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I am having a crazy party. Coz its Happy Halloween

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Writing The Paragraph Thesis Statement

Final Film Critique

Martin Gutierrez

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Writing the Paragraph Thesis Statement

Topic: Reasons why you have chosen a particular career path

Specific Focus: Why I want to become a pilot

Identify your strategy for development (examples or reason): There are many reasons that I want to become a pilot.

Main Idea or thesis statement: Becoming a pilot is a great way to discover places and travel the world.

Brainstorm your topic using mind-map: Pilot pros: It is exciting, connection, money, travel, always learning, be a part of elite group, the view is stunning,

Chose four-six details of your topic from your brainstorm exercise:

It is very exciting to be a pilot

Being a pilot connects us with different people around the world.

This career has got a lot of money to give.

Being a pilot will help in learning new things, it allows to become a part of elite class.

The stunning view from the plane is very soothing

Travel is good for mental health.

The writing process:

Topic: Reasons to become a pilot.

Brainstorm:

Topic sentence: Being a pilot helps in learning and discovering the world.

Details:

Elite Profession

Uniform

Money

Behavior

Mind and attitude

Problem solving

New world

New strategies

Knowledge increase

Being a pilot helps in learning and discovering the world.

Pilot

Elite Profession

Uniform

Money

Learning

Behavior

Mind and Attitude

Problem Solving

Discovering

New world

New strategies

Knowledge increase

First Draft

Pilot is a profession. Many people chose this career. Pilot travel around the world. It is very exciting for them. They travel different places. Traveling help they in learning and they meet new people. Pilot gets a lot of money. Their uniform is very clean and tidy. Their knowledge is increased because they travel a lot. It is an elite profession. Pilot make new strategies which help them in discovering the new world. Their behavior is good and they meet different kinds of people whenever they travel, because there are many people around the world who travel.

Revised Draft

A pilot is a person who has knowledge and skill of steering an aircraft. Pilot is an elite profession. They have very charming personalities because of their uniform. Formal wear is very important part of their job. Pilot who wear well-pressed uniform and tidy look is trustworthy. Being a pilot is not difficult especially when it is your passion or when it is about money. No doubt, this profession has got a lot of money to give. Pilots not only fly airplane but they also get to know the behavior of people. As they travel a lot so they meet different people having different mind and attitude. Pilots have the ability to solve complex problems, it is their duty to come up with speedy solution in an emergency case. Their traveling help them in discovering new world. They create new strategies to deal with problems. Their new discovery helps them to increase their knowledge. They not only move from one place to another but they also get to know the nature of people and places.

Written Assignment #1: Units 1B-3 (Gilgamesh Through Odyssey)

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Written Assignment #1: Units 1B-3

Introduction

Every religion in the world has certain characters in it that are highlighted in terms of negative and positive. These characters are usually portrayed as heroes, who have fought against the forces of evil and remained strong through the dark times, or villains, who went towards the dark side and tried to mislead innocent people towards the wrong path. Some religions and cultures have a limited number of such heroes, even only one whereas the other religions have a number of such characters who play a very strong role in shaping up the teaching of that religion or culture. One of such religions is Hinduism

Hindu religion is full of thousands of such characters that hold positive and negative traits that make them strong or week. These traits or qualities also make these characters good or evil. Most of these characters are worshipped as Gods and Goddesses in the Hindu culture. It is interesting to know that there are a total of 33 million deities in the Hindu religion who are worshipped in different forms (Knott). Many of these deities are females and worshipped in different due to various reasons. One of the most prominent and powerful among them is Durga.

Discussion

Durga is the mother-goddess in Hindu Religion and she represents the fiery powers of Gods. She has powerful characteristics as she protects the right from wrong and destroys the evil. Durga is portrayed riding a lion, carrying a number of weapons in her many arms. Durga is considered as an aggressive form or incarnation of Goddess Parvati.

Is the character strong or weak?

Goddess Durga is considered to be one of the most powerful and strongest goddesses among all the Hindu deities. She is usually portrayed shown sitting on a lion, holding various weapons that are usually used by male gods. These weapons allow her to fight against the might Mahisasura and the other evil forces. According to some legends, Durga is considered so powerful that she is considered the mother of the Hindu Universe (Jordan).

Source of Power

According to the legend, the Goddess Durga was created to slay the buffalo of demon Msahisasura by Brahma. She was the result of the creation of Brahman, Vishnu, Shiva, and some other lesser gods, who were otherwise unable to counter him (Narayanan). They handed over their power in combined form to Durga so that she caters to the evil powers of Mahisasura.

She also gets her power from the weapons that had been gifted to her from different gods. Her vajra was given to her by Indra, the conch was handed over to her by Varuna and Vayu gifted her a bow and arrows. In addition to this, her missile and spear were a gift by Agni, Vishwakarma gave her his axe and the lion was gifted to her by the lord of mountains.

Extent of Influence on the Culture

Durga is amazingly influential in Hindu Culture. Her influence can be judged from the fact that a large number of Hindus worship her as a Goddess. There are even many specially dedicated festivals for her celebrated in the Hindu community by the name of Durga Pooja, Durga Ashtami, and Navratri.

Conclusion

Hence, in a nutshell, it can be seen that although all the deities or gods carry great importance in the Hindu religion, female goddesses have a special place, especially Goddess Durga. Durga is considered to be one of the most powerful and strongest among all the female characters of Hindu Culture. She exhumes power and dignity, as well as at the same time is sign of aggressiveness and anger. She has a great influence on Hindu Culture and has thousands of followers and worshippers all over the world.

Works Cited

Jordan, Michael. Dictionary of gods and goddesses. Infobase Publishing, 2014.

Knott, Kim. Hinduism: a very short introduction. Vol. 5. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Narayanan, Vasudha. "Hinduism." Her Voice, Her Faith. Routledge, 2018. 11-57.

Wrongful Convictions: Helping The Wicked And Punishing The Innocent

Your Name

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Wrongful Convictions: Helping the Wicked and Punishing the Innocent

It is written in the book ‘Just Mercy’ by Bryan Stevenson, "I couldn't stop thinking that we don't spend much time contemplating the details of what killing someone involves ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TxmC2Xmj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Just Mercy Quotes by Bryan Stevenson(Page 5 of 8)})","plainCitation":"(Just Mercy Quotes by Bryan Stevenson(Page 5 of 8))","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":176,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QT7344UP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/QT7344UP"],"itemData":{"id":176,"type":"webpage","title":"Just Mercy Quotes by Bryan Stevenson(page 5 of 8)","URL":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/28323940-just-mercy-a-story-of-justice-and-redemption?page=5","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Just Mercy Quotes by Bryan Stevenson(Page 5 of 8)).” The innocent person's wrongful conviction is considered the worst nightmare for anyone who wants or cares about justice. From the past few decades, even the good judge proved wrong. However, the system of criminal justice has developed several safeguards that make sure that nobody is wrongly convicted and most of the convictions determined accurately on facts. The innocent conviction is avoided so, that no wrongful conviction occurs. Even if the criminal justice courts of America prove that they have done accurate convictions up to 99.5% then still it will generate almost 10,000 wrong convictions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rHafECI3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Furman)","plainCitation":"(Furman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":179,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/6G3B4V3P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/6G3B4V3P"],"itemData":{"id":179,"type":"article-journal","title":"Wrongful Convictions and the Accuracy of the Criminal Justice System","page":"21","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Furman","given":"H Patrick"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Furman). Whenever an innocent is convicted wrongfully the real offender set free and that person continuously victimizes others. The particular problems related to society wrongful convictions are researched through survey data and case studies to analyze the exact factor related to the issue of wrongful convictions. The factor related to the error potential in the system of criminal justice is determined, the significance to focus on these errors is to reduce the injustice conviction number, also noted the false confessions and the issues related to the identification of eye-witness. The wrongful convictions policy issues identified through reintegrating the convicted innocents, how the crime control process is done of capital punishment nature.

In ‘Just Mercy’ Stevenson acknowledged the ‘surreal experience’ which is related to his struggle to release Walter McMillian, who is a wrongfully convicted person and the author gives the inequality urgent reminder in the system of criminal justice. Although the subject is uncontrollable Stevenson remains hopeful throughout the novel he said, “We can change things, we can expect more. We can do more I hope together we can create a more just world." It gives Goosebumps to the people in the auditorium that this person is fuelled by the galvanized believes that he individually can bring change. Author Bryan Stevenson when in his 20s lived at Atlanta as well as practice law in the Defense Committee of Southern Prisoners. One evening he encounters a horrible event, when he was listening to the radio in his car the unit of SWAT policed approached his car and parked him outside the apartment and pulled a gun on him. The police suspected him because of threat and threatened him because of his color by saying ‘Move otherwise I will blow your head.’ This incident fueled in Stevenson to challenge the economic inequalities and racial biases in the justice system of the United States. ‘Just Mercy’ is related to his early days when he grew up in the racially segregated and poor settlements and then he became a lawyer who represented the abandoned. He works for the clients who are on death row, neglected and abused children who face adult prosecution and also they are placed in the adult prisons in which they are sexually abused, beaten and some are mentally disabled persons their illness land them in prison and their requirements are not fulfilled there. His script, ’Just Mercy’ describes his famous case when the author helped the man who is on death row for murdering Ronda Morison who is 18 years old his body found at dry cleaner under the clothing rack in 1986. Against McMillian, three witnesses came while there were also sox witnesses of black people, according to them he was at fish fry of the church when this crime took place. From the court, McMillian found guilty as well as on death row from six years. "I think everyone knew that the evidence against Mr. McMillian was pretty contrived," said Stevenson ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z02Ejpcl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}\\uc0\\u8220{}Just Mercy\\uc0\\u8221{} Tells the Story of Walter McMillian, a Wrongfully Convicted Man Who Fights a Flawed Criminal Justice System})","plainCitation":"(“Just Mercy” Tells the Story of Walter McMillian, a Wrongfully Convicted Man Who Fights a Flawed Criminal Justice System)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":180,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UAD5256I"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/UAD5256I"],"itemData":{"id":180,"type":"webpage","title":"\"Just Mercy\" tells the story of Walter McMillian, a wrongfully convicted man who fights a flawed criminal justice system","URL":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/just-mercy-tells-story-walter-mcmillian-wrongfully-convicted-man-who-n1070431","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Just Mercy," Tells the Story of Walter McMillian, a Wrongfully Convicted Man Who Fights a Flawed Criminal Justice System). Through the representation of Stevenson, McMillian was released in the year1993. Eventually, McMillian was freed but not from the death row scars. The author regarded this issue as one of the critical cases of his career in which he got death and bomb threats. As he was fighting for this man survival and to set him free as he is seen as innocent. According to the author, one thing which is painful for me was that we create so many hardships for some people by treating them unfairly and also imprison them unfairly. The innocent people are continuously threatened, traumatized and are threatened in profound ways. Also, when these innocent people got released the people around them behave as they should be grateful as they didn’t execute. In a way that they won’t get compensation every time. People used to question them and still, people have doubts about them. Brayan said, “You can't segregate and humiliate people decade after decade without creating long-lasting injuries.” The act of humiliation produce long term effects on the person behavior this develop dementia in people which doctors might believe as the induced trauma, the person feels like he/she is almost killed through such experience as well as author witness almost 8 execution while his client was at death row ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"11fwz0ms","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Punishing the Wrongfully Convicted \\uc0\\u8211{} Center for Public Integrity})","plainCitation":"(Punishing the Wrongfully Convicted – Center for Public Integrity)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":190,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/AC8B367G"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/AC8B367G"],"itemData":{"id":190,"type":"webpage","title":"Punishing the wrongfully convicted – Center for Public Integrity","URL":"https://publicintegrity.org/federal-politics/state-politics/harmful-error/punishing-the-wrongfully-convicted/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Punishing the Wrongfully Convicted – Center for Public Integrity). The most important thing which the author wants that people must understand, the justice system cannot be continued when unfairness exists as well as when we tolerate racial biases and lastly when we as people do not change our behavior either acting individually or in society. This character represents hundreds of people who went through this traumatic situation. The author also referred to one case as the most surreal case where he met the person before his scheduled execution. In such executions, they used to shave all the body hairs of the person and then put that person on the electric chair. In this case, they are killing a person who is not a threat to anyone. But this the system which convicts poor and innocent people and also murders them without any reason. This book 'just Mercy' taking people closer to the harsh realities of the justice system and society ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zuni2JR1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}One Lawyer\\uc0\\u8217{}s Fight For Young Blacks And \\uc0\\u8217{}Just Mercy\\uc0\\u8217{}\\uc0\\u8239{}: NPR})","plainCitation":"(One Lawyer’s Fight For Young Blacks And ’Just Mercy’ : NPR)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":174,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/47A3CCH9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/47A3CCH9"],"itemData":{"id":174,"type":"webpage","title":"One Lawyer's Fight For Young Blacks And 'Just Mercy' : NPR","URL":"https://www.npr.org/2014/10/20/356964925/one-lawyers-fight-for-young-blacks-and-just-mercy","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (One Lawyer’s Fight For Young Blacks And ’Just Mercy’ : NPR).

