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Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Analysis of Sustainability Index and Sustainability Indicator

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Analysis of Sustainability Index and Sustainability Indicator

Introduction

Sustainability assessment is a methodology that facilitates decision-makers and policymakers to decide what kind of action should be taken or avoided so as to make society more sustainable. Sustainability assessment enables different organizations to communicate sustainability goals as well as benefits to the stakeholders. Also, this measurement is a good tool for influencing the opinion of the public and empowering awareness regarding stability. In order to measure sustainability, the indicators used are, sustainability Seattle community and ecological footprint. Ecological footprint is one of the measurements that analyzes human demand on nature. It includes the quantity of natural resources that is required to support a particular community or economy. Thus support is provided to the Seattle community that will promote the creation of regional indicators for stability ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Y9QSW9Jy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Open Data Platform}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Open Data Platform, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"webpage","title":"Open Data Platform","URL":"http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Open Data Platform, n.d.). Sustainable Seattle’s indicators perform their job to influence cities and groups in terms of dos and don’ts. It is also acknowledged as one of the world’s leaders in suitability indicators that is based on the goals and values of a community.

Discussion

Ecological Footprint is an indicator that is an account or measure of human demand in terms of global biological resources. This tool compares the level of consumption with the amount of available bioproduct land and sea area. Also, the major unification was that of carbon, fishing groups, cropland, forest products, grazing lands, and the built-up land. Taking into account the data collected from the Sustainable Seattle Community Indicator Report, several pieces of information were collected ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tXNqdGv6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Seattle, WA: Sustainable Seattle","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998: A status report on long-term cultural, economic, and environmental health for Seattle/King County (p. 4)","title-short":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998","author":[{"family":"Meadows","given":"Donella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Meadows, 1998). It is found that the indicators of the sustainable community are meant or defined to impose the actions of a community in private interest as that of the coming generations. In terms of Wild Salmons, there is natural sustainability in the community and its linkage is found in food production, recreation, and tourism. In terms of ecological health, it is found that natural vegetation is increasing and it shows the spread of human influence along with a broader decline in the ecological health within the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Thbcms2z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Seattle, WA: Sustainable Seattle","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998: A status report on long-term cultural, economic, and environmental health for Seattle/King County (p. 4)","title-short":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998","author":[{"family":"Meadows","given":"Donella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Meadows, 1998). It is found that the continuous development and reduction in vegetation will have an effect on the ecological health such as the fact that streams will become more degraded ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IMNDPsOt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Open Data Platform}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Open Data Platform, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"webpage","title":"Open Data Platform","URL":"http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Open Data Platform, n.d.). The ecological health is connected with other indicators such as soil erosion, water consumption, impervious surfaces, wild salmons and farm acreage. It is found that there are evidences of pressure on streams as well as local landscapes due to the lack of vegetation. In the context of soil erosion, the turbidity levels are found to have restored to the previous levels and it is difficult to determine the human activity impacts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WO9UjOvb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Seattle, WA: Sustainable Seattle","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998: A status report on long-term cultural, economic, and environmental health for Seattle/King County (p. 4)","title-short":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998","author":[{"family":"Meadows","given":"Donella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Meadows, 1998). Soil erosion is linked to indicators such as vehicle movement, impervious surfaces, population, and ecological health. Air quality is found to be improving continuously. The number of good air quality has increased by up to 89%. However, the social, economic and other external factors are assumed to be challenged in the future. Air quality is linked with the patterns of transportation as well as population growth. The population growth has also slowed the top 1% and it is linked with other external and internal systems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KOiNzkX8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Open Data Platform}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Open Data Platform, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"webpage","title":"Open Data Platform","URL":"http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Open Data Platform, n.d.). Suitability trends in solid waste generated and recycled are better, however, the amounts of solid waste is greater ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SuI2fInr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Meadows, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":354,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/45Y8C2YC"],"itemData":{"id":354,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Seattle, WA: Sustainable Seattle","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998: A status report on long-term cultural, economic, and environmental health for Seattle/King County (p. 4)","title-short":"Indicators of sustainable community 1998","author":[{"family":"Meadows","given":"Donella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Meadows, 1998). Farmland is decreasing while organic farming is rising. The renewable and nonrenewable energy usage accounts almost half of the growth of nonrenewable energy sources. Seattle community has a P-Patch program that continues to blossom and it reflects the growth rate of the community in gardening. It is also linked to the social, economic and environmental concerns ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"d0edhyg1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Open Data Platform}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Open Data Platform, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/9MKKIV3G"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"webpage","title":"Open Data Platform","URL":"http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020",1,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Open Data Platform, n.d.).

Gibson’s criteria for suitability assessment

Ecological Footprint is a tool that meets social-ecological system integrity because life support functions such as using animal products and how it will be affected by the environment is defined ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"3MIDw1SS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sustainability assessment: criteria and processes","title-short":"Sustainability assessment","author":[{"family":"Gibson","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Selma"},{"family":"Tansey","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gibson et al., 2013).

Livelihood of suffices and opportunity is also defined and determined by the Gibson’s tool of assessment because Ecological Footprint paves the way for improvement in the ways that don’t compromise the future generations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YX1sRJi1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sustainability assessment: criteria and processes","title-short":"Sustainability assessment","author":[{"family":"Gibson","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Selma"},{"family":"Tansey","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gibson et al., 2013).

Interageneration policy requirement is also met by the assessment tool because it ensures the effectiveness and practice of the ways that can reduce gas in sufficiency of resources and opportunities of health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dOGILSgc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sustainability assessment: criteria and processes","title-short":"Sustainability assessment","author":[{"family":"Gibson","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Selma"},{"family":"Tansey","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gibson et al., 2013).

Intergenerational equity is also a standard that is met because the present actions and choices are more likely to enhance or persecute the opportunities for the growth of future generations.

Resource maintenance and efficiency is also met by Ecological Footprint because it restores sustainable livelihood by reducing threats of long term integrity of socio-ecological systems.

Socio-ecological activity and democratic governance is also a standard that is met by the ecological footprints because the decision-making bodies are attracted in terms of applying suitable requirements through an informed market. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"gg3BMN72","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sustainability assessment: criteria and processes","title-short":"Sustainability assessment","author":[{"family":"Gibson","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Selma"},{"family":"Tansey","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gibson et al., 2013)

Precaution and adaptation is another standard that is met by ecological footprints taking into account that the tool incorporates long term planning and management for adaptation.

Immediate and long term integration is another standard that is fulfilled because the application of all the principles of sustaining promote the mutually supported benefits as well as multiple environmental gains ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YN7uVkxs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Gibson et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":357,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/6bWeQAmN/items/FJZNQVXS"],"itemData":{"id":357,"type":"book","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sustainability assessment: criteria and processes","title-short":"Sustainability assessment","author":[{"family":"Gibson","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Selma"},{"family":"Tansey","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gibson et al., 2013).

Conclusion

The data of indicators and the assessment tools are gathered by the assimilation of different survey-based techniques and online calculation of ecological footprints by using the organization’s websites. Indicators are added to address the requirements as well as to undergo a componential analysis which can provide better results. The limitations found in the ecological footprint are that of "country-based” data while the limitation of the reports was that of “already recorded as well as uncertified or unverified data”.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Gibson, B., Hassan, S., & Tansey, J. (2013). Sustainability assessment: Criteria and processes. Routledge.

Meadows, D. (1998). Indicators of sustainable community 1998: A status report on long-term cultural, economic, and environmental health for Seattle/King County (p. 4). Seattle, WA: Sustainable Seattle.

Open Data Platform. (n.d.). Retrieved January 17, 2020, from http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 3 Words: 900

Managing Complex Problems In Rangeland Ecosystems

Student’s Name

Instructor

Course Code

Date

Managing Complex Problems in Rangeland Ecosystems

The article “Managing Complex Problems in Rangeland Ecosystems” was authored by Chad S. Boyd and Tony J. Svejcar and published 2009. It illustrates the finding of the Grazing Act enacted in the recent years to protect the rangeland. It illustrates the finding regarding the impact of Grazing Act to the livestock and the natural resources. The study established that though the Act allows for the preservation of the natural resources, it created a huge negative impact on the livestock. It is stated that it resulted to the reduction of the livestock due to lack of natural resources to be utilized. Therefore, it is the best tool which addressed the problem of large scale natural resource problem. The article pointed that the problem rangeland facing are related to overgrazing of livestock, overharvesting and pollution. All these problems can be addressed using policy. And therefore, the article illustrated that these problems are better off to be addressed through the use of policies and therefore, it is the reason Graceland Act and Taylor Act was coiled and passed by the legislatures.

In my own opinion, the problem of rangeland could easily be addressed through incorporation of various strategies which include the utilization of the Graceland Act and Taylor Act to find a lasting solution of the large scale natural resource problem. It is important to use elaborate system which include the use of natural chemicals to kill disease which affect the rangeland. Therefore, the finding illustrated in the article could be appropriate measures which could be used to address the problem related to rangeland issues. The management should recognize the diplomancy and utilize the management system which brings stakeholders together to address the problem. The act alone cannot solve the problems which affect the rangeland.

Work cited

Chad, Boyd and Tony, Svehcar. Managing Complex Problems in Rangeland Ecosystems, Society for Range Management: URL: https://doi.org/10.2111/08-194.1

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Mapping Assignment 3

Mapping Assignment 3

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Sierra Club is an environmental organization based in the San Francisco. It was registered in 1892 by a Scottish-American environmentalist John Muir. Since then Sierra Club has grown all over the country with several volunteers working closely to preserve the environment to make our future better. Its core objectives are to champion the solution to various environmental problems and fight for the environmental and social justice which destroys the future. Sierra Club works to provide safe water, land protection, clean air and vibrate natural world. The Sierra Club foundation was therefore, formed to promote climate conservation, solution, and movement which is build through a powerful combination of strategic grassroots advocacy. In the last years, it has worked in partnership with other organization to secure the protection for over 439 Parks and Monuments, and several Coal plants. It has over 7,500 trained volunteers and 1.3 million members worldwide. It is therefore, one of the most active and recognizes environmental organization working to make the future of environment better. This paper, therefore, provide illustration of several sustainability levels or methods, which Sierra Club applies to achieve its core objectives of delivery a clean environment for to build the future of the planet.

Level Sustainability Systems Map

The concept of sustainability is the intricate one and it is possible to apply some of its general characteristic by adopting, system, success, strategy, tools and action to address the concerns of an organization. Sierra Club has implemented several projects to ensure that it achieved its core objectives, which is to make the environment clean and protect for the future.

