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Unifor (September 17, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/unifor-warns-cptpp-legislation-hurts-nafta-trade-position-693496801.html

In the article, the author critically examines the adverse implications of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) on the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The CPTPP primarily incorporates the cultural preservation with the expansion of foreign managed weak labor force. Moreover, the specific Bill as C-79 is critically examined and bashed by the author. For instance, it is deemed to be the primary source but reflects an inappropriate strategy. The consequences of its promulgation are highlighted. Uniform was the source that authorized the manifestations described in the article. It advocates for social justice and equality in Canada. The essence of the article asserts significance in putting breaks on the developments without knowing the aftermaths of NAFTA negotiations.

Eadie, J (2018, October 29). Dairy farmers processors and thousands of dairy workers are worth fighting for. Dairy Processors Association of Canada. Retrieved from

http://www.dairyproducer.ca/dairy-farmers-processors-and-thousands-of-dairy-workers-are-worth-fighting-for/

In the article, the author critically deliberates the implications of CPTPP for dairy farmers. The dairy processors of Canada will face severe circumstances as potential losses after the implementation of CPTPP. A huge chunk of the workforce of Canada is manifested in the dairy processors operation. Furthermore, the implications of CETA are also highlighted to advance the criticism on the promulgation of CPTPP. The sudden incursion of the European products in the state could cast a massively destabilizing effect. A viable solution is also presented at the end. The grant of tariff rate quotas ought to be ensured for the dairy processors of Canada.

Hargreaves, T. (2018, February). Opinion: Scramble to sign Canada Into the CPTPP trade deal is short-sighted. Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from

https://vancouversun.com/opinion/op-ed/opinion-scramble-to-sign-canada-into-the-cptpp-trade-deal-is-shortsighted

The author discussed the fundamental legacy of the dairy system in Canada. The federal government is adept at stating the vibrant and inspiring developments in the dairy sector. In reality, the government is desecrating the industry by giving away its parts and has jeopardized the advancement of the industry. To highlight the manifestations of NAFTA, the United States currently benefits in terms of surplus in comparison to Canada. Furthermore, the agriculture system of America opposes the related demands of the US negotiators and the supply management system. The price fluctuation and overproduction of the merit system are relative to the US industry paradigm. In conclusion, the grant of additional dairy as per the provisions of NAFTA for the United States is being persistently pursued by the states in negotiations.

Evans, H. (2018, February 26). Ontario says CPTPP will kill jobs. Canadian Auto Journal. Retrieved from https://www.autosphere.ca/autojournal/dealerships-news/2018/02/26/ontario-cptpp-kill-auto-jobs/

The article deliberates the adverse consequences of CPTPP for the auto industry of Canada. The innovated trade opportunities are being exploited at the expense of the auto workers after the promulgation of CPTPP. The role of the government has remained contentious in light of the deals made by them. The strategic approach followed by the government fails to accelerate the social and economic development in true letter and spirits. For instance, the labor force of the state is vulnerable to face the detrimental impacts of the deal. The author persistently portrays the hastiness of the federal government and their failure to admit the mistakes. If the agreement is ratified by the government, the workers of the auto industry will advance to hold them accountable. Such grave were the manifestations of the promulgation of CPTPP for the domestic sector of Canada. Thus, the article aims at reflecting the negative impacts of CPTPP on the auto industry and

References

Eadie, J (2018, October 29). Dairy farmers processors and thousands of dairy workers are worth fighting for. Dairy Processors Association of Canada. Retrieved from

http://www.dairyproducer.ca/dairy-farmers-processors-and-thousands-of-dairy-workers-are-worth-fighting-for/

Evans, H. (2018, February 26). Ontario says CPTPP will kill jobs. Canadian Auto Journal. Retrieved from https://www.autosphere.ca/autojournal/dealerships-news/2018/02/26/ontario-cptpp-kill-auto-jobs/

Hargreaves, T. (2018, February). Opinion: Scramble to sign Canada Into the CPTPP trade deal is short-sighted. Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from

https://vancouversun.com/opinion/op-ed/opinion-scramble-to-sign-canada-into-the-cptpp-trade-deal-is-shortsighted

Unifor (September 17, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/unifor-warns-cptpp-legislation-hurts-nafta-trade-position-693496801.html

Subject: Economics

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Landriault, M., &Minard, P. (2018). Canada/China free trade agreement: A public opinion appraisal. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 24(1), 113-117.

In this journal,the Canadianforeign policy journal, scholars made a formal talk over the FTA negotiation with China. Canadian public opinion acted as a strong resistance for FTA in recent few years. Expansion of free trade with China can lead to an increase of protectionist sentiments in America as well as Europe. Therefore, FTA with China may result in a great challenge for the Canada government than the renegotiation of FTA with America (NAFTA).As expert journalists, they both are well aware of profit maximization, economic risks,and economic growth. A free trade agreement can be a great support for the economy,but economic size, the growth rate of America and most importantly, public support towards NAFTA renegotiation seem more beneficial for Canada.

Stephens, H., & Navarro, J. (2018). Canada and Associate Membership in the Pacific Alliance: An Important Part of a Global Trade Strategy. The School of Public Policy Publications, 11(4), 1-17.

Stephen and Navarro, in this journal, discussed the effort of the Canada government to maintain both the trade agreement that is with China (FTA) and America(NAFTA). If Canada continues to secure the oversea markets in Asia, agreement with America will be difficult. Asia has an attractive market with a young population and GDP per capita. Canada is yet not paying that much attention to the negotiation that they should do because if NAFTA ends up failing, then negotiation FTA with China could provide new trade opportunities that Canada really needs.Stephen and Navarro raised a valid point that NAFTA is not only the option for Canada and Asia,especially China can be greater trade opportunity for the country,but they missed the fact of a trade war between America and China. It is not easy to maintain a balancedeconomic relationship with America and China at the same time. Also, negotiation with China can be harmful because America is a developed country and trade war with China may lead to an economic crisis in China andinreturn to Canada. The author did not share the quantitative data to justify his claim.

Lilly, M. B. (2018). International Trade: The Rhetoric and Reality of the Trudeau Government’s Progressive Trade Agenda. In N. Hillmer, & P. Lagassé (Eds.), Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada and International Affairs (pp. 125-144). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lilly in the given chapter discussed very efficiently and clearly about the trade policy. He focused on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Canada European Union trade agreement and FTA with China and America. The author summarized the work of Justin Trudeau for the new liberal government and the effect of Donald Trump governance over the economy and international relation.Lilly raised valid argument and with the help of current affairs concluded the future consequences. It is true that Canada is effecting with the governance of Donald Trump, especially with the announcement of a trade war with China. Government efforts to move conservative policies toward the progressive trade policies, but the currentsituation of America and China seems like Canada thinks twice for the negotiation FTA with China.

Morrison, W. M. (2008). China-U.S. Trade Issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division.

Marrison in his journal discussed the relation of various countries with America. With the help of some useful qualitative as well as quantitative data, the author discussed the potential of both China and Canada’s economy with a healthy trade relationship with America. The author concluded that Strategic Economic Dialogue had been started with China to end the trade war,but since it is still going on, therefore, Canada FTA agreement negotiation with China can be harmful as Canada is becoming one of the largest sources of America’s import.The journal is well organized and well defined. All quantitative and qualitative date reflects the main focus of the research. A crucial aspect is discussed that with the well-balancedrelation with America is providing benefits to Canada, at this point bending towards China may lead to some harmful results for the country. The drawback of the journal is that the author did not discuss the reasons for the FTA negotiation so that readers can make their own point of view.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Canada/China free trade agreement: A public opinion appraisal: Canadian Foreign Policy Journal: Vol 24, No 1. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11926422.2018.1427124

Lilly, M. B. (2018). International Trade: The Rhetoric and Reality of the Trudeau Government’s Progressive Trade Agenda. In N. Hillmer & P. Lagassé (Eds.), Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy (pp. 125–144). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73860-4_7

Morrison, W. (2008). China-U.S. Trade Issues. Federal Publications. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/key_workplace/498

Stephens, H., & Navarro, J. (2018). Canada and Associate Membership in the Pacific Alliance: An Important Part of a Global Trade Strategy (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 3115840). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3115840

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Ciuriak, D. (n.d.). Canada and the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Recap and Scoresheet. Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://www.asiapacific.ca/canada-asia-agenda/canada-and-trans-pacific-partnership-recap-and-scoresheet

The long-term economic benefits of the Comrprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) are comprehensively analyzed in the article. One of the dominant cause of the economic sustainability is driven by the tremendous increase in the the investment and exports of goods and services. For instane, Canada is progressing to have preferential access to conduct business in the markets where Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is not signed. Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Australia are those states that will consequently boost the economy of Canada. In addition, the markets of transportation equipment and agriculture lie at the very heart of utilizing the potential economic advantages of the CPTPP. The article conducts an empirical comparison of the TTP and CPTPP to underpin the gains produced by the CPTPP because of the absence of the United States.