It is no doubt that if the innocent are convicted for punishment it is regarded as the failure and tragedy. It must be known to everyone that the system of criminal justice isn’t infallible. The wrongful convictions might increase the crime level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"G8dLb5ZU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}\\uc0\\u8220{}It\\uc0\\u8217{}s Better That 10 Guilty Men Go Free than One Innocent Man Be Wrongly Convicted\\uc0\\u8221{} | The Independent})","plainCitation":"(“It’s Better That 10 Guilty Men Go Free than One Innocent Man Be Wrongly Convicted” | The Independent)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":184,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/IFMHEXQZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/IFMHEXQZ"],"itemData":{"id":184,"type":"webpage","title":"'It's better that 10 guilty men go free than one innocent man be wrongly convicted' | The Independent","URL":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/its-better-that-10-guilty-men-go-free-than-one-innocent-man-be-wrongly-convicted-944059.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("It's Better Than 10 Guilty Men Go Free than One Innocent Man Be Wrongly Convicted" | The Independent). The wrongful convictions issue is an extremely serious problem in such areas where crime becomes endemic and also for particular citizen groups it is stereotyped.Such issues can be mitigated through state liability who used to compensate with induced wrongful convictions in which few people did not commit the crime but convicted wrongfully which lead towards the reduction of crime level.Although, the liability might be distorted through judges' behavior in case judges' welfare is related inversely with the wrongful conviction compensation. The policy implication techniques are addressed which reduce these types of distortions. There is no system of criminal justice which is a fallible and perfect one which leads towards the justice miscarriage ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ZNm55cPP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Innocence and Wrongful Convictions})","plainCitation":"(Innocence and Wrongful Convictions)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/B4YJ8775"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/B4YJ8775"],"itemData":{"id":182,"type":"webpage","title":"Innocence and Wrongful Convictions","URL":"http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/wrongful-convictions.cfm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Innocence and Wrongful Convictions). When every fair trial standards are held wrongful convictions could happen. Several countries who practice capital punishment, won't fulfill these standards. In the US, police misconduct and torture contributed to the innocent person's conviction. Through inadequate racial prejudice, shoddy investigation of police and misidentification of an eyewitness.In every region of the world, innocent people are convicted and given the death sentence. Although DNA testing plays a major role in identifying false convictions in the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tuoqu9vZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}SAGE Books - Convicted but Innocent: Wrongful Conviction and Public Policy})","plainCitation":"(SAGE Books - Convicted but Innocent: Wrongful Conviction and Public Policy)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":194,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DL5UMTVS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/DL5UMTVS"],"itemData":{"id":194,"type":"webpage","title":"SAGE Books - Convicted but Innocent: Wrongful Conviction and Public Policy","URL":"http://sk.sagepub.com/books/convicted-but-innocent","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (SAGE Books - Convicted but Innocent: Wrongful Conviction and Public Policy).

The fair trial is assured under the international law which protects individuals through unlawful detentions as well as reduces the wrongful conviction possibility. The standards of international law related to the fair trial evolve continuously but consist of innocence presumption, fair hearing, provide adequate facilities and time in defense preparation. Various treaties of human rights affirm fair trials, it is written in the treaties that equality is given to each person through fair hearing by the impartial and independent tribunal for determining person obligations and rights from any criminal charge against that person ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rtFcti6I","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}State Liability for Wrongful Conviction: Incentive Effects on Crime Levels on JSTOR})","plainCitation":"(State Liability for Wrongful Conviction: Incentive Effects on Crime Levels on JSTOR)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":188,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/HV4YKN8K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/HV4YKN8K"],"itemData":{"id":188,"type":"webpage","title":"State Liability for Wrongful Conviction: Incentive Effects on Crime Levels on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40752642?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (State Liability for Wrongful Conviction: Incentive Effects on Crime Levels on JSTOR). There are various international tools given for the compensation right if the person is convicted wrongfully. Generally, the compensation right needs pardon or reversal before final conviction based on facts which are newly discovered which demonstrate that this conviction is unjust. There are several international laws which give the citizen the authority to hide unjust conviction and compensation review from the damages they suffered ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hFpz82P1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Innocence and Wrongful Convictions})","plainCitation":"(Innocence and Wrongful Convictions)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/B4YJ8775"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/B4YJ8775"],"itemData":{"id":182,"type":"webpage","title":"Innocence and Wrongful Convictions","URL":"http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/wrongful-convictions.cfm","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Innocence and Wrongful Convictions). However, most countries who passed these types of legislation no longer apply the penalty to death. Some countries developed the particular commissions which possess the right to refer and investigate the claim through wrongful convictions of a court ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aNAaoIRb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE DEFENSE OF THE INNOCENT on JSTOR})","plainCitation":"(CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE DEFENSE OF THE INNOCENT on JSTOR)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":186,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NKNHRN8J"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/vDOrLj7p/items/NKNHRN8J"],"itemData":{"id":186,"type":"webpage","title":"CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE DEFENSE OF THE INNOCENT on JSTOR","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23216794?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE DEFENSE OF THE INNOCENT on JSTOR). Although the US failed in adopting the federal legislation which provides compensation to people who are convicted wrongfully. Though some of the states adopted laws of compensation sometimes discharge people based on compensation by civil lawsuits or state laws.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE DEFENSE OF THE INNOCENT on JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23216794?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

Furman, H. Patrick. Wrongful Convictions and the Accuracy of the Criminal Justice System. p. 21.

Innocence and Wrongful Convictions. http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/wrongful-convictions.cfm. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

"It's Better Than 10 Guilty Men Go Free than One Innocent Man Be Wrongly Convicted" | The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/its-better-that-10-guilty-men-go-free-than-one-innocent-man-be-wrongly-convicted-944059.html. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

Just Mercy Quotes by Bryan Stevenson(Page 5 of 8). https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/28323940-just-mercy-a-story-of-justice-and-redemption?page=5. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

"Just Mercy," Tells the Story of Walter McMillian, a Wrongfully Convicted Man Who Fights a Flawed Criminal Justice System. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/just-mercy-tells-story-walter-mcmillian-wrongfully-convicted-man-who-n1070431. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

One Lawyer’s Fight For Young Blacks And ’Just Mercy’ : NPR. https://www.npr.org/2014/10/20/356964925/one-lawyers-fight-for-young-blacks-and-just-mercy. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

Punishing the Wrongfully Convicted – Center for Public Integrity. https://publicintegrity.org/federal-politics/state-politics/harmful-error/punishing-the-wrongfully-convicted/. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

SAGE Books - Convicted but Innocent: Wrongful Conviction and Public Policy. http://sk.sagepub.com/books/convicted-but-innocent. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

State Liability for Wrongful Conviction: Incentive Effects on Crime Levels on JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40752642?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Accessed 12 Nov. 2019.

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Plutarch’s Lives

Xiaoying Chen

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Comparison of Alexander and Caesar

Comparison of Alexander and Caesar

There are many similarities when it comes to the descent of both Caesar and Alexander.

Caesar belonged to the line of rulers that belonged to the Julian tribe. This tribe often links with the founder of the Roman race, Aeneas. On the other hand, Alexander was also of noble decent. This father, Philip of the Macedonian royal house was a person of extraordinary intellect and his mother Olympia was a lady of noble birth. Alexander and Caesar similarly gave prompt evidence of their later great legacy. Caesar as an young man opposing Sulla and showing arrogance in managing his prisoners and Alexander subduing Bucephalus and working with the diplomats from Persia while being exceedingly youthful are remarkable instances of early indications of greatness.

As respects the degree of their successes, we should give the respect to Alexander who extended Macedonian power more than three continents that ended the incomparable Empire of the Persians. In addition, Alexander's Hellenistic realm was unprecedented, considered exclusively in his own unique personality, while Caesar regarded Alexander's life as his role model with the fantasies of world domination. Howbeit, we should likewise perceive how Caesar achieved several victories while noting consistently to the Senate and the People of Rome as he was being constantly at work dealing with the local gathering of his triumphs while amidst battling in inaccessible grounds. Right now might be said to have defeated more prominent hindrances than the ones faced by Alexander.

Caesar was constantly liberal to his companions even sparing the life of his adversaries, like, Brutus who attempted obliterate Caesar during the clash of Pharsalia. Such was the charismatic personality of Caesar. But Alexander, accepting his own purposeful publicity dropped out with and wrecked old companions, for example, Parmenio and great counselors, for example, Callisthenes. He positively behaved as being absolutely imperiousness to physical enticements of nourishment, delight, or cash, appearing to be driven on by just the wonder and notoriety of victory.

Numerous creators have noticed this, among them the interpreters of the Authorized (King James) Version of Scripture who note in the prelude: "The most elevated personages have been calumniated...we will discover numerous the like models... The primary Roman ruler [C. Caesar, Plutarch] carried out never do an additionally satisfying thing to the scholarly, nor progressively productive to descendants, for preserving the record of times in evident suppuration, than when he rectified the schedule, and requested the year as per the course of the sun; but this was ascribed to him for curiosity, and arrogance, and acquired to him incredible obloquy." And so we get that, "the readiest method to be the most celebrated individual on earth, is to kill him who was at that point so," [Alexander, 55], and that the individuals who can't kill you will, out of jealousy in any event attempt to tear you down. To Alexander we should concede the differentiation that practically alone among Plutarch's personal subjects, he was never genuinely thwarted in his arrangements by the jealousy of others. The individuals who might plot against Alexander were either insufficient or were immediately discovered and dispatched by Alexander. To be sure, Alexander is additionally of a minority in Plutarch's Lives as one who surrendered not to savagery and power yet to the slightness of our physical edge, kicking the bucket of common causes while at the tallness of his triumphs.

References

Clough, A H. (2018). Plutarch’s Lives. S.L.: Wildside Press.

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Patent Trolls

Introduction

Companies along with the individuals are involved in a constant battle to shield their inventions from being replicated and misused ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HyPgv6Ly","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chan and Fawcett)","plainCitation":"(Chan and Fawcett)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/RURZ6DFW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/RURZ6DFW"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"article-journal","title":"Footsteps of the patent troll","container-title":"Intell. Prop. L. Bull.","page":"1","volume":"10","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Chan","given":"Jeremiah"},{"family":"Fawcett","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chan and Fawcett). Because of the relentless "fight," most enterprises would go to extraordinary lengths to trademark their inventions, which invariably leads to "patent wars" among several biggest tech corporations and individuals of today. Patent wars have a significant impact on computing technology. Since it is prone to abuse, hinders every company's progress in its technologies, as well as the existing patents, become obsolete in particular. While numerous people love the present innovative advances, there has been a lot of debate about whether Congress will amend the existing patent laws.

