the-one-child-policy-impact-social-and-economic-outcomes.pdf.

Settles, Barbara H., et al. "The One-Child Policy and Its Impact on Chinese Families." International Handbook of Chinese Families, 2012, pp. 627-646, www.researchgate.net/publication/228697017_The_One-Child_Policy_and_Its_Impact_on_Chinese_Families.

Public Health Issues

Childhood Obesity

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Childhood Obesity

Regression Analysis

Child obesity is one of the prime health issues that has threatened the social, economic and health paradigms of New York. According to an estimate, among all the states that make up the US, only New York makes the seventh lowest rate of obesity in the nation, positioned at 45 among 51 states. However, it is the 20th highest among the youngsters who are of 10 to 17 years of age. The current rate of obesity highlights that an average 13.2% are obese where most of them are black Americans (33.4%) men with (26.1%) women. (National Academies of Sciences, 2016). In order to identify the situation in detail, biostatistical procedures would be used. In order to proceed with the method, variables would be defined, classified as dependent or independent variable. The independent variables would be the type of food consumed, the number of calories that are taken in diet and the hours that are spent in physical activity in a single day. (Illowski, et, al. 2019). However, dependent variables would be the amount of weight that would be gained or lost, recorded on a weekly basis. Regression would be used to identify and describe the relationship that exists between both dependent and independent variables. (National Academies of Sciences, 2016). It is significant to note that there are three independent variables and one dependent variable. I will be using regression analysis in order to produce a regression equation in which coefficient would be used to represent the relationship between variables, both dependent and independent. Side by side, I will be using regression line to control variables. I will estimate the effect of changing of one independent variable on the dependent variable, while keeping all other independent variables at a constant level. This will help me to analyze the role of each independent variable without worrying and noting the other variables in my research. Regression analysis will also help me to keep the independent variables as constant by including them in my research. (Illowski, et, al. 2019).

Issues in measurement analysis

There are a number of measurement issues that can plague a research study, taking into consideration that these issues can demolish the entire spectrum of study and tilt it towards inadequacy.

Operationalization

Operationalization issue is defined as an error or issue as a result of unspecified terms and concepts. In a simplified form, operationalization is a process of defining variables into different measurable variables. (Illowski, et, al. 2019). Operationalization sets the platform of exact definition, increasing the quality of research. The issue can be mitigated by the exact definition or a clear and concise understanding of the concepts.

Measurement Validity

Measure validity is another issue that highlights the validity of any measurement by adhering to the core principles of truthfulness. (Sagoe, et, al. 2019). It is one of the significant, most discussed and occurring issues because it can misdirect research into something that would be ambiguous and irrelevant. This issue can be overcome in my study by a clear definition of the concepts along with a clear observation of the measurement ignoring the criticality of the concept and measurement itself.

Measurement Reliability

Another issue that may occur in my research study would be measurement reliability taking into account that it measures the accuracy of the device in terms of similar results when measurements are repeatedly made under the same conditions. (Sagoe, et, al. 2019). This issue occurs because of the inability of the researcher as well as of the instrument that would be used for the measurement of results. I will address this issue by synchronizing both the aspects validity of the instrument and the learnability of the individual who would be understanding the use of instruments.

Measurement Scale

Measurement scales are defined as the scales that are used after operationalization in order to identify scaling properties. (Sagoe, et, al. 2019). In a simplified form, the information yielded by a measurement operation is called a measurement scale. It addresses all types of measurement scales, i.e. nominal, interval, ordinal and ratio. The adequacy of scale highlights whether two values are same or different. I will mitigate issues with the scale by keeping a follow up with the recording and observations. It also includes the validity of statistical tests, ecological validity and psychological reality of the scale.

Anticipating and fixing the problem

Inappropriate distinctions play a significant role in the analysis of the measurement scale that may reflect or anticipate some kind of problem. Issues under this category may include reactivity, oversensitivity, and insensibility. All three aspects play a major role in misdirecting results. (National Academies of Sciences, 2016). Other interacting areas are the attitude of the subject, biases of the experimenter, and expectancy effects. It can be mitigated by adhering to research ethics and keeping a follow up with the automatic procedures. Moreover, pilot studies, manipulation check and reduction of biases are also aspects that can reduce issues related to anticipation and fixing the problem. (Illowski, et, al. 2019).

Factor Analysis

Factor analysis is a technique that is used to reduce a large number of variables into some fewer factors. This technique is used to extract some common variances from all the variables that are common in nature and they are commonly used. It is more like a tool that is used to investigate the relationship between different variables having complex concepts such as, psychological disorders, socioeconomic status, and dietary patterns. (Illowski, et, al. 2019).

In order to design a questionnaire for my research topic, "Prevalence of obesity in children in New York", factor analysis would be used to identify and explore each of the factors associated with obesity so as to gather comprehensive and varied data that could extend my research. My subject factors are, food consumed, physical activity related questions, the number of calories taken in the diet, weight gaining. In order to develop my questionnaire, I will not address my concerns directly, in fact, I will try to use an indirect approach to obtain answers that would be used to reconnect and reanalyze the factors. My questionnaires will be addressing each of the factors in terms of behavioral patterns because behavior varies from individual to individual. I will ask how a child is encouraged towards eating the number of attempts each day. What is the environmental factor that reinforces consumption of food, what types of food is preferred and the reason behind the consumption of a specific category of food such as junk food or fast food. My questionnaire will address the routine of physical activity or pattern of physical activity of the family. What is the trend of weight gaining in family and how much focus it is given generally. I would ask about the impact of socioeconomic status in the family and what is its relationship with obesity. I would address the impact of school education and school environment on child obesity and how it can encourage or discourage a child. I would explore how psychological issues are related to obesity in children and what is the relationship between psychological disorders in terms of age factor. Moreover, I would like to highlight if psychological disorders are the product of actions and the way obese children are treated or it is something that is self-created or associated with birth.

General Analysis Plan

Data analysis plan is a roadmap that defines how research would be developed and organized. It is a systematic approach to the organization of data that is collected taking into account that it helps to evaluate the ambitions of research

Analyzing aims

It asserts to reflect back on my research questions, what I aim to find and what are my areas of research. Analyzing aims will help me to stay within the contextual limits and avoid any irrelevant data or information they can deviate my research topic or research paradigms. This step will redirect my research to the core basics of research question so that all necessary questions and points could be addressed. (Illowski, et, al. 2019).

Data cleaning

Data cleaning is another aspect that serves as a major section of collecting required information. Data cleaning means all irrelevant information that is collected from the research questions would be excluded. It would not be wrong to say that data cleaning is one of the complex steps because it requires to go through all information that is being collected and analyze how information is collected, is there adherence to ethical consideration, reliability and validity in the procedures through which data is collected or not. It also requires me to compare research questions with the data collected so as to know if there is any coordination between the data collected and the subject to be addressed. (Illowski, et, al. 2019). Data cleaning also requires an analysis of the facts and figures that are necessary to keep into account for collecting required data such as mitigation of biases and the verification of tools, softwares and techniques. (Illowski, et, al. 2019). Demographic aspects are also one of the major topics to address because it will help me to analysis who's who of my research. (National Academies of Sciences, 2016). It is one of the crucial section to be considered because it allows me to go through the major ethical consideration of representation and participation in research. I will also compare my major groups of study in terms of participants and the population that is discussed in research questions.

Data transformation

Data transformation is another step that would guide and allow classification and division of data in required format and sets. It is significant to note that data transformation is more like an approach that infers to review the research section again because the transformation of data is not possible without adhering to the analysis of whatever is found in the collection of data. Data transformation is more like feedback to the research data taking into account that it is the cohesion of data by using mathematical transformations. (Illowski, et, al. 2019). As regression analysis would be used, data transformation would include the method of formulating the equation of coefficient so that a relationship between different variables can be calculated. In a nutshell, all data would be represented in the form of mathematical equations and equation with statical signs. (National Academies of Sciences, 2016).

Presenting Research Results

Presenting research results is one of the most significant steps of a research paper. There is no use of research if results are not presented in required and comprehensible forms. There are different formats of presenting research result, i.e. poster presentation, oral presentation, and written paper. It is important to note that representation includes both the format of the paper as well as the sections that are addressed in the paper. In my paper, I will follow a sequence of headings so that a logical flow of information can be made. It would follow a sequence as, introduction section accompanied by literature review and background knowledge. After that a section of methodology would be added that will introduce the methodology of carrying out the research. It will include the procedures that would be used for the description of sufficient details so that they can be repeated again. The result section would include the summary of the experimental outcome, taking into account a concise flashback to the facts, figures and other experimental errors that may hamper the quality of research. It is significant to note that tables and figures would include the actual context, addressing what actually should be mentioned and analyzed. This section would be followed by a discussion method taking into account that it is the major section in which I will interpret and address the calculations and ultimate outcomes of the research. I will focus on the comparative analysis of other studies and it will highlight general significance of ultimate findings. I will also highlight errors and gaps in measurement and the scales used for measurement, side by side I will consider the latest model that would be used for analyzing this research topic.

I will present my findings in written format, taking into account that I will compile and pen down my research in the form of comprehensive ways. It would not be wrong to say that a presentable document is the one that is professional in outlook and comprehensible to understand. I would incorporate tables and graphs that would illustrate data and help to understand the research finding such as presentation of a variable in the form of graphs and histograms. I will present the desired content in the form of understandable tables and graphs so that there would be no glitch in the observations and presentation.

Conclusion

Obesity is one of the significant body issues that threatens both the physical and psychological health of a child. It is asserted that there is a great risk of obesity because of the increased exposure to mechanical world and less importance to physical activities. In order to analyze The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in School Children in New York City, a research would be conducted by using biostatistics. Literature would be collected by undergoing an analysis of the information that is published in different researches, books, and journals. Qualitative research would be conducted where prime focus of research would be to identify both dependent and independent variables. After that regression would be used to create a relationship between the two variables in order to get a mathematical equation that would analyze the issue of obesity in terms of home and school environment and its relationship with actual routine and psychological health of the participants. It is important to note that I will include diversity sample that include people from all the races and ethnicities moreover children of different age groups and social background would be used as a participant. It is more added that my research would be enclosing a graphical and mathematical representation as well so that comprehensive results can be obtained. Moreover, the interview section would comprise of questionnaires that would be highly diverse and indirect so that a variety of information would be collected from different resources. This information when collected would be analyzed by using statistical tools and equation and the illustrations would be recorded. I would pay special attention to the analysis of tools that would be used for the measurement of data so as to avoid any misinterpretation and error. After an in-depth analysis, results would be collected and after a counter check results would be displayed in a written report following a pattern. It is more added that my report would be a complete and concise interpretation and analysis of the data that is relevant to the research topic so that desired results can be achieved.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Illowski, B., & Dean, S. (2019). When to use each measure of Central Tendency. Retrieved from Lumen: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introstats1/chapter/when-to-use-each-measure-of-central-tendency/

National Academies of Sciences, E. (2016). Assessing prevalence and trends in obesity: navigating the evidence. National Academies Press.

The State of Obesity in New York. (2017). Retrieved from The State of Obesity: https://www.stateofobesity.org/states/ny/

Sagoe, D., Pallesen, S., Dlova, N. C., Lartey, M., Ezzedine, K., & Dadzie, O. (2019). The global prevalence and correlates of skin bleaching: a meta‐analysis and meta‐regression analysis. International journal of dermatology, 58(1), 24-44.

Horlyck-Romanovsky, M. F., Fuster, M., Echeverria, S. E., Wyka, K., Leung, M. M., Sumner, A. E., & Huang, T. T. K. (2019). Black Immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean Have Similar Rates of Diabetes but Africans Are Less Obese: the New York City Community Health Survey 2009–2013. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 1-11.

Public Health Problems

Public Health Problems: Childhood Obesity

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Public Health Problems: Childhood Obesity

Public Health Problem in my Community.

Obesity, a widespread condition in the world, is associated with the presence of abnormal, excessive and unhealthy amounts of fat in the body tissue. This condition causes an individual’s ideal weight to increase by 20 percent. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"y1mtAvmJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Franks et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Franks et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/NE4DNV7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/NE4DNV7Y"],"itemData":{"id":135,"type":"article-journal","title":"Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"485-493","volume":"362","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Franks","given":"Paul W."},{"family":"Hanson","given":"Robert L."},{"family":"Knowler","given":"William C."},{"family":"Sievers","given":"Maurice L."},{"family":"Bennett","given":"Peter H."},{"family":"Looker","given":"Helen C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Franks et al., 2010). The prevalence of obesity is a major health concern in both the developing and developed parts of the world. However, childhood obesity is one of the most prevalent disorders among children in the United States. While it is higher in some ethnic groups as compared to others, the total average of those suffering from obesity is way above average. According to NHANES i.e. the National Health Nutrition Examination Survey, obesity is an issue that affects all pediatric ages, genders, different races, and ethnicities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"n735QAHb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012","container-title":"Jama","page":"806-814","volume":"311","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Ogden","given":"Cynthia L."},{"family":"Carroll","given":"Margaret D."},{"family":"Kit","given":"Brian K."},{"family":"Flegal","given":"Katherine M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014).

In the last three decades, the rise of obesity among children, as well as young adults is a health crisis that requires immediate attention. The recent trends observed in the US show a positive inclination towards the elevation of the detrimental effects of obesity to the society, however, more than thirteen million children still suffer from this terrible affliction. According to an estimate, more than thirty percent of children and young adults between the ages of 2 and 19 are considered overweight, with the percentage of them being obese exceeding seventeen percent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bsKssgva","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ogden et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Ogden et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012","container-title":"Jama","page":"806-814","volume":"311","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Ogden","given":"Cynthia L."},{"family":"Carroll","given":"Margaret D."},{"family":"Kit","given":"Brian K."},{"family":"Flegal","given":"Katherine M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ogden et al., 2014).

Study of the issue in my geographical area, along with biostatistical procedures involved.