System

Sierra Club core aim is to promote solutions to problems faced in making the environment clear. In order to achieve its objectives it has designed its driven goals for more sustainable environmental condition. The strategy of the organization is to transform energy into eco-friendly sustainable energy system. The organization works with other partners to campaign for the use of green energy such as solar, and wind energy instead of hydro and nuclear, which is main source of global warming. It has worked with major organizations and governments to design green energy strategies. Sierra Club also preserves the land, air and water. This is to make sure that our water, land and air are kept clean to build a better future with a clean and safe environment. Sierra Club has abroad strategy to make sure that everyone have got opportunity to access clean water, air and land and therefore, it gives everyone opportunity to fight for the good our planet. In this case, the organization works with other organization to make laws or policies which gives people opportunity to provide solutions to several environmental problems we faced today.

Success

Sierra Club recruited people, which can help it achieve its core objectives. The company then implement is core goals by working together with strategic partners. This was achieved by recruiting and educating people who can assist the organization in providing solution to the problem facing the environment. Sierra has recruited over 1.3 million members and several volunteers, which gives the organization advantage in terms of voice in the society. It can therefore, use its numbers to campaign for several issues, which can help in solving the environmental problems.

Strategy

Sierra Club strategy is to come together to achieve great things using several goals. First, it is to bring community together to fight for what they believe in. This has made the company very successful in last 127 years of its existence. The strategy of the company includes forming partnership and building policies which are environmental solution oriented. The strategy of the company is based on the impact it tends to create and the concerns, which many have raised. Even though Sierra Club does not have clear projects addressing the environmental challenges, its key strategy is campaign for policy formulation and enactment of laws which can help in solving environmental problems. This has made it to achieve a milestone over the last years.

Action

The company involves in research to create opportunity for people to get the best alternative source of energy. Through its work, it has ensured that renewable energy is implemented in the United States to help protect the environment. It also provides education to institutions and the younger generation to get them more involving in thinking about the future of the planet. The most efficient way to solve the problem facing the environment is through policy formulation, partnership and educating the public. Sierra Club takes the highest action to campaign and educate people to solve the environmental problems. The action of the organization should include, campaigns, educating or training, and demonstrations to achieve its core goals.

Tools

The company has designed user friendly website to make it easy for members to join the course and donate as well. This is meant to assist the organization is working towards achieving its co re objectives. It also promotes and educates people on issues related to conservation of the environment. The tool be used include, partnership with vendors to work closely with the industrial sectors in addressing the problems being faced by companies. Lack of proper mean of disposal force companies to dispose into the sea or lake, however, partnership with vendors increase access to disposal means and therefore, it help the organization to address a major challenge in the industrial sector.

Strategic Principles of Natural Capitalism

Level

Approach

Risk

Opportunities

Level 1: System

Economy is a great factor in environmental aspect. And natural capital reducing the economic growth in the future.

Inefficient definition of limiting natural capital as key aspect for the future put the conservation and solution to the problems are risk.

It’s difficult to incorporate natural capital and economy. It makes it difficult for the organization to operate focusing on its core aims.

It is important to include planet in the mission and operation of the organization. It is likely to help in recognizing the natural capital hence provide a better way of addressing the problem.

Level 2:

Principle for Sustainability. Success

Protection of the natural capital

Without protection the entire generation is exposed to a lot of risks

It is important to preserve and protect plants and deserts across the country.

Level 3: Strategic Principle

The investment should be done in the natural capital

Loop material system should be closed.

Waste materials from households and fertilizer make it difficult to achieve its goals.

Waste from restaurants and factories are properly disposed.

No waste assessment has been done and implemented by the organization.

Research output is not properly being used for the intended goals.

The reintroduction of endanger species makes it hard to conserve the environment as expected by the company.

It needs to increase its campaigns to zero emission and also invert disposal system which is eco friendly.

Work together with city and state offices to establish legislation to enforce reuse of some materials to level of disposal.

Take a lead in advocacy for environmental conservation and also provide solution required to solve the environmental related problems.

Level 4: Action

Several actions are required to help the organization achieve its objectives.

Air conditioning is used during summer and this consumes a lot of energy.

The water should be recycled to avoid wastages .

Investment should be done on reusable materials to help in the conservation of the environment. The company urged residents to recycle bags, and other reusable materials for the sake of the environment.

Campaign for increase usage of renewable energy. Introduce eco energy technology in all sectors to help in reducing he global warming.

It is also important to campaign for the construction of buildings with green energy technology to help in saving energy.

Level 5: Tools

Existing goals is needed for the success operations.

It is clearly been demonstrated that there is lack of tools for evaluation of the achievement. It undermines the course. Tracking of the operations and the success are also not and this therefore, undermines the course.

It should utilize its partnership and stakeholders to spread the work. This can be to indentify the risk and provide necessary solution.

It should also work with governments and international bodies to identify areas of partnership to strengthen the work of the organization in ensuring that the environment is protected.

Zero Waste Emission

Level

Approach

Risk

Opportunities

Level 1: System

Waste disposal can limit the social ecology

Ban on the use of hydro and nuclear can help in reducing emission though the organization has no power to affect such ban. This cause a big risk to the society.

It’s time to work with UNEP and other organizations to formulating a policy to force organization to implement green energy and avoid the use of hydro and nuclear source of energy.

Level 2:

Principle for Sustainability. Success

Remove factors which lead to emission of gases.

Lack of ability to mobilize resource to eliminate these factors.

Create education programs on emission related issues.

Mobilize organizations and governments to implement renewable energy to reduce emission of gases.

Level 3: Strategic Principle

Reduce the usages of machines and other elements, which emit gases into the atmosphere.

Formulate zero emission policy.

Lack of efficient equipments for waste management is a big problem, which need to be addressed.

There is lack of data on the waste management.

Lack of quantitative assessment, which had been conducted and therefore, it makes it difficult to implement its policies.

Focus on educating people on recycling techniques.

Recycle recyclable wastes to avoid usage of dumping sites.

Provide opportunities to increase public participation in eradicating wastes.

Use its volunteer network to help in campaigning for policy formulations by various government agencies.

Level 4: Action

It should focus on working together with industries and government to address the problem.

The delivery of service is based on campaigns and advocacy. This makes it difficult to implement an action oriented to address the problem which affects the society.

For partnership in developing more energy saving materials or equipment to address the global challenges.

Building eco intelligent solution to solve the problem of waste management in our cities.

Partnership with vendors and industries to reduce the wastages being dumped into the sea.

Industries to use solar panels and other renewable energy top stop dependency on nuclear and hydro.

Level 5: Tools

It should use various accounting system to solve the problem.

There is lack of equipments to help in addressing the ecological issues. This makes it difficult for the organization to evaluate how it engages its resources in addressing the problems.

Increase the level of transparency into the way the environmental issues are being addressed.

It is also necessary to applied true cost by integrating its with the best model to help in the accountability hence achieving the objectives of the organization would be easier.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 6 Words: 1800

Measles

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Date]

Community and Broken Windows

Measles is a highly pandemic infection that is also called rubella, caused by a virus. Measles is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the family paramyxoviridae. Although, due to the availability of vaccination, measles is preventable yet still, it is prevailing in many countries. Measles can be serious and can be fatal for newborns.

Specifically, in the US in 1960s, a measles outbreak occurred. It was reported that 3000 people per million were affected by the disease. After the discovery of vaccines and with the help of CDC intervention, measles was prevented and in the year 2000, it was eradicated from the US. However, the disease is still prevailing and according to the CDC, the US experienced more than 17 outbreaks in 2018 which are alarming ("Measles Cases and Outbreaks").

Typically, after exposure to the virus, signs, and symptoms of the measles take 10 to 14 days to appear. The symptoms include fever, sore throat, severe coughing, runny nose, and inflamed eyes. Due to measles, koplik’s spots also start to appear on the inner lining of the cheek. After some time, red spots start appearing on the face and gradually spreads to the entire body (Jenkin 194). Measles can spread by the coughing and sneezing of an infected person. The measles virus can live in the air for approximately two hours, so if a person inhales the contaminated air they also become infected with measles.

Physicians can diagnose measles by looking at the symptoms, especially through rashes on the face and body. To treat the diseases, it is recommended that a child must drink plenty of water as a high fever can cause dehydration. People should abstain from smoking near an infected child. A child should avoid going to school as other children can also get infected by measles. To relieve measles cough, it is recommended to use humidifiers in the room of an infected child. In the US, measles vaccine is regularly given at 12 to 14 months of age. This is followed by a booster shot given to children at the age of 3 to 6 years before entering school (Toole 381). Thus, it is necessary that every child must be vaccinated to prevent the disease.

Works Cited

"Measles Cases and Outbreaks". Centers For Disease Control And Prevention, 2019, HYPERLINK "https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html.

Jenkin, Grant A., et al. "What is the cause of a rash after measles–mumps–rubella vaccination?" Medical Journal of Australia 171.4 (1999): 194-195.

Toole, Michael J., et al. "Measles prevention and control in emergency settings." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 67.4 (1989): 381.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Medical Articles

Medical Articles

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Arthritis: An Annotated Bibliography

Jetha A, Bowring J, Tucker S, et al. Transitions that matter: life course differences in the employment of adults with arthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(26):3127-3135.

This paper discussed the similarities and contrast of the employement rate and participation of the people who suffer from arthritis. This study was a qualitative study where interviews were conducted from the younger, older and even older employees who have been dignosed with arthritis. The interviews included the details of the experiences and impact of the disease in their professional lives. It presents the concerns of an arthritis patient that how hard is tge transition phase from students to prodessionals. Migddle aged people have had better rehults as compared to old age ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"L13ScZI0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 1\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"1","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":65,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/JJKB8V5C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/JJKB8V5C"],"itemData":{"id":65,"type":"article-journal","title":"Transitions that matter: life course differences in the employment of adults with arthritis","container-title":"Disability and rehabilitation","page":"3127-3135","volume":"40","issue":"26","author":[{"family":"Jetha","given":"Arif"},{"family":"Bowring","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Tucker","given":"Sean"},{"family":"Connelly","given":"Catherine E."},{"family":"Martin Ginis","given":"Kathleen A."},{"family":"Proulx","given":"Laurie"},{"family":"Gignac","given":"Monique AM"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 1.

DeChristopher LR, Uribarri J, Tucker KL. Intake of high-fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent arthritis in US adults, aged 20–30 years. Nutr Diabetes. 2016;6(3):e199.

In this paper the the association of gut inflammation and joint with the unidentified etiology of arthritis has been disease. Regular high intake of fructose via beverages may have likelihood to have any association wth seropositive reheumatoid arthritis among females. It has also stated that due to individual approach of the public health and the issues related to their training. , fitness and body was fine enough. It was retrospective cross sectional study. The result of the summary was positive correlation. It also discussed the proportions of high-fructose in different kinds of beverages and their association with arthritis ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fJXHmzCa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 2\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"2","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":68,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/DAGLMYB9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/DAGLMYB9"],"itemData":{"id":68,"type":"article-journal","title":"Intake of high-fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent arthritis in US adults, aged 20–30 years","container-title":"Nutrition & diabetes","page":"e199","volume":"6","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"DeChristopher","given":"L. R."},{"family":"Uribarri","given":"J."},{"family":"Tucker","given":"K. L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 2.