Patent trolls, often recognized as a non-practicing enterprise or non-producing enterprise, are among the greatest challenge of the patent wars ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LUwLxy0E","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDonough III)","plainCitation":"(McDonough III)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/CXC39JD6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/CXC39JD6"],"itemData":{"id":109,"type":"article-journal","title":"The myth of the patent troll: an alternative view of the function of patent dealers in an idea economy","container-title":"Emory LJ","page":"189","volume":"56","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The myth of the patent troll","author":[{"family":"McDonough III","given":"James F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDonough III). NPEs never use patents to manufacture a commodity, but rather use patents to earn profits from many other corporations attempting to create a commodity that violates the patent. A patent troll is not a new concept, instead, it has been existing for at least a millennium. A great instance is George B. Selden, who produced a licensing agreement for a one-cylinder turbocharger and afterward in 1879, submitted a patent to use it in a vehicle. In 1895, he received a patent for the concept of an automobile ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"D3cKmiso","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pohlmann and Opitz)","plainCitation":"(Pohlmann and Opitz)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/C2DLRH92"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/C2DLRH92"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"article-journal","title":"Typology of the patent troll business","container-title":"R&D Management","page":"103–120","volume":"43","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Pohlmann","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Opitz","given":"Marieke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pohlmann and Opitz). In the year 1899, William Whitney acquired Selden's patent for ten thousand dollars including five percent of a revenue profit. Both of them would indeed automatically send terminate-and-desist instructions to automotive companies despite the fact that no one among them was initially making any kind of vehicles. Selden was probably selling a notion rather than a brand. Several might assume that as grabbing innovative technologies captive until someone continues to pay resources to bring the vision to life. This fundamentally hampers and perhaps prevents the advancement of many other technologies that are encompassed by a certain trademark, although there are minor variations ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pWwng4Ke","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pohlmann and Opitz)","plainCitation":"(Pohlmann and Opitz)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/C2DLRH92"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/C2DLRH92"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"article-journal","title":"Typology of the patent troll business","container-title":"R&D Management","page":"103–120","volume":"43","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Pohlmann","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Opitz","given":"Marieke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pohlmann and Opitz).

Discussion

So how is an occurrence that took place more than a decade earlier have any significance to a modern technology that we now have? A response being, those similar incidents are still somewhat regularly happening until this day. The patent firm called Lodsys sued numerous programmers of Apple apps in the year 2011 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8ZVTop5z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chan and Fawcett)","plainCitation":"(Chan and Fawcett)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/RURZ6DFW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/RURZ6DFW"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"article-journal","title":"Footsteps of the patent troll","container-title":"Intell. Prop. L. Bull.","page":"1","volume":"10","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Chan","given":"Jeremiah"},{"family":"Fawcett","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chan and Fawcett). The primary objective of Lodsys to exist is not to develop something new, but rather to take legal action against those who generate something that descends inside their patent protection. Throughout this particular instance, its programmers are threatening to sue for a patent that incorporates how this application consumption works. A corporation matches accurately with the interpretation of a patent troll and is visualized as George B. Selden's advanced projection on vehicles and his intellectual property. Generally, big corporations impede the development of new innovations through imposing limits on the patent which can be too obscure that can deter programmers from producing products in or similar to the domain shielded by trademarks for fear of litigation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"t5gE8MKB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McDonough III)","plainCitation":"(McDonough III)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":109,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/CXC39JD6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/CXC39JD6"],"itemData":{"id":109,"type":"article-journal","title":"The myth of the patent troll: an alternative view of the function of patent dealers in an idea economy","container-title":"Emory LJ","page":"189","volume":"56","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"The myth of the patent troll","author":[{"family":"McDonough III","given":"James F."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McDonough III).

How unclear certain patents are is a prevalent issue about how computing technology is threatened by patent wars. Does the license protect just the coding path used to compose the program, or does it encompass what the technology does irrespective of how this is programmed? Does such a patent encompass just the play and its possessions on a computer game, or does it still affect the entire genre? These issues arise because of the unclear existence of certain patents and how they never explain what has been protected by the patent. Ambiguous licenses might intimidate other corporations or individuals who, through fear of litigation, are attempting to create new inventions since not every corporation or individual seems to have the resources and ability to go for court. It sometimes contributes to corporations that own the patents being the first ones that advance in their industry, resulting in little ingenuity and flexibility and perhaps even preventing advances in technology at occasions ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bDwYOZjS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Chan and Fawcett)","plainCitation":"(Chan and Fawcett)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":110,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/RURZ6DFW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/RURZ6DFW"],"itemData":{"id":110,"type":"article-journal","title":"Footsteps of the patent troll","container-title":"Intell. Prop. L. Bull.","page":"1","volume":"10","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Chan","given":"Jeremiah"},{"family":"Fawcett","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Chan and Fawcett). There is also no point in educating patent lawyers who make patents as unclear as conceivable. You can, however, make it wider by trying to make the patent clearer. It often enables the patent proprietor to assert entirely irrelevant goods and these concepts breach the patents.

Conclusion

It is suspected that the patent system, once designed to improve R&D opportunities while encouraging more invention, is already becoming too much of an obstacle than an opportunity for entrepreneurship. A well-known incidence is Apple prosecuting Samsung for Apple's patent for display, symbol, application layout. Each of these licenses makes it virtually difficult for the other firms to compete on the demand for phones and tablets. A retail business attempting to join the marketplace for phones and tablets is almost disastrous for the firm. Chances are that some other firms, like Apple, Samsung or maybe even IBM, can withdraw the market position as well as try to intimidate them to denounce and hold them accountable whether the small firm doesn't quite advertise to them. That's harmful to the industry of portable devices and may reflect in bad terms towards the entire market of computing innovation. The possible explanation is that, it is harmful not only because it hinders entrepreneurship but it also hinders competitive advantage.

The government should amend the patent rights in order to eliminate the patent trolls so that a business or individual has to demonstrate that they have been actually utilizing the patent in a specified period ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"YS3P5ixe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pohlmann and Opitz)","plainCitation":"(Pohlmann and Opitz)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":108,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/C2DLRH92"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/LGdpQbDd/items/C2DLRH92"],"itemData":{"id":108,"type":"article-journal","title":"Typology of the patent troll business","container-title":"R&D Management","page":"103–120","volume":"43","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Pohlmann","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Opitz","given":"Marieke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pohlmann and Opitz). The government already took measures earlier in 2015 to tackle NPEs. Unless the patent proprietors end up losing their suit, the current legislation might necessitate the subsidiary to conceal the attorney fees of the adversary. It thus, in effect, would render pest prosecutions more costly as well as put increased risk to NPEs that perpetually intimidate others because of allegations of the violation.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Chan, Jeremiah, and Matthew Fawcett. “Footsteps of the Patent Troll.” Intell. Prop. L. Bull., vol. 10, 2005, p. 1.

McDonough III, James F. “The Myth of the Patent Troll: An Alternative View of the Function of Patent Dealers in an Idea Economy.” Emory LJ, vol. 56, 2006, p. 189.

Pohlmann, Tim, and Marieke Opitz. “Typology of the Patent Troll Business.” R&D Management, vol. 43, no. 2, 2013, pp. 103–120.

You Find A Good Title Based On What You Are Writing

[Name of the Writer]

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[Subject]

[Date]

An experienced that shaped my life

Life is a roller coaster ride for me. It has always been opposed to what is predicted in life. Twists and turns are part of life. I believe comparing life with a roller coaster has validity in it. At a certain point in life, it seems like life is only moving in an upward direction. However, it can go spiraling down faster than one could imagine. In addition, at that moment, everything seems like colliding down in a domino-like fashion. Every good piece of life suddenly is replaced with the hardest things and events, and it smoothly drives one insane. At the time, a person definitely wants to get off this roller coaster life, but the single way out is one that should not be taken easy. Unfortunately, when any lousy event or incident takes place in a family, children are not soared from its impacts.

Looking back at my life, one of the experiences that made me what I am today. That experience and its aftermath were extremely life changing for me. I still remember the evening, and it is like a movie instilled in my mind. It was the middle of springtime and across my house and it was my favourite place to play. I used to love exploring it from time to time. The burning glow of the sun on that day was relentless. I remember when I heard my father's voice; he was calling our names loudly. My younger brother and I ran into the house and saw my other in a terrible condition. She was crying with pain, and my father was calling an ambulance. I was 11 at that point in time and could not manage what was going on. In a spur of the moment, we saw an ambulance, and my father took my mom with thee. My dad gave me a few pieces of advice to take care of my younger brother, and we were left alone at home.

My mother had gotten really sick, and after a few days, I came to know that my mom has been diagnosed with congestive heart failure. She came back home and started getting better, but within a few months, her condition just was worsened. The next few months were all about my parents moving from home to hospital and hospital from home. Can you picture living in a situation like this? Our life was drastically impacted by her illness.

I was a kind who could not imagine living a single day without my mother. It was really tough for me to live without women who birthed me, took great care of me and raised me. I had to face the situation of living without her as her illness started a tool in our life. Days were passing by; my dad was struggling hard with her illness days and nights. He was playing the role of both mother and father for us. Our school and studies were being extremely impacted by my mom's illness. The thing was not getting better over time, on the contrary, they were becoming worse.

I still remember, one day we did not have a meal for a single time. Our relatives used to live far away from our residence, and the neighbourhood was not very cooperative at all. They had personal grudges with my father. Nobody cooperated with us, and we were fighting alone, striving our best to make things better. I was not very mature at that time, but I was young enough to understand the things going around. It was like going through a rough patch, my father was optimistic and everything he talked to us that the mother is going to be fine very soon.

Things deteriorated more when my father was fired because of some uninformed leaves and the regular half leaves. It was like another big disaster, my father was broken, and he knew that he would be unable to manage the expenses. The same happened, we lacked money to continue my mom treatment, and her situation was becoming poorer. That event contributed much to the difficulties of our life and broke my father who was standing like a steady rock with us. My mom was not told about the incident, as she could not bear it. All the savings were already being spent on my mom's treatment. My father strived hard to obtain the loans and got one successfully. My mom's treatment continued, and we again had hoped. During this time, I left school, as my father was unable to pay our schools financial responsibilities. My younger brother was in kindergarten and his school offered loans for his education. My school did not offer us any loan or time span to pay my dues. My father was quite embarrassed in front of me. However, I understood the situation my parents were going through, and I decided to stand with them. Life was just an amalgam of problems and stress and strain. I was becoming mature before time and started taking responsibility of taking care of my younger brother, his needs and his homework etc. This revealed how life events make a person responsible and better his way of thinking.

It seems like every time my mom would leave the hospital would have one more illness. It was very tiring for me because we are young we do not look at things the same as we do when we are grown. I hated seeing my mother crying with agony and pain on the hospital bed. She wanted to go home and live with us, look after my younger brother and me. Somehow my father was able to take my mom to another city as per the recommendation of a senior physician. He got a loan and took my mom, and we were with them. Spending one month of my life in a strange city without having proper food and rest was the worse experience, but one good thing was that after surgery my mom started feeling better. As doctor allowed us to go home, it was the most beautiful day of my life. After returning home, I took care of my mom and my younger mother. Father also faced some physical and mental health issues, but he stood up with courage and started looking for a job. Soon he was able to get a job; not as good as the previous one but it was a job at least. When my mother stood up, the first thing she did was sending us back schools, and after some time, she also started working to support my dad in the repayment of the loan.

Life started getting better, but I was not the same after returning to our city. That worse 1.5 years of my life matured me a lot and made me a responsible person, which I am today. The time also taught me the value and rewards of hope, courage, love, and family. Now my family is the most important thing to me. I have learned how standing against the problems and not losing hope even in worst despair helps a person. It devises ways for him to come out of that situation. I learned that such times are a way of God to teach us many things in life. I realised you are your only friend and no one else. Now, I am a strong person ready to fight all the odds and difficulties that will come in my way at any point in life.