According to an estimate, among all the states that make the US, New York has the seventh lowest rate of adult obesity in the nation, holding the 45th position among 51 states. However, it is the 20th highest among youngsters between the ages of 10 to 17. The current obesity rate shows an average of 13.2%, with most black American (33.4%), men (26.1%) suffering from the condition CITATION The17 \l 1033 (The State of Obesity in New York, 2017). While it has been reported that the situation with childhood obesity in New York is improving with time, however, the difference is nominal at best. In order to study the situation in detail, my research will require assistance using biostatistical procedures, for which I will have to identify both independent and dependent variables in the scenario. In the study of “The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in School Children in New York City”, the independent variable was the type of food consumed, the calorie intake with respect to the food consumed, and the hours of physical activity undertaken for the day. The dependent variable, in this regard, would be the amount of weight gained or lost, recorded on a weekly basis. The interplay of these two variables over a specific period of time will provide our research with the raw data needed to evaluate the possible outcomes of the research.

The level of measurement of each variable

49530095758000Variables, in any scientific study, can be classified into two basic types, i.e. Numerical and Categorical. Categorical variables are further divided into a dependent and an independent variable, both of which have been discussed previously.

On the other hand, the numerical variables are further divided into Quantitative and Qualitative variables. The qualitative variables are then further classified into Nominal and Ordinal variables, while the quantitative variables include intervals and ratios.

For the purpose of this research, the nominal variable is the gender of children picked for the study, with respect to their ages, the ordinal variable will be the percentage of a child’s deviation from their respective BMI. Furthermore, the interval variable would be time lapsed and the change in the child’s weight and BMI. The ratio variable would be the amount of weight lost by the child based on calories consumed, in comparison to the regular physical activity of the child.

Illustration of data obtained using graphs

A large number of graphs being published in scientific journals primarily relates to two variables, mostly showing a relationship between one on the x-axis and the other on the y-axis. For the purpose of this experiment, in order to provide readers with a comprehensible illustration of the data obtained, a minimum of two to three different types of graphs will be used.

First off, frequency distribution will be done to reorganize and make the raw data obtained, easier to tabulate. Here, class intervals will be created and frequencies tallied. That would serve as the baseline of any and all graphical illustrations it can be subjected to.

When the variables are straightforward and exhibit a progression of numerical information, line graphs are used. These graphs display information as a series of data points that are called markers. These are connected by a straight line and is a basic type of chart that is used in a number of fields. For the purpose of this experiment, line graphs will be used to track the weight loss or weight gained by children of a particular age group with respect to the time lapsed.

In order to understand the frequency of score occurrence in a particular data set, one that has been divided into class, histograms are used for the purpose of graphical illustration. For this experiment, the histogram will be used to graphically represent the nominal and the ordinal variables used in the experiment.

The most appropriate measure of central tendency for present data

The center of a range in which my data falls, i.e. the central tendency is critical to analyzing any data and drawing meaningful conclusions from it. For most experiments and the data obtained, ‘mean’ is the most used measure of central tendency. It is generally considered to be one of the best measures of central tendency and will be frequently used and quoted in the present study. However, in other situations, the median or mode is the preferred mode of central tendency.

Median will be used if the data set contains any outliers. These extreme scores, when present in a data set, can shift the central tendency towards the outlier and have a great impact on the result. Median can also be used if some data is missing or some values are yet to be determined in your data set. Since mean requires the presence of a complete dataset, using the median, in this case, would be a good way to go. This can be done to evaluate questionnaires, where subjects tend to ignore, or refuse to answer certain questions. Median is also used in the frequency distribution of data obtained is open-ended. This makes the calculation of a correct mean impossible. Finally, mean is always the preferred central tendency measure for the ordinal variable scale and would be perfect for that particular observation.

The mode is preferred for nominal variables of our data set CITATION Bar19 \l 1033 (Illowski & Dean, 2019).

Sampling Strategies to Study Population

Researches commonly look into the various parameters of a population they have chosen to study. From this, they pick a certain aspect or characteristics of parameters they would like to study and build their research on. A sample group is the representative of an entire group and there is more than just one method to study it in avid detail.

Since the target of this experiment is primary and middle school student, non-probability sampling would be the preferred method of sampling. It would also include diversity sample, so as to include people from all races and ethnicities into the study. Additionally, we would also purposive sampling, to target children of a certain age and gender groups (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).

Analytical approach to justify the essential elements of research

Analytical approaches are often used to find solutions and simplifying complex problems. Its use is especially prevalent in numerical and experimental results, to develop an insight into the subject CITATION Pij11 \l 1033 (Kundu, Cohen, & Dowling, 2011). The analytical approach to be taken to develop an estimate of the prevalence of obesity is determined by a number of factors. For the purpose of this study, multiple analytical analysis will be employed to study the prevalence of obesity in a single population, which will provide one with rough estimates that are easy to understand and graphically represent. We will also analytically study the prevalence of obesity between different populations, in order to see how obesity affects various groups. We will also observe how the implementation of a certain policy or initiative, like physical activities for the purpose of this experiment, can provide a broad picture of the status of changes observed in a population, before and after the implementation of the policy. We will also access how individuals do over a period of time to access trajectories and/or intrapersonal change. Finally, we will compare our findings to the national estimate to observe where our community stands on the issue of obesity and how big of a change we were able to achieve with our efforts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qrzXzpRr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(National Academies of Sciences, 2016)","plainCitation":"(National Academies of Sciences, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":158,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ZUGDPETP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/ZUGDPETP"],"itemData":{"id":158,"type":"book","title":"Assessing prevalence and trends in obesity: navigating the evidence","publisher":"National Academies Press","ISBN":"0-309-44271-0","author":[{"family":"National Academies of Sciences","given":"Engineering"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (National Academies of Sciences, 2016).

Bibliography

Franks, P. W., Hanson, R. L., Knowler, W. C., Sievers, M. L., Bennett, P. H., & Looker, H. C. (2010). Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(6), 485–493.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Illowski, B., & Dean, S. (2019). When to use each measure of Central Tendency. Retrieved from Lumen: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introstats1/chapter/when-to-use-each-measure-of-central-tendency/

Kundu, P., Cohen, I., & Dowling, D. (2011). Fluid Mechanics. In i. Kundu, I. Cohen, & D. Dowling, Fluid Mechanics (p. 920). Academic press.

National Academies of Sciences, E. (2016). Assessing prevalence and trends in obesity: navigating the evidence. National Academies Press.

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806–814.

The State of Obesity in New York. (2017). Retrieved from The State of Obesity: https://www.stateofobesity.org/states/ny/

Renewable Energy

Lab Name

Date

Student Name

Instructor Name

Data Collected:

JULY 18,2019

Weather condition

CLEAR SKY

CLEAR SKY

CLEAR SKY

PARTIALLY CLOUDY

Time

7:35 AM

12:35 AM

3:07 PM

09:08PM

System Output

2.20%

2.10%

2%

2.40%

AC kW Output

24.6

25.6

26.8

27.4

Total kWh reading

26.4

28.4

30.6

32.8

JULY 19,2019

Weather condition

Clear sky

clear sky

clear sky

cloudy

Time

7:35 AM

12:35 AM

3:07 PM

09:08PM

System Output

2.00%

2.10%

2%

2.80%

AC kW Output

26.6

27.4

28

30

Total kWh reading

28.8

30.4

32.6

34.8

JULY 20,2019

Weather condition

clear sky

clear sky

cloudy

cloudy

Time

7:35 AM

12:35 AM

3:07 PM

09:08PM

System Output

2.40%

2.60%

3%

3.20%

AC kW Output

24.6

26.4

30

34

Total kWh reading

28.8

32.4

34.6

36.8

Observation

Following the analysis of the data collected from real time monitoring, it is observed that, if temperatures are high, it will give less energy to the panel. However, the solar panel works more efficiently and gives off higher outputs at low temperature.

The above claim can be proven by the fact that almost 1% of the solar radiations are converted into wind energy. This conversion is only due to the circulation of air from cold to warm areas. Besides, water energy sources are also considered an indirect form of solar energy owing to the fact that the stored water in dams or other natural reservoirs owes rainfall. Moreover, it is a very common phenomenon that rainfall occurs due to the evaporation of water because of the heat from the sun.

The main difference between active and passive solar system is that active solar system requires external devices such as pump or fans to pump the fluid. On the contrary, passive solar system does not require any pump or any other external device for the pumping of the fluid. Passive solar systems, unlike active systems, use liquid or air in solar collectors as a conductor.

Weather plays an important role in the production of energy by PV cell. Photon strikes the panel and get converted into direct current. After the production of DC (Direct Current) invertors convert this current into AC (Alternating Current). When the weather is cloudy but not windy, then amount of sunlight reaching the panel will be reduced, and thus, the production of DC will also be reduced.

The system that was observed for the three days of July can meet our energy requirements as our monthly requirement is 990kWh, and daily average production of this system is 34.8kWh. if this daily average is multiplied by number of days in a month, we get surplus energy i.e. 34.8 X 31 = 1078.8 kWh or 34.8 X 30 = 1044 kWh.

Conservation of energy plays a vital role to meet our energy requirements. If energy demand gets higher than the energy production, than energy sources would start draining, using renewable energy as an alternate would be beneficial to reduce our dependence on the non-renewable energy resources.

Batteries are the main source of energy storage. If our solar system is producing surplus energy, as in our case, then we can use a battery or a combination of batteries to store this surplus energy.

Experts are of the view that no renewable energy source would be able to dominate fossil fuels in the years to come. It is because fossil fuels are the primary source of energy for vehicles in America and will continue to have large share in energy production for America. Fossil fuels are cheaper than other renewable energy sources, and if fossil fuel is replaced with another energy source, it would simply increase the cost of the fuel. All renewable energy sources are costlier than fossil fuels.

The exercise we performed in the laboratory can be explained within the context of environmental science and sustainability course because all the living organism needs energy for their survival. The sources of energy such as sun, water, wood, coal, fossils surround us, and we need them in our lives. All the energy sources are environmental sources, and we constantly use them to meet our energy demands. So, that is why the lab experiments can be explained in the context of environmental and sustainability course. If environment is sustained, it means the energy sources are sustained

Report Writing

Environmental Sustainability

Name of Student

Name of Teacher

Introduction

The sector that we have chosen is construction. This will include the building and renovation of houses. The geographic scope is the area of NCR in India. This is because the issues studied in this study will be applicable to almost all the third world countries. In this regard the aspects discussed in this study may or may not be applicable to the developed world. In fact these principles would have been already applied there.

Literature Review

The literature review will be completed with the help of the internet. The scholarly articles will be studied. We used the terms sustainability in construction in India and green construction in India.

CITATION Bip10 \l 1033 (Baruah, 2010) analyzed the factors affecting the women in the construction industry in India. The particular focus was the ladies and the opportunities and problems that they faced. The quantitative research was under taken at Ahmedabad. Various surveys were held to judge the roles that women play in the construction industry. The results showed that there is a need to make better laws both at the state and national levels to make sure that women play an appropriate part in the industry.

The paper has been taken from a journal that is considered a reliable source. The main point of this study is that it suggests to improve the conditions for the women in the industry. This work is not directly related to our work as or work will be more related to the sustainability issues.

CITATION sha \l 1033 (shah) analyzed the construction industry in India in the light of sustainability. The author argues that the industry does not see the sustainable portion of the industry as a short term or long term goal. The industry is more focused on the short term economic aspects like profits etc. The human part of the industry is considered just for the sake of paper work. The actual change will come when the focus will change from short term economic goals to the long term goals of sustainability. The term sustainability is defined as the ability to meet the needs of the people without compromising the ability to meet the needs of the future. This definition links the micro aspects to the macro aspects. The research also questions the social aspects of the growth in the west. India negated the model presented by Gandhi and implemented the more centralized model that is taken from Russia. This change has given rise to a long debate between the people who prefer their respective views.

This is a conference paper that is available on the internet. This is a reliable source because the conference papers are selected after thorough research. The main theme of the paper is the change in the model in India. The study is somewhat related to our area of research.

CITATION Kas13 \l 1033 (Kashiwagi, 2013) studied the problems faced by the construction industry of India. The writer pointed out three problems faced by the construction industry namely labor, planning aspects and the mentality of the people. The methods used to analyze the problems include the construction industry structure diagram and the proof that the same model has been used successfully to solve similar problems. The construction diagram consists of some owner controlled and some vendor controlled elements. The buyer should be chosen on the basis of quality rather than price. Quality assurance should be the key target rather than quality control. In order to attain the best value the system should be altered in a number of ways. The expert should be the vendor rather than the customer. The buyer should not be concerned what is being purchased for construction in the beginning. The vendor who can deliver the best quality should write the final contract. The vendor should be able to measure the value correctly at various stages of the process. Technical aspects should not be discussed until the best value aspect has not been decided. This model has been successfully implemented by the countries like US, Canada and Malaysia. Other than Malaysia all the countries were able to implement the model successfully.

This is a conference paper that is available on the internet. This is a reliable source because the conference papers are selected after thorough research. This research points out that the best value model is successfully implemented in the modern economies.

CITATION Flo06 \l 1033 (Ling, 2006) suggested that the firms from Singapore when work in India face the political and cultural risks due to the cultural differences between the countries and the political instability in the country.

The paper has been taken from a journal that is considered a reliable source. This study is important for our considerations because the scope of our study is global and we will have to consider such factors as described in this study.

CITATION Muh09 \l 1033 (Arif, 2009) analyzed the state of green construction in India and pointed out what factors affect the implementation of the subject. The study found out that the construction industry in the country has affirmed the importance of green construction. The major drivers of the change are the government and international organizations. The customer is willing to pay extra for the implementation of the concept.

The study is taken from a reputed journal site. The application is very much related to our study as green construction is considered a part of environmental issues.

CITATION Sau17 \l 1033 (Dixit, 2017) studied the relationship between lean construction and sustainability in the construction industry in India. The study was undertaken with the help of questionnaires that were sent to professionals working in various companies. The study identified some tools for lean construction and also shown some sustainability aspects.

The study is taken from a reputed journal site. This is related to our study as it identifies the relationship between lean construction and sustainability.

CITATION MAr12 \l 1033 (Arif M. , 2012) studied the aspects of waste generated at the construction sites in the country. Two cases were presented and interviews were used to gather the data. The findings show that it is the client that will push the company to follow the existing laws regarding the construction waste.