Lindsay S, Stinson J, Stergiou-Kita M, Leck J. Improving transition to employment for youth with physical disabilities: protocol for a peer electronic mofentoring intervention. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(11):e215.

It is analytical study for identifying, implementing and developing the role of electronic mentoring programs for disabled people like arthritis patients. This program will address the hap between the opportunities avaianle for normal beings and disabled people. Though these e-learning programs have been increasing in number, it has yet not been found out that how these programs can affect their health and provide them support, maturity and self-determnination. It was a randomized study protocol and included only young disabled people. The electronic educational programs have the potential for the cost-effective and feasible vocational program for proving benefits to the youth suffering from the disease ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HVzXqnJP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 3\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"3","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":70,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/LN6APGPE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/LN6APGPE"],"itemData":{"id":70,"type":"article-journal","title":"Improving transition to employment for youth with physical disabilities: protocol for a peer electronic mentoring intervention","container-title":"JMIR research protocols","page":"e215","volume":"6","issue":"11","author":[{"family":"Lindsay","given":"Sally"},{"family":"Stinson","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Stergiou-Kita","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Leck","given":"Joanne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 3.

Johnson KR, Fuchs E, Horvath KJ, Scal P. Distressed and looking for help: internet intervention support for arthritis self-management. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(6):666-671.

In this study the interventions of the electronic health system has been discussed while focusing on the juvenile arthritis. It suggested that how e-systems help improve the health outcomes of the youth who have chronic conditions. The inclusion criteria of this study was based on the electronic interventions among young patients who have high and low psychosocial quality of life. It was a qualitative study and used online sources fo the conducting different heath related statitcical tests. The results of the study established that the majority of the youth with the juvenile arthritis have low PS quality of life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bSoYeMyg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 4\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"4","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":71,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/KDPJ34EE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/KDPJ34EE"],"itemData":{"id":71,"type":"article-journal","title":"Distressed and looking for help: internet intervention support for arthritis self-management","container-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health","page":"666-671","volume":"56","issue":"6","author":[{"family":"Johnson","given":"Kiana R."},{"family":"Fuchs","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Horvath","given":"Keith J."},{"family":"Scal","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 4.

Rosenfeld S, Bernstein DT, Daram S, Dawson J, Zhang W. Predicting the presence of adjacent infections in septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(1):70-74.

This qualitative study was conducted in order to identify the clinical and therapeutic aspects about the association among invasive meningococcal disease. Accordingy to the previous literatiure, it found the basis of the paper as in the past that there had been likely asscociation between the two variables. The artirits can also be cured if it was relted to the IMD as the course of short-antibiotic therapy goes with no surgical implications. IMD along with arthritis cause them fatigue, and api in the knees and knucles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"vClcQhkE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"\\super 5\\nosupersub{}","plainCitation":"5","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":72,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/U3IEV44W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/C7z1ih1C/items/U3IEV44W"],"itemData":{"id":72,"type":"article-journal","title":"Predicting the presence of adjacent infections in septic arthritis in children","container-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics","page":"70-74","volume":"36","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Bernstein","given":"Derek T."},{"family":"Daram","given":"Shiva"},{"family":"Dawson","given":"John"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} 5.

End Notes

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Jetha A, Bowring J, Tucker S, et al. Transitions that matter: life course differences in the employment of adults with arthritis. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(26):3127-3135.

2. DeChristopher LR, Uribarri J, Tucker KL. Intake of high-fructose corn syrup sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks and apple juice is associated with prevalent arthritis in US adults, aged 20–30 years. Nutr Diabetes. 2016;6(3):e199.

3. Lindsay S, Stinson J, Stergiou-Kita M, Leck J. Improving transition to employment for youth with physical disabilities: protocol for a peer electronic mentoring intervention. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(11):e215.

4. Johnson KR, Fuchs E, Horvath KJ, Scal P. Distressed and looking for help: internet intervention support for arthritis self-management. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(6):666-671.

5. Rosenfeld S, Bernstein DT, Daram S, Dawson J, Zhang W. Predicting the presence of adjacent infections in septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016;36(1):70-74.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Modern Parents

Student Name

Enter Name of the Instructor

English

Date

Modern parents

Considering the given situation, it could be said that Johnson is worried about the gap that she is feeling between herself and her children. She argues that being a working woman, she is neglecting her children who are in dire need of parental attention. Johnson also regrets that despite wanting it, she is unable to spend time with her children who are learning how to excel in this real world. She also argues that she is conscious that she is running away from her responsibilities as a mother, but modern mothers are left with no option besides hiring a nurse for the upbringing of their children. I agree with her views as being a part of this mechanic and materialistic society, she is struggling in comforting her children when working for hours. I agree with her thoughts that at present, modern parents are forced to get out of their houses so that they could earn more for fulfilling the needs of themselves as well as their children. Hiring baby sitters and nurses is the need of the hour for the working mothers who are completely relying on their hired nurse for the upbringing of their children, as in the passage, it could be seen that she is regretting being unreachable when her children need her but she is out for their sake as well. Being a student, for long I have been facing the same issues, as my mother was and is still a working lady, so most of the time I have to wait for her to get back home so that I could talk to her. At times, I go to other family members and friends when I need someone for anything. For example, when I was in the fifth standard, I had to wait for two days for finalizing my class projects, as my mother was out of the city on a business tour.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

Module 6 Homework

Environmental Science

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Environmental Science

Question 1

When one talks about the externality in the economic context, it is the cost and the benefit that is derived by the party that they did not choose to incur during the course of that activity. There are many instances when the externalities are bound to happen in the economics and one of the prime reasons for the externality to occur is that how the product and the price equilibrium that is witnessed in the marketplace is not able to reflect upon the true nature of the costs as well as the eventual benefits that are associated with the process. The cost and the benefit might be private, or they might be happening to an induvial or an organization. There is also likelihood that it might have social meaning and context behind that is bound to affect the society as a whole. There are positive and negative externalities and the major difference among them is that whether the benefits that are associated with it are feasible or infeasible to change. In the presence of positive externalities, i.e., public benefits from a market activity, those who receive the benefit do not pay for it and the market may under-supply the product. Similar logic suggests the creation of a Pigovian subsidy to help consumers pay for socially-beneficial products and encourage increased production.[3] An example sometimes cited is a subsidy for provision of flu vaccine.

Question 2

Externalities are some of the prime reasons that there is lack of sustainability in the economy or marketplace at the given point of time. One of the reasons is that whenever there is negative or positive externality, it is quite hard to make sure that the total benefit or the cost that is derived from the process can be accumulated at the given point of time. The core reason that the sustainability has to be implemented is to make sure that the people are aware of the costs and benefits of their action, and when that is not happening, it means that there are questions to be asked about how allocation of the resources is being done and what are some of the implications of the economic resources at the given point of time. The other thing that makes it quite challenging is that how there is lack of control in case of how negative externalities are faced.

Question 3

When one talks about the gas tax, it has always been considered somewhat a controversial aspect of how the fiscal policy is being determined. The United States of the Chamber of Commerce has estimated that the fiscal collection that is going to be happening with the advent of the gas tax is going to be around $ 394 billion for the next 10 years in Texas. One of the major changes that has happened during the course of the last five years specially in New York is that the amount has been increasing at a much greater rate. As there has been an effort on the part of the government to make sure that more and more people are integrated and made the part of the tax net, effort is needed to be made to make sure that the indexing for the inflation and other factors have not only increased the price of gas, they have also increased the Federal Gas tax considerably.

Question 4

One of the first externality that is being faced due to the usage of the gasoline is that there is cost that goes with the environmental effect and how it affects to general populace in terms of the degradation of the environment. At the same time, the fishermen and the other people who are going to be facing issues due to the ineffective waste management policy is another issue that has to be kept in mind as far as the way these issues are going to affect the general populace at the given point of time. The key thing that is important in this regard is that these are the negative externalities. Not only that, there are sub industries as well that are created during the course of the consumption of the fuel and vehicle usage such as the whole automobile industry as well as the personnel deployed in the fuel industry that have their interests linked with both the activities.

Question 5

The Pigouvian Tax is the government tax that is witnessed when there are activities that are creating negative externalities and there is an effort by the government to make sure that they are controlling them. There are many instances when Pigouvian Taxes are going to be implemented, the first major example of the Pigouvian tax is the tax that is levied on the consumption of the gasoline. The idea behind this tax is to make sure that the negative externalities that are created during the driving of the automobiles are being created. At the moment, the federal gas tax which is an example of the Pigouvian Tax is one of the prime examples in this regard. The other example of the Pigouvian Tax is the carbon emission tax. Now, needless to say that whenever there is an activity in which there is going to be any fuel emission, there is going to be a case for the Pigouvian Tax. There are about 40 countries around the world that are implementing Pigouvian Tax. These taxes are being levied on the companies that are involved in the consumption and burning of the coal, oil, gas and any other natural fossil fuel that is going to create a carbon tax. This tax is an important Pigouvian Tax due to the fact that there are many negative disasters that are associated with the carbon footprint of the organization such as natural disaster and increase in the sea level. Now, one thing that is needed to be kept in mind is that how the Pigouvian Tax is supposed to be implemented at the broader level at the given point of time. It has to be noted that when there is a case that the emissions are taking place, the climate changes are quite damaging, and this is the right instance when the Pigouvian taxation are going to be making sense at the given point of time. So, all the consideration has to be taken care off at the given point of time.

Question 6

There are many challenges that are faced by the organizational stakeholders when it comes to making sure that how the implementation of the Pigouvian Tax is being done. The first major challenge is that how the negative externalities that are going to be taken care. The main premise of the Pigouvian tax is that how the evaluation and the measurement of the negative externality is going to be faced by the businesses. The other challenge that is faced when it comes to the implementation of the Pigouvian taxes is that how they are rather regressive in terms of how they are being implemented. The major problem with these taxes is that how they are supposedly imposing a harsher burden in terms of how the local populace is going to be facilitated. There are some types of the Pigouvian taxes such as taxation on cigar ret and gas tax are considered to be regressive in nature. What it means is that they end up taking greater percentage of the proportion of income in terms of the amount of money that is being made by them at the given point of time. At the same time, the other major problem is that government intervention is going to be taking shape. The people who do not have much higher income as compared to the others are the one that are most affected by the Pigouvian Tax. The problem is that how the people who are at the disadvantage are not able to determine the incremental income that is going to be paid out due to the increased tax and it presents a significant dent to their overall level of income. Not only that, the Pigouvian tax at times does not have the desired effect on the economy and instead of providing the desired effect, it can actually work in the opposite manner.