Government of Canada, F. A. T. and D. C. (n.d.). Economic impact of Canada’s participation in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cptpp-ptpgp/impact-repercussions.aspx?lang=eng

In this article, a strategic evaluation of the repercussions of CPTPP are delineated. The deal will permit Canada to realign the relations in the region of Asia Pacific in a sustainable manner. It sketches the strengthed interest of Canada manifested by the engagement of the United States. An intricate appraisal of the article reveals some threats posed by the deal besides productive outcomes. For instance, the signatory nations of CPTPP have to remain cautious about the delecate agreement becoming a detrimental tool to initiate trade wars. However, the sustainable prospects of the deal are far greater than the speculated hostile repercussions. The dimesnions of agri-food and agriculture are comprehensively assessed. The agreement will lift the agri-fod exports to a considerable extent. After the successful execution of the deal, the rise of new products is estimated to further accelerate the gains for the signatory parties.

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2019, from http://cafta.org/trade-agreements/cptpp/

The prolific implications of CPTPP for the agri-food sector are extrapolated in the article.

In the long-term, the preferential access to the vital nations as Vietnam, Singapore, Japan and Malysia will cause the agri-food sector to witness an immense economic growth. The President of the Central American free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) deduced the economic growth to be in excess of $75 billion in the exports of agri-food by 2025. Such ambitious are the implications of the deal for the domestic industry of Canada. The Canadian government has to play an instrumental role to ensure the sustainable and potential execution of the deal to maximize the national interest. The CTPTPP makes Canada the only G7 state with free trade access to the Asia-Pacific, Europe and America.

Government of Canada, G. A. C. (n.d.). CPTPP benefits for Canada. Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cptpp-ptpgp/benefits-avantages.aspx?lang=eng

The article reflects both domestic and global reperscussions of the CPTPP for Canada. Besides creating a massive number of jobs, the deal enables Canada to maximize its interest in the Asia by initiating commercial ventres of the new FTA partners. The inclusion of vital chpaters as dispute settlement mechanaism and the fully enforceable workforce will be beneficial for the domestic industrial growth of Canada. Furthermore, the reduction in the tarrifs on a wider scale will make the compnies to witness a competitive environment in the state and global market. The deal presents a rare opportunity to position Canada as the hub for global trade and commerce after the preferential access throughout the diverse markets across the globe. In conclusion, the article highlights the elimination of technical impediments to promote and regulate cooperation and transperancy.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Ciuriak, D. (n.d.). Canada and the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Recap and Scoresheet. Retrieved February 12, 2019, from https://www.asiapacific.ca/canada-asia-agenda/canada-and-trans-pacific-partnership-recap-and-scoresheet

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2019, from http://cafta.org/trade-agreements/cptpp/

Subject: Economics

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Liberals Must Step Back from Job-Killing CPTPP: Steelworkers, OTTAWA, Sept. 18, 2018

The author made an argument over the progressive agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The author claimed that the agreement could kill a large number of jobs. About fifty-eight thousand Canadian jobs are in danger. Canada needs to defend at the present time in the highly sensitive renegotiation of NAFTA. If the CPTPP is implemented in Canada, the middle class of the country will suffer the most. It is an unbalanced trade deal by the government, and it is more harmful than the benefits for the economy.

Canada is counting the benefits that they are going to achieve from the agreement, but some crucial drawbacks are ready to show their presence. Canada is yet not paying that much attention to the negotiation on NAFTA than CPTPP that they should, because if CPTPP ends up failing, then renegotiation of NAFTA could provide new trade opportunities that Canada desperately wants.

Stephens, H., & Navarro, J. (2018). Canada and Associate Membership in the Pacific Alliance: An Important Part of a Global Trade Strategy. The School of Public Policy Publications, 11(4), 1-17.

Stephen and Navarro in this journal discussed the effort of the Canada government to maintain both the trade agreement that is CPTPP and America (NAFTA). If Canada continues to secure the overseas markets in Asia agreement with America will be difficult. Asia has an attractive market with a young population and GDP per capita, but it can reverse the development and stability of the people of its own country. Also, it is not easy to maintain a balanced economic relationship with America and China at the same time.

Stephen and Navarro raised a valid point that CPTPP is not only the option for Canada and Asia, although Japan can be greater trade opportunity for the country, they also missed the fact of a trade agreement NAFTA. It is not easy to maintain a balanced economic relationship with America and other Asia Pacific region at the same time. The author did not share the quantitative data to justify his claim.

Lilly in the given article, made very efficiently and precisely discussion about the trade policy. He focused on the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Canada European Union trade agreement, CPTPP, and FTA with China and America. The author summarized the work of Justin Trudeau for the new liberal government and the effect of Donald Trump governance over the economy and international relation.

Lilly raised a valid argument and with the help of current affairs concluded the future consequences. It is true that Canada is effecting with the governance of Donald Trump, especially with the announcement of a trade war with China. Government efforts to move conservative policies toward the progressive trade policies, but the current situation of America and China seems like Canada thinks twice for the agreement of both CPTPP and FTA.

NDP: The Cptpp Trade Deal Will Cost Canada Tens Of Thousands Of Jobs, June 14th, 2018

The author of the article raised the issue of employment. He argued that the trade agreement of CPTPP is harmful to Canada. It can cost ten thousands of jobs. The trade deal is a betrayal for the employers of the country. He claimed that liberal leads the nation to this situation. They made the deal behind the door, and now problems are emerging one by one.

The author raised the valid point that CPTPP is a risk for the worker in Canada. Employment level is an important factor for any economy. The growth rate has a great impact on new job opportunities as well as an increase in unemployment. Therefore the Government should take decision wisely that harmful effect should be solved before the implementation of CPTPP.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY NDP: The CPTPP Trade Deal Will Cost Canada Tens of Thousands of Jobs. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.ndp.ca/news/ndp-cptpp-trade-deal-will-cost-canada-tens-thousands-jobs

Steelworkers (USW), U. (n.d.). Liberals Must Step Back from Job-Killing CPTPP: Steelworkers. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/liberals-must-step-back-from-job-killing-cptpp-steelworkers-693595141.html

Subject: Economics

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Subject: Economics

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Appeals Court Rejects Trump's Attempt To Withhold Tax Returns From Local Prosecutors, Setting Stage For Supreme Court Fight

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Rejection to Withhold Tax Returns

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President Donald Trump's appeal on 4th Nov was rejected when a federal court denied his claim of presidential immunity and an effort to block access to his tax records. The three judges panel issued a decision in which they said that a president is not barred from any implementation of an order to summon him. The judges ordered that Donald Trump is not at any risk of immediate arrest or any imprisonment. Furthermore, the subpoena is not directed at the president, but it is for his accountants. One of his attorneys argued that the president's immunity would even extend if he were to shoot someone ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"CGYhxrhF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marimow et al.)","plainCitation":"(Marimow et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":178,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/MSKNEHHF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/MSKNEHHF"],"itemData":{"id":178,"type":"webpage","title":"Appeals court rejects Trump's attempt to withhold tax returns from local prosecutors","container-title":"StamfordAdvocate","abstract":"A federal appeals court on Monday rejected President Donald Trump's effort to block New York prosecutors from accessing his tax records and Trump's sweeping claims of presidential immunity. \n In trying to blocka subpoena for his private financial records from New York prosecutors investigating hush-money payments made before the 2016 election, Trump's attorneys have argued that as president Trump is immune not only from prosecution but from investigations. \n But in the decision, a three-judge panel of the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held that \"any presidential immunity from a state criminal process does not bar the enforcement of such subpoena.\" \n Rebutting the argument that allowing the case to proceed would hinder the president in his official duties, Chief Judge Robert A. Katzmann said that Trump was not at risk of imminent arrest or imprisonment - and wasn't required to do anything. \n \"The subpoena at issue is directed not at the President, but to his accountants; compliance does not require the President to do anything at all,\" Katzmann wrote. He was joined by judges Denny Chin and Christopher Droney, all of whom were nominated by Democratic presidents. \n The ruling does not mean that Trump's tax records will be turned over immediately. Trump plans to appeal the case to the Supreme Court, according to Jay Sekulow, counsel to the president. \n \"The decision of the Second Circuit will be taken to the Supreme Court,\" Sekulow said in a statement. \"The issue raised in this case goes to the heart of our Republic. The constitutional issues are significant.\" \n That appeal is due 10 days from the appeals court decision, per an agreement between prosecutors and the plaintiffs. A spokesman for Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus R. Vance Jr., a Democrat, declined to comment. \n One of...","URL":"https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Appeals-court-rejects-Trump-s-attempt-to-withhold-14807705.php","author":[{"family":"Marimow","given":"Jonathan O'Connell Ann E."},{"family":"Paul","given":"Deanna"},{"family":"Post","given":"The Washington"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marimow et al.). The case in his nature is such that it will test the limits and range of Presidential power and also involve several legal clashes. The president’s lawyers told that this expedition against him is politically driven and a sitting president cannot be prosecuted in any way, shape, or form; however, the court rejected it be declaring it offensive and disrespected to the national laws. The case began after district attorney office in Manhattan subpoenaed Donald Trump attorneys for eight years of his tax records. The primary concern of the court was to check whether any law was broken in 2016 when trump's advisers paid two women when they said that they had affairs with Donald Trump.