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Discrimination at the Workplace

"Two Studies Show Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Continues." Diversity Factor, vol. 18, no. 4, Winter 2010, pp. 1–6.

The research article conducts two surveys to resolve and highlight gender discrimination issues in the workplace. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community is the subject of the research. Both studies reveal that the menace of discrimination against the sexual minority is persistent. In the second study, it was found that the LGB communities refrained from revealing their identity because of the threat of widespread discrimination.

Irrefutably, the article is essential to substantiate the argument of discrimination in the workplace. It stipulated critical facts and statistics that revealed that approximately 68% of the LGBT personnel reported being a victim of discrimination in the workplace in 2007. In addition, the differences in the earning between the heterosexual and LGBT individuals further aids to the literature of the argument.

Hirsh, Elizabeth, and Christopher J. Lyons. “Perceiving Discrimination on the Job: Legal Consciousness, Workplace Context, and the Construction of Race Discrimination.” Law & Society Review, vol. 44, no. 2, 2010, pp. 269–98. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2010.00403.x.

The articles critically examine the dimensions of e racial discrimination across the United States of America (USA). Job traits, social status and the context of the workplace were highlighted as per different approaches and legal consciousness literature. The analysis of the study based on urban inequality revealed the findings that the ascriptive status is linked with the perceptions of the prejudice and discrimination with American, African, Hispanic and women are more likely to be affected with the pervasive racial discrimination, organizational controls and net of the job.

The article plays an instrumental role to substantiate the argument as it addresses a wide range of ethnicities that suffer from discrimination. It highlights a critical aspect that the workers who deem themselves entitled to superiority often face the menace of discrimination. The article is essential to contribute toward the comprehension of the discrimination across several racial communities.

Lattal, Ashley. “The Hidden World of Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on the ‘Neutral’ Workplace Investigator.” Journal of Law & Policy, vol. 24, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 411–66.

In the research article, the authors advance to measure the significance of investigating the complaints related to discrimination, harassment and similar misconducts at the workplace which have been imperative to remove the norms of discrimination from the workplace. The fundamental findings of the article state that cognitive biases unconsciously push us towards biased behaviors. This unconscious bias is a prominent impediment faced by the investigators and thus ought not to be nurtured.

The article is vital for the argument but it does not substantially contribute to the subject. The primary purpose of the article is the assessment of the investigators' role while it should have been aimed at investigating the practices of discrimination.

Heilman, Madeline E., and Alice H. Eagly. “Gender Stereotypes Are Alive, Well, and Busy Producing Workplace Discrimination.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 1, no. 4, Dec. 2008, pp. 393–98. Cambridge Core, doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00072.x.

In the research study, the authors manifest the critical relationship between workplace discrimination and stereotyping from a theoretical perspective. Sexual discrimination is primarily emphasized based on the normatively acceptable attitude. The psychological perspective of the stereotypes indicates the negativity in the paradigm of workplace discrimination. Women are often courteous and amicable in maintaining relations at the workplace yet they are the primary victims of sexual biases and discrimination.

The article establishes a profound platform to consolidate the argument. The psychological association of stereotypes is essential to comprehend the intricacies of discrimination in true letter and spirits.

Stuart, Heather. “Mental Illness and Employment Discrimination.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 5, Sept. 2006, p. 522. journals.lww.com, doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000238482.27270.5d.

The research study examines the role of the mental illness associated with discrimination in the workplace. It is deemed that the discriminated and prejudiced employees suffer from the menace of establishing mental illness. The competitive employment and historical designs of disadvantage substantially aid to the increased rate of stigma and mental illness at the workplace.

The article is critical to contributing toward the argument of discrimination at the workplace. It highlights the mental and cognitive complexities as a result of discrimination arising from the competitive environment and historical designs.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Heilman, Madeline E., and Alice H. Eagly. “Gender Stereotypes Are Alive, Well, and Busy Producing Workplace Discrimination.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 1, no. 4, Dec. 2008, pp. 393–98. Cambridge Core, doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00072.x.

Hirsh, Elizabeth, and Christopher J. Lyons. “Perceiving Discrimination on the Job: Legal Consciousness, Workplace Context, and the Construction of Race Discrimination.” Law & Society Review, vol. 44, no. 2, 2010, pp. 269–98. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2010.00403.x.

Lattal, Ashley. “The Hidden World of Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on the ‘Neutral’ Workplace Investigator.” Journal of Law & Policy, vol. 24, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 411–66.

Stuart, Heather. “Mental Illness and Employment Discrimination.” Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 5, Sept. 2006, p. 522. journals.lww.com, doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000238482.27270.5d.

"Two Studies Show Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Continues." Diversity Factor, vol. 18, no. 4, Winter 2010, pp. 1–6.

Young Goodman Brown

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Young Goodman Brown

Introduction

           “Young Goodman Brown” is one well-known short story originated by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1835. It is noteworthy to established that specific setting of 17th century Puritan New England greatly influenced the actual theme of this specific story. The focus of this allegorical story is to comprehensively present the aspects of goodness and evilness in case of human nature. Brown Goodman and Faith are the main characters of this story that indicates about the perspective of truth and evil in someone’s life. It is interesting to examine Goodman’s encounter the two major realities of life in the form of truth and evil. The truth discovers Brown discovers during his night in the forest eventually makes it essential for him to observe the other side of reality. The Detail explanation of events crafted by the author in the story indicates that the revealing truth in the forest ultimately concerned with his gloom and withdrawal. This paper focuses to critically develop the argument that the specific truth explored by Brown during his night in the forest justifies his gloom and withdrawal. 

Discussion

           There are many momentous symbols used by the author to present the main idea of the story to the audience. Undoubtedly, a fight between right and wrong is the reality of every person that illustrated through the actions and aspirations of Brown Goodman. It is crucial to figure out how an individual’s faith is completely shaken by the unexpected reality of life. This specific story can be characterized as allegory or simple memory of a dream for Brown that greatly impacts his faith. It is argued that the harsh truth explored by Brown during his stay in the forest ultimately linked with his domains of gloom and extraction in a great manner. 

           Brown’s experience in the forest was his approach to identify the reality of evil that prevails in case of every individual. His encounter with evil eventually turned as gloomy life for him due to the harsh reality of sinful domain. Like every other individual, Brown Goodman has the instinct of evilness in his personality that appeared in the form of different events in the forest (Jacobs, 46). Identification of evil turned Brown’s life as gloomy as he starts considering things and actions in a different way. The author of this story explicitly indicated through the character of Brown that evil is the reality of every individual and awareness of this approach turned as gloomy life for the people. Awareness of evil on earth makes it difficult for people to live their life without any gloom or regret. 

           It is critical for Brown to experience events in the forest to differentiate between evil and truth on this earth. The knowledge of evil ultimately turned Brown down as he was never able to live with the same perspective before the approach of the night in the forest. Brown Goodman start severely antagonized with life because events in the forest eventually changed his opinion about this world and the inhabitants of Salem village. The reality of these events and their awareness become the reason of miserable and gloomy life for Brown. The changing approach of Brown after his memory of dream or allegory is the actual reality of gloom and withdrawal that happened due to his stay in the forest and witnessed the unexpected reality of different people. 

           Different mystical events illustrated by Hawthorne in the story that were witnessed by Brown that ultimately cause the rest of his life gloomy and doubtful. Black cloud mass is one example of a supernatural happening that enhances the approach of gloom and withdrawal for Goodman Brown for the rest of his life. He heard voices of pious people from an evil place that encourage Brown to believe that all people he knows are evil and have no goodness. This sort of thoughts and anticipation clearly defined his actual approach of gloom and withdrawal. The inner approach of evil encouraged Brown to believe that all people he knows are evil and this feeling causes great gloom for him. His reality of gloom and withdrawal is established by the author as: “He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind.” (Hawthorne, 25). 

           The discovery of truth by Brown in the forest become the reason of his gloomy life afterward. Identification of the reality of evil made him a gloomy person who was never willing to trust anyone even his wife, Faith. Gloomy life becomes his reality because he was no longer able to live happily with the people he knows with the new perspective of evilness. Unfortunately, he never able to trust people of the village as good friends or even good Christians. Falling ribbons of his wife is another example of an event that indicates his reality of gloom and withdrawal. This specific event made him believe that his wide is also part of evil and he can never trust his wife. 

 Conclusion

           To conclude the critical discussion on the judgmental approach of Brown Goodman, it is vital to indicate that the gloomy and disappointing reality of himself compelled him to think negatively about the reality of others. He easily deceived by the dark reality of forest that demonstrated the evil side of humans. This specific exploration is the reason for gloomy and withdrawal for Brown because he was not ready to accept the actual reality of life. 

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawthorne, N. Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories. Dover Publications, 2012, https://books.google.com/books?id=eY28AQAAQBAJ.

Jacobs, Laurie Anne. “The Depths of Allegory in Hawthorne’s" Young Goodman Brown".” IU South Bend Undergraduate Research Journal, vol. 5, 2002, pp. 44–47.

Young Goodman Brown By Hawthorne

Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne

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Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne

Introduction

Young Goodman Brown, allegorically written by Nathanial Hawthorne, focuses on the regressive dream of a young puritan man, lives in a small town of Salem ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yM5jhZ0I","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). Through various encounters, Young Goodman Brown is compelled to bend his beliefs on religion and evil nature in the world. The tale of Young Goodman Brown is a portrayal of puritan beliefs and the struggle of an individual between evil and good ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IoKbMZt8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"article-journal","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"The Journal of Narrative Technique","ISSN":"0022-2925","issue":"3","page":"221-228","source":"JSTOR","title":"Narrative Structure and Theme in \"Young Goodman Brown\"","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Hostetler","given":"Norman H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hostetler, 1982). The controversy behind puritanism is well established in the short story, which is explored by Goodman in various ways ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fctFVS7o","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"itemData":{"id":497,"type":"article-journal","abstract":" \n\n\tThis study aims to present 'Young Goodman Brown' by Nathaniel Hawthorne as a satire of Puritanism as a prejudiced and intolerable system of belief reflected in the character of Brown who is seen as the incarnation of Puritanism which sees all non- conformists as sinners. Being the incarnation of the Puritan ideology, “Brown is not just one Salem citizen of the late seventeenth century, but rather seems to typify…in a sense every [Puritan]”. Brown is the spokes-person and the mouth-piece of all Puritans whose words, actions, and interactions with other characters and the setting gradually unfold the Puritan ideology into a full-fledged system of belief. In trying to establish my outlook of Puritanism, I have been basically guided by Nathaniel Hawthorne’s disapproval of Puritanism as being particularly biased and discriminative against all non-conformists. Other signals including Hawthorne's knowledge of his Puritan ancestors have formed the basis of the study. Moreover, Brown's intolerance and his hesitation to follow up the journey on many occasions on the account of what he saw on the journey and his determination at the end of the story of the hypocrisy of the minister in so far as belief is concerned have helped to establish my argument. All this and more support the idea that Brown is as an embodiment of Puritanism which always tends to repeal the other. I have too seen in the setting a continuous revealer of the personality of Brown. The journey through the forest deepens the conflict within his mind leading him unexpectedly to be a stern believer in God. Therefore, I have used the traditional approach to investigate Hawthorne’s experience with Puritanism by analyzing Brown’s religious conflicts and finally his unyielding stand on Puritanism. The study also shows how the non-acceptance of the other is a reflection of a bigoted belief that tends to reject others in advance on the basis of belief. This further shows how this idea of pre-judging others is related to Brown's close attachment both to his Puritan ancestors and finally to Puritanism which are responsible for Brown’s one-way progress to the close lane. To highlight the theme of the story which goes as follows, Puritanism never gives up nor allows its followers to be lenient in favor of assimilating non-conformists, the study discusses some main elements of the story such as the setting, the plot, and symbolism which work together towards showing the work as a satire. The study also sheds light on Brown's most critical moment, the moment when he leaped out of belief. However, the study means to assert that Brown's slip out of belief is only a slip out of consciousness resulting from Brown's losing balance at a moment of great mental deliriousness which immediately shows a firmer retrieval to his previous state of belief. As the study asserts, Puritanism for Brown is a matter of destiny and any deviation from Puritanism is not likely. As “Thomas E. Connolly, has remarked that Goodman Brown has not lost his faith; he has found it.”.\n\n\t \n\n\tKey words: Prejudiced, intolerable, Puritanism, incarnation, belief, deviation, hesitation, retrieval","container-title":"International Journal of English and Literature","ISSN":"2141-2626","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"IJEL","language":"en","page":"001-006","source":"academicjournals.org","title":"Young Goodman Brown: The close lane","title-short":"Young Goodman Brown","volume":"1","author":[{"family":"Ezghoul","given":"Naim"},{"family":"Zuraikat","given":"Malek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010). He is disappointed in the humankind after learning about its wavering nature despite his involvement. The story depicts the clash between conventionality and personal freedom and relates it to the concepts of good and evil ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uuW1mhNU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"article-journal","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"The Journal of Narrative Technique","ISSN":"0022-2925","issue":"3","page":"221-228","source":"JSTOR","title":"Narrative Structure and Theme in \"Young Goodman Brown\"","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Hostetler","given":"Norman H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hostetler, 1982). Throughout the story, Hawthorne makes use of symbolism to convey his thoughts even, the names of characters show symbolism. The essay will give detailed thematic analysis as well as the symbolism of faith depicted in the poem by supporting book evidence itself and scholarly articles.