Question 7

As compared to some of the other tax rates that are implemented on different nature of products, the nature of the gas tax is completely different as compared to the other. The key advantage that it provides is that as compared to the some of the other legislation where art times it is quite hard to determine the amount of tax that is supposed to be charged, here things are much more easier in terms of the revenue calculation. When the gas is cheap, the revenue collection is going to be on the lower and thus it is reflective of the general state of the economy. Specially if one talks about the Gas Tax that is implemented in Alabama, it is applied in the manner that it tends to provide The allocative efficiency that is witnessed in the given tax is such that it makes it all the more easier for all the stakeholders to endure that the collection is being done in the right manner. The equitable nature of the tax also makes it one of the more environmentally sustainable tax as far as the way its interpretation is going to be done. Another alternative to applying Pigovian taxation is for government to place a limit on the total amount of the production of the output causing the negative externality and create a market for rights to generate that specific output. In the United States since the late 1970s, and in other developed nations since the 1980s, the concept of a market for "pollution rights" has emerged. Giving out the rights for free (or at less than market price) allows polluters to lose less profit or even gain profits (by selling their rights) relative to the unaltered market case. Most of the criticism of the Pigovian tax relates to the determination of the tax and the implementation. Pigou and Friedrich Hayek point out that the assumption that the government can determine the marginal social cost of a negative externality and convert that amount into a monetary value is a weakness of the Pigovian tax.

Question 8

Due to the relative lack of success of the Pigouvian tax, there are some people who are of the point of view that there must be some alternatives for the Pigouvian Tax and effort must be made to make sure that these alternatives are being used other than levying a tax on people that is inequitable and cannot be measured by the majority of the population. The first method that can be used as an alternative of the Pigouvian Tax is the command and control regulations. These regulations along with the subsidies can be used to make sure that the government at least have some knowledge with regards to the way market is supposed to be functioning at the given point of time. There is some economist who thing that the government must not intervene at all in such matters and any effort on the part of the government to control externality is something that is not going to provide the desired result. What happens is that when there is involvement from the third party and there is a likelihood that it might lead to problems in terms of the lack of efficiency. The other major thing that has to be kept in mind in terms of the Pigouvian Tax is that there has to be limit that is needed to be placed on the total amount of the production of the output that is creating negative externality. What it is going to do is that it would eventually lead towards the creation of the market right that is going to generate the specific output at the particular moment. Selling permits and having locks on the firm is another thing that has to be noted in terms of the way alternatives are going to be setup for Pigouvian Tax.

References

Aidt, T. S. (2018). Political internalization of economic externalities and environmental policy. Journal of Public Economics, 69(1), 1-16.

Braat, L. C., & De Groot, R. (2012). The ecosystem services agenda: bridging the worlds of natural science and economics, conservation and development, and public and private policy. Ecosystem services, 1(1), 4-15.

Button, K. (2016). Transport, the environment and economic policy. Books.

Dur, R., & Roelfsema, H. (2015). Why does centralisation fail to internalise policy externalities?. Public Choice, 122(3-4), 395-416.

Faber, A., & Frenken, K. (2018). Models in evolutionary economics and environmental policy: Towards an evolutionary environmental economics. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(4), 462-470.

Helmsing, B. (2017). Externalities, learning and governance: new perspectives on local economic development. Development and change, 32(2), 277-308.

Ogawa, H., & Wildasin, D. E. (2018). Think locally, act locally: Spillovers, spillbacks, and efficient decentralized policymaking. American Economic Review, 99(4), 1206-17.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 7 Words: 2100

N/a

Determination of the Concentration of Solutions of the Blue food dye using Spectrometer

Students Name

Name of the Course

Number of Lab

Instructors Name

Date of Experiment

Objectives

To utilise the spectrometer to establish the concentration of solutions of the blue food dye.

Introduction

The spectrometer provides a measurement of the intensity of the light beam before and after it goes through the sample and provides the comparison of the two concentrations. The spectrometers have broad applications in the environmental science for establishing the pollutants and the interested compounds. For instance, the device can measure compounds found in the water like chlorine, iron, lead and other compounds of interest for the quality of drinking water.

Materials

• Spectrometer

• Distilled water

• Graduated Cylinders

• Plastic transfer dropper

• Set of glass cuvette

The procedure of using Spectrometer

1. The power was switched on to the spectrometer and allow it to warm up for 15 minutes

2. The wavelength was set at 615 when using the green food colouring

3. With the spectrometer in the made of Transmittance, the instrument I zero by usage of the bottom left the knob

4. Cavette was placed with water in the spectrometer, and it is set at 100% with the right bottom knob

5. The instrument was then ready for utilisation

6. The cuvette was placed with the solution in the spectrometer then the lid was closed, and absorbance is recorded.

Method of the experiment

1. The original solution was measured absorbance using the spectrometer at 320ppm

2. 5ml of the solution was taken from step 1 and 5ml of water was added, and the measurement of the absorbance was taken at 160ppm

3. 5ml of the solution was taken from step 2 and 5ml of water was added, and the measurement of the absorbance was taken at 80ppm

4. 5ml of the solution was taken from step 3 and 5ml of water was added, and the measurement of the absorbance was taken at 40ppm

5. 5ml of the solution was taken from step 4 and 5ml of water was added, and the measurement of the absorbance was taken at 20ppm

6. The unknown sample was measured the absorbance with the spectrometer

7. Step 6 was repeated with other unknown samples

8. The calibration curve was drawn with data from the steps 1-5

9. The calibration curve was used to establish the concentration of every unknown sample in step 7 and 6.Results

Table 1. Calibration Data

Concentration ppm

Absorbance

320ppm

0.476

160ppm

0.240

80ppm

0.107

40ppm

0.055

20ppm

0.042

Table 2.Unkown Data

Sample

Absorbance

Concentration ppm

Unknown A

0.261

175

Unknown B

0.71

50

Unknown C

0.131

75

Discussion

The spectrometer was used to establish the concentration of solutions of the blue food dye. From the graph below, the absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration.

Sample Absorbance Calibration Graph

The graph was used to find the concentration of the unknown samples. The outcomes are presented in the table below. The values of the concentrations from the chart and the values generated from the experiment are different. The variance between the data is because of parallax error when reading measurements. In the graph for the unknown A the concentration in ppm was 178 while from the data collected from the experiment the concentration was 175ppm. There is a deviation of 3 ppm.

Sample

Absorbance

Concentration ppm

Unknown A

0.261

178

Unknown B

0.71

118

Unknown C

0.131

89

Conclusion

In conclusion the aim of the paper was to utilize the spectrometer to establish the concentration of solutions of the blue food dye. The graph was used to find the concentration of the unknown samples. The outcomes are presented in the table below. The values of the concentrations from the chart and the values generated from the experiment are different. The variance between the data is because of parallax error when reading measurements.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

Natural History Of Coral Reefs

Natural History of Coral Reefs

Name

Institutional Affiliation

Date

Introduction

Of all the marine ecosystems, coral reefs can be referred to as the most diverse. Most of the species that live in an ocean depend on the coral reef for shelter and food. This is surprising given the fact that coral reefs only occupy a small fraction of the earth's surface and less than 2 percent of the ocean (Dunne, 2009). Coral reefs are commonly referred to as rainforest of the sea because of their diversity. Coral reefs are also essential to human beings. They are estimated to be worth 30 billion U.S. dollars and 172 billion U.S dollars annually (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). They provide food, medicines, attract tourism and also protect the shorelines. However, people have become a threat to coral reefs (Robertson, 2015). Various activities carried out by human beings affect coral reefs. These activities include overfishing and pollution. These activities have led to the destruction of coral reefs while other coral reefs have been reduced to a shadow of themselves.

What are coral reefs?

Sea anemones are known to be related to corals since they have similar skin structure which is referred to as the polyp. The poly usually looks like a can that is open at one end. The open end is generally surrounded by what looks like a ring of tentacles. The tentacles have stinging cells, which are usually referred to as nematocysts, which help the coral polyp to capture organisms that come close. The polyp usually contains reproductive and digestive tissues (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). However, corals are different from sea anemones form the way they develop a mineral skeleton.

Corals located in shallow waters and live in warm waters are thought to have another source of food, which is usually referred to as the Zooxanthellae. This kind of algae is known to photosynthesize. It makes its food from the sun's energy and passes it to its host while it also receives nutrients from the coral animal (Dunne, 2009). This relationship makes corals that are located in shallow waters to grow faster, building some enormous structures which are referred to as reefs. The zooxanthellae are known to provide various colours such as red, brown and green, which are found in coral reefs (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). However, other colours that are common in coral reefs such as blue, mauves and purple are made by the coral reefs themselves.

In the 1960s, some scientists decided to study the inner working of the Caribbean coral reefs. To explore this complex ecosystem, the scientists needed to set a field station (Wells, 1995). In 1972, they found an island with some shuttered building (Wells, 1995). They decided to set the work station in the area. Up to date, Carrie Bow Cay, which is located in Belize, still hosts the Caribbean coral reef ecosystem program (Wells, 1995).

History of coral reefs

The current and future state of coral reefs can be only be compared with an overview of the evolution (Robertson, 2015). When we compare the historical and contemporary coral reefs, we can quickly come up with strategies for conserving coral reefs in the future. Coral reefs are of different forms and shapes, and they were discovered many years ago. About 3.5 billion years ago Microbialites began to appear in the fossil record. For the next 2.5 billion years, Microbialities ware replaced by stromatolites (Robertson, 2015). These organisms produced boulder-like structures, which are known as the oldest examples of coral reefs. However, stromatolites still exist in various parts of the world. They are found in areas where sedimentation rates are high, and the nutrients level is very low. The Bahama banks, which are found in western Australia, are the commonly known stromatolite reefs. The stromatolites have always been the primary reef-building organism up until the pre-Cambrian era. After this, a greater diversity of reefs began to evolve, and various reef communities began to take shape. For the past 600 million years, reefs have undergone three cycles of development. All reefs are known to evolve based on the marine extinction.

The first cycle dated back from the pre-Cambrian to the mid-Cambrian. It was characterized by stromatolites, calcareous cyanobacteria, algae and Archaepcyathids. The second cycle started from the mid-Cambrian to the late Devonian (Robertson, 2015). Some of the reefs commonly associated with this phase were the Algae -sponge coral tripartite and the specific coral involved in these associations were widely known as the ancient rugose corals. However, in this phase, stromatoporoid, cyanobacteria and molluscs were also present. The communities found this era were complex and diverse. The third cycles date back from the late Devonian to the Late Permian. This phase was mostly dominated by algae-bryozoan-coral assemblages. Other reefs present were stromatoporoid, foraminifera, rudist, cynabactreaia, sponges and phylloid algae. From the third phase, corals have become dominant reef builders.