The study is taken from a reputed journal site. This is related to our study as it identifies the need to manage the construction waste properly.

Sustainability Issues

The sustainability issues identified are as under

Workforce

The Indian construction industry employs a huge work force. The sector employs a large percentage of total national workforce. The problem however arises in the fact that the work force does not have the skill set necessary to be able to consider the importance of the sustainability issues. The majority of the workforce is uneducated and from the lower levels of the society. Thus the contractors exploit them to increase their own profits.

Planning elements

The Indian projects lack proper planning. This implies that the various resources used to make certain projects will be wasted if the project is not up to the expectation of the clients. Further there is a question mark on the performance of such firms who lack planning. This also implies that the projects will be low in quality. A quality project requires that proper planning is done before starting it

Selection of Vendors

The vendors are solely selected on the basis of price which means a clear ignorance on the part of the company against the sustainability issues. The criteria for selection of vendors should include the sustainability aspects so that the selection of vendors will result in better work.

Environmental Aspects

The environment is affected by the construction industry in a number of ways. In a country like India the environmental aspects are even more important due to the huge population that the country has. This also includes the failure of proper waste management on the part of the companies. The waste is considered in terms of construction waste management. The aspect also includes the implementation of green production. This would mean that the construction will not have an adverse effect on the environment

Existing sustainability principles

The literature identifies three aspects of sustainability CITATION Ays09 \l 1033 (Sev, 2009). These are economic growth, social progress and environmental aspects. The construction industry is only focusing on the economic aspect of the sustainability. The availability of unskilled and uneducated work force also hampers the performance of the industry. The first thing that the customers consider is the price rather than the quality of the output produced. The companies also lack in the fact that they focus on quality control rather than quality assurance. The difference between the two terms means that the quality of any given output will be tested once it is completely done. The construction waste management is also an aspect from the side of the environment that has to be addressed. In this regard the customer does not force the companies to implement the better options of managing the waste created by the companies.

Proposed sustainability principles

The companies should implement the various aspects of the total quality management to their operations. The proposed options are the first run studies, six sigma, Kanaban, last planner system and visualizing tool. The sustainability aspects include resource management particularly the human resource which has to be educated and skilled enough to implement the sustainability policies of the company. The motivation level of the employees should be raised by improving the working conditions. Waste reduction and management, this aspect relates to the wastage of resources and the wastes created in case of taking down some structures. Energy minimization includes the minimum use of various aspects of the energy and also use such materials that do not absorb too much heat. The concept of green construction is also applicable here. The companies should abort or control those activities that do not add any value to the system.

Conclusion

The above discussion has brought forward some of the issues that the construction industry in India is facing. These issues hamper the ability of the firms to perform to their highest ability. In the long run these issues also affect almost all the stakeholders and will not allow the companies to work properly. The need of the hour is that the companies should focus on the sustainability issues keeping them in the front of all other aspects. This is because all the other problems or issues will be resolved if this one aspect is properly addressed.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Arif, M. (2009). State of Green Construction in India:drivers nad Challenges. Journal of Engineering Design and Technology, 223-234.

Arif, M. (2012). Construction waste management in India: an exploratory study. Construction innovation, 133-155.

Baruah, B. (2010). Gender and globalization:opportunities and constraints faced by women in Indian Construction industry. Labor studies Journal.

Dixit, S. (2017). Area of linkage between leanconstruction and sustainability in Indian Construction industry. International journal of civil enginering and technology, 623-636.

Kashiwagi, D. (2013). Construction industry Structure in India.

Ling, F. Y. (2006). Risks Faced by Singapore Firms when undertaking contruction projects in India. International Journal of Project Management, 261-270.

Sev, A. (2009). How can the construction industry contribute to the sustainable development? A conceptual Framework. sustainable Development, 161-173.

shah, K. (n.d.). Agenda 21 for sustainable construction in Developing countries-- The Indian case. Ahmedabad.

Research

Research Proposal: Childhood Obesity

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Research Proposal

The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity in School Children in New York City

Introduction

Obesity, a widespread condition in the world, is associated with the presence of abnormal, excessive and unhealthy amounts of fats in the body tissue. This condition causes an individual’s ideal weight to increase by 20 percent. Other than affecting their self-esteem, obesity takes a huge toll on the health and wellbeing of children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2LSfVKy6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Franks et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Franks et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/NE4DNV7Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/NE4DNV7Y"],"itemData":{"id":135,"type":"article-journal","title":"Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death","container-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","page":"485-493","volume":"362","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Franks","given":"Paul W."},{"family":"Hanson","given":"Robert L."},{"family":"Knowler","given":"William C."},{"family":"Sievers","given":"Maurice L."},{"family":"Bennett","given":"Peter H."},{"family":"Looker","given":"Helen C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Franks et al., 2010). The prevalence of obesity is a major health concern in both the developing and the developed part of the world. However, childhood obesity is one of the most prevalent disorders among children in the United States. While it is higher in some ethnic groups as compared to others, the total average of those suffering from obesity is way above average. According to NHANES i.e. the National Health Nutrition Examination Survey, obesity is an issue that affects all pediatric ages, genders, different races, and ethnicities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QdkvkVUx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014)","plainCitation":"(Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012","container-title":"Jama","page":"806-814","volume":"311","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Ogden","given":"Cynthia L."},{"family":"Carroll","given":"Margaret D."},{"family":"Kit","given":"Brian K."},{"family":"Flegal","given":"Katherine M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). The main risks associated with this condition, especially in young children, includes the development of a number of chronic illnesses such as diabetes and heart diseases. It also has social effects on the children, affecting their relationship with their peers, leading to the development of stress, low self-worth and even bad attitude ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"albs9xQW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":137,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/LBYWY2HM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/LBYWY2HM"],"itemData":{"id":137,"type":"book","title":"Obesity: Science to practice","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","ISBN":"0-470-71221-X","author":[{"family":"Williams","given":"Gareth"},{"family":"Fruhbeck","given":"Gema"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009). The main causes of the problem find its roots in unhealthy eating habits, insufficient physical activity, environment, genetics, metabolism, hormonal imbalance, lifestyle, or a combination of all the mentioned factors. However, only ninety percentage of cases of obesity are caused by idiopathic reasons. Only ten percent are because of genetics or hormonal causes.

Review of the Literature

Background of the problem

In the last three decades, the rise of obesity among children, as well as young adults is a health crisis that requires immediate attention. The recent trends observed in the US shows a positive inclination towards the elevation of the detrimental effects of obesity in society, however, more than thirteen million children still suffer from this terrible affliction. According to an estimate, more than thirty percent of children and young adults between the ages of 2 and 19 are considered overweight, with the percentage of them being obese exceeding seventeen percent (Ogden et al, 2014).

Significance of the problem

It has been observed that obesity has both long term and short term effects on children as well as adults. They include an increase in the risk of developing a number of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, liver disease, comorbidities as well as musculoskeletal disorders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5rZk0BIK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bleich, Segal, Wu, Wilson, & Wang, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Bleich, Segal, Wu, Wilson, & Wang, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/TCCY9YJ8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/TCCY9YJ8"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"e201-e210","volume":"132","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Bleich","given":"Sara N."},{"family":"Segal","given":"Jodi"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Renee"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bleich, Segal, Wu, Wilson, & Wang, 2013). Obesity also impacts a child’s emotional and social wellbeing, affecting their levels of self-esteem, loneliness, and nervousness. It also increases their chances of developing eating disorders and high-risk behaviors. Children also may have to ace exclusion, bullying and stereotyping as a direct response to their weights.

Various recent studies have observed a direct link between childhood obesity and being bullied during teenage years. This not only affects the individual’s self-esteem but many such individuals continue to be obese in their adult lives ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"k2sLK1xK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bleich et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Bleich et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":145,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/TCCY9YJ8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/TCCY9YJ8"],"itemData":{"id":145,"type":"article-journal","title":"Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies","container-title":"Pediatrics","page":"e201-e210","volume":"132","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Bleich","given":"Sara N."},{"family":"Segal","given":"Jodi"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Renee"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Youfa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bleich et al., 2013). Therefore, more research into developing new and inventive methods is needed that can help eradicate this issue and provide long term solutions to resolve childhood obesity.

While many studies have shown a direct connection between obesity and the consumption of junk food, citing it as the main contributor to obesity, various other things have been just as detrimental to the cause ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EPuCfSvx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ogden et al., 2014)","plainCitation":"(Ogden et al., 2014)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/3JS8QIMA"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012","container-title":"Jama","page":"806-814","volume":"311","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Ogden","given":"Cynthia L."},{"family":"Carroll","given":"Margaret D."},{"family":"Kit","given":"Brian K."},{"family":"Flegal","given":"Katherine M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ogden et al., 2014). Various interventions, such as the Family-Based Behavioral Treatment Therapy (FBT), that have effective and long term effects. However, various other factors have reduced the effectiveness of such interventions i.e. the high costs associated with organic and healthy foods, such as fruits and vegetables. This also includes low or unavailability of healthy food choices and poverty, since a very limited number of households actually have access to healthier food choices. Additionally, interventions carried out by district schools address childhood obesity through nutrition alone, rather than the addition of any physical activity, especially among poor populations.

Methodology and Instrumentation

Adoption of healthy eating habits is one of the very best eating habits that can be applied for the treatment of obese children (Waters et al., 2010, p. 163). The various measures that help keep up one’s healthy eating habits include regular eating, balanced diets, incorporation of fruits, starches, and fibers. Also, the addition of one hour of recommended physical activity on a regular basis is also a must to keep obesity at bay ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kz4SIZfH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Moreno, Pigeot, & Ahrens, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Moreno, Pigeot, & Ahrens, 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":147,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YLDBGYRT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/YLDBGYRT"],"itemData":{"id":147,"type":"article-journal","title":"Epidemiology of obesity in children and adolescents","container-title":"Prevalence and etiology, Nueva York: Springer","author":[{"family":"Moreno","given":"Luis A."},{"family":"Pigeot","given":"Iris"},{"family":"Ahrens","given":"Wolfgang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Moreno, Pigeot, & Ahrens, 2011). Furthermore, parents should also help children in choosing the most appropriate activity for themselves. This includes various activities such as ball games and running, which the parents participate in as well.

To identify and employ the latest methods being used in society for the treatment and prevention of obesity, I would us peer reviews journal, medical journals and published books as the primary sources. I will follow this up with exhaustive research of professional websites and articles online using keywords that relate to the subject matter, as well as its preventive measures and strategies. Using the same criteria, I will also look up research papers detailing effective methodologies to elevate obesity. The same goes for researching and using empirical study methods to look up the most accepted and the most used standard of treatment and prevention for the disease. Here, government websites and other health publications will be an excellent source of the material.

In order to evaluate the behavior of obese children, as well as their caregivers and families, two methods will be used. The first one would be to obtain data research by other researchers as a secondary resource. Secondly, studies will be carried out using confidential questionnaires, followed up with one on one interviews using both sample and focus groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VqUfc2kA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Riess, Baker, Lambert, Mathiason, & Kothari, 2008)","plainCitation":"(Riess, Baker, Lambert, Mathiason, & Kothari, 2008)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/2NG49VBM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/2NG49VBM"],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effect of preoperative weight loss on laparoscopic gastric bypass outcomes","container-title":"Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases","page":"704-708","volume":"4","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Riess","given":"Kevin P."},{"family":"Baker","given":"Matthew T."},{"family":"Lambert","given":"Pamela J."},{"family":"Mathiason","given":"Michelle A."},{"family":"Kothari","given":"Shanu N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Riess, Baker, Lambert, Mathiason, & Kothari, 2008). For the purpose of this study, parents and teachers will play the role of main respondents, since young children spent better parts of their lives with them. Additionally, observational tools will also be used for the purpose of research, aiding with the collection of data regarding the subject’s feeding habits, overall conduct, and exercise.

Lastly, synthesis, analysis, and evaluation of the collected data will be carried out, which will establish correlations between the present study and those carried out by other researchers. This will not only support and approaches used for the findings in this research, but they will also be consistent with national and international treatment plans and preventive measures.

Purpose of the Research Study

Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of physical activity programs in reducing the prevalence of obesity in primary and middle school aged children (5 to 14) in New York City.

Research questions

The following research questions are important to develop a deeper understanding of the present study;

What are the methods being used at present to reduce the prevalence of obesity among children? Have any of these methods bee successful?

Have any national or international preventive measures been put n place?

Describe the behavior exhibited by obese children?

What measures should be taken to decrease the spread of obesity, while treating the affected children?

Have school-based activity programs proven to be fruitful in any regard?

Does the intervention of some sort help these children reach their optimal BMI?

Research Justification

This research focuses on finding the best methods and approaches available to get rid of obesity in school among school children, aged 5 to 14 years. This specific age group is chosen courtesy of the prevalence of obesity among school children in this particular age group ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KkmJHKLC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davies & Fitzgerald, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Davies & Fitzgerald, 2007)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":140,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/944PFRCV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/944PFRCV"],"itemData":{"id":140,"type":"book","title":"Obesity in childhood and adolescence","publisher":"Greenwood Publishing Group","ISBN":"0-275-99615-8","author":[{"family":"Davies","given":"H. Dele"},{"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Hiram E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davies & Fitzgerald, 2007). Obesity has detrimental effects on a child’s life, as their school as well as in their peer groups. This condition also increases the odds of such children acquiring but chronic health diseases, such as diabetes and heart problems. Therefore, the results obtained through this research will directly impact the spread of the illness, as well as find ways to treat those affected with obesity, directly impacting their quality of life. Finding the required solutions at an early age will also vastly decrease the chances of suffering from obesity later in life. The findings and the recommendations proposed in the study will be able to adequately satisfy the purpose of the study.