Related Constitutional issues

Donald Trump and his legal team tried to suppress the main issue of a subpoena. The legal battle that is involved here is actually a test of the power range of the president. Donald Trump’s lawyers claim that he has absolute immunity from any criminal process. However, the prosecutors reject these claims by saying that the president is trying to invent a new tax return privilege ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"daLoS9Az","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Prosecutor Says Trump Wants \\uc0\\u8216{}sweeping Immunity\\uc0\\u8217{} in Tax Fight\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Prosecutor Says Trump Wants ‘sweeping Immunity’ in Tax Fight”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":180,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/ZGULC3HH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/ZGULC3HH"],"itemData":{"id":180,"type":"webpage","title":"Prosecutor says Trump wants 'sweeping immunity' in tax fight","container-title":"AP NEWS","abstract":"NEW YORK (AP) — Manhattan's district attorney urged a judge Monday to reject the \"sweeping immunity\" sought by President Donald Trump to protect him from divulging his tax returns in a criminal...","URL":"https://apnews.com/fadec6510fc543e497d594c0db8ecd10","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,23]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Prosecutor Says Trump Wants ‘sweeping Immunity’ in Tax Fight”). The prosecutors argued that revealing information about his tax returns will not hinder or interfere in any of his presidential duties. There are opinions among the internal justice department that reveal that a president who is currently holding office cannot be charged by federal prosecutors. However, the case of Vance is different as he is an elected prosecutor from New York who enforces state laws. His investigations were followed by Cohen, who was the president's former attorney and previously said that the president ordered him to make payments to the alleged ladies that were involved in an affair with Donald Trump. However, at this stage of the case, Donald Trump is not identified as a defendant yet.

None- Government Institutions Linkage

The case in which Donald Trump is currently being investigated is a part of his private life and has nothing to with his time as a president. Furthermore, the subpoena was issued to his accountants not to him as a President of the United States ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4XiPNUCk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump\\uc0\\u8217{}s Attempt to Withhold Tax Returns from Local Prosecutors\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump’s Attempt to Withhold Tax Returns from Local Prosecutors”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":182,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/IUUUDWJE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/IUUUDWJE"],"itemData":{"id":182,"type":"webpage","title":"Federal appeals court rejects Trump’s attempt to withhold tax returns from local prosecutors","container-title":"Anchorage Daily News","abstract":"The decision upholds a lower-court ruling rejecting Trump’s lawsuit seeking to block his accountant from letting a grand jury see his tax records from 2011.","URL":"https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/11/04/federal-appeals-court-agrees-trump-tax-returns-can-be-turned-over-to-investigators/","language":"en_US","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump’s Attempt to Withhold Tax Returns from Local Prosecutors”). The case deals with his tax returns and any possible law breaching that may have been done before the 2016 elections in which there was a possibility of paying illegally to the woman named Stormy Daniels. The non-government institution which was involved in this case was the president’s accounting firm known as Mazars USA. The Prosecution team asked Trump to hand over the tax record of the previous 8 years of Trump’s individual and corporate tax returns. If the case was directly related to any decision taken by Donald Trump as a president of the United States then the nature of case would have been a direct clash between government institutions.

Involvement of Government Institutions

The government institutions and personnel that are involved in this case are Internal Department of Justice, Manhattan district attorney, the federal judges that are hearing the cases and although the case is not related to the position of Presidency, Donald Trump is personally involved in the case. The attorneys of president are relating the case to the position of presidency by saying that the law allows Donald Trump an immunity towards criminal cases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0qgZubec","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hemel)","plainCitation":"(Hemel)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":184,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/JAIZTNN3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/JAIZTNN3"],"itemData":{"id":184,"type":"article-journal","title":"Can New York Publish President Trump's State Tax Returns","container-title":"Yale LJF","page":"62","volume":"127","author":[{"family":"Hemel","given":"Daniel J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hemel). They are repeatedly stating that a president is immune to any case even if he shoots a person on the streets of Manhattan. However, the prosecution team is making it a personal case and stating that the subpoena was sent to his accounting firm and not personal to him. The attorneys of the president are making it a fight between the justice system of United States and the legal power that the same law is providing to Donald trump.

Impact on president Legacy

The impact of this case on the legacy of Donald Trump depends upon its outcome. Donald Trump has already established a great legacy due to his work on international forums ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uHvCView","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Drew)","plainCitation":"(Drew)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/DE5TNNA4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/cYhHNKoU/items/DE5TNNA4"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-magazine","title":"Donald Trump Has Already Carved a Lasting Legacy","container-title":"The New Republic","source":"The New Republic","abstract":"The tax reform bill crowns a year’s worth of policies that will be difficult, perhaps even impossible, to reverse.","URL":"https://newrepublic.com/article/146401/donald-trump-already-carved-lasting-legacy","ISSN":"0028-6583","author":[{"family":"Drew","given":"Elizabeth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",12,22]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Drew). However, based on the current position, if the law protected Donald Trump just because he is a president of the country it will change the general perspective of public. They will think that the president is above the law of the state. It will make them into thinking that the law is only for the poor and common people of the country. If Donald Trump wants to continue having the support of the people, and he feels that he is innocent in this case, then he should face all the charges and presents himself before the court. But if a special rule or wavier is there for the president, then the people should respect that law. If they believe the law is wrong, they should come out in public and put pressure on the Government to change the law.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Drew, Elizabeth. “Donald Trump Has Already Carved a Lasting Legacy.” The New Republic, Dec. 2017. The New Republic, https://newrepublic.com/article/146401/donald-trump-already-carved-lasting-legacy.

“Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump’s Attempt to Withhold Tax Returns from Local Prosecutors.” Anchorage Daily News, 4 Nov. 2019, https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2019/11/04/federal-appeals-court-agrees-trump-tax-returns-can-be-turned-over-to-investigators/.

Hemel, Daniel J. “Can New York Publish President Trump’s State Tax Returns.” Yale LJF, vol. 127, 2017, p. 62.

Marimow, Jonathan O’Connell Ann E., et al. “Appeals Court Rejects Trump’s Attempt to Withhold Tax Returns from Local Prosecutors.” StamfordAdvocate, 4 Nov. 2019, https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Appeals-court-rejects-Trump-s-attempt-to-withhold-14807705.php.

“Prosecutor Says Trump Wants ‘sweeping Immunity’ in Tax Fight.” AP NEWS, 23 Sept. 2019, https://apnews.com/fadec6510fc543e497d594c0db8ecd10.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Apple's Impact On The Economy

Apple's Impact on the Economy

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Apple's Impact on the Economy

Assessment of Macroeconomic Aspects

Apple Inc. is a multinational American technology company which develops, designs and sells online services, consumer electronics and computer software. The article highlights the prominent economic changes brought by Apple Inc. Essentially, macroeconomics explores the inflation rate, mass economic growth and deems the economy as a whole. Apple Inc. has advanced to cast a significant impact on the gross domestic production (GDP), evolution in employment opportunities and tremendous advancement in economic growth. It is imperative to underpin the assistance offered by the organization to the whole world and not only the United States of America (USA).

Pros and Cons

To begin with the cons, Apple Inc. has struggled to unleash potential technological advancement in true letter and spirits. A wide range of Apple's sales is reliant on iPhone sales. Besides, a chunk of profit depends on overseas sales. The unstable nature and surge of dollar prices may impede the sales as customers get inclined toward Android devices worth $100. The most critical aspect is the stringent government's policies pertinent to trade agreements. Consequently, both Apple's profit structure and economic variables in the United States of America (USA) are prone to get affected in the future.

Apple. Inc is the pioneer in the technological realm and cannot collapse easily. The arguments of cynics related to the lack of innovation may be true but the supreme quality of products urges consumers to overlook these loopholes. Moreover, the huge base of loyal customers and the seasoned marketing team accentuate the economic advancement of the organization and the state. With the passage of time, Apple Inc. rejuvenated the job market with scientists, designers, marketing, retail, manufacturing, support and software engineers. 1,530,000 jobs in the US attribute to the App store ecosystem which is an explicit illustration of the impregnable impact of Apple Inc. on the economy.