What caused extinctions and evolutions in coral reefs

Several hypotheses caused Extinctions and evolution of various coral reefs. However, the combined effect of ocean chemistry and changes in temperature are thought to have caused the extinction of multiple species in the ocean. The continental drift combined with other tectonic events changed the world oceans in terms of salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen. The rapid rise of sea level may have caused the drowning of reefs in some areas. Other factors that may have contributed to a change in the global climate were the extraterrestrial explanations. The threats exposed to coral reefs in the same threat exposed to other marine species as a whole. In recent years disturbances in coral reefs are being recorded daily at an increasing rate. Many sources of environmental stress on coral reefs have significantly increased, especially in shallow tropical seas (Robertson, 2015). This environmental stress can be classified as either anthropogenic or natural. However, this distinction may continue becoming more artificial as we continue to understand the complex nature associated with the ecosystem of coral reefs. However, human influence can still be distinguished in the disturbance of coral reefs. The early laboratory studies showed that there was little harm to coral reefs unless they were exposed to oil. However, various studies have shown that there has been highly reduced reproduction and increased mortality of coral reefs (Robertson, 2015).

Coral mining is thought to have caused significant effects of coral reefs in areas such as in South Asia and the Indian ocean. On the other hand, sedimentation is another threat to coral reefs. It is usually brought forth by shrimp farming, drilling mud erosional runoff dredging activities and logging.

Eutrophication

This can be termed as the increase of inorganic phosphate and nitrate (Fields, 2010). It has been termed as a significant threat to coral reef communities, which are near expanding human populations, especially in coastal areas. The world population has exceeded by 6 billion, and it is expected to double by 2050 (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). However, most of this increase in population is being experienced in developing countries, which are mainly located in southeast Asia, where sizeable marine biodiversity exists (Dunne, 2009). However, most of these studies have been carried out in queens land and Florida. Effects of eutrophication cannot be predicted easily because of the way the reef community-levels respond to various affected areas (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). For example, between 1963-1977, Kaneohe Bay, which is an Island located in Hawaii, discharged sewage, which had a peak flow rate of 19000 cubic meters a day (Dunne, 2009). An increase in particulate load, which comprised of zooplankton and phytoplankton and soluble nutrients, caused various changes in the reef community structure. By 1974 coral reefs had been dominated by green algae, which were known as the Dictyosphaeria cavernosal and by 1977, sponges barnacles and zoanthids had become dominant invertebrate taxa (Fields, 2010).

Coral diversity

Stony coral reefs are composed of tropical coral reefs. Each polyp has a cup that is made up of calcium carbonate. Stony corals are the most remarkable reef builders, because blue corals, precious red corals and organ pipe corals all have stony skeletons. Other corals are known to use tiny stiff rods to build the skeletons; they include black corals, sea rods, and soft rubbery corals. However, the family tree of coral reefs is complicated. Some groups are related, while others differ significantly.

Reproductions

Corals have many reproduction systems. Corals can either be male, female or both. Their reproduction is either sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction helps in increasing their colony while sexual reproduction helps them to increase their diversity by starting new colonies, which are far related to the parents.

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction brings about colonies or polyps, which are clones of each other. This is made possible through fragmentation or budding. Budding happens when a certain coral polyp reaches a certain size, which causes it to divide, thus producing an identical polyp genetically. Corals are known to do this across their lifetimes (Glynn, 2016). Sometimes a specific colony may break off, thus forming a new colony. This is usually referred to as fragmentation, which is brought about by the disturbance caused by fish equipment or a storm.

Sexual reproduction

When it comes to sexual reproductions, eggs have to be fertilized by a sperm from another colony and develop into a free-swimming larva (Glynn, 2016). Corals have two types of sexual reproductions which are either internal or external (Dunne, 2009). The larva looks for a substrate depending on the type of fertilization and species, and after a few days or weeks, they usually become polyps (Glynn, 2016). However, some stony corals are referred to as broadcast spawners where fertilization occurs externally. Colonies are known to produce many numbers of sperms and eggs, which are usually in the form of buddies and float along the surface. Spawning is known to occur only once a year, depending on the species. Spawning also occurs at night, and it is usually an interesting occurrence. However, some corals are known to brood their eggs in the polyp and release them into the surface. As the sperm tend to sink, those corals that have the eggs usually absorb them in, and fertilization occurs. Coral brooders can produce sperms severally, and fertilization occurs many times in a year.

From corals to reefs

Coral polyps found within a reef are usually very small in number (Fields, 2010). The largest polyp is known to be found in mushroom corals and is known to be more than 5 inches. Since corals are usually in colonies, the size of a colony is generally larger. Big mounds are equalized to a small car, while a single branching colony can cover a whole reef. Reefs made of many colonies are bigger as well. The largest coral reef is usually known as the Great barrier reef, which covers about 1600 miles and is normally found on the east coast of Australia. Reefs are known to be formed out of corals in shallow waters near smaller islands or continents. Most coral reefs are usually fringe reefs because they are normally found in the coastline of a landmass, which is nearby (Glynn, 2016). However, when coral reefs grow around some volcanic islands, a surprising thing occurs. Over many years the volcano my sink gradually while corals continue growing upwards on the surface and outwards towards the open ocean. After some time, some lagoons usually form between the sinking island and the corals, while a barrier reef often forms next to the lagoon. After some time, the volcano may be submerged, and the corals remain. This is usually known and atoll. It takes years before a big coral colony emerges (Dunne, 2009). This is because corals typically grow slowly. The fastest-growing coral is known to expand at 6 inches annually. Reefs typically grow at a slower rate than that, especially when corals die. They usually divided themselves into smaller units and became more complicated. These colonies can live for centuries or decades. Some of the dep sea colonies have lived for about 4000 years; you can discover this through annual rings that corals have. These skeletons can easily explain the environmental conditions at sea about thousands of years ago.

Where can we find Reefs

Coral reefs are usually found at the oceans and seas across the globe, both in shallow or deep water. While reef-building corals can only be found in some shallow subtropical or tropical waters (Glynn, 2016). This is because algae present in their tissues usually need some light to carry out photosynthesis. The water temperature preferred by coral reefs is usually 70-85°F to 22-29°F

Some deep-sea corals are found cold dark water with a depth of about 20000 feet. For example, the soft corals and the stony corals are usually located in deep seas (Robertson, 2015). Corals, located in deep seas, do not need sunlight or warm water to survive (Glynn, 2016). However, deep-sea corals usually grow slowly as compared to those corals growing in shallow waters.

Reefs as ecosystems

Reefs can be referred to as big cities of the sea (Fields, 2010). When corals are small, they are usually eaten by various animals. However, they are less tasty once they settle down or their skeleton forms (Robertson, 2015). Some fish, snails, worms eat the adult corals. One of the species that prey on coral reefs is the crown of thorns sea stars (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). The high population of these predators makes one reef to be filled with many of these starfish. They usually cause the death of some coral reefs. Coral reefs are also known to have competitors (Fields, 2010) . Some competitors of coral reefs are known as nematocysts. Nematocysts are known to compete with coral in terms of food as they are also known to sting the surrounding coral reefs and to keep them at bay. Seaweeds and animals are known to be the most significant competitors (Stathakopoulos & Riegl, 2014). Nematocysts grow faster as compared to coral reefs. They also have a nasty chemical that is known to injure the coral.

However, coral doesn't rely on themselves for defence because they have some beneficial relationships with the zooxanthellae. Some other coral colonies are known to have shrimps and crabs within their branches, thus defending themselves against various predators (Dunne, 2009).

Conservation

As we discussed earlier, one of the greatest threats to coral reefs tends to be ocean acidification and rising water temperatures (Dunne, 2009). High temperatures usually make the coral reefs to lose their microscopic algae, which is responsible for producing food. This condition is usually referred to as coral bleaching. Prolonged coral bleaching kills the coral colonies, thus exposing them to threats (Glynn, 2016). Oceans acidification means that the coral reefs cannot be able to build their Calcium carbonate skeleton effectively. Sever acidification breaks the skeletons of the existing coral, which makes a reef to have a structure (Glynn, 2016). Scientists have predicted that by 2085, the conditions of the ocean will be acidic, making some coral reefs to start dissolving.

References

Dunne, R. P. (2009). Synergy or antagonism—interactions between stressors on coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 29(1), 145–152. doi: 10.1007/s00338-009-0569-6

Fields, H. (2010). Changing Oceans: Viewing Coral Reefs Through a Cultural Lens. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.caredit.a1000061

Glynn, P. W. (2016). History of Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Research. Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs of the World, 1–37. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_1

Stathakopoulos, A., & Riegl, B. M. (2014). Accretion history of mid-Holocene coral reefs from the southeast Florida continental reef tract, USA. Coral Reefs, 34(1), 173–187. doi: 10.1007/s00338-014-1233-3

Wells, S. M. (1995). Science and management of coral reefs: problems and prospects. Coral Reefs, 14(4), 177–181. doi: 10.1007/bf00334339

Robertson, D. R. (2015). Coincidental resemblances among coral reef fishes from different oceans. Coral Reefs, 34(3), 977–977. doi: 10.1007/s00338-015-1309-8

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

No Title



Environment: Above and Beyond

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Environment: Above and Beyond

Since I am moving to a newer place, there are a couple of things that I need for that place. A sofa set is something that is both essential and adds to the look and feel of your surrounding. But what effects it would have on economy, society and more importantly on the ecosystem.

Let us start discussing the cost. For instance, a normal sofa set would cost about five hundred dollars. That is a lot of money for a single sofa set. But if the quality is topnotch, paying that amount of money would not hurt that much. At that price range, the product must be durable for long enough that it would not require maintenance for at least first couple of years. As money is changing hands, it is providing prospects. From the woodcutters to the sellers that display that furniture, there are ample opportunities every one involved to earn monetary gains. In today's globalized world, where everyone is at the distance of a call, it is not a difficult task to globalize your product. Numerous platforms are available for sellers to promote their product. So, a local vendor selling his products to international buyers would definitely be contributing to the local economy. Since a product and money is moving and flowing respectively within an economy, there must some effort put into it. The human cost for a product like a sofa is paid by contracting respiratory diseases, skin problems and loss of hearing abilities. Terrible working conditions and unsafe machine practices put employees at the mercy of the machines they are operating.The owners must ensure the safety of their workers and provide health care coverage. In this way, employee health would never get compromised. That is at least what could be asked of the employer for the provision of cheap labor by the employes. Wooden furniture needs, obviously, wood. But the global wood consumption has increased and subsequent deforestation. Deforestation alone has dealt a severe blow to the climate of the Earth-which stands at an all-time high. The imbalance between deforestation and afforestation must be rectified to reduce the carbon footprint.

My purchase decision would be influenced by a product that is durable, cost-effective. Additionally, the labor that is put into it must be provided with healthcare facilities. Finally, the product must not be a contributor to an already horrible outlook of global climate.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

No Title

Environmental Case study

Student’s Name

Institution

Course Code

Date

Introduction

This study analyzes various case studies and relates them to various topics. The paper focuses on Deschutes River Conservation, Mekong Delta, Vietnam and Maine Lobster Fishery. The paper also looks at the role of each conservatives and whether and whether they have meant their mandates. In order to establish the effectiveness the paper analyses these case studies, based on clearly defined boundaries, proportional equivalence between benefits and costs. It also analyzes at the collective – choice arrangements, and how each project is being monitor and whether the case studies have mentioned monitoring and evaluation methods applied in each case. In order to address the issues, the each case study was evaluated based on the data provided to establish whether it the application of defined terms.