Theoretical Framework

The Family-Based Behavioral Treatment Therapy (FBT), has proven itself to be a great method to elevate the detrimental effects of obesity in young children. The purpose of this therapy is to give in-depth care to young children using barrier/facilitator transition to treat obesity ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t3glcevr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Staiano et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Staiano et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UX584FTF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UX584FTF"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"article-journal","title":"Family-based behavioral treatment for childhood obesity: caretaker-reported barriers and facilitators","container-title":"Ochsner Journal","page":"83-92","volume":"17","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Staiano","given":"Amanda E."},{"family":"Marker","given":"Arwen M."},{"family":"Comeaux","given":"James"},{"family":"Frelier","given":"Johannah M."},{"family":"Hsia","given":"Daniel S."},{"family":"Broyles","given":"Stephanie T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Staiano et al., 2017). FBT works by staging a lifestyle intervention for obese children. This method involves their direct families/caregivers to set up elements essential for pediatric obesity intervention. As this theory has shown promising results in a number of studies conducted in recent years ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Vq3mgr2a","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Altman & Wilfley, 2015; Staiano et al., 2017; Wilfley & Balantekin, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Altman & Wilfley, 2015; Staiano et al., 2017; Wilfley & Balantekin, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":141,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UI8GKR5I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UI8GKR5I"],"itemData":{"id":141,"type":"article-journal","title":"Evidence update on the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents","container-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology","page":"521-537","volume":"44","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Altman","given":"Myra"},{"family":"Wilfley","given":"Denise E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}},{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UX584FTF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/UX584FTF"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"article-journal","title":"Family-based behavioral treatment for childhood obesity: caretaker-reported barriers and facilitators","container-title":"Ochsner Journal","page":"83-92","volume":"17","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Staiano","given":"Amanda E."},{"family":"Marker","given":"Arwen M."},{"family":"Comeaux","given":"James"},{"family":"Frelier","given":"Johannah M."},{"family":"Hsia","given":"Daniel S."},{"family":"Broyles","given":"Stephanie T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}},{"id":144,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/R5ZWHHAZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/0omESN17/items/R5ZWHHAZ"],"itemData":{"id":144,"type":"chapter","title":"Family-Based Behavioral Interventions for Childhood Obesity","container-title":"Pediatric Obesity","publisher":"Springer","page":"555-567","author":[{"family":"Wilfley","given":"Denise E."},{"family":"Balantekin","given":"Katherine N."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Altman & Wilfley, 2015; Staiano et al., 2017; Wilfley & Balantekin, 2018), employing the same parameters here is going to be useful for the purpose of the study.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Altman, M., & Wilfley, D. E. (2015). Evidence update on the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(4), 521–537.

Bleich, S. N., Segal, J., Wu, Y., Wilson, R., & Wang, Y. (2013). Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies. Pediatrics, 132(1), e201–e210.

Davies, H. D., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2007). Obesity in childhood and adolescence. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Franks, P. W., Hanson, R. L., Knowler, W. C., Sievers, M. L., Bennett, P. H., & Looker, H. C. (2010). Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(6), 485–493.

Moreno, L. A., Pigeot, I., & Ahrens, W. (2011). Epidemiology of obesity in children and adolescents. Prevalence and Etiology, Nueva York: Springer.

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806–814.

Riess, K. P., Baker, M. T., Lambert, P. J., Mathiason, M. A., & Kothari, S. N. (2008). Effect of preoperative weight loss on laparoscopic gastric bypass outcomes. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 4(6), 704–708.

Staiano, A. E., Marker, A. M., Comeaux, J., Frelier, J. M., Hsia, D. S., & Broyles, S. T. (2017). Family-based behavioral treatment for childhood obesity: caretaker-reported barriers and facilitators. Ochsner Journal, 17(1), 83–92.

Wilfley, D. E., & Balantekin, K. N. (2018). Family-Based Behavioral Interventions for Childhood Obesity. In Pediatric Obesity (pp. 555–567). Springer.

Williams, G., & Fruhbeck, G. (2009). Obesity: Science to practice. John Wiley & Sons.

Research

Perspective on Public Health Research

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Perspective on Public Health Research

Research Methods

Qualitative research method would be used for the collection of data. It is a research process that uses naturalist inquiry in order to opt for an in-depth analysis of any social phenomenon. There are three prime focuses of qualitative research: society and culture, individuals and finally communication groups. There are different methods that are used for inquiry in qualitative research, some of the major techniques are observational studies analysis of documentaries, reports and interviews. (Staiano, et, al. 2017). It is asserted that qualitative research method is one of the adequate procedures of collecting valid and credible data in social sciences so, in order to conduct this study, I will be using a qualitative study. In order to identify the methods that are used in society for the prevention and treatment of obesity, international strategies and the behavior of obese children, information would be collected from medical journals, primary resources, peer-reviewed journals and books that are published on the subject topic. Side by side, an interview session would be designed for the evaluation of topic and it would be conducted with the school teachers and parents of the obese children in order to know if there is any difference in obese and a smart students in terms of daily life and eating habits. Both sample and focus groups would be used to know various perspectives about obesity. I would also consult surveys that are previously conducted in order to know the prevalence and risk factors of childhood obesity in school children in New York City.

The research method would be used to know the prevalence of childhood obesity, how prevalence has changed over time and what is the status of New York in terms of ranking as compared to other regions of the world. The research methods would focus on the risk factors that are associated with obesity in childhood. Both, major and minor risk factors would be determined, side by side, there would be an analysis of the impact of these risk in long run. I will analyze survey reports to know how the approach towards childhood obesity has changed over time. In order to collect varying data, I will use various databases such as Medline by using specific keywords. The keywords would be obesity, prevalence, childhood and New York. The interview session will include certain questions related to childhood obesity and what is the perception of parents and teachers towards childhood obesity, how they find it as a social issue and how it is concerned with the overall economic and social timeline of the country. I will also search for the literature and other information sources that are available for the treatment of the social problem. Moreover, I will analyze the role of national healthcare plans in analyzing healthcare issue and how far that approach has proved helpful. It is more added that I will give significant attention to the role of literature and research in shaping the national attempts that have been taken to address the issue. Research methodologies would be taken as a tool that could determine both gaps and progressions in the analysis of the intervention that are made to address the issue.

Instruments

Questionnaires would be the instruments to conduct research. I will be using both open-ended and closed-ended questions in my questionnaire. These questionnaires would be sent by email to the participants who cannot participate in the research while other participants would be given these questionnaires by hand. Interview is another instrument that would be used to collect the required data. I will be hiring an interviewer who will be interviewing the participants. It is important to note that the interview would be structured in nature and I will avoid a telephonic interview. In order to maintain the credibility of research, I will use a rating scale. Checklist and tape recorder would be used to avoid any assumption that could lead to noncredible data. I will be using content validity as an approach to maintain credibility essence of information. In order to measure reliability, rationale equivalence method would be used.

Ethical Consideration

The interaction between participants and researcher play a major role in defining the validity and credibility of the research. It is necessary to formulate certain ethical guidelines that can direct research to achieve set goals. Ethical challenges can arise at any stage of research ranging from designing of research to reporting and analysis of data. Certain major ethical considerations are confidentiality, researcher’s potential impacts, and anonymity. I will be considering mentioned ethical considerations, taking into account that none of the results are hampered by the intervention of ethical considerations. (Staiano, et, al. 2017).

Confidentiality

It refers to attributes such as privacy and collection of required data only. Breaching of privacy is one of the major concerns in research studies, taking into account that the personal information of participants should not be shared without the permission of the participants. I will avoid confidentiality barriers by inserting a detailed note about confidentiality. Side by side, I will add an option regarding the usage of information shared so that there is no breaching of policy and research could proceeded in accordance with the requirements and desires of the participants. (Riess, et, al. 2018).

Researchers potential Impact

Researcher’s potential impact is defined as an impact or the influence of research on the participants while collecting data. It is asserted, usually a researcher is biased in the collection of information and sometimes these biases lead to misinterpretation of the information that is converted by data while another aspect has highlighted that it is the gender of a researcher that affects the collection of information and data taking into consideration that it refers to the credibility of research. In order to mitigate the researcher's impact, researcher would be given specific directions, as well as the methods of data collection will be checked off and on. Moreover, I will use both male and female data collectors so that there are least chances of misinterpretation and biases. (Bleich, et, al. 2018).

Anonymity

It is another major aspects to consider, taking into account that anonymity refers to the framework of collection of information from the researcher. It is highlighted that there are a number of researchers who failed to collect the required information in a research. I will address this issue by the utilization of resources that are effective enough to collect the desired data. (Riess, et, al. 2018).

All these ethical considerations would be addressed by a researcher on the first priority, taking into account that the authentic and valid data is collected for which ownership can be proved and research can be completed with accuracy.

Grant Funding

In order to carry out research with efficiency and productivity grants are available, offered by different institutes in order to facilitate a researcher. In my research, I will ask for funding from NIH. National Institute of Health is a platform that offers funding for carrying out research. The grant can be in the form of cooperative agreements, financial support or in the form of contracts that can support the advancement of NIH mission to enhance health perspectives of people who are either disabled or ill. (Altman, et, al. 2015). NIH encourages students and researchers to choose unique projects that have high scientific caliber and infer better future prospects. The eligibility criteria of NIH is a bit different from traditional funding platforms. It is asserted that tribal areas and other village corporations are eligible and well suited for the achievement of grants. The eligibility criteria highlight the income that is earned during or after the completion of project under the implication of grant will be added to the funds of the company or organization. It is mandatory for each applicant to abide by the pattern of submission and confirmation of credentials. Grants are given to those applicants who have signed and agree to all terms and conditions. (Altman, et, al. 2015).

Research Report Dissemination

Introduction

Obesity is one of the widespread condition in this world, accompanied by the presence of unhealthy, excessive and abnormal amount of fats in the body of an organism. Obesity is defined as an increase in weight up to 20%, taking into account that obesity is one of the major threats to the wellbeing and health of children. Obesity is higher in certain groups as compared to other people where young children are the prime victims. A number of diseases accompany obesity such as heart disease and diabetes. There are some social effects as well that are associated with obesity such as low self-esteem, distorted or violent relationship with peers and bad attitude as well. Although heredity is one of the causes of obesity, research has highlighted that only 10% of obese have hereditary history, the remaining 90% are obese because of idiopathic reasons.

Description of method

In order to analyze child obesity, qualitative research methods would be used. This research method would be accompanied by interviews, analysis of past research and magazines on obesity. Sample group and focus group would be used to analyze research questions. It is asserted that the interview session would be conducted with both teachers in school as well as the parents of the obese children. Side by side, interview questions would be both, open-ended and close-ended so that detailed information can be collected.

Results

Results have affirmed that child obesity has a high prevalence rate along with major risk factors in school children in New York City. Qualitative studies, the interview session asserts that there is a great ratio of children who are suffering from obesity. Obese children are socially depressed and they are not active much like other students. It is highlighted that there are numerous health risks that are associated with obese children, these issues are severe enough to compromise the mental and physical health of obese children. Results collected from the information provided by parents has highlighted that there is an evident setback in obese children because they act out of the expected framework of young children. Research has highlighted that the school performance of obese students is much critical taking into account a high ratio of academic gaps. Obese children suffer from failure of representation and it compromises their health. In a nutshell, it is found that childhood obesity is a prime issue that compromises social, psychological and physical health of obese children.

Major Findings

It is found that childhood obesity is prevalent at a ratio of about 83% in New York. Results from the literature have highlighted that it is one of the growing concerns in children because it is a diverse issue with its root in other departments of society and social life. It is found that obese children are a victim to numerous complications that range from emotional disturbance to physical trauma because they find themselves out of the “perfection quota”. It is highlighted that about 30% of obese students are a victim of inferiority complex as observed by the teachers and parents because they consider obesity as a threat to existence. About 67% of obese children are suffering from serious ailments such as cardiovascular disorder and diabetes. (Riess, et, al. 2018). Teachers are of the view that every class has a justified and estimated ratio of obese children and it seems that soon it will start threatening the lives of the students at major levels. Teachers have found that obese children are comparatively less competitive in studies as compared to healthy students. There is a serious ratio of students who are obese and they are never willing to engage themselves in physical activities, provided they consider themselves unable to participate in any physical work. Parents have asserted that their obese children are more stubborn, less active and extremist in nature, they are less towards sibling understanding and more towards isolation. (Riess, et, al. 2018).Few parents have highlighted that obese children are more self-centered and they are less towards familial relationships. It is termed as one of the reasons that obese children try to rely on themselves only. In a nutshell, it is asserted that childhood obesity has become a serious complication for students to take part in academic life where social negatives add fuel to fire because of bullying and other misconducts that have hampered academic and social timelines. Moreover, obesity has shaken the core roots of a healthy life where a child is doomed to suffer from under presentation and negligence.

Clinical, research and policy implications

In accordance with the fact that childhood obesity has tripled over the past three years, every third child is obese today. Obesity has resulted in high cholesterol level, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. In order to overcome child obesity, Hunger Prevention and Nutrition Assistance Program have been initiated that is funding 47 contractors and nutritious food is provided to people who are in need. (Wilfley, et, al. (2018). the program ensures that all eatables have low fat and they are good to consume providing required nutrients to the body. Just Say yes to fruits and Vegetables Project is another program that is meant for comprehensive nutrient education and prevention of obesity. This approach helps to conclude that low-income families do not have an approach to nutrient eatables. Creating Healthy Schools and Communities is another multisector imitative that is designed to empower access to healthy food with an affordable process in district schools and other communities. Side by side, Obesity Prevention Center for Excellence is another platform that provides training and implementation of support for obese children.

Despite all researches and political initiatives, it is necessary to incorporate efforts that could address child obesity because it not only threatens physical health but it is also hampering the social, economic and psychological timeline and understanding of a child because failure to achieve set presentation goals detaches an entity from its surroundings and obesity do this at a high and critical edge because a child will grow into a depressed and passive adult who will fail to strive for his life and desires. (Staiano, et, al. 2017).There is a dire need of those political frameworks that can address the issue of childhood obesity at a minor level and suggest solutions that are effective to cater to the health issues. In a nutshell, serious and effective concerns are required from the families and government because it will reshape political and social timeline of the country by paving the way for successful and healthy youth who would be capable of all those attributes that can position them at good health and successful life.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Altman, M., & Wilfley, D. E. (2015). Evidence update on the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(4), 521–537.