Summary

The article delineates the immense economic advantages assembled by Apple Inc. since its inception in the United States of America. It accounts for the creation of more than 2 lac jobs in 50 states. Since the launch of the App Store, US developers earned more than $16 billion in sales across the globe (“Job Creation,” n.d.). The Apple tech support centers support North American consumers with 13,00 representatives throughout the USA. It is worthwhile to highlight the distinguish employee benefits for both part- and full-time workers. Employee stock plan purchase, matching retirement contributions and health insurance are the eminent incentives offered by Apple Inc. The organization facilitates a staggering amount of 80,000 employees. Furthermore, the U.S. based suppliers account for more than 450,000 jobs. The core products as iPod, iPhone, Apple Watch, Mac and Apple TV comprise materials or parts from the States or U.S. based suppliers. A significant amount of investment projects is in streamline to further uplift the economy of the United States with the creation of jobs.

Conclusion

Irrefutably, Apple Inc. assumes an instrumental role in strengthening the economy of the USA through job creation which has been highlighted in the article. The article successfully underpins the structural benefits for the US economy. However, the global impact of Apple Inc. has not been addressed. The markets for Apple products are entirely different in several regions. It would be worthwhile to critically assess the impact of economic variables on Apple Inc. and consequently on the United States. Essentially, the job market is potentially fueled by Apple Inc. and it is likely to grow at an exponential rate.

References

Job Creation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5, 2019, from Apple website: https://www.apple.com/job-creation/Job Creationhttps://www.apple.com

Subject: Economics

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Applying Supply And Demand: Real World Examples

Applying Supply and Demand: Real World Examples

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Applying Supply and Demand: Real-World Examples

The article is written by Robin Schmahl on October 7, 2019. In the article, "Tightening milk supply may result in higher prices," the impact of supply can be observed on prices. According to the supply theory, when the producers are unable to increase supply, in the long run, they control demand by increasing the price. This statement can be observed through this real-life example, where the author discussed that producers are not willing to increase supply to avoid any loss. They are trying to find out the price level, which is effective for the firms to remain a strong competitor in the international market. The reason for the increase in demand is the increase in the use of cheese at the domestic level. There is an increase of 0.20 dollars in milk price, which means the highest price for the year would be 18.9 dollars while the average price of all-milk is 17.79, which is much better, especially for the farms that are working under interest payment.

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The article indicates that demand somehow equals the supply; therefore, the market is in equilibrium, as shown in the above graph. However, supply is slowly decreasing with time. The reason for the low supply is that the number of cows is decreasing each month, which means supply will further decline, and there is the chance of a much higher price. However, the author highlight that tight supply does not mean that the farm is unable to match the demand; it is just a fact that supply is less than the past. It indicates the potential issue, which means that if the number of cows keeps declining, then milk production will also decline, and farms will be unable to maintain patron milk at eighty-five percent. The author concluded that it is not easy to handle the supply in the short-run; therefore, the result will be the higher prices for the milk in future ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Aumybbz1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Tightening Milk Supply May Result In Higher Prices | Farm Journal\\uc0\\u8217{}s MILK Business,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Tightening Milk Supply May Result In Higher Prices | Farm Journal’s MILK Business,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":891,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/Y5PVW697"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/Y5PVW697"],"itemData":{"id":891,"type":"webpage","title":"Tightening Milk Supply May Result In Higher Prices | Farm Journal's MILK Business","URL":"https://www.milkbusiness.com/article/tightening-milk-supply-may-result-higher-prices","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Tightening Milk Supply May Result In Higher Prices | Farm Journal’s MILK Business,” n.d.).

In another article, "Global milk supply growth has starred in 2019," written by Beth Newhart, a report regarding milk supply has been discussed. In the article, reason for low supply all around the world and its factors are highlighted. The article is based on the information of dairy quarterly report, which shows that after the installation of milk supply growth each year by the world's largest exporters, America is still experiencing a mixed market. In addition, the dairy industry is facing a supply issue globally during 2019.

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The graph shows the impact of the decrease in supply is that quantity shift to left and price increases, which results in a leftward shift of supply curve. The reasons for the shortage of supply include weather challenges, higher prices, geographical conditions, economic growth, and lackluster retail sales. All these factors cause supply to decrease, and firms get only one way to control demand that is the increase in prices, as shown in the graph. The article highlights the result of the current situation in the 2020 recession. There will be a 2% decrease in yogurt, a 4% decrease in fluid milk, a 3.9% decrease in the cheese sale. However, it is estimated that sales will increase for butter and cheese through retail prices. In contemporary times cheese and butter prices are decreasing up to 1.3% and 0.2% respectively, which will increase the demand. However, prices of fluid milk remained flat the whole year.

The author concluded that retail prices are the main factor that is resulting in lowering domestic demand growth while other two factors that re high foodservice demand and slow economic growth is negatively affecting the supply of dairy products in America during 2019 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NFY4KLdb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(dairyreporter.com, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(dairyreporter.com, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":890,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/UELSMM3R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/UELSMM3R"],"itemData":{"id":890,"type":"webpage","title":"Global milk supply growth has stalled in 2019","container-title":"dairyreporter.com","abstract":"The first quarter of the year is coming to a close, and Rabobank has released Q1 2019 numbers from its Dairy Quarterly report. The world’s largest exporters of dairy have stalled in year-over-year milk supply growth, but the US is experiencing a mixed market.","URL":"https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2019/04/08/Global-milk-supply-growth-has-stalled-in-2019","language":"en-GB","author":[{"family":"dairyreporter.com","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (dairyreporter.com, n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY dairyreporter.com. (n.d.). Global milk supply growth has stalled in 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019, from dairyreporter.com website: https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2019/04/08/Global-milk-supply-growth-has-stalled-in-2019

Tightening Milk Supply May Result In Higher Prices | Farm Journal’s MILK Business. (n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2019, from https://www.milkbusiness.com/article/tightening-milk-supply-may-result-higher-prices

Subject: Economics

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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Article

Article Review

[Name of the Student]

[Name of the Institution]

Article Review

Objectives

The article is based on a study conducted to analyze factors shaping the consumer choices and financial products. It is a literature review focused on how consumers make decisions and what factors affect the process of their decision-making. The objective of the article is to discuss the developments that have been emerged in household finance. The context of this research is the central concept of the field of consumer economics that the decisions made by consumers usually do not align with the optimal economic models. This implies their decisions are mostly suboptimal in settings with different backgrounds. The article is an attempt to find out the causes behind consumer choices and financial products, taking into consideration the concepts of consumer finance, consumer behavior, consumer financial regulation, consumer bias, choice inefficiencies, mortgage debt, cognitive ability, financial products, and personal investments.

Methods

The article is not based on a comprehensive survey to collect data on consumer choices and financial products. It is instead focused specifically on the existing research on credit card borrowing, investment and saving decisions, housing and mortgage debts, and spending and consumption. When analyzed in the context of research, it becomes easier to identify and evaluate the factors affecting consumer choice and financial products. The research done for writing the article is, therefore, secondary in nature, and it presents both quantitative as well as qualitative data to analyze and discuss the findings and make conclusions. The research also takes into consideration some other important economic concepts to make the conclusions more credible and precise by discussing the topic in several aspects. Hence, the design and marketing of financial products have been discussed in the paper. Further, the regulatory policies and procedures for consumer financial products have also been described to complete the analysis. Finally, the article will present research directions for future efforts and things to be considered by the policymakers and researchers.

Findings

The article discusses the developments that have been made in research in household finance on the factors that shape choices of consumers and financial products. Poor financial decisions can lead to widespread losses. Poor consumer choices result in losses of the wealth of older adults as well as the aggregate wealth. The economy suffers from high costs as a result of these losses. The factors behind this issue have been suggested to be consumer decisions regarding retirement-related concerns, real estate investment pools, structured financial products, and annuities (Agarwal et al., 2017). Moreover, it is difficult to present a single model that depicts the financial behavior of consumers. In the modern business environment, companies like Apple and Starbucks have great influences on shaping the consumers' financial decisions by offering them highly specialized products. Therefore, the relative effects of consumer behaviors and biases are not clear to date, whether these effects are rational or irrational. It is difficult to speculate which of these effects are dominant.

The existing research has confined its focus on the interventions and the assessment of their possible effects on consumer welfare. It also examines the conditions and factors that could possibly improve the financial literacy of consumers. However, the current study emphasizes to create incentives for the providers of financial services besides giving attention to the consumers’ concerns. This would provide a win-win approach to resolve the issue by catering to the needs of both consumers and providers. The research states that policymakers face issues while making policy responses, optimal contracts, and enforcement. The causes behind these issues include enforcement idiosyncrasy, information asymmetry, and behavioral complexity. It is essential to conduct new research on how to improve the consumer-related financial policies. The impact of technology on consumer’s financial decision-making processes have been analyzed. With the emergence of new technology, the scope of business has been broadened to a great extent. Financial technology is growing continuously in consumer finance. Hence, further decision is left for the consumers how they react to it.