Clearly defined boundaries

The boundaries can be defined as the rules or limits, which provide guidelines. It can also be referred as demarcations between places or locations. For instance, the boundaries provide protection for a certain unit, region, household and a country. It mostly applied to protect resources of a unit from being accessed by unauthorized persons. Therefore, understanding boundaries help in maintaining healthy relationship and therefore, it is an essential aspect in having a peaceful society.

Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

The proportional equivalent between benefit and costs is the fractions of benefits obtained based on the cost. This states the quality of two ratios and that is the benefit against the cost. In industrial aspect, it focuses on the benefits, which a company gets based on the cost of production. However, the environment aspect focuses on the benefit of the conservation of the environment against the cost. It can therefore, be stated that proportional equivalent between the benefits and costs is the comparison of quality, ratio, or fraction obtained based on the cost.

Collective-choice arrangements

The collective choice arrangement is regarded as the use of pool of resources and therefore, it allows most organizational resources to be used appropriately in the decision making process. It can also be defined as a group of people with common interest to pursue a specific goal. And therefore, they can divide responsibilities and work hard to accomplish them.

Monitoring

Monitoring is a system applied in collecting, analysis and process data to determine success of a project. It is done to ensure that a project is in the right direction to meet its main objectives. The monitoring help in ensuring that the performance and maintained and the project is heading in the right direction. It is therefore, achieved by regular collection of essential data for analysis.

Graduated sanctions

It is refer to the continuum of the disposition option. It is normally used to control offenders. However, graduated sanctions are also integrated strategies, which are designed to operate in unison for the purpose of enhancing accountability. Therefore, it is important to ensure that accountability is achieved for the success of a project. Graduate sanctions are important because accountability is part of a project and therefore, it should be included in the project development.

Conflict-resolution mechanisms

Conflict resolution mechanisms are the process of technique resolving conflict in the society or between groups. It is also refer as dispute resolution, which are used to establish peace between people, organizations and in the country.

Minimal recognition of rights to organize

It is referred as the rights of an institution to or appropriator to device their own institution are not supposed to be challengeable by any external government authorities. It means that the resource users should be able to design their own rules or policies, which are applied to protect the institution from any external attack.

Nested enterprises

It is usually organized in layers for easy implementation. The Nested enterprises are larger CPRs, which are organized in the form of several layers of nested enterprises, with some small local CPRs situation at the base level.

Part 2

Lobster Fishery – Boundaries

Clear define Boundaries

CONDITION MET: Maine Lobster Fishery is one of the conservation which has applied several rules and regulations to ensure that it meets its objectives. It is noted that it has rest out several rules, which guides its operations and the usage of resources under its jurisdiction. The boundaries include the usage rights and prevention of misuse of waters. It has established rules and regulation for the usage of irrigation and households. Based on the analysis of the case study, Deschutes River Conservancy has therefore, met the condition set and it has enough elaborate rules and policies, which have helped to conserve its natural resources for decades. Without these policies, the organization would have not achieved the milestone it has obtained. The achievement is a clear indication of the effectiveness of its boundaries.

Proportional equivalence between benefits and costs

CONDITION MET: Maine Lobster Fishery has used a lot of resources for the conservation of the river and the basin, which is under its authority. The conservation has helped in increasing the level of water and therefore, increase the irrigation area as well., This has resulted into high income from the irrigation, water for household usages and other wild animals usage, In general the result of conservation of water in the region has helped the state and the communities to get fresh water for domestic use and also for irrigation top produce fresh vegetables. The analysis of the case studies indicates that an estimated 15% of residents depend on the Maine Lobster Fishery river and the basin. This is a bring number and therefore, it shows benefits, which have been obtained over the last as result of conversation.

However, for the Maine Lobster Fishery to achieve the milestone benefits there are several cots which must be incurred. First, the conservation of stated decades ago, and it has taken years for the people to get benefits. It also requires a lot of financial needs for the objectives and goals to be achieved. It is estimated that over the last decade, Maine Lobster Fishery has spend over $2 billion to conserve the natural resources including rivers and basins which are under its authorities. The stakeholders have worked together to form alliances with other institution with similar objectives and therefore, it has been a long journey a cost which is worth it.

Comparatively, the benefit is much higher due to the fact that almost the entire community of Oregon depends on the river for quality and clean water for domestic use. The financial value has not been approximated by it can be billions and much higher than water has been spend or the cost of conservation. It is therefore, importance to point that conservation of Maine Lobster Fishery River and basins have been to a great benefit to the community, industries, and even to the animals both domestic and wild. It has also resulted o fresh water, less pollution in the region and conservationists people, which have been of more benefit than even the financial aspect. It is because though the collaboration with training institutions and trainers it has establish people who are champion the course and this has created a good impact.

3. Collective-choice arrangements.

CONDITION MET: Maine Lobster Fishery has a clear road map and strategies applied in solving issues surrounding the use of fisheries, rivers and other natural resources. It works with other stakeholders to solve the problems it faces within its jurisdiction. It has partner with the local government, corporations and the local communities so that it can be able to achieve its core goals. It also has a partnership agreement with NGOs and other interested local leaders who are working together with local young people. This is meant to offer training services on fisheries and environmental conservation. And therefore, it has helped it in achieving its core goals over the years.

Monitoring

CONDITION MET: Maine Lobster Fishery has invested in a lot of infrastructure to facilitate the access to the facility. Besides it has also involved several activities using volunteers to sensitize people on the essential of highlighting the people on the fisheries and the conservatives’ techniques. The monitoring is also done based on the result of the actions, which have been taken over the last years.

Graduated sanctions

NEED MORE INFORMATION: There is nothing I found related to graduated sanctions. It does not have any real plan to enforce its goals of the project. It would be good to have elaborate plans, which include action plan and clear implementation structure. However, more detailed structure plan is required for it to meet the definition of graduated sanctions, which is required for an organization to be able to meet its cores.

6. Conflict-resolution mechanisms.

CONDITION MET: The entire case study does not have any specific information about how the Lobster Fishery had resolved conflict people inform in fisheries conflicts. Lobster Fishery has brought several groups together and resolves problems among people and therefore, there is a clear plan how the conflict is addressed based on the organization plan. It create an environment where stakeholders can come together to solve various conflicts, which can undermine their course of action.

Minimal recognition of rights to organize

CONDITION MET: Lobster Fishery has clear defined laws, policies and regulations regarding the fisheries. It is also defined how every resources should be use optimally to help in the development of fisheries in the country. It states that the stakeholders have the right to utilize the available resources for the development of fisheries and the management as well.

Nested enterprises

Condition MET: Lobster Fishery has established clear structure of operations, which are essential for realization of the key goals. It has a defined operational platform, which are helpful in realizing the objectives. It operates in layers which are structural defined.

The Deschutes River conservation is based on Oregon and therefore, the conservation is meant to control the flow of streams and the usage of resources of the river. The Deschutes River Conservancy controls the quality of water at Deschutes basin. The Deschutes basin is located in Oregon, 700 NW Hill Street, Suite 1 Bend, OR 97703 and it borders several natural resources including forest, streets and a community. Deschutes river conservation has had several boundaries, which regulates the use of the river and basin by the households, animals, and irrigation. However, the right to make major decisions regarding the usage of the river is done by the directors. However, it puts limits on the irrigation scheme and how it is utilized by the local farmers. It also regulates the disposal and the household usage of its waters. It limits the use of water for irrigation purpose and according to its rules and regulation; the waters from the river are not allowed to be used for commercial. This was done to reduce the disposal and contamination of the river.

Combining biodiversity conservation with poverty alleviation – a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (25 pts)

Clearly defined boundaries

Condition Met: It has clear defined boundaries to safeguard the natural resources within its territories. It has boundaries of resources forest resources, water and wild life. It defines the individual rights of usage of its natural resources to protect the misuse of forest and other resources, within its region. The study investigate various techniques which can be applied to solve the problems related to forest degradation and other human misuse and also provide clear solutions to the problems.

Proportional Equivalence between benefits and costs

Need More Information. The information provided is very inefficient and therefore, cannot be used to provide elaborate information regarding cost and benefits. The proportional equivalence between the benefits and cost provide a clear comparison between the cost and benefits, which have been realized by the Mekong Delta Vietnam. The conservation has resulted to income from the rivers, lakes which are benefiting from the Mekong Delta. This has helped in poverty reduction which had been a major problem in the region. The cost incurred includes the finances used and the time taken for the positive result to be realized. However, the study would have started the economic benefit like the finance income, which has been realized as result of the conservation. It ought to have contained clearly benefits and cost for the proportional equivalence between benefits and costs.

Collective – choice arrangements

CONDITION MET: It is located in the Mekong Delta, in the ha Tien Plain geological region, it has formulated laws and regulations, which are used as a guideline for the usage of its grassland, forest and other natural resources within its territory. Over the last, its grasslands have been overused and since it started the conservation a changed has been realized and this means that the internal rules and policies are effective. The waters, grassland and forest are being conserved using grassland rights and strict cutting of trees and other plants within its jurisdiction. This has been helping since positive result has been witnessed as a result of reduction of poverty level in the region around the forest.

Its project include the outreach of the community, government officials and local and international NGOs, which have worked closely with them closely to help in the realization of the objectives. The partnership with government official and law enforcement was a key strategy to help in the prevention of cutting down of forest and the grassland.

In conclusion, the Deschutes River conservation is based on Oregon and therefore, the conservation is meant to control the flow of streams and the usage of resources of the river. The Deschutes River Conservancy controls the quality of water at Deschutes basin. The Deschutes basin is located in Oregon, 700 NW Hill Street, Suite 1 Bend, OR 97703 and it borders several natural resources including forest, streets and a community. Deschutes river conservation has had several boundaries, which regulates the use of the river and basin by the households, animals, and irrigation. However, the right to make major decisions regarding the usage of the river is done by the directors. However, it puts limits on the irrigation scheme and how it is utilized by the local farmers. It also regulates the disposal and the household usage of its waters. It limits the use of water for irrigation purpose and according to its rules and regulation; the waters from the river are not allowed to be used for commercial. This was done to reduce the disposal and contamination of the river.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Deschutes River Conservancy. (2014). Middle Deschutes River Instream Flow Restoration and Temperature Responses 2001-2013. Upper Deschutes Watershed Council Technical Report , 2-38.

Wilson, D. S., Ostrom, E., & Cox, M. E. (2013). Generalizing the core design principles for the efficacy of groups. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization , 2-35.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 8 Words: 2400

No Title

Carbon Footprints

Name

Affiliation

Date

Carbon Footprints

Weidema, Thrane, Christensen, Schmidt, and Løkke, jointly authored an article in the year 2008, which was entitled as “Carbon footprint: a catalyst for life cycle assessment?” The authors of the article have described the popularity of the term of carbon footprint in the modern times. The authors have also stressed the point that there is a need to improve the use of carbon footprinting, in order to ensure the safety of the atmosphere. The article also included the details that the non-governmental organizations have started raising the awareness among the general public, about the critical position of the carbon footprinting. In order to control the emission of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, the NGOs have suggested that there should be less air traffic and renewable resources should be utilized more, as compared to the fossil fuels. The main purpose of the article was to shed light on the concept that keeping in view the carbon footprinting of the human activities and environmental changes, would provide the opportunity of making a difference towards positivity and progress (Weidema et al., 2008).