Bleich, S. N., Segal, J., Wu, Y., Wilson, R., & Wang, Y. (2018). Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies. Pediatrics, 132(1), e201–e210..

Riess, K. P., Baker, M. T., Lambert, P. J., Mathiason, M. A., & Kothari, S. N. (2018). Effect of preoperative weight loss on laparoscopic gastric bypass outcomes. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 4(6), 704–708.

Staiano, A. E., Marker, A. M., Comeaux, J., Frelier, J. M., Hsia, D. S., & Broyles, S. T. (2017). Family-based behavioral treatment for childhood obesity: caretaker-reported barriers and facilitators. Ochsner Journal, 17(1), 83–92.

Wilfley, D. E., & Balantekin, K. N. (2018). Family-Based Behavioral Interventions for Childhood Obesity. In Pediatric Obesity (pp. 555–567). Springer.

Research Paper

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Research Paper

Global Impact of Global Warming

Credible Source (A): How Will Climate Change Affect the United States in Decades to Come?

Bad Source (B): Climate change will affect more than the weather

Who?

1.

Source A: Donald Wuebbles is name of the author who wrote this Article. He is a employer at the Office of Science and technology Policy at Washington DC. This report was prepared by him at the National Science Foundation in Arlington

Source B: Arek Sinanian is the author of this article published at fairobserver. He has extensive experience in resource efficiency. He is a member of UNFCCC and aviced new policies in Kyoto Protocol. He has experience of 30 years.

2.

Both the authors of both resources seem to have stated clear scientific information that can be verified from the other online research facts and figures. Both are also credible and experienced in their fields of environmental science and their policies. Both have been associated with the well reputed environmental organizations.

What?

1.

Source A: take-home message of this resource is that choice made today of minimizing the greenhouse gasses will impact the future positively otherwise temperatures will rise beyond 2 degrees by the end of centaury.

Source B: Most important take home message was author’s call for collective global action against the global warming to combat its effects and dangers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rgzl4nwB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}With Climate Change Comes Extreme Weather\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“With Climate Change Comes Extreme Weather”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1317,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/JW7EP488"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/JW7EP488"],"itemData":{"id":1317,"type":"webpage","title":"With Climate Change Comes Extreme Weather","container-title":"Fair Observer","abstract":"The question to consider is how global warming and climate change are affecting the weather around the world.","URL":"https://www.fairobserver.com/more/global_change/climate-change-extreme-weather-hottest-february-record-environment-news-18711/","language":"en-US","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,5]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“With Climate Change Comes Extreme Weather”).

2.

Primary Source A, gives clear evidence of all the arguments presented in the article. It provides information taken from the USGCPR and NOAA. This means that all the information can be verified from the credible resources.

When?

1.

Source A was created in 2017.

Source B was created on March 5, 2019.

2.

Is it reporting events/observations from a long time ago or from just recently?

Both sources contain information that is collected from climate patterns observed in last few decades. Old information along with the new facts have become the basis of these resources.

Why?

1.

Both sources are intended to create awareness among the general public and world leaders, so that they can use these facts to understand the climate change and take measures to combat it. So information from source A can be used as secondary evidence by the scientists in their researches.

2.

Source A: In this report, effects of global warming in the form of heat waves, forest fires and drought are mentioned. In the “A Fate Dependent on Emissions”, call for action is given, that shows that its intention is to create awareness and get attention from global leaders to take actions against the issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KzENiEqN","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How Will Climate Change Affect the United States in Decades to Come?\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“How Will Climate Change Affect the United States in Decades to Come?”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1314,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/4887JUMY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/4887JUMY"],"itemData":{"id":1314,"type":"webpage","title":"How Will Climate Change Affect the United States in Decades to Come?","container-title":"Eos","abstract":"A new U.S. government report shows that climate is changing and that human activities will lead to many more changes. These changes will affect sea levels, drought frequency, severe precipitation, and more.","URL":"https://eos.org/features/how-will-climate-change-affect-the-united-states-in-decades-to-come","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How Will Climate Change Affect the United States in Decades to Come?”).

Source B: This article has compared the increased in the different regions of the world and states that human activity has reached five sigma levels and raises the questions that what we humans are going to do about the information regarding the dangers of climate changes. This shows that intended purpose is to create awareness.

Credible resource 3: Global Warming Impacts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fLAUjdil","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Global Warming Impacts\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Global Warming Impacts”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1319,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/MX3YWPWF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/MX3YWPWF"],"itemData":{"id":1319,"type":"webpage","title":"Global Warming Impacts","container-title":"Union of Concerned Scientists","abstract":"An overview of the impacts of global warming, including sea level rise, more frequent and severe heat waves, increasing wildfire risks, and more. Many are already taking place today -- and will only get worse as temperatures continue to rise.","URL":"https://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/global-warming/science-and-impacts/global-warming-impacts","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Global Warming Impacts”)

Credible resource 4: Effect of outdoor temperature, heat primes and anchoring on belief in global warming ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cTrp1hld","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Joireman et al.)","plainCitation":"(Joireman et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1323,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NYHKL5E5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/NYHKL5E5"],"itemData":{"id":1323,"type":"article-journal","title":"Effect of outdoor temperature, heat primes and anchoring on belief in global warming","container-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology","page":"358-367","volume":"30","issue":"4","source":"ScienceDirect","abstract":"It is generally acknowledged that global warming is occurring, yet estimates of future climate change vary widely. Given this uncertainty, when asked about climate change, it is likely that people’s judgments may be affected by heuristics and accessible schemas. Three studies evaluated this proposition. Study 1 revealed a significant positive correlation between the outdoor temperature and beliefs in global warming. Study 2 showed that people were more likely to believe in global warming when they had first been primed with heat-related cognitions. Study 3 demonstrated that people were more likely to believe in global warming and more willing to pay to reduce global warming when they had first been exposed to a high vs. a low anchor for future increases in temperature. Together, results reveal that beliefs about global warming (and willingness to take actions to reduce global warming) are influenced by heuristics and accessible schemas. Several practical implications are discussed.","DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.004","ISSN":"0272-4944","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Environmental Psychology","author":[{"family":"Joireman","given":"Jeff"},{"family":"Barnes Truelove","given":"Heather"},{"family":"Duell","given":"Blythe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Joireman et al.)

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “Global Warming Impacts.” Union of Concerned Scientists, https://www.ucsusa.org/our-work/global-warming/science-and-impacts/global-warming-impacts. Accessed 6 Mar. 2019.

“How Will Climate Change Affect the United States in Decades to Come?” Eos, https://eos.org/features/how-will-climate-change-affect-the-united-states-in-decades-to-come. Accessed 6 Mar. 2019.

Joireman, Jeff, et al. “Effect of Outdoor Temperature, Heat Primes and Anchoring on Belief in Global Warming.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 30, no. 4, Dec. 2010, pp. 358–67. ScienceDirect, doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.004.

“With Climate Change Comes Extreme Weather.” Fair Observer, 5 Mar. 2019, https://www.fairobserver.com/more/global_change/climate-change-extreme-weather-hottest-february-record-environment-news-18711/.

Seismic Waves

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Seismic Waves

During certain earthquakes (subduction zone quakes), the seafloor can jolt suddenly upwards, and it creates a ridge of water on the ocean’s surface. This ridge of water collapses to either side, creating tsunami waves (and troughs) that move rapidly and engulf the land. On the oceanic side (because subduction zones are usually parallel to land), the waves can travel across the ocean and cause havoc in places on the other side of the ocean, as evidenced by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. “P” wave is the primary wave (compressional wave) and “S” wave is secondary wave (shear wave). When an earthquake happens, P wave and S wave will be moving away from the epicenter. P wave will travel faster than S wave ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6ZV71Dei","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Castro and Munguia)","plainCitation":"(Castro and Munguia)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1478,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GNNWGJ5K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GNNWGJ5K"],"itemData":{"id":1478,"type":"article-journal","title":"Attenuation of P and S waves in the Oaxaca, Mexico, subduction zone","container-title":"Physics of the earth and planetary interiors","page":"179–187","volume":"76","issue":"3-4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Castro","given":"R. R."},{"family":"Munguia","given":"L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Castro and Munguia). These waves are recorded on seismograph at a particular station and the difference in arrival time between P & S wave can be used to determine distance from the station to the epicenter of an earthquake. Both P and S waves are formed as a result of the earthquake, and the only thing that distinguishes P wave from S wave is the mode of propagation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wJ6Z0lTT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Castro and Munguia)","plainCitation":"(Castro and Munguia)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1478,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GNNWGJ5K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/GNNWGJ5K"],"itemData":{"id":1478,"type":"article-journal","title":"Attenuation of P and S waves in the Oaxaca, Mexico, subduction zone","container-title":"Physics of the earth and planetary interiors","page":"179–187","volume":"76","issue":"3-4","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Castro","given":"R. R."},{"family":"Munguia","given":"L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Castro and Munguia). The mode of propagation could either be shear or compression. As far as the properties are concerned; it can travel not only through liquids but also the solids. However, S wave can travel through rigid crust of earth only moves slower than that of a P wave.

When seismologists locate earthquakes, they compute the quadruple of numbers that represent the hypocenter. These are origin time and the three coordinates: x, y, and z. The epicenter is just the projection of the hypocenter on the earth’s surface and discards origin time and depth information. One of the assumptions seismologists use, while locating the earthquake, is that the source structure can be represented by a simple summation of impulse forces (such as a double-couple point source) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UyI71t60","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ide and Takeo)","plainCitation":"(Ide and Takeo)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1480,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/G4Q9DTPP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/G4Q9DTPP"],"itemData":{"id":1480,"type":"article-journal","title":"Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis","container-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","page":"27379–27391","volume":"102","issue":"B12","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ide","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Takeo","given":"Minoru"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ide and Takeo). Seismologists also assume that the origin times for both compressional and shear waves (P and S waves) are the same. Finally, seismologists assume or at least hope, that the event is confined to both a limited hypo-central region and a limit time interval ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t5SQPjL6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ide and Takeo)","plainCitation":"(Ide and Takeo)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1480,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/G4Q9DTPP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/jsvqEXt1/items/G4Q9DTPP"],"itemData":{"id":1480,"type":"article-journal","title":"Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis","container-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","page":"27379–27391","volume":"102","issue":"B12","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Ide","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Takeo","given":"Minoru"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ide and Takeo). These assumptions work much better for small, local events than for mega-events. Analysis of true global events is done in painstaking detail on an individual basis.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Castro, R. R., and L. Munguia. “Attenuation of P and S Waves in the Oaxaca, Mexico, Subduction Zone.” Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol. 76, no. 3–4, 1993, pp. 179–187.

Ide, Satoshi, and Minoru Takeo. “Determination of Constitutive Relations of Fault Slip Based on Seismic Wave Analysis.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 102, no. B12, 1997, pp. 27379–27391.

Smoking In Public Places

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Title: Smoking in Public Places

Smoking should be banned in public places because it causes serious health problems including lung cancer, emphysema, and complicated pregnancy. Smoking is associated directly with severe health issues as it contains ingredients that cause cancers. Second-hand smoking causes same health problems in individuals that it causes in active smokers. Therefore, smoking should not be allowed in public places. Smoking has been associated with the onset of certain chronic and acute health problems including heart diseases, emphysema, and cancers of lungs and mouth.

It has been hypothesized through various studies that smoking is linked with illegal drug and alcohol use. Studies have shown that a person who smokes is also engaged in illegal drug use. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been increasing in individuals who smoke or have a habit of alcohol abuse. It has been estimated that the chances of developing coronary heart disease increase 2 to 4 times with smoking. Also, chances of developing a stroke would also be increased 2 to 4 times in smokers as compared to non-smokers. According to the report of the center for disease control and prevention, chances of developing lung cancers in the individuals who smoke increase up to 25 times.

Evidence-based studies have shown that smoking is associated with the development of severe physical health problems therefore, it should not be allowed in public places. According to the report of the center for disease control and prevention, the probability of developing almost every lung associated disease would be increased in smokers as compared to the other persons. The smoke of cigarette contains more than 70 chemicals that cause cancer. It has nicotine, an addictive psychoactive drug, and tar as part of its ingredients. Both developed and underdeveloped countries have a higher content of these ingredients in cigarettes. Therefore, smoking is associated with potentially injurious health problems. Second-hand smoke is equally harmful as it is inhaled by non-smokers and this can cause similar health problems in them that it causes in smokers. As smoking is associated with complications in pregnancy, it has been observed that the weight of the fetus reduces due to the smoke inhaled by pregnant ladies. The probability of fetal anomalies also increases with smoking. It has been observed that passive or second-hand smoking also causes similar effects in non-smoker pregnant ladies as it causes in females who smoke during pregnancy. Therefore, the argument is supported in the view of the above detail that smoking should be banned in public places.

Smoking also causes emotional problems in individuals such as breathlessness, anxiety and altered behaviors. Studies have shown that individuals suffering from depression and anxiety often develop the habit of smoking. Centers for disease control and prevention has projected a report in which it was clearly mentioned that around 480,000 deaths in the United States are caused by smoking every year. Therefore, smoking is strongly linked with the anxious and altered behaviors in individuals who smoke.

Smoking contains addictive psychoactive drugs that cause addiction and other psychological issues. With time, the urge to smoke more increases in smokers. Smoking in public places should also be discouraged because it causes injurious health issues in females and children. According to the concepts of psychology, people particularly children usually start smoking by observing other people smoking in public areas. The environment of schools and universities that favor smoking is another contributing factor. Individuals start smoking because of the people around them. Several psychological problems such as aggression and intolerance usually develop in individuals who smoke.

If the policies are designed that ban smoking in public areas, there would fewer people who would take their first cigarette. Hence, discouraging smoking in public areas would help people to acquire healthy habits and behaviors. Smoking should be banned in public areas in the United States because it causes emotional, psychological and physical damage to the individuals who smoke.

Strengthening Sustainability

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

Environmental Science

[Date]

Strengthening Sustainability

Introduction

Human civilization must consume resources on a massive scale in order to survive and sustain itself. However, taking a look over the world affairs portrays a grim picture regarding the environment and subsequent sustainability. Furthermore, living in a consumerist and modern society means that humans consume a lot of natural resources in the developed world. These resources are key to maintain a balance of ecology. In order to preserve the biodiversity of the land we have around ourselves, there must be a balance in the consumption and production of natural resources. This production must not result in loss of biodiversity making animals and organisms deprive of their habitat.