It is essentially important to know the reasons for suboptimal consumer decisions for making related policies and developing regulatory landscape. This is because the suboptimal choices can slow the economic growth and incur substantially increased costs for the systems of social security. The research finds that the main influencers affecting consumer choice inefficiencies include social networks, psychological biases, incentives and self-control, time preference, lack of financial literacy, and cognitive limitations. Further, the research elaborates on the discussion of financial products by describing their impact on consumer choice. A strong relationship exists between the expensiveness of mortgages and the intensity of advertising. Advertising was found to be most effective when the advertising message was targeted at the groups less informed about mortgages. Examples include minorities, less educated, and the poor. Other problems affecting their buying decisions include substandard selling practices of providers, information asymmetry, and complexity of the financial products.

Conclusion

The research provides sufficient insight into consumer choice, its causes, and implications. The factors driving decisions of consumers and financial products are varying and need immediate attention from policymakers, regulatory agencies, and the providers to reduce difficulties of consumers. The improvement in consumer decision-making is inevitable for economic growth.

References

Agarwal, S., Chomsisengphet, S., & Lim, C. (2017). What Shapes Consumer Choice and Financial Products? A Review. Annual Review of Financial Economics, 9(1), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110716-032417

Subject: Economics

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Article Review

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Article Review

The article “Free Trade Loses Political Favor --- Republican backing fades as voters voice surprising skepticism; Pacific pact seen at risk" written by Bob. Wall. In the article, the author discussed the reaction for the free trade by the politicians and civilians of the United States of America. Many Democrats blame free trade for the economic problem of the country while there are many benefits of it. Many companies are making a profit through free trade, i.e., by acquiring cheap labor and capital from developing countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ar621f68i8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Benefits of free trade - Economics Help,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Benefits of free trade - Economics Help,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1257,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/4KDJLFST"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/4KDJLFST"],"itemData":{"id":1257,"type":"webpage","title":"Benefits of free trade - Economics Help","container-title":"Economics Help","abstract":"Explaining how free trade can benefit consumers, firms and the whole global economy. Benefits include competition, greater choice, lower prices, economies of scale and law of comparative advantage.","URL":"https://www.economicshelp.org/trade2/benefits_free_trade/","language":"en-GB"}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Benefits of free trade - Economics Help,” n.d.). Free trade increases exports, competition, and the use of surplus raw material. It increases employment globally. Thus free trade gives benefits to all individuals, firms, and countries. But there are some potential drawbacks as well. Firms prefer cheap labors from other countries which cause big job losses and depressed wages due to the shifting of opportunities to the other countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2buph1hsa2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}The Benefits of Free Trade: A Guide For Policymakers | The Heritage Foundation,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“The Benefits of Free Trade: A Guide For Policymakers | The Heritage Foundation,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1259,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/HF32PUQK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/HF32PUQK"],"itemData":{"id":1259,"type":"webpage","title":"The Benefits of Free Trade: A Guide For Policymakers | The Heritage Foundation","URL":"https://www.heritage.org/trade/report/the-benefits-free-trade-guide-policymakers","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The Benefits of Free Trade: A Guide For Policymakers | The Heritage Foundation,” n.d.).

The public opinion for the free trade has become unfavorable from past few years. The main reason for this unfavorable is the political view — many politicians using free trade issue for the sake of power. Trump oppose the free trade and got many voters. The other reasons that lead to this unfavorable increase in unemployment and a decrease in the wage rate. The trade involves the transfer of desired goods and services. International trade becomes the crucial factor of the country's GDP. Free tariff increase export which leads to economic growth but from past few years' international trades becoming political issue ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a8v3g4l5ce","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}Trump Intensifies Trade Pressures on China | Economics21,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“Trump Intensifies Trade Pressures on China | Economics21,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1261,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/T7VC4FVW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/T7VC4FVW"],"itemData":{"id":1261,"type":"webpage","title":"Trump Intensifies Trade Pressures on China | Economics21","URL":"https://economics21.org/potus-beefs-up-trade-pressures?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIgYu7x62a4AIViJOPCh2mYwJIEAAYASAAEgJijPD_BwE","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Trump Intensifies Trade Pressures on China | Economics21,” n.d.). Many politicians used free trade as a power card but now this issue becoming faded. Donald Trump announced the trade war with China by applying a tariff on the export. This trade war created the economic crisis for both countries. Due to this crisis now people unfavorable view for the free trade is changing ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1ob846oba2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (\\uc0\\u8220{}The People\\uc0\\u8217{}s Republic of China | United States Trade Representative,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)}","plainCitation":"(“The People’s Republic of China | United States Trade Representative,” n.d.)"},"citationItems":[{"id":1263,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/43CAWF7V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/ccgWoSRn/items/43CAWF7V"],"itemData":{"id":1263,"type":"webpage","title":"The People's Republic of China | United States Trade Representative","URL":"https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The People’s Republic of China | United States Trade Representative,” n.d.).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Benefits of free trade - Economics Help. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.economicshelp.org/trade2/benefits_free_trade/

The Benefits of Free Trade: A Guide For Policymakers | The Heritage Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://www.heritage.org/trade/report/the-benefits-free-trade-guide-policymakers

The People’s Republic of China | United States Trade Representative. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china

Trump Intensifies Trade Pressures on China | Economics21. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2019, from https://economics21.org/potus-beefs-up-trade-pressures?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIgYu7x62a4AIViJOPCh2mYwJIEAAYASAAEgJijPD_BwE

Subject: Economics

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Article Review

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Article Review

1. Why are states increasingly relying on congestion pricing to address traffic?

The states are increasingly relying on congestion pricing to address traffic because highway congestion increases the cost of travel in most urban areas of the United States. It has been observed that traffic congestion has continued to increase in the united states and it takes more time to travel from one place to another than before. There are many states which are turning to a free-market solution for highway congestion. The states are relying on congestion pricing because there are many drivers who are cost conscious and they don't want to pay too much for the highways. The basic idea is to keep them in slower lanes and create priced express lanes for those who are willing to pay for speed. The rise in the tolls is the main reason why states are increasingly relying on congestion pricing to address traffic these days in the United States (Krol, 2016).

2. Why are some states placing a cap on tolls? What is the downside to allowing the market price based on current traffic to prevail?

Toll caps are placed basically by states to minimize the total congestion. Some states are placing a cap on tolls because some times due to the increase in the drivers there are heavy traffic jams on the highways. To avoid heavy traffic jams, they have put a cap on the tolls. The caps are built for the different category drivers according to what they will pay for travelling on a highway. The downside to allowing market price based on current traffic to decrease the traffic congestion on the highway because only those people will travel on highways who can pay the toll price easily and others will change their time according to the tolls price (Calvert, 2019).

3. Do you believe that the price elasticity of demand for using the toll roads discussed in the article is relatively elastic or inelastic? Why?

The price elasticity of demand for using the toll roads is relatively inelastic because elastic demand a small change in the price and causes a greater change in the quantity while inelastic demands a change in the price but will not have a much effect on the quantity demand. In this article, the prices have changed but haven't minimized the congestion which means it won't have affected traffic congestion.

4. What do you think? Should states use congestion pricing to mitigate traffic? Should price caps be placed on tolls or do you believe that market prices should be allowed? Please be sure to support your opinion

States must use congestion pricing to mitigate traffic because it is the only solution to control traffic of the highway. It helps in changing the price of the tolls according to the number of drivers using the roads. The benefit of congestion pricing is that travelers change their time of traveling when they see a rise in the price of toll which helps in reducing the traffic on the highways. Price caps should be displayed on the tolls because they help to minimize the total congestion and to avoid heavy traffic jams. Traffic issues are becoming a huge concern for the country like the United States. Congestion pricing schemes have been not that much popular in the United , but there are many benefits of these schemes which people might see in the future and will favor this.

References

Krol, R. (2016). Tolling the Freeway: Congestion Pricing and the Economics of Managing Traffic.

Calvert, S. (2019). Why Not All Tolls Rise to Nearly $50. WSJ. Retrieved From https://www.wsj.com/articles/should-supply-and-demand-determine-the-price-for-a-fast-commute-1525426200

Price Elasticity of Demand and Price Elasticity of Supply – Principles of Economics. (2019). Opentextbc.ca. Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/5-1-price-elasticity-of-demand-and-price-elasticity-of-supply/

Subject: Economics

Pages: 2 Words: 600

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As Per Writer

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Factors influencing economic growth of countries

Introduction

Since long, it has been witnessed that there are various questions that have been the same for long and one of the questions that still confuses the world is, why some countries grow faster economically than the other”. Economic growth is the overall improvement of the quality of life and almost all the areas (healthcare, environment, human capital, wages people, technology, infrastructure, etc.) are included. The difference in economic growth rate is mainly because of the availability of the resources, but in some cases, there are countries that are enriched with natural resources but they don’t have the technology and expertise to use those natural resources for enhancing their economic growth rate (Saberi & Hamdan, pp.200-216). Economic expansion that took place, is because of the explosion of the knowledge about what a country has and how it could use it for its growth. Different countries have different capabilities and positive factors that make them stand out in the list of countries that grows economically. Population and the working conditions also determine the economic growth and as not, all the countries have the same resources, conditions, people, strategies, knowledge, and technology, so there comes a difference in their rate of growth.