According to my carbon footprint, I participate in the global carbon cycle on a routine basis. One of the most important activities that have become an essential part of the life of every person is travelling. I also travel on a routine basis to reach my workplace and mostly use the bus for this purpose, which uses fuel and adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide becomes part of the atmosphere due to the respiration of human beings, as well as other living beings. They inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. After that, plants use this carbon dioxide, through the process of photosynthesis to make their own food. The food prepared by plants is consumed by animals and human beings, who again exhale carbon into the atmosphere. In addition to it, the combustion of fossil fuel also adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. It does not exit from the atmosphere and remains a part of it.

Human beings contribute to the carbon cycle in a number of ways. The very first and important contribution is through the use of fossil fuels. In addition to it, human beings manage the factories to produce different goods. Steam used in the process of manufacturing in factories, adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere which is greater in mas compared to the carbon dioxide produced by the fuel using vehicles and transport services. Another important activity through which the human beings add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is deforestation and burning of crops or forests. When the main consumers of carbon dioxide gas would be harmed and reduced in number, the gas would not be utilized and stay a part of the atmosphere. It would react with other greenhouse gases and give rise to other poisonous or hazardous gases.

Getting to know about the carbon footprinting makes the human beings aware of the quantity of carbon dioxide which would be added to the atmosphere as the result of their activity. It would help them to make an estimate of the future and change their habits and routine, in order to save the atmosphere and contribute towards its betterment. So, human beings need to replace the use of fossil fuels with renewable energy means. There should be less use of transport services which add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and cycling or even walking can be made a part of the lifestyle, which would not only save the environment but also improve the health of the individual. In addition to it, there should be a greater focus on forestation, so that carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is utilized in the process.

Reference

Weidema, B. P., Thrane, M., Christensen, P., Schmidt, J., & Løkke, S. (2008). Carbon footprint: a catalyst for life cycle assessment? Journal of Industrial Ecology, 12(1), 3-6.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

No Title



[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

[Title]

Part 1

Performance Indicator from Whistler website

The Whistler community is committed to providing a safe and healthy environment to the society and cater to the sustainability issues prevailing in the respective community. Among the many performance indicators, one of a major and most prominent perform indicator mentioned on the Whistler website is monitoring the “Landfill Waste”.

Direction of the Statistical Trend

The statistical trends measured against this performance indicator show an increasing trend and reveal that the landfill waste produced in 2018 was much higher as compared to the landfill waste of 2017 ("Community Performance Indicators", 2019).

Insights about the Whistler community based on the Statistical Trend

The trends of these statistical measures reveal much information about the Whistler Community. They provide insights about the seriousness, commitment, and dedication of the community towards the sustainable goals of the community.

Relevance to my Hometown (China)

The performance indicator being currently discussed is also relevant to my hometown, China. The issue of landfill waste is also a very common and prevalent issue in my country owing to a large number of population. China is going to dump 54.2% of its total municipal solid waste and 50.4% of its total industrial waste (ISW) till the end of 2020 in the landfills present at various locations in the country.

Part 2

Issue

China is a big economy with a large population as well. There are a lot of industries which produce a large amount of waste, along with a population of more than 1,415,045,928 people, who produce 8 to 9 million tons of trash every year. These all factors, combined, are enough to give rise to a number of environmental issues. The biggest environmental issue being faced by China currently is air pollution.

Air Pollution: a Brief Introduction

Air pollution has become a major issue in China and is posing to be a serious threat to the public health of the people residing in China. Till now, air pollution has been a Cause of 300000 to 400000 premature death all over the country. The major reason behind this increasing level of air pollution is the high rise of industry in China. As the most populous country in the world is moving to be on the top of the ranks of being a superpower, the industry in China is also increasing at a rapid pace, which is also becoming the cause of environmental population at a large level.

Effective Indicators to cater to the Sustainability issue

Various sorts of indicators are currently being used in China to determine the air quality and measure the levels of air pollution in the environment. One the most effective indicator is the use of Lichens, as Lichens are very sensitive to sulphur dioxide and they even absorb sulphur dioxide dissolved in the water very quickly. It has also been listed in the Sustainable Measures list for environmental indicators ("Indicators of Sustainability | Sustainable Measures", 2019).

Methods to Measure the Sustainability IssueThere are a number of methods that are being used in China, currently, to measure the amounts of air pollution in the environment. The most common and simplest one is the use of active devices like the diffusion tube. Another very effective and useful way is the use of AQI (Air Quality Index) Indicator System. The data for air pollution can be found easily from the government agencies and various research groups. It is also these research groups in the community who monitor and manage this data.

Comparison of Data to the Baseline

Considering the figures for air pollution in recent years. It has been found out that the level of air pollution is decreasing in the Chinese environment. Although the reduction is slow, it is still decreasing, which is a positive sign.

References

Community Performance Indicators. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.whistler.ca/municipal-gov/community-monitoring/community-performance-indicators

Indicators of Sustainability | Sustainable Measures. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/indicators

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

No Title

Environmental Science

Name

Affiliation

Date

Environmental Science

My major Environmental Science relates to sustainability in a number of different ways. The most important pout of them is that due to global warming and pollution issues, the environment of the earth is getting severely affected. Hot areas of the earth are becoming hotter, and the colder areas are becoming even colder. Due to all of this, the circle of life is being affected, which not only impacts human beings but all the other living being on the surface of the earth. So, taking measures of sustainability has become even more important in the present time. It is very important to work on the development of reusable energy. The fossil fuel is becoming an important source of adding pollutants to the atmosphere, and it is a costly process as well. Moreover, due to the process of deforestation, the temperature of the earth is being affected, playing an important role in melting the glaciers and raising the water level in the seas and ocean. Sustainability of the forestry and biodiversity of the earth is important in order to improve the quality of life for future generations; otherwise, they would have to face the adverse conditions of living, which would increase the risks of natural disasters and the end of life on earth (Schaltegger, Burritt, & Petersen, 2017).

I can use my major to communicate about sustainability values and add to the discussion by highlighting the importance of the environment for the survival of human beings and the earth. The civilization can be made more equitable, economically viable, and enduring by advocating the importance of reusing the energy sources and changing the mode of energy from fossil fuel to hydro energy. Moreover, human beings need to pay attention to forestation and decrease the sources which add pollution to the atmosphere, in order to ensure a better atmosphere and environment. Another important thing is this regard is oceanic pollution, which is causing threats to the marine population and impacting the cycle of life. So taking sustainability measures is quite important for saving the environment.

Reference

Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R., & Petersen, H. (2017). An introduction to corporate environmental management: Striving for sustainability. Routledge.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

No Title

Recycling Block Captain

Name

School

Date

Introduction

The Corvallis Sustainability Corvallis was initiated in the year 2007 by the natural step local coordinators, who desired to bring people in the community working on the various sustainability aspects and is developed on many individuals and organizations efforts. The organization was chosen because the city of Corvallis remains a major partner and the collation possess an official partnership. The organization has assisted the community in increasing their awareness concerning the connection between the economy, society, and the environment, making it an ideal organization collaborate with in creating awareness on recycling of plastic waste and how to dispose of them appropriately CITATION Cor191 \l 1033 (Corvallis Sustainability Coalition, 2019)

It is estimated that there exist thirty million tons of plastics in the environment annually with eight million tons getting into the oceans in the world. Most of the plastics result from the utilization of the products from disposable plastics including beverage and food packaging disposed into the environment by users. More so, ½ of the plastics in the world's oceans result from single-use products. The recycling block captain program assists in educating people concerning waste, composting and recycling prevention. The Block captains help in distributing the recycling messages and information to people 3 times annually to create awareness and inform people on how to recycle the waste, the environmental impact of the wastes and how to dispose of them the waste appropriately (The Corvallis Sustainability Coalition, 2019).

Sustainability Action Team works as a group with the aim of implementing the community Sustainability Action Plan. Every action group remains influenced by a leadership team that coordinates and manages the activities of the team to the Coalition Steering Committee. Some of the activities performed by the action teams include determining and calling the partners for joint actions and working on projects designed and chosen by the members. They also work with other groups to address interconnected actions and objectives, collect the required metrics for planning and reporting as well as submit progress data and reports (Corvallis Sustainability Coalition, 2019).

In conclusion, the Corvallis Sustainability Corvallis was initiated in the year 2007 by the natural step local coordinators, who desired to bring people in the community working on the various sustainability aspects and is developed on many individuals and organizations efforts. The organization has assisted the community in increasing their awareness concerning the connection between the economy, society, and the environment, making it an ideal organization collaborate with in creating awareness on recycling of plastic waste and other waste and how to dispose of them appropriately. The recycling block captain program assists in educating people concerning waste, composting and recycling prevention. The Block captains help in distributing the recycling messages and information to people 3 times annually to create awareness and inform people on how to recycle the waste, the environmental impact of the wastes and how to dispose of them the waste appropriately.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Corvallis Sustainability Coalition. (2019). Action Teams. Retrieved from Corvallis Sustainability Coalition: https://sustainablecorvallis.org/action-teams/

Corvallis Sustainability Coalition. (2019). The History of the Coalition. Retrieved from Corvallis Sustainability Coalition: https://sustainablecorvallis.org/about/background/

The Corvallis Sustainability Coalition. (2019). Recycling Block Captain Program. Retrieved from The Corvallis Sustainability Coalition: https://sustainablecorvallis.org/action-teams/waste-prevention/recycling-block-captain-program/

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 1 Words: 300

No Title



[Title]

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

[Title]

Introduction

The international community is facing a major threat that has been termed as climate change. According to the statements of different observer agencies, the climate of the planet Earth has faced unprecedented changes. Comparing the average climate of the earth a hundred years ago with now, an astonishing difference of 1.5 degrees Celsius could be seen. Some might comment on this issue with respect to the environment alone, completely ignoring the important component of development. Developing countries, despite contributing far less in worsening the climate scenario than the developed countries are facing extreme weather conditions. To tackle this issue on war footings, many countries have ratified agreements like the Paris Climate Agreement. The agreement binds its signatories to enforce measures domestically and locally.

Discussion

Undoubtedly, China is the biggest economy in the world. It is also the biggest contributor to greenhouse gases. These gases account for the increase in the earth’s temperature. In 2006, China's emissions started to surge. Soon China overtook the USA. Chinese leaders themselves have taken cognizance of the issue. The Chinese government has enforced several measures to tackle this issue. There are different policies enacted to curb the emissions of greenhouse gases. These measures and policies underpin increased economic growth, reducing smog pollution and expanding industries. Of all the policies and measures enforced by the Chinese government, the National Climate Change Program is under discussion.