Synopsis

The story begins at a scene where Goodman Brown is saying goodbye to his wife Faith ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mpwBwtXX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). He lies to his wife that he is going on a business trip where, in reality, he is just going to the forest in search of a devil. His wife pleads him not to go because she is afraid. Goodman tells her to say a prayer and go to bed. He goes to the forest and meets a man who is depicted as a devil in a story. Wizard asks him if he is going to the ceremony held at the end of the forest, where people are converted into devils. He refuses and tells him that my faith is waiting for me at home ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qeidK79r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). Through various manipulations, the devil makes him realize that evil prevails in all cultures and societies, and thus, it is in the nature of every human being. After hearing the screams of Faith, Goodman immediately runs towards her in the forest. When he reaches there, he looks for the faith, but she is nowhere to be found. He watches several people of town submitting themselves to the devil and pursuing evil, including the district chairman and his associates. Later, he finds himself waking up in the forest. He goes back to his home and finds faith unchanged. He spends the rest of his life in misery and gloom without trusting anyone, even Faith ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wYP01xHi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998).

Discussion

The concept of puritanism is depicted throughout the short story. Through the concept, Hawthorne tries to demonstrate the shady side to the delusional beliefs of Puritans related to the appearance of good. The story sets in Salem, which is a town in New England, where the concept of puritanism was well prevailing. Individuals of that community used to practice religion under strict values and norms ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EmAbUt5x","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"itemData":{"id":497,"type":"article-journal","abstract":" \n\n\tThis study aims to present 'Young Goodman Brown' by Nathaniel Hawthorne as a satire of Puritanism as a prejudiced and intolerable system of belief reflected in the character of Brown who is seen as the incarnation of Puritanism which sees all non- conformists as sinners. Being the incarnation of the Puritan ideology, “Brown is not just one Salem citizen of the late seventeenth century, but rather seems to typify…in a sense every [Puritan]”. Brown is the spokes-person and the mouth-piece of all Puritans whose words, actions, and interactions with other characters and the setting gradually unfold the Puritan ideology into a full-fledged system of belief. In trying to establish my outlook of Puritanism, I have been basically guided by Nathaniel Hawthorne’s disapproval of Puritanism as being particularly biased and discriminative against all non-conformists. Other signals including Hawthorne's knowledge of his Puritan ancestors have formed the basis of the study. Moreover, Brown's intolerance and his hesitation to follow up the journey on many occasions on the account of what he saw on the journey and his determination at the end of the story of the hypocrisy of the minister in so far as belief is concerned have helped to establish my argument. All this and more support the idea that Brown is as an embodiment of Puritanism which always tends to repeal the other. I have too seen in the setting a continuous revealer of the personality of Brown. The journey through the forest deepens the conflict within his mind leading him unexpectedly to be a stern believer in God. Therefore, I have used the traditional approach to investigate Hawthorne’s experience with Puritanism by analyzing Brown’s religious conflicts and finally his unyielding stand on Puritanism. The study also shows how the non-acceptance of the other is a reflection of a bigoted belief that tends to reject others in advance on the basis of belief. This further shows how this idea of pre-judging others is related to Brown's close attachment both to his Puritan ancestors and finally to Puritanism which are responsible for Brown’s one-way progress to the close lane. To highlight the theme of the story which goes as follows, Puritanism never gives up nor allows its followers to be lenient in favor of assimilating non-conformists, the study discusses some main elements of the story such as the setting, the plot, and symbolism which work together towards showing the work as a satire. The study also sheds light on Brown's most critical moment, the moment when he leaped out of belief. However, the study means to assert that Brown's slip out of belief is only a slip out of consciousness resulting from Brown's losing balance at a moment of great mental deliriousness which immediately shows a firmer retrieval to his previous state of belief. As the study asserts, Puritanism for Brown is a matter of destiny and any deviation from Puritanism is not likely. As “Thomas E. Connolly, has remarked that Goodman Brown has not lost his faith; he has found it.”.\n\n\t \n\n\tKey words: Prejudiced, intolerable, Puritanism, incarnation, belief, deviation, hesitation, retrieval","container-title":"International Journal of English and Literature","ISSN":"2141-2626","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"IJEL","language":"en","page":"001-006","source":"academicjournals.org","title":"Young Goodman Brown: The close lane","title-short":"Young Goodman Brown","volume":"1","author":[{"family":"Ezghoul","given":"Naim"},{"family":"Zuraikat","given":"Malek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010). But it was the same place in the story where the devil trials took place in a well-organized ceremony ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"EMqOndD0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). Goodman himself is represented as a pious puritan whose beliefs coincide with other puritans that some individuals are destined to go to heaven and such people can only be identified by their virtue of goodness and their moral values. They believed that individuals would not do well intentionally unless they are elected in a process that ensures that they are going to heaven by performing good works ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CyaW1EuJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"itemData":{"id":497,"type":"article-journal","abstract":" \n\n\tThis study aims to present 'Young Goodman Brown' by Nathaniel Hawthorne as a satire of Puritanism as a prejudiced and intolerable system of belief reflected in the character of Brown who is seen as the incarnation of Puritanism which sees all non- conformists as sinners. Being the incarnation of the Puritan ideology, “Brown is not just one Salem citizen of the late seventeenth century, but rather seems to typify…in a sense every [Puritan]”. Brown is the spokes-person and the mouth-piece of all Puritans whose words, actions, and interactions with other characters and the setting gradually unfold the Puritan ideology into a full-fledged system of belief. In trying to establish my outlook of Puritanism, I have been basically guided by Nathaniel Hawthorne’s disapproval of Puritanism as being particularly biased and discriminative against all non-conformists. Other signals including Hawthorne's knowledge of his Puritan ancestors have formed the basis of the study. Moreover, Brown's intolerance and his hesitation to follow up the journey on many occasions on the account of what he saw on the journey and his determination at the end of the story of the hypocrisy of the minister in so far as belief is concerned have helped to establish my argument. All this and more support the idea that Brown is as an embodiment of Puritanism which always tends to repeal the other. I have too seen in the setting a continuous revealer of the personality of Brown. The journey through the forest deepens the conflict within his mind leading him unexpectedly to be a stern believer in God. Therefore, I have used the traditional approach to investigate Hawthorne’s experience with Puritanism by analyzing Brown’s religious conflicts and finally his unyielding stand on Puritanism. The study also shows how the non-acceptance of the other is a reflection of a bigoted belief that tends to reject others in advance on the basis of belief. This further shows how this idea of pre-judging others is related to Brown's close attachment both to his Puritan ancestors and finally to Puritanism which are responsible for Brown’s one-way progress to the close lane. To highlight the theme of the story which goes as follows, Puritanism never gives up nor allows its followers to be lenient in favor of assimilating non-conformists, the study discusses some main elements of the story such as the setting, the plot, and symbolism which work together towards showing the work as a satire. The study also sheds light on Brown's most critical moment, the moment when he leaped out of belief. However, the study means to assert that Brown's slip out of belief is only a slip out of consciousness resulting from Brown's losing balance at a moment of great mental deliriousness which immediately shows a firmer retrieval to his previous state of belief. As the study asserts, Puritanism for Brown is a matter of destiny and any deviation from Puritanism is not likely. As “Thomas E. Connolly, has remarked that Goodman Brown has not lost his faith; he has found it.”.\n\n\t \n\n\tKey words: Prejudiced, intolerable, Puritanism, incarnation, belief, deviation, hesitation, retrieval","container-title":"International Journal of English and Literature","ISSN":"2141-2626","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"IJEL","language":"en","page":"001-006","source":"academicjournals.org","title":"Young Goodman Brown: The close lane","title-short":"Young Goodman Brown","volume":"1","author":[{"family":"Ezghoul","given":"Naim"},{"family":"Zuraikat","given":"Malek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010). The process will ultimately give rise to the ability of a person to perform well intentionally. Considering the belief puritans were the sole promoter of perfection and goodwill in their society and refused to acknowledge the sinful nature of a man ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GCPSXeCo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Olson, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Olson, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/7JAB33SG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/7JAB33SG"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Cet article, ancré dans la critique littéraire traditionnelle, a pour thèse que la nouvelle “Young Goodman Brown” est un récit historique. Pour être plus précis, cet article peut être considéré comme une relecture historique qui, néanmoins, s’appuie sur les interprétations traditionnelles du texte. Cette association de perspectives témoigne de la richesse du texte et rend évidentes les nouvelles approches historiques de l’auteur lui-même. La thèse de cet article peut se résumer de la façon suivante : \"Young Goodman Brown” se penche sur l’impact important que peuvent avoir les influences culturelles sur l’individu, sur l'intériorisation de ces influences par l’individu et enfin sur comment ces influences créent et affectent les relations de cet individu avec sa société. Par extension, cet article analyse la façon dont les idées créent et affectent une société. En résumé, \"Young Goodman Brown\" est le condensé historique d'une culture, qui est la culture d’une Amérique démocratique et en pleine évolution.","container-title":"Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle","ISSN":"0294-04442","issue":"52","language":"en","source":"journals.openedition.org","title":"A History of the American Mind: \"Young Goodman Brown\"","title-short":"A History of the American Mind","URL":"http://journals.openedition.org/jsse/939","author":[{"family":"Olson","given":"Steven"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,10]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Olson, 2009). Goodman Brown being a true Puritan, acknowledges its beliefs passionately. He believes that his wife is a good and pure woman who would never commit any sin. He thinks both of them are destined for heaven. After his encounter with a devil in the forest, he begins to believe otherwise. "Depending on one another's hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now, are ye undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome again my children, to the communion of your race!", says the devil during the wicked ceremony in a dream ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kbV6tXoK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). Goodman eventually starts doubting the actions of the whole town, even his wife, who he thought would never sin. He calls them a “friends of the devil” in the trial ceremony ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"B6PzgpcQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). He concludes that the term “sin” has no meaning as all humankind is sinful, with no exceptions. By revealing the reality of human nature, Hawthorne depicts the moral and religious hypocrisy by giving an example of a puritanism. Hawthorne identifies puritanism and its logic as a key issue as it demands utter perfection ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"85OQUyWs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"article-journal","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"The Journal of Narrative Technique","ISSN":"0022-2925","issue":"3","page":"221-228","source":"JSTOR","title":"Narrative Structure and Theme in \"Young Goodman Brown\"","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Hostetler","given":"Norman H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hostetler, 1982). In reality, no human being is perfect, and good and evil exist side by side in every human nature; that is why it is nearly impossible to lead a perfect life full of virtues without committing any sin.