Discussion

The foremost natural resource a human being consumes is the food that grows out of the land. Consuming food at a rapid pace means that in the future we would have food insecurity among the generations to come. Food security is termed as the availability of food and the access of one towards it. A household can be deemed as food secure if the members are free from acute hunger or there are no ominous clouds of starvation looming above them. In 1996 at World Food Summit held in Rome, the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) defined food security as “When all people at all the times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life". Taking into account the drastic climate changes witnessed in the past decade means that food security and it's supply is susceptible to disruption in the future. Continuous instability and uncertainty in the different countries of the world like Syria, Yemen, the Central American states of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador have seen mass migration into The USA and European countries. This increase in the migration has given rise to multiple problems like employment, healthcare, and food security. Of all the problems, food security is of particular concern. To tackle this issue farming practices that are in place must be updated and reconciled with modern practices to improve the produce-both in quality and quantity. Moreover, at the individual level, one must change and improve dietary habits to ensure food security.

Establishing modern farming practices the world over can help improve the overall picture of food security. Modern farming practices include not only educating farmers but also modernizing infrastructure, improving pest improvisation techniques. Some other aspects of sustainable farming include maintenance of healthy soil, applying water efficiently, and promoting and maintaining biodiversity. Agroforestry and water harvesting are among many techniques that are considered to be promoting sustainability and hence food security. Agroforestry is defined as the planting of shrubs along with the crops (Santiago-Freijanes et.al, 2018). These shrubs help to protect the crop against severe weather conditions. This farming technique controls temperature, keep a check on sunlight and improves the ability of crops to withstand the vagaries of nature. While agroforestry produces a number of different products like food, firewood, and timber, it also improves food security, reduces soil erosion and provides additional income to the farmer (Santiago-Freijanes et.al, 2018). Water harvesting is accounted as using the rainfall for farming. Water harvesting ensures that farmers have ample reserves of water in seasons without rains.

At the individual level, there are multiple ways that can ensure food security. First, the wastage of food must be brought to an end. According to FAO, about one-third of the food produced globally gets wasted. Stoping food waste has economic benefits. It also decreases the amount of methane. The whole community benefits from the stoppage of food wastage (Aschemann-Witzel et.al, 2015). It ensures a steady food supply to those starving (Aschemann-Witzel et.al, 2015). Second, food security can be increased by reducing meat intake and increasing grain intake. According to FAO, forty percent of the world's share of grains is used in feeding fish and livestock. Had human population consumed the aforementioned amount of grains, 925 million people would have been pulled out of food insecurity.

Conclusion

Improving food security demands efforts not only at the level of governments and states but also at the individual level. Governments can create awareness programs among farmers and provide incentives to move onto modern farming practices. Individually, one can contribute to global food cause by improving dietary habits.

Works Cited

Santiago-Freijanes, J. J., et al. "Understanding agroforestry practices in Europe through landscape features policy promotion." Agroforestry systems 92.4 (2018): 1105-1115.

Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica, et al. "Consumer-related food waste: Causes and potential for action." Sustainability 7.6 (2015): 6457-6477.

Sustainability And Risk Engineering

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Sustainability and Risk Engineering

by

Course

Professor

University

City

Date

Sustainability and Risk Engineering

Music Estimation

Implied excess on the surface of a selected area is estimated through the utilization of the MUSIC program. Such approximations encapsulate quantity measures of all the discharged water runoffs from neighbouring urban localities (Ahammed et al. 2017). In due course, during measuring estimations, myriads of factors considered that include soil surface rate, interflow absorption, as well as the water basins identified movements (Imteaz Ahsan, 2015). Evidently, the underlying estimation procedurals are supposed to involve the summation of Kingaroy town rainfall proportion, abstractions and evapotranspiration losses of towns fewer storages. In the following reflected estimations, which are cautiously developed by utilizing the BoM website.

Primary Actions At this step, the applications were launched, and subsequently, a Rainfall-Runoff library was established in order to pinpoint the drainage area. Afterwards, all the catchments regulated parameters were recorded and transmitted to the measurement page of the MUSIC rainfall-runoff section. Later that, the development of a node took place that was allocated to highlight the selected regions. Moreover, in order to elaborate on the interconnectivity between source and receiving nodes, routing parameters are established.

Examination and Data Entry At this phase, data that was retrieved from sub-daily records entered into the MUSIC through typing mode on rainfall pages receiving node the practice, in turn, facilitated in comprehending the indicated forecasted runoffs within diverse time frames. As a result, the observational outcomes depicted that the inserted data in storage property and custom outflow altered unpredictably (the ninth image below illustrates the observation results).

Acquiring the Hydrograph Through the implied process, the following hydrograph is extracted. All the entries were developed by employing the Kingaroys climate tale Climate Data Org extorted the weather table. The website demonstrated the chronological weather data discrepancies (the mentioned data is given in Appendix 1).

Development of Numeric Estimations Subsequent to obtaining the above-mentioned results, the attained resultstransmitted to Flux File to estimate the accumulated overspills in given territories, and the following measurements were noted. A rational and logical method was employed for the computation of estimation for total overspills are involved in the fortitude of qn. The evaluation demonstrated a figure that is equal to 0.0028 CiA (m3s-1) that resulted as 6.44x 10-3mm/second. On the other hand, the MUSIC approach estimation pointed up 6.25x 10-3mm/second that elucidated a minor scope from the above-mentioned rational technique value.

WSUD Technologies

According to Rasheed (2018), WSUD Technologies embrace the idea of engineering design for the metropolitan water cycle that in turn delineates stormwater, groundwater, management of waste and other similar municipal supplies to the urban centers. The very technology enwraps other intertwined practices and activities that associate the environmental facades altogether. The implied project proffers a substantial insight into the implicated water management plans of Kingaroy that are devised to decrease the augmented social and economic advantages of the city. WSUD technologies are opted for planning the design and structures, landscapes, and managing the water sensitivity issues of the region (Ahammed, 2017). Such sensitivity measures are deemed to rectify the sustainability of water resources usage modes. The process also associates the parameters to certify the environmental and augmented living and exchangeability of the populace of the targeted area.

The utilization of WSUD technologies features a myriad of perks, among which enhanced climatic flexibility in the recognized sphere, healthy lifestyle for the Kingaroys inhabitants and security of water throughout different hydrological cycles are significant (Rowlands, 2019). WSUD technologies pursue a few principles to run the applications, which are inscribed below.

WSUD technologies use an integrated approach in managing water and planning activities of land usage (Sharma et al., 2018). The standard assists WSUD in tackling the matters interrelated to the water management, which is highlighted in various drainage areas and sub-catchment settings.

Making ecological integrity certain

Guarantee conversion of biodiversity

Assuring the implications of different WSUD solutions including, structural, non-structural, and site-specific.

Reassuring communal values and perceived public health protection.

Swales and basins of bio-retention systems are prevalent instances of WSUD technologies. Moreover, the water out and inflows, porous paving, sand filters, infiltration system and water balance development in the recognized municipal area through using the equation of water balance are also prominent examples. In this context, it is imperative to comprehend that a region can feature soil column, catchment basin at the same time that, in turn, impact the water out and inflow plans to a great extent (Farooqui et al., 2016). The underlying project only pivots the estimation for 10ha land and addresses rainfalls, evaporation, change of storage and the steam flow as the primary variable that develops equations for water balances. The equation for water balance entails the following factors

SHAPE MERGEFORMAT

The equations above presume various methods, including evaporation, and the surface overspills, as the channels for precipitation in urban terrains. The implied measurements are recognized to understand the quantity of water that can be conveniently stored in the metropolitan area system. The approximation, in turn, assists in devising plans and schemes for sustainable and productively efficient resource utilization processes for urban centers. The data sources which are obtained throughout the study of Kingaroy Town illustrated certain water modifications and therefore, can be considered as a pragmatic analytical report. Furthermore, the conduits throughout the Kingaroy region are also evident and elucidated in the figure below

Implicating the Equation of Water Balance (Inflow Outflow--/-change in volume)

According to previously estimated calculation, the area yields a figure of 315m2 on the other hand, the annual precipitation demonstrated a number of 5.3x 109. In this case, the computation of debt was approximated as the yearly rainfall multiplied by the value of a given region, i.e. 53.4m. Similarly, the approximated storage value of the water was calculated as 14x 106 m3 meanwhile, 12m3/s and 23m3/sec were the inflows and outflows for the changes, respectively. In due course, the balance of water was computed as P-E-T- Q DS (825-625-100) 25mm.

References

Ahammed, F.(2017). A review of water-sensitive urban design technologies and practices  for sustainable stormwater management. Sustainable Water Resources  Management, 3(3), pp. 269-282.

Ahammed, F., Somerville, C., Hamilton, F. and Beardwell, R. (2017). Techno-Economic  Analysis of Hybrid Drainage Systems in South Australia. International Journal of  Environmental Science and Development, 8(6).

Anderson, J. E., Wulfhorst, G. and Lang, W., (2015). Energy analysis of the built  environmentA review and outlook. Renewable and Sustainable Energy  Reviews, Volume 44, pp. 149-158.

Australia Building Codes Board. (2019). Climate Zone Map Queensland. Online  Available at Accessed 3 June, 2019.

Azari, R. and Abbasabadi, N. (2018). Embodied energy of buildings A review of data,  methods, challenges, and research trends. Energy and Buildings, Volume 168, pp.  225-235.

BASIX, (2019). Terms and conditions of use. Online Available at Accessed 3 June,  2019. Chel, A. Kaushik, G. (2018). Renewable energy technologies for  sustainable development of energy efficient building. Alexandria Engineering  Journal, 57(2), pp. 655-669.

Cheshire, L. (2015). Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute. Chitchyan, R. et  al. (2016). Sustainability design in requirements engineering state of practice. s.l.,  ACM, pp. 533-542.

Climate Data Org. (2019). Climate Kingaroy. Online Available at Accessed 3 June,  2019.

Dataandtime Info. (2019). Geographic coordinates of Kingaroy, Australia. Online  Available at Accessed 4 June, 2019.

Dixit, M. K., Culp, C. H. and Fernandez-Solis, J. L. (2015). Embodied energy of  construction materials Integrating human and capital energy into an IO-based  hybrid model. Environmental science technology, 49(3), pp. 1936-1945.

Engineering and BIM. (2019). Client centric engineering creates maximum value.  Online Available at Accessed 3 June, 2019.

Farooqui, T. A., Renouf, M. A. L. and Kenway, S. J. (2016). A metabolism perspective  on alternative urban water servicing options using water mass balance. Water  Research, Volume 106, pp. 415-428.

Gneralp, B. et al. (2017). Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building  energy use through 2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  114(34), pp. 8945-8950.

Hk, T., Janoukov, S. and Moldan, B. (2016). Sustainable Development Goals A need  for relevant indicators. Ecological Indicators, Volume 60, pp. 565-573.

Hwang, S. M. and Phuah, S. L. (2018). Safety in green building construction projects in  Singapore Performance, critical issues, and improvement solutions. KSCE Journal  of Civil Engineering, 22(2), pp. 447-458.

Imteaz, M. A. and Ahsan, A. (2015). MUSIC for cost optimisation of stormwater  treatment systems. International Journal of Water, 9(3), pp. 302-314.

Kibert, C. J. (2016). Sustainable construction green building design and delivery.. s.l.,  John Wiley Sons.

Kingaroy, (2019). Kingaroy. Online Available at  https//www.southernqueenslandcountry.com.au/destinations/kingaroy Accessed  02 June, 2019.

Liu, H. Lin, B. (2016). Ecological indicators for green building construction.,.  Ecological Indicators, 67(0), pp. 68-77.

NSW Government. (2018). The Building sustainability Index and Local government  Addressing the Problems. Online Available at Accessed 3 June 2019.

Nsw. Government. (2019). About BASIX. Online Available at Accessed 2 June  2019. Rasheed, A. M. (2018). Adaptation of water sensitive urban design to  climate change (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology).

Rowlands, L. (2019). Erosion and Sediment ControlWSUD During the Construction  Phase of Land Development. In Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design (pp.  163-176). , s.l. Woodhead Publishing.

Salcido, J. C., Raheem, A. A. and Ravi, S. (2016). Comparison of embodied energy and  environmental impact of alternative materials used in reticulated dome  construction. Building and environment, Volume 96, pp. 22-34.

Sharma, A., Gardner, T. and Begbie, D. (2018). Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban  Design Potential, Design, Ecological Health, Urban Greening, Economics,  Policies, and Community Perceptions. , s.l. Woodhead Publishing.

Where is .com. (2019). Map of Kingaroy, QLD 4610. Online Available at Accessed 3  June, 2019. Zhou, L. et al. (2016). Energy consumption model and energy  efficiency of machine tools a comprehensive literature review. Journal of Cleaner  Production, Volume 112, pp. 3721-3734

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Term Paper

Your Name

Instructor Name

Date

Environmental Science

Water is at the core of sustainable development and plays a vital role in socio-economic development, food production, and healthy ecosystem as well. Moreover, water plays a critical role in the climatic conditions of a region and is a crucial link between the environment and society (Gleick 89). Owing to an increase in the global population, there is an increasing need to find a balance between the drinking water resources along with the competing commercial demands of water resources. Many water-related challenges are faced by society. According to the report published by the World Health Organization, more than 2.2 billion people lack access to uncontaminated drinking water ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tqjjuc4g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Water | United Nations})","plainCitation":"(Water | United Nations)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":256,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/I8XPIA9F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/I8XPIA9F"],"itemData":{"id":256,"type":"webpage","title":"Water | United Nations","URL":"https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Water | United Nations). Also, more than 4 billion people lack sanitation services due to the lack of water resources accessibility ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qzy0HMcn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Water | United Nations})","plainCitation":"(Water | United Nations)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":256,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/I8XPIA9F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/I8XPIA9F"],"itemData":{"id":256,"type":"webpage","title":"Water | United Nations","URL":"https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Water | United Nations). Lack of sanitation can lead to an increase in the rates of mortality especially among children under the age of five. Although United Nations has a history of addressing the global water crisis caused by an insufficient supply of water to cater to the basic needs of humans. However, the issue of lack of safe water is still prevailing in our society. This paper will discuss the major water resource issues along with the sustainability efforts that can be implemented to conserve water resources.