Motivation

Keeping an eye on the global economy has always been my area of interest and this interest motivated me for choosing this topic. I always wanted to think of debatable questions that appeal as well as confuse others, so I choose this topic "why some countries grow faster than others? I am fond of studying the role of government, how it influences the progress of a country so the chosen topic appeals to me the most as it motived me for learning more about things and bodies I am interested in.

Discussion

The economic growth of any country is influenced by a few factors (resources, people, and conditions) and most important out of these factors is the government. The government is the main body that makes the policies that either go in favor of or against the economic growth of a country. It is the main authoritative body that guards the political stability so that the political crisis could not curb the economic growth of the country (McClelland, pp. 53-69). The government could help in enhancing the economic growth of a country as it plays a role as the major investor for the industries. The government also plays an important role in making laws and policies that directly influence economic growth.

Efficient utilization of resources is also responsible for the government. Countries have different types of economic and natural resources that they use for enhancing economic growth. It is the government that enables a country for achieving the path of economic development by engaging and perusing foreign countries for investment as more investment means enhanced economic growth (Guo). One of the main roles that the government plays in enhancing economic growth is the efficient utilization of domestic resources.

The government maintains and law and order through the effective administration system. Impressive law and order conditions grab the attention of the global or foreign investor and this foreign investment is the driving force of the economic growth of a country. It is the government that runs all the important institutes and departments, such as defense, police and court help in maintaining peace, law, and order. Peace and a positive environment help in the smooth functioning of the companies and organizations. Government plays a key role in enhancing economic growth by providing favorable conditions for both the industrial and agricultural sectors. Sound socio-economic infrastructure is another thing, controlled by the government and it helps in enhancing the economic growth of the countries.

Another major factor that needs to be focused on is, different governments have a different way of working as not all countries have the same economic conditions and resources. Government helps a country paving the way so that economic growth could be accelerated and it spots the fields or areas that would appeal to the global markets and investors that would make a huge difference when it is about the economic growth rate of a country. Government helps in expanding the businesses and projects that would help in accelerating the economic growth of the country, as it is responsible for making the policies, laws and equally involved in their execution of the plan made that would assure an increase in economic growth.

Conclusion

Taking a look at the above-mentioned details, it could be said that different countries have different conditions, circumstances, resources and policies and all these factors influence of economic growth of the country. All the factors are greatly influenced by the government as it is the controlling body of any country. It is true that not all the countries have same resources but it is the government that makes a difference in the economic growth rate as it is the main controller and the influencer that decides which way things would lead. So as a whole, it could be promulgated that there are different factors that determine the economic growth of a country but the government plays a key role in enhancing its economic growth.

Works Cited

Guo, Ping, et al. "Do government expenditure and financial development impede environmental degradation in Venezuela?." PloS one 14.1 (2019): e0210255.

McClelland, David C. "The achievement motive in economic growth." The Gap Between Rich And Poor. Routledge, 2019. 53-69.

Saberi, Maria, and Allam Hamdan. "The moderating role of governmental support in the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth: A study on the GCC countries." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11.2 (2019): 200-216.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Assagment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Assignment

There is a strong correlation between the inflation level and employment. Any country with high inflation faces different problems. It is because inflation has adverse impact over the growth of the economy. It affects the exchange rate, cost of borrowing, prices, and overall economy of the country. Besides, inflation has negative over the growth of the economy however it leaves a positive impact on the employment level. In the article, the conditions of the employment level and the impact of inflation are being discussed. Whenever inflation increases in the country, the unemployment rate decreases and more people get opportunities to get new jobs.

In the article, a report has been discussed regarding the employment rate fluctuation. It shows that opportunities for new jobs are increasing and the unemployment level is low up to 3.7%. The proportion of the total population in America looking for a job and has increased to 0.2% ADDIN ZOTERO_TEMP (Irwin). The author discussed the different factors that can lead to this employment ratio. Various economics terms like interest rate, inflation, recession, the great depression, investment, and Philips curve are being discussed to figure out the actual reason for significant increase in employment level. The author argued that inflation is the reason that is a disturbing investment, interest rate, and somehow employment level by increasing the supply of money in the economy.

In the article, the primary concept that has been discussed is the relationship between the inflation and employment level with the help of the Philips curve. Inflation leads to change in various economic factors that result in lowering the unemployment level. Philips curve is the curve that indicates the negative correlation between inflation and unemployment level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9MMS84CZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Irwin)","plainCitation":"(Irwin)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":479,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VZ93Q9Q8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/VZ93Q9Q8"],"itemData":{"id":479,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Three Key Factors That Will Determine How Long the Hot Job Market Lasts","container-title":"The New York Times","section":"The Upshot","source":"NYTimes.com","abstract":"Where is this growth really coming from; how real is the concern over inflation; and how many more workers are out there?","URL":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/02/upshot/the-job-market-is-firing-on-all-cylinders-three-questions-will-determine-how-long-it-can-last.html","ISSN":"0362-4331","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Irwin","given":"Neil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",11,3]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Irwin). For instance, whenever inflation increases it leads to decrease in unemployment level and vice versa. Economist and government always try to maintain or decrease the inflation rate because it has a negative impact on the economy. When inflation rate increases it results in an excessive amount of money in the hand of consumers. When consumers get more money to spend, they demand more goods and services. To control the high demand for goods and services producers , stakeholders either increase the price of the existing supply of goods or services or increase the production. With an increase in production, demand for more labor increases. In other words, producers get the opportunity to expand their production and provide more jobs. This is how inflation leads to an increase in the employment level.

The above graph indicates the relationship between unemployment and inflation with the help of the Phillips curve. At the point, The unemployment rate is 6% with only 2% of inflation. When inflation rises to five percent at point B, the unemployment rate decreased to only 3%. However, the author discussed that the Phillips curve does not seem to be operated in the real world but somehow it is working in the US economy as it had been developed. The reason behind the unrealistic framework of the Philips curve is that inflation not always hit the unemployment level; there are various factors that eliminate the impact of inflation from the unemployment level. For instance, when inflation leads to the increase in aggregate demand it results in an increase in real GDP. Therefore, the producer hires more labor to meet the aggregate demand by providing sufficient supply of the goods and services ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zQagGJ2l","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Phillips Curve - Economics Help\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Phillips Curve - Economics Help”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":480,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/EWSQAMLY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/EWSQAMLY"],"itemData":{"id":480,"type":"webpage","title":"Phillips Curve - Economics Help","container-title":"Economics Help","abstract":"Definition of Phillips Curve (trade off between inflation and unemployment). Graphs to show how and why it can occur. real life data. Also different views on Phillips Curve Keynesian vs Monetarist. - short-term and long-term.","URL":"https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1364/economics/phillips-curve-explained/","language":"en-GB","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Phillips Curve - Economics Help”). However, at a particular point, the economy reaches the full capacity, where no labor can be hire any more. At this stage, producers increase the wages of the labor which results in wage inflation. In addition, they increase the prices of goods and services which lead to a constant rate of unemployment. Economists believe this phenomenon more realistic as producers prefer to increase prices first then increasing the number of labor. However, the report shared in the article indicates that the Philips curve is working in the economy to lower the unemployment rate. Government is trying to maintain the inflation rate by increasing the interest rate.

The article is important to understand the pattern of economic growth especially the fluctuation in the unemployment level. However, authors have ignored the one important aspect which shows that inflation is not the only element which impacts the employment level. The element is the investment level. The author is right on the point that inflation is the risk and it is affecting interest rate, wages rate, and employment rate. However, producer or behavior of investors also has a crucial role. For instance, investment increases when investors do not see any risk related to the future value but a number of investors do not take risks. They decrease or limit their investment whenever notice that inflation can be higher in the future. Therefore, it leads to lowering the risk of inflation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zyzeaVRA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jayaraman and Singh)","plainCitation":"(Jayaraman and Singh)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":483,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/QD73NNLC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/QD73NNLC"],"itemData":{"id":483,"type":"article-journal","title":"Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Creation in Pacific Island Countries: An empirical study of Fiji","page":"18","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Jayaraman","given":"T K"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Baljeet"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jayaraman and Singh). In addition, when investors believe that inflation rate is going to be stable in future, they increase their investment it sometimes leads to the inflation before the estimated period because of the supply of money increases in the economy. The increase in investment leads to more opportunities to produce goods and services by providing a number of new jobs.