Another aspect of the poem focuses on Goodman’s loss of faith (Hawthorne, 1998). Throughout the story, Hawthorne has used the symbolism of faith. His wife "Faith" is depicted to have true faith and purity just as Goodman. Faith is an embodiment of Goodman's faith in religion. The conflict of Goodman is revealed in confusion where he wonders whether to “keep the faith” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nzwL3t6D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). His decision to leave faith behind is expressed as his abandonment of religious faith. Initially, he leaves his faith by lying to his wife that he is going on a business trip when his actual purpose was to meet the devil in the woods. Instead, he questions her if she has lost faith in him, “dost thou doubt me already, and we but three months married?” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5DO6HIuV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998) Later when devil inquires him the reason why was he late, he states “Faith kept me back a while” which literally refers to his wife who was unwilling to let him leave and metaphorically it represents his religious faith which he left behind to go to the forest and meet him ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JsfPTqnv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"article-journal","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"The Journal of Narrative Technique","ISSN":"0022-2925","issue":"3","page":"221-228","source":"JSTOR","title":"Narrative Structure and Theme in \"Young Goodman Brown\"","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Hostetler","given":"Norman H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hostetler, 1982). The purity of faith is illustrated by the pink ribbons fixed in faith's cap. Throughout the story, it reminds Goodman of the purity and innocence whenever his faith seems to waver. The ribbons also symbolize its superficiality ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"M0uNB0cg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/52D2SCQ2"],"itemData":{"id":497,"type":"article-journal","abstract":" \n\n\tThis study aims to present 'Young Goodman Brown' by Nathaniel Hawthorne as a satire of Puritanism as a prejudiced and intolerable system of belief reflected in the character of Brown who is seen as the incarnation of Puritanism which sees all non- conformists as sinners. Being the incarnation of the Puritan ideology, “Brown is not just one Salem citizen of the late seventeenth century, but rather seems to typify…in a sense every [Puritan]”. Brown is the spokes-person and the mouth-piece of all Puritans whose words, actions, and interactions with other characters and the setting gradually unfold the Puritan ideology into a full-fledged system of belief. In trying to establish my outlook of Puritanism, I have been basically guided by Nathaniel Hawthorne’s disapproval of Puritanism as being particularly biased and discriminative against all non-conformists. Other signals including Hawthorne's knowledge of his Puritan ancestors have formed the basis of the study. Moreover, Brown's intolerance and his hesitation to follow up the journey on many occasions on the account of what he saw on the journey and his determination at the end of the story of the hypocrisy of the minister in so far as belief is concerned have helped to establish my argument. All this and more support the idea that Brown is as an embodiment of Puritanism which always tends to repeal the other. I have too seen in the setting a continuous revealer of the personality of Brown. The journey through the forest deepens the conflict within his mind leading him unexpectedly to be a stern believer in God. Therefore, I have used the traditional approach to investigate Hawthorne’s experience with Puritanism by analyzing Brown’s religious conflicts and finally his unyielding stand on Puritanism. The study also shows how the non-acceptance of the other is a reflection of a bigoted belief that tends to reject others in advance on the basis of belief. This further shows how this idea of pre-judging others is related to Brown's close attachment both to his Puritan ancestors and finally to Puritanism which are responsible for Brown’s one-way progress to the close lane. To highlight the theme of the story which goes as follows, Puritanism never gives up nor allows its followers to be lenient in favor of assimilating non-conformists, the study discusses some main elements of the story such as the setting, the plot, and symbolism which work together towards showing the work as a satire. The study also sheds light on Brown's most critical moment, the moment when he leaped out of belief. However, the study means to assert that Brown's slip out of belief is only a slip out of consciousness resulting from Brown's losing balance at a moment of great mental deliriousness which immediately shows a firmer retrieval to his previous state of belief. As the study asserts, Puritanism for Brown is a matter of destiny and any deviation from Puritanism is not likely. As “Thomas E. Connolly, has remarked that Goodman Brown has not lost his faith; he has found it.”.\n\n\t \n\n\tKey words: Prejudiced, intolerable, Puritanism, incarnation, belief, deviation, hesitation, retrieval","container-title":"International Journal of English and Literature","ISSN":"2141-2626","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"IJEL","language":"en","page":"001-006","source":"academicjournals.org","title":"Young Goodman Brown: The close lane","title-short":"Young Goodman Brown","volume":"1","author":[{"family":"Ezghoul","given":"Naim"},{"family":"Zuraikat","given":"Malek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",4,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ezghoul & Zuraikat, 2010). This is when Goodman realizes that the ribbons do not depict piety but it actually represents shallowness. When he goes to the ceremony after hearing faith's screaming, he watches the ribbon fall from the sky. After learning what his wife did at the ceremony, he ends up losing all faith, both his wife and the religion. The perfectionist faith who once showed him the way to redemption is now merely a “polluted wretch” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BrGUIU9H","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998). His utter disappointment is shown from the look in his eyes, when he screams at the sky, "My Faith is gone!" ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"spIr3wDI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","plainCitation":"(Hawthorne, 1998)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":495,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/6AE9TGHF"],"itemData":{"id":495,"type":"book","abstract":"This selection of twenty of Hawthorne's tales is the first in paperback to present his most important short works with full annotation in one volume. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","ISBN":"978-0-19-160568-0","language":"en","note":"Google-Books-ID: QkRVG9Clu8EC","number-of-pages":"765","publisher":"OUP Oxford","source":"Google Books","title":"Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales","author":[{"family":"Hawthorne","given":"Nathaniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1998",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hawthorne, 1998)The pious husband living a content life with faith is eventually stripped of his religion and wife, which serves to fulfill the purpose of symbolism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WGwWRkAy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","plainCitation":"(Hostetler, 1982)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":500,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/CKNkWnK9/items/RNLJM6R6"],"itemData":{"id":500,"type":"article-journal","archive":"JSTOR","container-title":"The Journal of Narrative Technique","ISSN":"0022-2925","issue":"3","page":"221-228","source":"JSTOR","title":"Narrative Structure and Theme in \"Young Goodman Brown\"","volume":"12","author":[{"family":"Hostetler","given":"Norman H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hostetler, 1982).

Conclusion

Throughout the story, Hawthorne tries to show moral and religious hypocrisy. By criticizing the delusional concept of puritanism, he demonstrates that good and evil exist side by side. He discloses the feebleness of visionless faith that puritans have towards perfection and reality. He makes use of various symbols in her story to give the message young Goodman loses his faith in puritanism by eventually realizing the true nature of humankind. He concludes that all human nature is sinful without any exception, which conveys that the story has served its purpose well.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ezghoul, N., & Zuraikat, M. (2010). Young Goodman Brown: The close lane. International Journal of English and Literature, 1(1), 001–006.

Hawthorne, N. (1998). Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales. OUP Oxford.

Hostetler, N. H. (1982). Narrative Structure and Theme in “Young Goodman Brown.” The Journal of Narrative Technique, 12(3), 221–228. Retrieved from JSTOR.

Olson, S. (2009). A History of the American Mind: “Young Goodman Brown.” Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de La Nouvelle, (52). Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/jsse/939

Your The Hero

Christian Zubiate

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Robin Williams, Depression and Dementia

Robin Williams was a comical prodigy who had the promptness of full throttle. He was the one who erupt as an alien on Happy Days and astonished the audience with his wide variety of talents. Behind the manic shtick of the world-renowned comedian, who left others breathless with his performance, was a man plagued by depression and poor mental health. He was suffering from severe depression which is one of the known causes of his death. His life is an irony that one who kept others amused till his demise was himself a man who took his own life at the age of 63. He was a star struggling with the monsters of depression, alcohol, and other demons which led to his demise by his own hands. This paper seeks to argue the ways mental health effects a person destructively employing the profile of a humorist, Robin Williams and how one can cope up with this demon.

Williams, the star was born on July 21st, 1951 at St. Luke’s Hospital in Chicago. He was the only child of his wealthy parents. The busy lives of his parents let Williams spend his childhood alone in the mansion of his house. In order to cope up with his isolation, he developed characters in his mind and used to have chats with them. He also suffered from bullying at school for being overweight. The sixth grade of her school is known to be the toughest time of his life and those early years of hardships resulted in depression at a very early stage of his life. His sense of humor is known to have come from his mother, who often used to communicate with her son with humor laced with sarcasm. By the time they moved to Tiburon, California, he was surrounded by the culture of drugs and alcoholism. He fell upon the drama department since he already established his reputation as a comedic appearance.

After his graduation, he decided to set himself in an occupation in political science but he was destined for fame in comedy. During his college, he earned the coveted role of Fagin in the College’s production owing to his exceptional act. After that, he left behind his diplomatic goals and took part in the community college theater program. He was offered a full scholarship to the Juilliard School of Performing Arts which he accepted and set himself as a future Superman actor. At Juilliard, he was able to make his teachers surprise by taking the persona of characters with ease since he was meant to do that. Though, he did not found himself a perfect fit for the school and left it in 1976 to set his own floor. He started as a humorist in the club in the San Francisco Bay Area that led to the development of his loyal following.

Williams moved to Los Angeles in the 1977 and a TV producer George Schlatter discovered him and offered him a stage in the show. This led to the development of his career in television. After this show, he got the attention of Gary Marshall, the producer of Happy Days who chose Williams to do the job of an alien in My Favorite Orkan. It was a hit and the audience demanded more, and Willaims got instant fame in a couple of days. One day he met his fellow comic John Belushi and shared some cocaine. The very next day he got the news of Belushi’s death owing to a drug overdose. He decided to change his lifestyle, influenced by the incident. Robin Williams was also called by the jury and after that, he decided to detangle himself from drugs. He discovered cycling as a way of saving his life. Interestingly, his Mork character led him to the status of superstar. Mork and Mandy had a lot of cultural influence and kids started to wear the trademark of Mork rainbow superstars and started using the words of ‘nanoo-nanoo.’

The instant fame led him to get involved in alcohol, drugs, and women. He quickly fell prey to the habit of partying late nights and his physical energy started to burn out. Nevertheless, he managed to quit alcohol in his 80's by adopting a healthy lifestyle and cycling but again in 2003. He admitted that he was an alcoholic and remained for sixty days in the rehab. He got into severe depression since at his time his second wife Marcia left him. He again adapted cycling as a healthy obsession and began playing video games. But for a person who had been struggling with depression his whole life again put him in the habit of drinking and taking depression. In 2014, it was also exposed that he was suffering from Lewy body dementia. This was publicized after his death by his wife, Susan that he was not merely suffering from depression but persistent episodes of anxiety, stress, insomnia, hand tremors and constipation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7MVhJrmJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tohid)","plainCitation":"(Tohid)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":603,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/QL4YAMZ7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/QL4YAMZ7"],"itemData":{"id":603,"type":"article-journal","title":"Robin Williams' suicide: a case study","container-title":"Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapy","page":"178-182","volume":"38","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Tohid","given":"Hassaan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tohid, 180). On August 11th, 2014, he killed himself by tying a belt. According to his wife, he was killed by the terrorist in his own mind. Soon after the news of his death spread, fans started posting pictures with the caption, ‘O’ Captain, making a reference to his character in ‘Dead Poet’s Society.’

One of his famous quotes itself reveals how sad, isolated and estranged he was, “I think the saddest people always try their hardest to make people happy because they know what it's like to feel absolutely worthless and they don't want anyone else to feel like that.". William Robbins brought some of the most magical experiences to the screen such as Genie in Aladdin to Jumanji (Cheu, 208). He was near and dear to his fans and played a role in their lives in taking them out of the sad times and making them laugh. He himself was living a dark life filled with depression but adopted comedy to bring optimism in others. He said, “Comedy is acting out optimism”. He was very much familiar with his addiction to drugs and alcohol as reflected in his quotes and sayings about drugs, "Reality is just a crutch for people who can’t cope with drugs.”