Water serves as an important ingredient in the development process of all countries. Based on exquisite research conducted on inadequate water resources, four major water problems that are faced by the world are identified. The problems identified are the provision of pollutant-free drinking water, water requirement for industrial, hydroelectric, and agricultural development, the sustainability of water development projects, and water resources development of water resources that are shared by two or more states. Despite the above-mentioned issues, water contamination is the major issue that is the source of multiple problems existing in our society.

After accounting for access to and availability of water resources, the poor quality of water can significantly reduce the amount of water consumption for sanitation, industrial and agricultural purposes. Acceptable water quality relies on its intended purpose. For instance, water that is considered unfit for human use can easily be utilized for industrial purposes and even for a few agricultural applications. Many parts of the world are experiencing deterioration of water quality, rendering water unfit for both industrial and agricultural uses (Biswas 2). Although scarcity of water is another issue yet having access to water resources does not guarantee water quality. This is because despite having an adequate amount of water resources, water can lack proper treatment and can become contaminated during home storage or transport from one place to another.

Several contaminants are there that can be considered unsafe. Contaminants can be biological and chemical contaminants such as viruses, bacteria, metals especially, iron and arsenic, parasites, and organic matter, etc. (Bommer & Eberhard Ritz 4) These contaminants can result in multiple water-borne diseases that include cholera, typhoid, dysentery, etc. Similarly, chemical pollutants such as arsenic are labeled as the most fecal water contaminants as per the report published by the WHO and UNICEF in collaboration. Further in the report, it was highlighted that more than 70% of illnesses in various developing countries are caused by the contaminated water that, in turn, increase the mortality rate, especially among children ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AnfBsatq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Water | United Nations})","plainCitation":"(Water | United Nations)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":256,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/I8XPIA9F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/sbFMNDWM/items/I8XPIA9F"],"itemData":{"id":256,"type":"webpage","title":"Water | United Nations","URL":"https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,16]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Water | United Nations).

In addition to the above-mentioned contaminants, physical qualities of water such as color, smell, and taste can cause water to be perceived as low or poor quality and is, therefore, considered as un-usable by the intended users. The volume of contaminants can significantly overwhelm the infrastructure or resources that are required to treat or remove them (Saeijs & Van Berkel 25). Moreover, cultural norms, along with governance structure, also play a crucial role in the reduction of water quality. It has been observed that in most of the developing countries water contamination solutions are often hindered by the lack of limited enforcement of chemical controls, emission standards, policies, and market-based incentives for water treatment or pollution control (Saeijs & Van Berkel 25). Although water quality is the main requirement for human life, however, it is also important for several industrial purposes as well. For instance, power generation, mining, and petroleum manufacturing industries are a few examples of industries that require high quality of water.

In the context of water resources, conservation, and improving water resources, it is necessary to first improve the accessibility of water. To address the water scarcity issue, government must collaborate with multiple industries to enable recycling and water reuse so that water cannot be wasted. Furthermore, the government must use and implement energy-efficient water-saving devices in industries so that water can be conserved. In terms of water contamination, several large scale options are available to remove contaminants from water (Biswas 3). For instance, distillation, which is the process of distillation that involves vaporization of substance to convert water into vapors and then condense it back to liquid form. This process facilitates in providing consistent purified water. While discussing small scale water resource sustainability options, boiling water or adding chlorine are the portions that can be used to remove contaminants from water (Biswas 6). On the domestic level, people can also use several methods to conserve water such as turning off the taps and boil the food that is necessary and using drip irrigation to water plants.

It is undeniably true that surface water is unequally distributed in the whole world. Therefore, it is necessary to sustain water by making dams, reducing water consumption on both domestic and industrial levels, and also reusing to avoid water wastage.

Works Cited:

Biswas, Asit K. "Major water problems facing the world." International Journal of Water Resources Development 1.1 (1983): 1-14.

Bommer, Jürgen, and Eberhard Ritz. "Water quality–A neglected problem in hemodialysis." Nephron 46.1 (1987): 1-6.

Gleick, Peter H. "Basic water requirements for human activities: meeting basic needs." Water international 21.2 (1996): 83-92.

Saeijs, H. L. F., and M. J. Van Berkel. "Global water crisis: the major issue of the 21st century, a growing and explosive problem." European Water Pollution Control 4.5 (1995): 26-40.

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Water | United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019.

Two Tittle

Intervention for Ebola

Multicultural Services for Native Americans

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Intervention for Ebola

Introduction

The Ebola virus disease is widely occurring disease due to epidemic nature and existence. This disease is most prevalent in the countries with a lack of economic stability and infrastructure, where poverty is more widely seen then the population itself of the country. The limitation of resources affects a country’s administration and infrastructure in most adverse manners. Hence, this research paper will explore the possible interventions for Ebola virus disease by identifying its emergence, occurrence, transmission, pathogenesis and prevention nationally as well as internationally on a global spectrum.

Background/ History

The first outbreak of Ebola virus disease, in 1976, simultaneously occurred in Sudan a place known as Nzara, where 151 people which were 54% of the diseased population died, and then in Zaire, Yambuku where 88% population died due to this disease (Khalafallah et al., 2017). This disease is named after a River which is situated near the village of Yambuku. The existing epidemic of Ebola happened recently in 2014, towards the West African side of the world. From there onwards it spread across the borders towards the Sierra Leone and Liberia, and then to Nigeria and Senegal. Therefore, due to this widespread, it got declared in 2014 as ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern’ by the World Health Organization (WHO). It became a global threat from there onwards, and these concerns were justified through the challenges due to early diagnosis, lack of proper vaccines and treatments, the nature of poor countries which was endemic. The average fatality rate of Ebola virus disease is approximately 50% (Morse, 2017). The rate increased from 2015 onwards and continued to grow till 2018, doing much damage.

According to different types of researches and studies, it is inferred that Ebola virus disease has dominantly affected the areas or countries which are economically deprived. The limitation of resources affects a country’s administration and infrastructure in most adverse manners. While probing into the elements which are leading towards the extensive outburst of the disease, it helps in countering it in the developing countries. Many epidemiologists perceived Ebola virus disease as a challenge to the whole system of healthcare rather just a scientific threat. This view is favored through the widely varying rate of mortality that ranges from 20% in developed countries to 80% in developing countries (Morse, 2017).

Discussion

Identification

The exact definition of Ebola virus is non-existent, but it can be defined through the animal species or kingdom it belongs to, as it is from Filoviridae family. It compromises of three genera;  Marburgvirus, Ebolavirus and Cuevavirus, from the order Mononegavirales. Total five number of Ebola virus species has been recognized: Sudan, Zaire, Reston, Bundibugyo, and Taï Forest. The viruses which are connected with huge outbreaks in Africa are Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus (Khalafallah et al., 2017). A recent outbreak in West Africa was instigated through Zaire ebolavirus, as this virus is also highly infectious among the five species. Due to this virus there occurred multiple outbreaks in Central Africa since 1976, with a 55%–88% death rate. A single-stranded non-segmented genome of negative-sense or pathological genomic RNA is contained by the Ebola virus (Ghazanfar et al., 2015).

Transmission of Disease

The definitive transmission of this disease is still not known by scientists or epidemiologists, due to the lethal nature of this virus and infrequency of human researches. However, the concurrent transfer of this disease takes place through two distinct ways; either it goes from human-human or from animal to human or from animal to animal (Ghazanfar et al., 2015). The transfusions through animals occur when a person is in contact with animal bush meat or direct contact with the primates carrying these infections, i.e., gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys and fruit bats. The main way of transmission is still through human to human in intimate relations or exchanging bodily fluids which have more tendency of carrying disease to the external environment, i.e., blood, sweat and semen (Morse, 2017). It can also be transferred through breast milk, and also the mosquito bites, infected syringes or needles are the ways of transferring this disease from one person to the other. Anyway, this disease does not spread through water or air, but it can also be spread through direct contact with the dead body of a person who died of Ebola virus (Khalafallah et al., 2017).

WHO and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) gave the recommendations, that individuals who are infected should be separated from each other for at least 21 days. This period of cultivation for Ebola virus is approximately from 2 to 21 days after the occurrence of initial infection. Recent researches have revealed that the transmission of Ebola virus ensues due to the high viral capacity of fluids occurring from the body. The infection remains in a person to the extent the virus is existent in the bodily fluids and blood of that person. A person with the prior disease occurrence, who has now totally recovered from this Ebola virus disease, is unable to spread it again. The Ebola virus has also been spotted in the ejaculation of the semen of a patient who has recovered, however, it is still not known if it can prevail through intercourse. Hence, the WHO recommends abstaining from sexual activities or to use the condoms for a time-span of approximately three months since the patient is healed from the disease.

Clinical Symptoms

The symptoms at the start of the disease of Ebola virus disease are headaches, fever, sore throat, and fatigue and muscles pain. After these symptoms, more symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, rashes, and vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, cough, and anorexia. The other symptoms may also include postural hypotension, confusion, edema and coma. In certain cases of Ebola virus disease, a rash develops of maculopapular nature after 5-7 days of the occurrence of symptoms (Ghazanfar et al., 2015). Whereas in severe cases, the person with the disease develops complications related to hemorrhagic symptoms, such that nose bleeding, mucosal hemorrhages, blood in stool, vomiting or coughing, ecchymoses, petechiae, irrepressible hemorrhage from venipuncture locations, convulsions, severe metabolic turbulences, shock, and failure of multiple organs. These are highly common causes for the mortality of the patients suffering from this disease. The symptoms occur at any point between 2 to 21 days. In the current outburst of this disease, gastrointestinal symptoms are frequently occurring (Khalafallah et al., 2017).

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Ebola virus disease is possible only when the virus is reachable to the level of detections in the blood after the occurrence of symptoms for three days. A test report which is negative before this happening does not exclude the possibility of Ebola virus disease. IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antigen-capture ELISA, and virus remoteness are the investigative tests accessible for the diagnosis of a person who shows up the diagnostic center within the three days of the symptoms occurrence of the disease (Ghazanfar et al., 2015).

Antibodies of IgG and IgM are utilized for the later diagnosis during the disease sequence or after the retrieval. The findings of laboratory related to Ebola virus disease are eminent liver enzymes which include thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Initially well-organized demagogic response with raised IL-1beta absorption and existence of IL-6 in a indicative patient is symptomatic of a worthy outcome, whereas a malfunctioning inborn immune-response with extreme activation of monocyte/macrophage through the relief of interleukin-10 enzyme, higher concentration of enzyme interleukin-1RA, lacking response of the antibody and higher neopterin after the onset of disease since few days is connected to a deadly result (Morse, 2017).

Rendering to a study, depletion of lymphoid and lymphopenia is related to the Zaire ebolavirus and is highly likeable due to apoptosis of lymphocyte via interactions of Fas/FasL enzyme. The extreme level of monocyte or macrophage instigation directs towards the “cytokine storm” which triggers the disseminated coagulation of intravascular cavity, vascular dysfunction, and hypotension, and it, therefore, results in the failure of multiple organs, vascular breakdown, and tremor. According to another researcher, the elevated levels of ferritin and thrombomodulin are highly connected with hemorrhage and death due to Ebola virus in the infected patients.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment is possible through defining different preventions, medications and recommendations regarding the Ebola virus disease. Numerous drugs are now being investigated as defensive treatments for Ebola virus disease, these medicines include clomiphene, amiodarone, and chloroquine. Estimation took place, giving the rate of 2-8 % of exported patients from the highly infected countries, i.e., Africa, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, along with other 64 % of economically lacking countries (Ghazanfar et al., 2015). This induces a threat to the communities which are affected due to the travellers from the infected countries. These travellers are mainly from Muslim countries leaving for annual pilgrimage or doing Hajj. Therefore, screening the airports or seaports or land boundaries from the infection carrying people would be a huge controlling or preventative measure of the outbreak or epidemic. Although, this prevention is not possible without help from the international sources, or it is possible through the collaboration of global forces. There are other more extreme ways of combatting this disease in the countries who are not yet affected by its epidemic and that is there should be a ban on all type of the transportation; either human or goods transportation through any route. A study conducted in China used the basic reproductive number for calculating the number of people who were infected imported cases and they also explored the result of prevention by early interventions which lead towards the decrease in prevalence or duration of the outbreak of such viral diseases (Morse, 2017). Urgent measures taken in all the economically deprived countries will help in combatting the disease.

There are various barriers in preventing the disease control in the countries which are already affected by the epidemic. These hindrances include a disorganized and irresolute system of healthcare and prevention, sub-standardized conditions of sanitary, false stigmas and beliefs and poor practice of personal hygiene. Furthermore, the barriers which are involved in creating disruptions related to the implementation of the preventions include unavailability of basic necessities of life in such areas and countries, i.e., water, electricity, communication services among the healthcare personnel and lack of timely transportation facilities for the patients of this disease. The strategies must be devised by the chief authorities of the public health sector and a track record of all the available resources needed for the prevention of these diseases should be kept in order to advance the preventative measures in developing or destitute countries.

Global Health and Communication

The beginning of any disease control and prevention occurs through awareness, and this awareness is necessary to be created worldwide, as it is affecting the healthcare of the people all over the globe due to the nature of this disease which is virulent. Travellers from all over the world are the mere transmitters of diseases, just like they transfer their cultures and trends through them to other people and countries. Therefore, the travellers from the poor or developing countries may induce the germs or viruses from them to the countries where they are living. The global health is thereby affected due to the emergence of tourism and travelling due to business etc.