This plan targets the regions of western, eastern and northern China. These regions witnessed significant changes that were not recorded previously. From 1986 to 2005, twenty consecutive warm winters were witnessed. Droughts and severe floods ravaged different areas in these regions. The sea level along China’s coastline rose above than the global average. China’s glaciers melted at a rapid pace. Against this grim backdrop, the Chinese government tasked the National Development and Reform Commission to chalk out a plan. A plan that would not only compel China to reduce its emissions, but also provide relief to the domestic and international community from suffering due to climate change.

China’s National Climate Change Programme can be viewed at http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/200706/P020070604561191006823.pdf.

For this plan to bear results, all three aspects of sustainability, social, economic and environmental must be achieved simultaneously. Compromising on any one dimension would jeopardize the whole plan that has consumed so many resources of taxpayers. The environmental aspect of sustainability is addressed through this plan in a way that is targeted to reduce the national greenhouse gases emissions. This plan underscored the need for renewable energy in order to reduce the carbon footprint. Solar and wind power energies are being promoted as a result of this plan. The social aspect of sustainability is addressed in this plan by calling the need to control the burgeoning population. Controlling the population means an even distribution of resources among the citizens. The economic aspect of sustainability is of particular importance for both China and the international community. The industrial structure of China has been revamped remarkably through a number of initiatives. This has further boosted the economic growth of China.

There are certain strengths and weaknesses of this plan. Strengths may include that the plan highlights the need for economic restructuring. It calls for improvement in energy efficiency. It demands the utilization of renewable energy. It calls for enforcement of vehicle emission standards. It encouraged comprehensive research and development to tackle climate change. It obliged the government to restore the ecosystem that has been diminished. Aforestation should increase as a result of this plan. Few weaknesses that are worth mentioning that, despite cutting its emission rate to half of its GDP, Chinese emission rates remain at the top of the list. Although the energy produced through coal is acknowledged as hazardous, the production of energy from coal has not been shut down completely.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

No Title

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Question Number 1

Part 1

While munching on fruits: Peels and seeds of the fruit. Food leftovers.

While snacking: shopping bags, Wrappers of chocolates, sweets, etc

There are various types of waste which I intentionally and unintentionally produce in my life, such that liquid, solid, organic or recycle waste. The residue is generated out of the eatables or drinks majorly, whereas the working mode creates the waste which is not able to recover. The following is the mind-map of the waste which I produce in my daily routine:

Waste

While walking: Water disposal, juice, beverages, tea, etc

While working: Solid rubbish, e.g., papers, chewing gums, etc

Part 2

The mind-map as mentioned above is according to the activities I do when creating waste. I thought of it as a clear description of the ways I make waste and the type of garbage I produce. This will help me in reducing or cutting off the means of waste production. The questions which arose in my mind were that what is the dominant form of rubbish type I create? And also, how is this even manageable when all the waste I produced is due to my eating habit. I also thought of devising ways through which it could be minimized.

Question Number 2

Part 1

The waste which I typically produce more is the plastic shopping bags and wrappers out of which I usually take out the eatable things and groceries. The alternative for this plastic or plastic bags is the kits made up of various biodegradable material like calico, recycle PET, jute, cotton, and hemp.

The lifecycle of plastic depends on the material it is made of, such that it is made up of natural gas and oil when treated in a cracking process which turns them into hydrocarbon monomers. When these monomers are processed with other monomers, they chemically bond making the polymers (Alam, Billah & Yajie, 2018). For instance, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene are common polymers. There are two types of plastics; thermosets and thermoplastics. The latter is efficiently processed to recycle, whereas the thermosets are not able to reuse due to their non-melting characteristic. The degradable or thermoplastic plastic is recovered in the furnaces.

The lifecycle of jute (as an alternative to plastic) is that it is produced by the fiber of ribbon and stem of the jute plants (Das, 2017). The process of retting gives the fiber; this process bundles the stem of jute together and then put it in the slow running water. It is made of entirely natural processes, i.e., it needs farming and cultivation space with an abundance of water.

Part 2

The alternative to plastic bags is jute bags, because of the reason that jute is very sustainable. Whereas, the plastic bags are having a shorter period of life as they lose their strength and shine very early, after one use. Jute is durable and stronger, and it also retains its durability and outlook for quite a long period than plastic bags. Creation of plastic sacks includes petrochemical items, for example, polypropylene and polyethylene, and their short life expectancy overburdens the earth and exhausts natural assets. Jute packs, as an option, are biodegradable, due to their property of being robust, breathable, robust, reusable, and resistant to temperature. Jute is a feasible choice; it is widespread and requires just unobtrusive water and cultivating space for development. Jute packs serve various utilizations for conveying needs routinely, for example keeping textbooks, snacks, groceries, and pottery and bulky items. They are easily customizable, according to the wish or demand of style, size, color, and even awareness messages.

References

Alam, O., Billah, M., & Yajie, D. (2018). Characteristics of plastic bags and their potential environmental hazards. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 132, 121-129.

Das, S. (2017). Mechanical properties of waste paper/jute fabric reinforced polyester resin matrix hybrid composites. Carbohydrate Polymers, 172, 60-67.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

No Title

Community Outreach Inc

Student’s Name

Institution

Community Outreach Inc Volunteer

Life poses different experiences as people grow. I was born in a humble family but with a golden heart. Things happen and some have happened in my neighbourhood that make me think of the next step in life. People have different problems facing them and have to endure pain and suffering to succeed in life. Going through school experience have learnt so much that defines who I am today and tomorrow. The focus is on making other people feel comfortable and have a joyous life. Setting my goals as a young person, I decided to build my relation with the community. Organizations have emerged to advocate for community support some are genuine and some are not. Despite the reservations, I decided to work as a volunteer in Community Outreach Inc. The organization has functions that define its outstanding capabilities within the society. The way the organization conducts its activities and their openness to the society contributed to my desire to joining the team for a voluntary work.

The main objective was to reach out to the community and create awareness about responsibility acceptance and general health concerns. Diseases have been a killer problem to most of the nations and work is being done to eliminate most of the diseases. Within the organization, we were clustered and each cluster comprised of 10 people moving from door to door with an aim of sensitization. Cooperation among the group members amazed me and they were ready to mobilize people and families for notification.

The sensitization job lasted three months and committed myself to the job as a fulltime employee. The time I spent was well utilized and engaged in group work moving from one neighbourhood to another with a purpose. This organization was founded in 1971 to provide a range of services to homeless people. These included medical attention, dentistry and awareness to the public. It has been involved in transformational housing a service that aims to improve the lifestyle of the people. In addition, it engages in provision of treatment services to the society.

The main aim of visiting homes was to create awareness and sensitize people on various diseases. Make people understand how to deal with some complexities and solving issues caused by disease misunderstanding. The activities conducted during our volunteer period related to the organizational goals and tied to the listed objectives. Social dimension of sustainability played a major role in shaping the community. The practices we conducted depicted the importance of having a non-profit making organization within the community.

The outreach mission we had covered the local community and aimed at improving the health conditions. Providing advises to the local influenced the global community too. The global community would engage in continuous consultations.

My project targeted the entire community. People within and outside the society and non-humans such as animals constituted the success of the project. We educated the people on how to take care of them and what they possess including pets and other animals.

The experience when doing what you feel is best for the people is a good one. I captured sufficient experience and widened the scope of volunteering. I believe I will continue to volunteer and assist the people including the needy. My time was well spent as I managed to touch lives and change their way of living.

Therefore, sustainability from a general view has three pillars. The dimensions include social economic and environmental. To achieve the target and ensure success collaboration is important and express the will to execute tasks. Therefore, to have a sustainable environment and the society, we have to be ready to have a healthy nation.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

No Title Needed

Your Name: Robert

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Causes of Climate Change

Manufacturing and Construction

Population has increased in the last few decades leading to an increase in human activities that have caused drastic changes in climate change. Climate has changed because of higher amount of emissions of carbon dioxide, and burning of fossil fuel by our industrial sector. Construction and manufacturing have a direct contribution to carbon dioxide emissions because many of factories burn fossil fuels, cement production, which requires high temperature, and Greenfield developments. In the United States, Carbon Dioxide emission increased to 44 percent, which was caused by construction companies, and it is stated that this is more than the emissions caused by transportation and industrial activities. Globally, construction and manufacturing of material goods by industries are held responsible for 40 percent of carbon emissions.

Construction and manufacturing industry is also responsible for dumping of waste products, and releasing chemicals into streams and rivers. Dumping of waste products when exposed to air causes emission of gases, which damages ozone layer, and it makes an impact on humans too. Uncontrollable pollution produced by manufacturing and construction industries is causing damage to environment, changing the patterns of natural cycles, and damages ozone layer, which results in ozone depletion. While, ozone depletion has negative effects resulting in damage of ozone layer and excessive emission of ultraviolet rays by ozone layer causes damages to species on the earth.

With an increase in construction and manufacturing, the demand for resource depletion has also increased. For example, demand for wood and timber has increased, therefore, to fulfill these demands, industries have started deforestation. Consumption of natural resources by construction and manufacturing industries is contributing to climate change, because it requires more transportation for supplies which results in greenhouse emissions. However, deforestation leads to changes in weather and climate conditions, and this increases the risks of floods, snow melting, and natural disasters.

Food Systems

Food systems are the processes which include complex activities of food production and feeding a population. These processes start from growing food products, harvesting, processing, transportation of these food products, its marketing in public, consumption by people, and its disposal. Food systems have changed from traditional to modern practices of farmers with change in time. Farmers traditionally used natural fertilizers for the growth of food products but now, with increased demand in food products, farmers have to increase the productions, therefore, they have started using chemical fertilizers. For the production of fertilizers, natural gas is used, and fossil burning is carried out for refrigeration of food products and electricity generation. Main source that is contributing in the emission of greenhouse gases is burning of fossil fuels.

Production of food, its transportation, and storage of wasted food products in open-air, produces greenhouse gas that is a factor contributing to climate change. Food that is produced has to be made accessible to people in the market and for that, food products have to be transported in market. Without vehicles, it is not possible to supply food products to market while vehicles consume fuels that contribute to carbon dioxide emission. Yet another considerable food production practice cannot be ignored, and it is the conversion of grassland, forests to agricultural lands. In particular, conversion of forests into agricultural land has contributed to atmospheric changes in last few decades. Conversions of forests have contributed to 6 percent of greenhouse gas emissions; it has also caused soil erosion, soil loss, coastal water pollution, ocean acidification, and intensive machine farming contributing to climate change. However, it is also important to supply food to people to fulfill their demands of food but these processes of food systems have to be changed because climate is changing drastically. There is a need of environmental friendly practices in both food systems, and construction and manufacturing because existing practices are contributing to climate change.

Subject: Environmental Science

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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