In this depressing world where everyone is suffering from mental health issues, comedians are the people who try to take them out of depression and anxieties. Comedy is the only thing on which humanity can bank upon in the times of stress and depression. Comedy holds the power of conveying the meaning of happiness and optimism in a light mode and therefore comedians hold a very high significance in human lives. Robin Williams is a perfect example of the fact that those suffering from depression and anxiety are very much familiar with the significance of happiness. Therefore they spread it through their words and actions. Despite suffering from poor mental health he strived till last to spread happiness. He appeared in a large number of films and his character shed a lot of influence on the generations. He was one of the most loved figures and his impact on society is not limited to his profession. He was also a philanthropist working for a variety of causes. He also entertained thousands of military troops to live his passion for supporting the military.

Robin Williams is a living example of the prevalence of mental health issues, even among whose job is confined to staying and making others happy. There are many ways of coping with mental health issues, in fact of the person, himself is familiar with what they are going through. He himself said, “Kid... if you need booze or drugs to enjoy your life to the fullest, then you're doing it wrong.” He adopted cycling as a way to cope up with mental health issues. Exercise is a great way to improve not only physical but mental health as well. It gives one an enormous sense of well-being, improves memory, and makes one feel positive about themselves. A number of studies reveal that exercise is a great way to treat depression and holds no side effects of an anti-depressant. Exercises also aid in discharging tension, stress and boost mental and physical energy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1SIfLpwh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Robinson)","plainCitation":"(Robinson)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":604,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/59YFVIHV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/59YFVIHV"],"itemData":{"id":604,"type":"post-weblog","title":"The Mental Health Benefits of Exercise - HelpGuide.org","container-title":"https://www.helpguide.org","abstract":"From depression and anxiety to stress and ADHD, exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve your mental health. Learn how to get started.","URL":"https://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-living/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise.htm","language":"en_US","author":[{"family":"Robinson","given":"Lawrence"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Robinson, n.p). Different studies reveal that exercises help in focusing on the mental state and allows the brain to focus on physical sensations during exercises that are very helpful in PTSD or trauma.

To sum up, the mental health is a common issue and by the time a lot of awareness has been created. Despite the treatments and education, it is not easy for people to cope with it even if they are celebrities, public figures, laughing all the time and spreading happiness. Robin Williams, a humorist who won the hearts of people killed himself of depression and anxiety combined with the other factors such as addiction and alcoholism. Mental health issues disturb the lives of people to an extent that led to suicidal attempts as an escape. Adopting the right healthy habits at the right time can, however, help one dealing with it. William’s case reveals that even the smiling faces can have a dark life and they need attention and care by their loved ones.

Works Cited

Cheu, Johnson. The Films of Robin Williams: Critical Essays. McFarland, 2019. ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY

Robinson, Lawrence. “The Mental Health Benefits of Exercise - HelpGuide.Org.” Https://Www.Helpguide.Org, https://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-living/the-mental-health-benefits-of-exercise.htm. Accessed 3 July 2019.

Tohid, Hassaan. “Robin Williams’ Suicide: A Case Study.” Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, vol. 38, no. 3, 2016, pp. 178–82.

Youth Voting In America

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Youth voting in America

Youth voting and its low turnout, is one of the most controversial topics of American politics. Multiple debates can be seen on every news channel before and after every election. America was founded on golden principles of democracy that guarantees that all citizens get their due rights and participate in shaping the country. Youth is the always considered as the future of country and its culture, but if youth decides to not participate in civic matters that concerns the country, its population and policies. This lack of participation raises serious concerns about country’s standing in the future. Voting is right and responsibility that every citizen should fulfil. Selection of right candidates for right seats is essential for country’s wellbeing and development. Millennials contribute almost 50% of the total population. Thus, their voice and opinions are important in government selection and policy making.

Many areas of government policies effect the youth of America directly, in terms of education and justice system, as both of these departments are still developing in terms of their policies. Such policies hugely impact the decisions of the youth and their quality of life. But sadly it has been observed in past 30 years that youth voter turnout continuous to decrease, which is alarming. Low level of participation of young voters is observed in many states of America. Increased reluctance of youth in election, is matter of serious concern, considering the fact that today’s youth is more aware of their rights and responsibilities and also is more educated in comparison to older generations. Their continuous attachment to electronic media and social media has increased their awareness apparently but why they still avoid the voting; is the question that no one knows how to answer. Adult population often consider this act, as pure case of laziness and neglect. But how huge pollution can be this negligent about their rights and their country.

Every person has certain opinions regarding various situations, despite of their religious backgrounds, education levels and age. Judgment becomes the basis of opinions. Citizens depict their opinions through votes. American politics is considered as realm that is the base for all the decisions regarding political freedom, justice, peace, hopes and security. But when it comes to young voters they simple have complex relationship with the politics. They consider it as civic responsibility but at the same time they separate politics from their civic duties.

However, this trend is not new in American history, it dates back to 1972, when youth from 18 years of age were given right to vote. The 1976 elections were the first elections in which youth were granted right to vote but sadly only 13 percent of total 18 percent of youth population used their right to vote. In the next elections of 1978 again youth were underrepresented by 50%. Out of ten youngsters only three voted in the elections, which was 20% lower than the general turnout. In 1998, only 5% voted. But during competitive 2000 elections, America observed 36% voter turnout that increased to 47% in 2004 elections. So historical facts clearly show how in all elections, youth overall avoided to participate in the most revolutionizing procedure of the country. So this avoidance cannot be mere product of laziness, also it is not just random phenomena that happens in every election ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tnqDeDsJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Young U.S. Voter Turnout Surges, but Challenges Linger\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Young U.S. Voter Turnout Surges, but Challenges Linger”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":22,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/3QY8ZYIT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/3QY8ZYIT"],"itemData":{"id":22,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Young U.S. voter turnout surges, but challenges linger","container-title":"Reuters","source":"www.reuters.com","abstract":"Early turnout by young voters has surged ahead of Tuesday's congressional m...","URL":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-youth-idUSKCN1N710K","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",11,2]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Young U.S. Voter Turnoutm Surges, but Challenges Linger”).

In order to solve this problem, one must dig into root causes that becomes reason of lower youth engagement in elections. One of the most important reasons is that youth are not encouraged to vote in elections, especially by the political parties. Political parties during their campaigns, don’t interact with youth, as they consider them unreliable voters, considering their historical lower voter turnout. In the past, young eligible voters have shown lower trends of voting so they don’t consider spending resources on young voters. On the other hand, youth complains of less engagement of political parties with their age group. This shows mutual lack of trust from both sides.

American political system is take all system for the winning party of elections. There is no place for third party candidates in American two party system. And it has been observed that young population increasingly support third party candidates, which end up losing in elections. But burden of less engagement cannot be completely put on the political system, as other factors also add to this issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e0usELpa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}4 Reasons Young People Don\\uc0\\u8217{}t Vote\\uc0\\u8230{} and What To Do About It\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“4 Reasons Young People Don’t Vote… and What To Do About It”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":21,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/9HYNHR7E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/9HYNHR7E"],"itemData":{"id":21,"type":"post-weblog","title":"4 Reasons Young People Don’t Vote… and What To Do About It","container-title":"YSA (Youth Service America)","abstract":"Too many young people don’t vote. Why? Here are 4 reasons young people tell us they don’t vote: 1. They’re not asked or encouraged to vote by candidates, campaigns, family, friends, or neighbors. Young people who are contacted by an organization or a campaign are more likely to vote. Additionally, those who discuss an election […]","URL":"https://ysa.org/4-reasons-young-people-dont-vote-and-what-to-do-about-it/","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“4 Reasons Young People Don’t Vote… and What To Do About It”).

According to survey, only 26% percent of youth between aged 15 and 24 believe that voting is important and only 28% of them consider it their civic duty. On the other hand, only one in ten, between ages 18 and 29, can name their senators that depicts clear lack of knowledge about political environment of country. Whereas between ages 35 to 45, one in three was able to tell the name. Also only 20% of the youth read newspaper daily in comparison to adults who read newspaper 50% more than the youth. This trend shows that adult population is more aware in comparison to young generation about politics. This lack of knowledge shows why youth engage less in voting system ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sW3dI5a9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Carpini)","plainCitation":"(Carpini)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":13,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/CBXCXZFY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/CBXCXZFY"],"itemData":{"id":13,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gen.com: Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New Information Environment","container-title":"Political Communication","page":"341-349","volume":"17","issue":"4","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","DOI":"10.1080/10584600050178942","ISSN":"1058-4609","shortTitle":"Gen.com","author":[{"family":"Carpini","given":"Michael X. Delli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2000",10,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Carpini).

Above statistics clearly state reasons that contribute to this lower voter turnout. Overall young population has been engaged in community projects less than the older generation, this also has contributed in their lack of interest in nation building. They simply don’t consider it important. Thus for increasing youth engagement in voting process youth should be educated about the importance of votes and how it can impact their lives for better. They should be engaged in nation building activities, so that they can feel connection to the country and its political system.

But things are clearly changing for better in comparison to past years, in midterm elections of 2018, Millennials showed great interest in voting procedure and they turned out to be greatest eligible voting generation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"27ppG1OL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Youth Voter Turnout in the Midterms Could Be Historic, According to a New Poll\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Youth Voter Turnout in the Midterms Could Be Historic, According to a New Poll”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":16,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/DRZTJZMJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/DRZTJZMJ"],"itemData":{"id":16,"type":"webpage","title":"Youth Voter Turnout in the Midterms Could Be Historic, According to a New Poll","container-title":"Time","abstract":"Midterm turnout among young voters has been dismal in the past","URL":"http://time.com/5438522/2018-midterm-elections-youth-voters/","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Youth Voter Turnout in the Midterms Could Be Historic, According to a New Poll”). But they didn’t make the most impactful voting age group. Youth turnout exceeded the old record of 31% at average in various states of America like Florida, Ohio, Wisconsin and Nevada, which are high profile regions of the America. Many consider this an act of opposition by the liberal American youth, that is tired of misogyny, racism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and violence. That’s why they have shown clear stance against the rhetoric actions of the politicians. This time vote was definitely casted in search of better change, that young generation finds missing the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IKhTXKLz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sanders)","plainCitation":"(Sanders)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":19,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/RTZCBRU8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OoqYwFOq/items/RTZCBRU8"],"itemData":{"id":19,"type":"webpage","title":"The Youth Vote Had a Big Impact on the 2018 Midterms, but It Could've Been MUCH Bigger","container-title":"Teen Vogue","abstract":"People ages 18 to 29 turned out in force, but a majority of eligible voters still didn't vote.","URL":"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/2018-midterms-youth-voter-turnout-still-room-for-growth","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Sanders","given":"Linley"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sanders).

But fact remains same that these numbers of voters need to increase for America to see bigger change. As 65 to 75 years’ age group, still makes the strongest, consistent group of active voters. And older citizens have more impact over the election results than the younger voter. Thus awareness needs to be spread among youth about their voting rights, as many of them don’t think that their vote has impact. Knowledge and encouragement are the only two ways to increase youth voting turnouts in coming elections. This generation of millennials is going to make adult population of the future; hence it is essential that they understand basic political structure of America.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY “4 Reasons Young People Don’t Vote… and What To Do About It.” YSA (Youth Service America), https://ysa.org/4-reasons-young-people-dont-vote-and-what-to-do-about-it/. Accessed 4 Jan. 2019.

Carpini, Michael X. Delli. “Gen.Com: Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New Information Environment.” Political Communication, vol. 17, no. 4, Oct. 2000, pp. 341–49. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, doi:10.1080/10584600050178942.