As the first step of the prevention program, the education and awareness of the people are significant in promoting the healthcare practices and eliminating the false beliefs and practices regarding such virulent diseases, which are associated with supernatural and non-existential forces. The education should be provided through every sort of media, whether it is print, social or digital media, and these mediums should educate people on the history, symptoms, mode of transmission, and the protection or prevention methods and significance of personal hygiene care. The interventions directed by the community and its leader will help in combatting the disease more effectively. However, WHO as a global leader will help in preventing the disease, as it coordinates and directs the authority on working on health-related issues internationally. A proper plan for implementing the emergency care, accurate surveillance, facilitating with adequate quarantine endurance, management of cases and tracing the occurrence is needed and no better provider of such plan than the WHO organization or other international organization which are working on the epidemic and health-related issues of the whole world.

Subsequently, training is an important factor in providing a plan for preventative measures and awareness. The healthcare provider is given the education and training regarding the areas of prompt diagnosis and the isolative phase of a potential patient who might be the carrier of the viral disease. They should also be taught for wearing protective personnel equipment and techniques for safe burial without any contact with the dead person. The adequate supply of products like, owns, gloves, masks, disinfectants and soaps, along with the safety precautions should be provided to especially the person dealing laboratory procedures and is performing pre-transfusion assessments (Morse, 2017).

Conclusions

Concluding the interventions for Ebola virus disease, it includes the control and prevention of the disease at federal, state and global level. The disease is virulent in nature which makes is easily portable or transmittable from human-human or from animal to human or from animal to animal. The transfusions through animals occur when a person is in contact with animal bush meat or direct contact with the primates carrying these infections, i.e., gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys and fruit bats. The existing epidemic of Ebola happened recently in 2014, towards the West African side of the world. From there onwards it spread across the borders towards the Sierra Leone and Liberia, and then to Nigeria and Senegal. WHO and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) gave the recommendations, that individuals who are infected should be separated from each other for at least 21 days. However, WHO as a global leader will help in preventing the disease, as it coordinates and directs the authority on working on health-related issues internationally. The infection remains in a person to the extent the virus is existent in the bodily fluids and blood of that person. A person with the prior disease occurrence, who has now totally recovered from this Ebola virus disease, is unable to spread it again. According to different types of researches and studies, it is inferred that Ebola virus disease has dominantly affected the areas or countries which are economically deprived. There are various symptoms of Ebola virus disease and it is not recognized by just two or three symptoms, and since it’s a progressive disease the symptoms increase day by day, i.e., symptoms occur at any point between 2 to 21 days. The limitation of resources affects a country’s administration and infrastructure in most adverse manners.

Multicultural Services for Native Americans

Introduction

Native people have an exclusive dwelling inside a society which is multicultural. The historical background of Native Americans in the United States varies a great deal from the people who arrived as an immigrant from various countries. Therefore, a primary goal for several Native Americans or indigenous people has been survival by isolation and separation and rather than pursuing an abode inside a multicultural country or society. People are mostly unaware of the fact that some state and the federal government have specified certain legal laws, moral rights and accountabilities towards the Native Americans or these indigenous people, not to the other populations in America. The services providers of humanity who work for and with the Native Americans are obliged to understand and apprehend the issues which are specifically related to these indigenous people in all-inclusive society with different cultures, race and ethnicities. This research paper will explore the distinctive status in the United States of Native Americans by discussing the concepts of theory and multicultural education, PEN3 model cultural beliefs & practices, culture assessment, multicultural communication, alternative health paradigms and global health and it will also examine the implications of the practice for their role and status in a multicultural society. This paper will begin with an outline of the social services with Native Americans, who are culturally knowledgeable, and then it will examine explicit problems or concerns such as sovereignty and historic trauma with which the workers of human services and social workforces should be acquainted with for serving the Native American population effectively.

Discussion

Theory and Multicultural Education

There are various theories of multicultural education used with regard to the continuation of certain trends proceeding from long times into the cultural practice of America. The further assertion of multicultural education is to be harmonious with the rudimentary democratic values and principles of valuable and equality in interpreting few fundamental ideas of the American cultural and social teaching into practice and it fosters cultural pluralism. Therefore three types of theories are identified as the theories of multicultural education; this includes conservative multiculturalism, liberal multiculturalism, and left-liberal multiculturalism. Subsequent sections will give a brief account of these theories (Soto et al., 2018).

The theory of conservative multiculturalism

The traditional viewpoint in multicultural education is related to the conservative theory. This theory believes that a multiculturism is a dividing factor and it also argues that the norms and conventions of a dominant and prevailing culture should be internalized. Primarily, conservatives are interested in the transfer of cultural heritage and fixed knowledge which is based on the preservation of social order. These conservatives are frightened by the presence of harmful or destructive thoughts which are under the cover of values like diversity, tolerance and pluralism and these values are fed on the myths related to multiculturism in the schools on federal or state level. These multicultural conservatives perceive culture as an essentialist, fixed and predetermined factor. The followers of this approach want to hope for integrating various people from the indigenous background into the society without majorly inducing the changes or alterations in society. These multiculturalists believe in the no change formula for the world.

The theory of liberal multiculturalism

This theory of liberal multiculturism is based on the intellectual equality of racial and ethnic backgrounds. It accepts that all the racial and ethnic groups are naturally and intellectually equal, regardless of their cultural or ethnic differences. The multicultural liberalists are respectful about the culture and ethnic dissimilarities; also they are supportive of the cultural sensitivity in educational curriculum and teaching, along with cherishing the cultural traditions. The education according to liberal multiculturalists suggests that the strategies, styles of learning, and integration of school and parents are essential to the education of multicultural liberalists. The teachers who are followers of liberalist multicultural theory apply the practices of this theory into their educational development and improvement, such that these teachers introduce certain aspects of cultural diversity into their teachings and are great supporters of bilingual education. The content taught to the student according to a liberalistic perspective includes various cultures and backgrounds. Therefore, teachers are supposedly ready to understand the multicultural force of students who are from diverse backgrounds i.e., Native Americans and they also should know how to communicate with the parents of these Native Americans (Soto et al., 2018).

The theory of left-liberal multiculturalism

This theory critically expands on the teachings and focus on educational programs and instructions of liberalist theory, including the demand for structural change in the system of education. This theory provides a cultural framework and background about the way of imbalanced supremacy associations that are preserved at an institutional and a structural level in everyday interactions. Various theorists have criticized contemporary societies and state that it builds pressures on one group or the other, thus they should be eliminated and the programs of multicultural education should be completely reorganized for reflecting the apprehensions of diverse cultural or ethnic groups. This viewpoint positions the educational believes and practices, i.e., class management, educational programs, and provision for balancing a class. It is normally is considered as per the requirements of all the students and recommends that a variety of students should be considered in all the possible aspects. Also, this perspective laid emphasis on the prominence of the membership of students in the school for making wide decision processes. It, therefore, indulges the minority parents or low social group children for participation. It also signifies the school’s participation in local projects of social actions and the contribution of groups which are nontraditional, for instance, people of dissimilar genders and races, also the disabled people.

PEN3 Model

To understand the cultural influence on the health and wellbeing of a society PEN-3 model was devised. Airhihenbuwa developed this model in 1989, in an answer to the deceptive exclusion of culture in order to explain the outcomes of health in current models and theories of health behavior (Alismail, 2016). The cultural model, PEN-3 integrates culture in the education of wellbeing behaviors, beliefs and outcomes. This theoretical model also dwells the culture at the central point of the implementation, development, and appraisal of effective interventions of public health. It further emphases on the part played by the culture as a linking network in which the actions and perceptions of individuals concerning the health should be defined and shaped, whereas recognizing that such actions and perceptions are helpful in constructing the beliefs related to health that are replicated for expressing their ethnic principles. Moreover, the cultural model of PEN-3 proposes a structural frame for centralizing the culture when describing the issues and problems related to health or wellbeing and outlining the possible solutions (Soto et al., 2018). These solutions are helpful in encouraging and rewarding the positive beliefs and values that are sustained positively, and not focusing only on adversely affecting values.

Cultural Beliefs and Practices

The belief and practices of every culture differ greatly based upon ethnicity or background. The Native Americans are culturally different and so are their practices, it is important for a social worker or an educator to work by reflecting on the belief system, world view and values which are essential according to the above-mentioned theories and models and they should be utilized within the framework of human services. The beliefs and practices of the social worker or the teacher should also be looked upon by the individual him or herself. The discipline of a practitioner forms the ways in which situations are interpreted and evaluated. For effectively working with the multicultural groups, a professional teacher or social worker must be efficiently equipped with cultural competence (Alismail, 2016).

There are three basic principles of cultural competence; adequate knowledge, self-reflective and aware of biases and reflection of knowledge with skills of practice. For developing self-reflection, the formation of creativity is important in an educator or social worker. They should be creative enough to reflect on their own cultural beliefs and practices and remove any biases which are in contradiction to the beliefs and practice of the Native Americans. These social workers and practitioners are to reflect critically on their beliefs and practice systems. Concerns about what is considered as an issue, the object of interventions, the basis of difficulties, suitable interventions, along with the anticipated consequences is all stranded into a specific system of beliefs and practices that is either similar or dissimilar to the client’s system of cultural beliefs and practices (Soto et al., 2018).

Culture Assessment

The cultural competence is possible through cultural screening or assessment, and it is done through the ways devised by social workers, healthcare professionals or educators for assessing the cultural values, beliefs, and practices of the patients that are utilized for better-individualized care, and also for achieving positive consequences (Alismail, 2016). Cultural assessment is essential for planning the care for the patients, so the nurses or healthcare professionals should be familiar with the dynamics of the culture and numerous ethnocultural groups of the United States. It is helpful for the nurses to create a generic approach, rather than taking virtual lessons for learning about diverse cultures (Soto et al., 2018). The rudimentary evidence for the cultural assessment for the patients is that they have a right to their cultural values, beliefs, and practices and that such factors should be respected, understood, and measured when given the care of cultural competence. It also refers to cultural embeddedness, that is the alignment of the patient with his native culture and it is important for the nurses or socials workers to be equally affiliated with the cultural beliefs regarding the patient.

Multicultural Communication

The communication in a culturally diverse population is essentially important but it is difficult in the context that people may not know the languages used by each other. Therefore, a culturally competent nurse or stoical worker must be aligned with the traditional language or at least they should be able to comprehend the language of the patient and easily make them understand the English language used by the nurses or social personnel (Alismail, 2016). Effective intercultural communication is possible through common communication patterns. Every culture or country has its own distinctive language, accent or ways of encoding and decoding messages. The people are connected through sharing these elements of languages with each other. The cultural sensitivity of a social worker or nurse practitioner is important while communicating with patients from diverse cultures and ethnicities. The people with cultural sensitive are easy to deal with than the people who are not culturally sensitive. Working with the multicultural patients is risky and dangerous as inadequate knowledge about the patient's cultural background and ethnicity or language will lead towards misunderstandings and pricy errors, including giving not an accurate diagnosis and also violating the ethical beliefs and practices of the patients, thus offending the patient and his sentiments(Alismail, 2016). Subsequently, it is necessary for a health or social worker to learn about the patient's cultural beliefs and sensitivity, this aspect is important in the provision of healthcare in multicultural societies.

Alternative Health Paradigms

Recently, in the healthcare industry, there is an influential shift of paradigm that revolutionizes the ways of healthcare provision. This shift is known as the alteration in the maintenance and control of disease and treatment or preventions in healthcare (Alismail, 2016). This shift is taking the healthcare control into the hands of the patients, rather than the physicians or nurses or hospitals. The healthcare delivery is moving from big offices or buildings into the homes or portable devices of the patients. The main driving force for the paradigm shift is due to the economic awareness of the healthcare cost to the consuming of healthcare insurances by the patients. The market is moving towards the reimbursement based on the worth or price along with the hasty alterations in the insurance of healthcare that created a vast link to the information to be delivered to the patients on the spot (Soto et al., 2018). The possibility of this alternative health paradigm occurred due to the advancement of technology and innovative smart devices.

Global Health

As the first step of the prevention program, the education and awareness of the people are significant in promoting the healthcare practices and eliminating the false beliefs and practices regarding such virulent diseases, which are associated with supernatural and non-existential forces. The education should be provided through every sort of media, whether it is print, social or digital media, and these mediums should educate people on the history, symptoms, mode of transmission, and the protection or prevention methods and significance of personal hygiene care. The interventions directed by the community and its leader will help in combatting the disease more effectively. However, WHO as a global leader will help in preventing the disease, as it coordinates and directs the authority on working on health-related issues internationally. A proper plan for implementing the emergency care, accurate surveillance, facilitating with adequate quarantine endurance, management of cases and tracing the occurrence is needed and no better provider of such plan than the WHO organization or other international organization which are working on the epidemic and health-related issues of the whole world (Alismail, 2016).

Conclusion

This paper began with an outline of the social services with Native Americans, who are culturally knowledgeable, and then it also examined explicit problems or concerns such as sovereignty and historic trauma with which the workers of human services and social workforces should be acquainted with for serving the Native American population effectively. This research paper further explored the distinctive status in the United States of Native Americans by discussing the concepts of theory and multicultural education, PEN3 model cultural beliefs & practices, culture assessment, multicultural communication, alternative health paradigms and global health and it also examined the implications of the practice for their role and status in a multicultural society. There are various theories of multicultural education used with regard to the continuation of certain trends proceeding from long times into the cultural practice of America. Therefore three types of theories are identified as the theories of multicultural education; this includes conservative multiculturalism, liberal multiculturalism, and left-liberal multiculturalism. The traditional viewpoint in multicultural education is related to the conservative theory. The theory of liberal multiculturism is based on the intellectual equality of racial and ethnic backgrounds. Further, the theory critically expands on the teachings and focus on educational programs and instructions of liberalist theory, including the demand for structural change in the system of education. Airhihenbuwa developed this model in 1989, in an answer to the deceptive exclusion of culture in order to explain the outcomes of health in current models and theories of health behavior. The belief and practices of every culture differ greatly based upon ethnicity or background. The communication in a culturally diverse population is essentially important but it is difficult in the context that people may not know the languages used by each other. Recently, in the healthcare industry, there is an influential shift of paradigm that revolutionizes the ways of healthcare provision.

References

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Alismail, H. A. (2016). Multicultural Education: Teachers' Perceptions and Preparation. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(11), 139-146.