Therefore, it is concluded that employment level is higher in America and the author thinks that its inflation that playing its role. The author discussed other economic factors like great recession, interest rate, investment, and wage rate. However, he focused on the inflation rate and discussed the Phillips curve that is resulting in lowering the unemployment level. The author created a strong argument where inflation rate affects the number of economic indicators including employment level. There is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. However, the author did not highlight the importance of investment level which also provides opportunities to develop new job. Also, it stabilizes the inflation rate and economic growth becomes sustainable.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Irwin, Neil. “Three Key Factors That Will Determine How Long the Hot Job Market Lasts.” The New York Times, 3 Nov. 2018. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/02/upshot/the-job-market-is-firing-on-all-cylinders-three-questions-will-determine-how-long-it-can-last.html.

Jayaraman, T. K., and Baljeet Singh. Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Creation in Pacific Island Countries: An Empirical Study of Fiji. p. 18.

“Phillips Curve - Economics Help.” Economics Help, https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1364/economics/phillips-curve-explained/. Accessed 10 Apr. 2019.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Assigment 1

Economics Assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Answer 1

The concept involved in this scenario is the time value of money and the specific subtopic involved is the present value of an ordinary annuity. The annuity is a series of payments received or made at a regular interval of time. If the payment involved is done at the start of a time period, it is called an annuity due while if the payment is made at the end of the period, it is called an ordinary annuity. The case under observation is an ordinary annuity. The terms involved in calculating the present value of annuity are as follows:

P denotes the periodic payment, I shows the interest rate, n shows the time period. The formula for calculating the present value of the ordinary annuity is as follows:

Putting the values in the given formula, we have P = 20000, r = 4.15% and n = 3 years. Putting the values in the formula gives us an answer of $ 55239 which is more than $50000. The interest rate chosen is the highest offered in the USA on fixed annuities. One more consideration that the investor will have to keep in mind is the number of compounding periods under consideration. This relates to the differentiation between the nominal and effective rates on interest. The nominal rate is written as 9 % per annum compounded quarterly. The effective rate will come out to be 2.25% per quarter. Generally the more number of compounding will result in an increased amount of money for the investor. Another consideration that we have to take into account is the option to receive payment at the start of the time period. This would lead us to the concept of annuity due. The formula for the present value of annuity due is as follows

If we put the given values in the above formula, we get $ 57587.

The advice to the friend should be to accept the offer of $ 20000 over the next three years. Tge most profitable option is to go with annuity due.

Answer 2

The company chosen in American Airlines.

Today price: 31.43

Yesterday price: 32.13

Percentage Change: (31.43-32.13)/31.43*100. This comes out to be -2.22%.

Dow Jones Index:

Today: 248.28

Yesterday: 247.94

Percentage change: (248.28-247.94)/248.28*100. This comes out to be 0.137%.

The dow jones is regarded as the sole indicator for the US market itself. This is one of the most followed indices in the world. This is a price weighted index which means that the stocks with higher prices are given higher weights. The index is adjusted to various aspects like spinoffs etc. The dow jones index for airlines is a simple weighted averages of the share prices of all the companies included in the said sector. The drop in the index is associated with an economic downturn in the US. The overall rise in the index may be because of the rise in only one company that is able to outweigh the decrease in all other shares. Thus an increase in Dow average is not beneficial to all the investors.

Answer 3

1. The author concludes that the kidneys should not be allowed to be sold because in that case the poor will start trying to sell their body parts to the rich people.

2. The alternate method prescribed is that the government provides the finances for the patients of kidney diseases.

3. The alternate method is better as this would also allow the poor people to have their kidney problems solved as well.

178117513208010953752444751562100320675Answer 4

Price

2390775289561001094740263525

1132840302895sdQuantity

In the above diagram the curve named d shows the demand curve and the curve named S shows the supply curve. The price is shown on Y axis and quantity is shown on the x axis. Equilibrium price is 300.

105727534925188595066040

162877526035Price

2419350257175001113790254000

1104899219710001133474748665

S D

Quantity

In the above diagram, the red line shows the price suggested by the person also known as ceiling price. Implementation of this price will create a shortage in the economy shown as the distance between the supply and demand curves. As the suppliers will not be willing to provide sufficient amount of the product or service at this price.

Answer 5

Although before the class I believed that the prices are set by the shopkeepers themselves and the rise therein is affected by the shopkeeper. I believed that it is the discretion of the sellers to fix the price of a product. After I have studied this course, I have come to know that the sellers have least impact on the price of a product especially if the market has perfect competition. It is the availability of substitutes and other similar factors that affect the price of a product. The suppliers will be happier if the prices are higher.

We should know the idea correctly because if the price of a product is higher, we can look for some of its substitutes and buy them.

The wrong concept would lead us to the conclusion that the shopkeeper is selling the product at a higher price at his own discretion. This will stop us going to certain shops for buying. However if we have corrected our concept, we will go to any shopkeeper to buy certain products, in this case our decisions will be well informed.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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Assignment

Economics assignment

Name of the student

Name of institution

Answer 1

The major concept used by me is the increase in sacrifice with the increase in income. This choice has led me to keep the direct taxes higher. The higher income people should pay a higher tax and vice versa. There are no deductions in case of income taxes. Some of the taxes like sales tax has been kept lower than the current rate so that the impact of such decrease can be measured.

The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of distribution of income in the society. The figure closer to 1 shows a higher degree of inequality among the individuals. The coefficient will increase if the indirect taxes are increased by the government. This is because the indirect taxes have to be paid by the rich and the poor at the same rate. In order to decrease the coefficient, the government should focus on increasing the direct taxes and that too for the richest people of the country.

The income tax will result in the decline of the coefficient because the impact of the tax can be adjusted according to the increase or decrease of the incomes. This will also mean that the burden of the tax will be proportionate to the income of the individual.

Answer 3

I have chosen the petrol as the product for this example. The price of the petrol has fluctuated many times in the recent past. This will allow me to study some particular concept like elasticity of demand.

The quantity demanded of petrol will decrease from 100 to 90.

The price of petrol has risen from $ 4 to $4.75.

The elasticity is given by:

%age change in Qd/ %age change in price

This formula is further expanded as:

Q1-Q0/Q0

262890060325

P1-P0/P0

If we place the above values in the formula, we get:

25907991974860090-100/100

4.75-4/4

The calculation reveals the answer of -0.5. This answer is according to the rational because the people who are using the cars cannot quit to use the petrol if the prices are higher. The elasticity in this case is said to be price inelastic, having the answer less than 1. The negative sign shows the negative relationship between price and demand.

The other possible answer is the elasticity greater than 1 which is called elastic demand. This is the case when percentage change in the quantity demanded will be more than the percentage change in price. The main determinant of this aspect is the availability of substitutes, if close substitutes are available, the commodity will be price elastic. There are some other considerations in this regard about the nature of the products when we study the elasticity. The basic needs have inelastic demands because their substitutes are not available and their demand cannot be postponed as well.

Answer 4

The decision to buy a new car had to be made by my family. After going through the chapter, I suggested to my family that they should not buy the new car because the prices of the petrol have risen. The concept applied here is the cross price elasticity of demand in case of complementary goods. I had learnt that the complementary goods have to be used in tandem and rising the price of one will affect the other as well. Thus, my family postponed the purchase of new car until the prices of petroleum go down. There are some other considerations in this regard. The urgency of the need of the family has to be considered, if the family has no other option to commute, they will buy the car any way.

Answer 2

The concept used by the author is the consideration of external costs while deciding on any alternative. These costs are the ones that are to be borne by the people who are not using a product directly. The author pays higher consideration to the environment. This aspects relates to the external costs that will be borne by our next generations. Generally we do not consider the external costs while making a decision. The private costs are more important for the individuals in making the decisions.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Senthilnathan, S., 2016. The imopact of elasticity on firm's revenue. international journal of science and research, pp. 1728-1731.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Assignment

Economics assignment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Answer 1

The person has two options. Either to take $50000 now or to take $20000 for each of next 3 years.

Year 1: Future value: $20000

Interest rate: 10%

Interest rate is important as increasing or decreasing it will have an impact on the results obtained for the present value.

For year 1, Present value is $ 18181. For year 2, Present value is $ 16528 and for year 3 the present value is $ 15026. Adding all of these gives us $ 49735 which is less than $ 50000. We will advise the friend to accept $ 50000 today.

Answer 2

The company that I have chosen is Bank of America.

Today’s price: $ 28.84

Yesterday price: $ 29.08

Percent change: (28.84 – 29.08)/28.84*100 = (0.83%)

Dow Jones Industry average:

Today: $ 26.35

Yesterday: 26.17

Percentage change: (26.35-26.17)/26.35*100 = 0.69%

Answer 3

1. The author concludes that the kidneys should not be allowed to be sold because in that case the poor will start trying to sell their body parts to the rich people.