Sanders, Linley. “The Youth Vote Had a Big Impact on the 2018 Midterms, but It Could’ve Been MUCH Bigger.” Teen Vogue, https://www.teenvogue.com/story/2018-midterms-youth-voter-turnout-still-room-for-growth. Accessed 4 Jan. 2019.

“Young U.S. Voter Turnout Surges, but Challenges Linger.” Reuters, 2 Nov. 2018. www.reuters.com, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-youth-idUSKCN1N710K.

“Youth Voter Turnout in the Midterms Could Be Historic, According to a New Poll.” Time, http://time.com/5438522/2018-midterm-elections-youth-voters/. Accessed 4 Jan. 2019.

Zaha Hadid

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Zaha Hadid

Introduction

Zaha Hadid was born on 31 October 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq. She was an Iraqi-born British architect known for her revolutionary and productive designs. Zaha received the award of "Pritzker Architecture prize" in 2004 and became the first women to receive this award (Hadid & Betsky, 1998). She started her career as an architect in 1970s and established her own London-based firm which was named Zaha Hadid Architects in 1979 (Woods, pp.29). Zaha Hadid has done a lot of work in the architecture department. Her aggressive geometric designs show the sense of shattered, unpredictability and motion.

Discussion

Zaha Hadid was remarkable in her work for architecture. In 1983, Zaha Hadid received international recognition when she won a competition for The peak which was leisure and recreational center in Hong Kong. She created a horizontal skyscraper design that moved at a dynamic diagonal down the hillside site (Zaha Hadid Architects, n.p). Hadid work in major museums shows the effort she paid to her work in the whole life. Her paintings were usually in the form of extremely beautiful detailed colored paintings. Hadid built her first major project in 1993 which was Vitra Fire Station in Weil am Rhein, Germany (Howarth & Dan, n.p). Her first major project design was very innovative and composed of a series of sharply angled planes. Hadid reputation increased in 2000 as an architect of built works (Hadid & Betsky, 1998).

Conclusions

Hadid was an extraordinary architect and have achieved some extraordinary accomplishments throughout her career. She was working in the industry which was entirely dominated by men. Hadid not only worked as an architect, but she also taught architecture at many places which also increased her reputation. She was a woman who faced a lot of controversies throughout her career, but still, she worked hard in her whole life and created many aesthetic designs.

Works Cited

" Zaha Hadid Architects." Zaha-hadid.com. N. p., 2019. Retrieved from http://www.zaha-hadid.com/

Howarth, Dan. "Zaha Hadid: A Life In Projects." Dezeen. N. p., 2016. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2016/03/31/zaha-hadid-life-in-architecture-projects/

Hadid, Z., & Betsky, A. (1998). Zaha Hadid: the complete buildings and projects.

Woods, L. (2008). Drawn into Space: Zaha Hadid. Architectural Design, 78(4), 28-35.

Zoot Suit And The Borderline Debate

Mia Martinez

Instructor Name

Course Number

28 May 2019

Title: Zoot Suit and the borderline debate

The play Zoot Suit is a play by Luis Valdez that is based on the events of the Zoot Suit Riots and the ‘Sleepy Lagoon Murder Trials’. The play introduces the zoot suit culture to its audience, which had historically become popular within Mexican-Americans in the 1940’s, and attempts to confront the racial prejudices of that era. The essay will identify the aim and claims of the Valdez’s Zoot Suit, analyzing his arguments, reasoning, and rhetoric along with divulging upon some of the creative techniques employed in the play to enhance its impact. Through the analysis, the current border wall debate will be investigated in terms of how a reproduction of Zoot Suit could impact the debate. One of the key aims of reproducing the play today would be to convince the audience how the premise of those who favor building the wall is largely based on the same prejudices that impacted the Sleepy Lagoon trials.

Part I

Valdez’s Zoot Suit dramatizes the widespread discrimination suffered by Mexican-Americans during the 1940’s. At the time, Chicano youth would wear stylized oversized jackets, known as zoot suits, to combat the discrimination against them as a form of political and social rebellion. Under this context, Valdez’s play attempted to challenge the audience’s capacity for critical thinking through a combination of information, entertainment, and persuasion. The play attempted to expose the various stereotypes that led to the marginalization of the Mexican-American community, debunk certain myths about the Chicano culture and to induce a behavioral change among people through challenging the audience’s notions CITATION Lui92 \l 1033 (Valdez).

One of the central claims of the play is that media frenzy, rumors, false beliefs, or illogical reasoning coupled with certain myths and stereotypes can lead to judgments that in turn create injustice. In the play, the Sleepy Lagoon Murder Trial led to the imprisonment of the boys who would wear Zoot Suits, who were released only after the injustice was exposed. The stereotypes and the myths led the people to pin Jose Diaz’s murder on the gang known as ‘the boys’, who were earlier involved in a disruption at the Sleepy Lagoon ranch. ‘The boys’ were charged, but the decision was later reversed by the court of appeals on grounds of lack of evidence and prejudice influencing the trials. The key audience of the play are people belonging to minority groups, especially those hailing from the Mexican-American or Chicano culture, as these events form an important part of their history.

Luis Valdez was an influential playwright and director who came to be recognized as the father of the Mexican-American Theater. He founded the El Teatro Campesino theatre that served as a platform to express the political and social concerns of the community through his plays, among which Zoot Suit carries a notable position. The play was a form of agitprop drama and used a number of pathos appeals to highlight the social injustices of the times. It incorporated the use of rapid scenes with little transition, depending on a semi-documentary technique characterized by Depression era newspapers. It dramatized injustices to awaken and educate responses, a means by which heavy biases of the media and the court were illustrated to help the audience empathize with the condition of the Chicano people through the 1940s. The courtroom scenes depicted in the play used constant interjections to narrate the injustices, while the play’s conclusion depicted the main character’s final confrontation with a biased reporter to highlight the various injustices endured by the Chicano people.

In terms of the reasoning and logical appeals employed by the play, ‘The Press’ was made the chief antagonist and the hero’s counterpart in the play. The racist public hysteria during the era was symbolized by the press and the news media of the time, who also played a role in convicting the main character Henry. It showcases how the term ‘Zoot Suit’ itself became a derogatory term, and labelling all Mexican-Americans as Zoot Suits characterized the yellow journalism of the day. Any person wearing a Zoot Suit was associated with crime and rebellion by the press, whereas ‘the boys’ would wear it to make a stance against the oppression and discrimination by the police and the press. Through these illustrations, the audience can deduce that the community at that time was inclined towards legal retribution rather than fairness and justice. It can also be inferred that the fear mongering in the community made Henry an easy target of misunderstanding, and such prejudices significantly affected the trials.

A range of creative techniques were employed by Valdez in presenting these issues. The center of attention in the play is El Pachuco, who is depicted as the ideal Chicano. El Pachuco is also the alter-ego of Hank or Henry Reyna, he is shown as a master of ceremonies who would dress in a zoot suit, and stand in defiance of the authorities. The character is self-reliant and unsinkable who flags the people’s spirits and earns respect throughout the community. Eventually, Henry is falsely imprisoned for a crime, and the play while his alter-ego El Pachuco, unconventionally, serves as the narrator of the play. The comic, romantic, tragic, and heroic portrayal of his life resonates the character with the audience and raises the stakes in the story, thus captivating them while also serving as a social commentator.

Part II

An analysis of Valdez’s Zoot suit can help us analyze and reach a resolution of modern political debates involving minorities, because the play allows us to see how stereotyping and bad press can influence political and law enforcement opinions. In this regard, reproducing the play for modern audiences could have significant impact on the recent border wall debate.

The border wall debate centers on the Trump’s administration’s quest to build a giant wall on the southern Mexican border. As a symbol of his administration and presidency, the debate has become an emotionally charged issue with President Trump capitalizing on public fears, through media propaganda, to gather support for building the wall. These fears involve stereotypes and images, that Mexican immigrants are tax evaders and burden the welfare system, and that they are generally murderers and rapists whose presence causes crime rates to surge. Conversely, the other side of the debate sees it in terms of a battle between ideologies hidden behind the guise of border security. They argue that the wall carries ideological significance and does not resolve the issues claimed by the other side CITATION Hey08 \l 1033 (Heyman). Support for the border wall is generated through rhetoric that relies upon stereotypes, designed to channel fear, while the actual threat does not match that level of hysteria CITATION Sch17 \l 1033 (Schubert).

It was the same volatile mix of national security concerns, fear, and stereotypes that led to the Zoot Suit events that now characterize the border wall debate. Valdez’s Zoot Suit demonstrated that showcasing a people to be a larger problem than what they actually are only adds to tensions and bias. The wall would divert resources away from the genuine threats to public safety and invest it into perpetuating division and sentiments against immigrants CITATION Mar18 \l 1033 (Gitlin). Hence, a reproduction of Valdez’s play would should aim to convince the other side of the error of its ways by challenging their convictions and thinking on the issue.

There are a number of misunderstandings promoted by pro-wall political rhetoric that the play should challenge. For instance, the notion that the wall would stem crime and improve public safety just as it did in the case of the wall in El Paso, Texas has to be challenged, since actual figures show that crime rates before building that wall were half than those after the fencing began. Moreover, the crime rates also surged in the following years despite the wall being complete indicating that the presence of the wall did not serve as a mediating factor in crime rates. Additionally, there is little data available to pin the rising crime wave on immigrants, which in fact shows a negative correlation of crime with the rising number of immigrants CITATION Ass19 \l 1033 (Associated Press).

In addition, the use of stereotypes in mainstream media also corresponds with the cultural preconceptions and expectations of the majority audience in order to attain commercial success. The political rhetoric employed by President Trump and his supporters rely on a common ground that is created between both ends of the political spectrum as a result of the cognitive configuration of the masses regarding Mexico by means of storytelling. Mexicans are usually given the roles of minor figures while Mexico is depicted as a country of socially deprived individuals who are given to stealing, and are frequently deported from the U.S. due to crime and illegal entry. Political rhetoric relies on these group stereotypes in order to legitimize restrictive immigration policies in the name of enhanced border security CITATION Sch17 \l 1033 (Schubert). Hence, both a misrepresentation combined with a negative moral evaluation is used to justify building the wall to curb crime and improve the economy.

In conclusion, the incidents covered in the play are dramatized by Valdez to confront the racial prejudice against the Chicano people during the 1940s. It serves as a corrective and an instrument for historical education highlighting the media misrepresentation of the zoot suit wearers, while also showing ways how a counterculture can serve as a powerful way to achieve social change. Just as how the media, community leaders, the police, equated zoot suits with crime, which led to the Henry’s imprisonment in Zoot Suit, the current trend of negative media portrayal of immigrants in populist rhetoric and popular entertainment reinforces a negative social practice. A reproduction of Valdez’s play aiming to convince the other side of their convictions and thinking could serve as a powerful solution in this regard.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Associated Press. "FACT CHECK: Trump's Wall Mirage, Immigrant Stereotypes." 11 February 2019. VOA News. 28 May 2019. <https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-check-trump-s-wall-mirage-immigrant-stereotypes/4782857.html>.

Gitlin, Marty. The border wall with Mexico. New York, NY: Greenhaven Publishing, 2018.

Heyman, Josiah McC. "Constructing a Virtual Wall: Race and Citizenship in U.S.–Mexico Border Policing." Journal of the Southwest 50.3 (2008): 305-334. <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Josiah_Heyman/publication/259914054_Constructing_a_Virtual_Wall_Race_and_Citizenship_in_US-Mexico_Border_Policing/links/54fcc67e0cf20700c5e96ee1/Constructing-a-Virtual-Wall-Race-and-Citizenship-in-US-Mexico-Border-Poli>.

Schubert, Christoph. "Constructing Mexican Stereotypes: Telecinematic Discourse and Donald Trump’s Campaign Rhetoric." Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines 8.2 (2017): 37-57. <https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/journals/cadaad/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Volume-8_Schubert.pdf>.

Valdez, Luis. Zoot Suit & Other Plays. Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 1992.