2. The alternate method prescribed is that the government provides the finances for the patients of kidney diseases.

3. The alternate method is better a this would also allow the poor people to have their kidney problems solved as well.

178117513208010953752444751562100320675Answer 4

Price

10947401778002381250177799

S D

1132840302895Quantity

In the above diagram the curve named d shows the demand curve and the curve named S shows the supply curve. The price is shown on Y axis and quantity is shown on the x axis. Equilibrium price is 300.

105727534925188595066040

162877526035Price

10566401778002381250177799

10953752165351133474748665

S D

Quantity

In the above diagram, the red line shows the price suggested by the person also known as ceiling price. Implementation of this price will create a shortage in the economy as the suppliers will not be willing to provide sufficient amount of the product or service at this price.

Answer 5

Although before the class I believed that the prices are set by the shopkeepers themselves. I believed that it is the discretion of the sellers to fix the price of a product. After I have studied this course, I have come to know that the sellers have least impact on the price of a product. It is the availability of substitutes and other similar factors that affect the price of a product.

We should know the idea correctly because if the price of a product is higher, we can look for some of its substitutes and buy them.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.moneychimp.com/calculator/present_value_calculator.htm. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.moneychimp.com: http://www.moneychimp.com/calculator/present_value_calculator.htm

Subject: Economics

Pages: 1 Words: 300

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Assignment #$

Assignment

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Q1: The whole concept of microeconomics is important to every citizen. As a consumer, there are several topics in microeconomics, which are very importance such as supply and demand and consumer theory. These two topics illustrate issues, which directly affect consumers in the market and therefore, it is importance for a consumer to understand them a little bit. From the concept of supply and demand consumers can concepts, which determine the availability of products in the market and price of very product. Consumers can learn when to purchase products and the way the market is controlled. The consumer theory is important because it provides details how people decide to spend their money and the kind of refrain which exist. As a voter the topic theory of the firm is an important topic because it illustrates the economy of scale, factors of production, production function and cost function. This entire concept covered in theory of the firms; illustrate essential issues, which determine the economic growth of a country, which is important for a voter. Though the entire concept of the microeconomics cover essential areas of economics, and provide basic understanding of the economy, I believe the stock market performance influence on the economy has been covered entire in the course. As a student of economic, I believe it is important to understand the kind of influence stock market has on the economy.

Q2: During your next trip to the supermarket (or you may need to make a special trip) find two examples of different goods for which the market is oligopolistic. Make certain that you have chosen a ‘good’ and not a brand name. Remember that several brand names compete in a market.

A visit to a supermarket to analyse the bread and the products. I noticed several brands in the supermarket and products. Most of the products are produced by different companies. It is therefore, evident that there is a little competition among the brand or companies. It seems several products in the supermarket enjoy the monopoly in the market. There are several companies, which control the market because of the popularity and space allocated to the products in the shelves. For instant, Wheatbix, has more space or shelve compared to its rival products. There is clear evidence of Oligopolistic Market being practiced within most of the supermarkets. The brand notice from the supermarket is Product TitleZuri Cosmetics, Product TitleL'Oreal Paris, and Evolve silky, Nivea and several others on the side of beauty and cosmetics. It is evidence that there are other brands like Vaseline, sunlight, BlueBand and several others. The different is how these products are allocated space or shelf within the supermarket. A closer analysis on the way space is allocated indicates there is a big different. Some products like Vaseline sold and other products of Vaseline and Nivea on the beauty and cosmetic section are allocated more space. I also realize that these two brands Nivea and Vaseline are having variety of products on the shelf compared to other products under the same category.

Q3: The game Prisoner’s Dilemma illustrates that two complete parallel individual cannot work together to achieve a specific goals. It presents a situation where two people are in the position of not communicating and therefore cannot work together. The best strategy to overcome the situation is through to work with strength of each party and apply cooperation as the best idea way to solve any such condition of none cooperation. It is important to apply irrational to make choose for the outcome to be better. In the game I choose 1, cooperation, and 1 again for cooperation and 2 for complete. The game is similar to the theory we discussed in class since it is illustrate the application of concept of cooperation, communication and irrational decision making, which covered in class as the best way to address the problem of lack of communication within an organization setup.

Q4: Based on the reading in the blue photocopy book page 25, learn about the proposed merger between Nestles and Dreyers

Answers: the merger between Merger of Nestlé and Dreyer's Gains could have changed the way the product would perform in the market. The merger and acquisition is also done to improve the performance of a company. It is therefore, necessary for merger in cases where a company is experience stiff market competition and poor performance, the merger and acquisition allows a company to improve its market share as well. Therefore, it was a good idea for the merger, however, the deal was rejected because of the market condition and worry of federal authority of the how the consumers would be treated in the market. The performance of Nestlé is expected to increase due to the merger. The market share of the Nestle would increase resulting to high market share and profit.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 3 Words: 900

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Assignment 1 - Article Analysis

Assignment 1 – Article Analysis

Name of the Writer

Name of the University

Assignment 1 – Article Analysis

Q1 (a)

The supply and demand model quantifies the relationship between what quantity the producers are trying to sell at a selected price of their own in comparison to the volume of the product that the customers are wishing to buy. It is also the main model used in the determination of price in the theory of economics(Farzaneh, et al, 2016, pp. 269-285). The price of a product is then determined by how its supply and production tend to interact with each other. The price that is resulted from this interaction is known as the equilibrium price and is the representation of the agreement between the consumers and the producers of the commodity.

The Australian government have put some actions into motion in order to discourage and decrease the consumption of sugar. These include images that are graphic in nature and show the rotting of teeth’s and fatty organs. These are widely displayed on buses and billboards. Now, this way they are influencing the purchasing behaviour of the consumer of sugar. By associating the consumption of sugar with dire diseases and unhealthy body status they are forcing consumers moving away from sugar (Keenan, 2019). This way the demand for the product is gradually decreasing, whereas the supply for the product is still on the high. If more and more steps like these are taken the demand for the product (sugar) will keep going down while the supply and production will remain the same. This will decrease the price of the product as more and more consumers will be moving away from the product itself. The lower pricing would help in increasing the sales of the product.

Q1 (b)

The graph illustrates the relationship between demand and supply of sugar and how it will affect the price and its changing shape over time. The demand and supply relationship is a very complex one in which each has a profound effect on each other. if the supply of the product is decreased and the demand for the product remains same then the price of the product will definitely decrease. If the demand for the product increases and the supply of the product is kept the same then the price of the product will definitely increase. The price that is calculated from the shifting of the supply or the demand curve is called the equilibrium price.

Now with the efforts of the Australian state government, the demand for the commodity (sugar) will decrease. The supply for the product will be the same as the production of the product will definitely be kept the same (Keenan, 2019). With the production kept the same, the demand for the product will decrease. With the decreasing demand the demand curve will move to the left. During this time the supply curve will remain the same. In the original graph, the point of intersection between the supply curve and the demand curve would be the original equilibrium price and this will be the original price at which sugar would be sold at. After the decrease in demand, the price would be shifted downwards and the new equilibrium price would be found. This new equilibrium price would be lower than the old one.

The most prominent effect of the increase in sales tax would be on the price of sugar. This is is because producers would have to pay for equipment, machinery and storing that they use. When the cost of doing business is higher in the form of sales tax, the price of sugar would definitely increase. The price is on the vertical axis of the demand and supply graph, the increasing price will cause the supply curve to move more inward. The reductions that will be witnessed in the supply would then correspond to the prices of sugar that are currently existing in Australia. This way the producers of sugar in Australia would be able to produce sugar for far less money (Keenan, 2019).

The sales tax will indirectly affect the demand for sugar in Australia. It will definitely alter the equilibrium price. When the demand is taken into account, the sales tax has a high effect on the buying power of the customers. When the sales tax would be imposed on producers in Australia, the consumers in Australia have less spending ability on goods because they have to spend more money on paying taxes. This further drives down the general demand and can also force the producers to keep the price low in order to increase the steadiness of demand. Since the sales tax will affect the price of sugar the equilibrium price would definitely fall. Producers would be able to benefit more from selling sugar in Australia.

Q3 (a)

According to economics, some products are considered elastic and some are considered inelastic. Primarily elastic products are those whose price changes with the changes within the supply or demand of the product. If there is any change in the supply or demand of that product it will be reflected in the changing prices of that product (Miller and Alberini, 2016, pp. 235-249). However, inelastic products, on the other hand, are invulnerable to the changes in the changes in its supply and demand. This is because these products are a necessity and will be used even if their prices go up and down. For example, oil prices go up and down but it does not affect its demand. This is because it is a necessity and needs to be fulfilled no matter what.

Now the demand for Kombucha is definitely elastic and this has been determined in light of the determinants of price elasticity of demand. its primary substitute, sugar, has taken a big hit in the market. It is being considered unhealthy with a sales tax being placed on it (Keenan, 2019). This has increased the demand for kombucha as it is considered a healthier option than refined sugar. Secondly, the price of Kombucha is relatively cheaper than the price of sugar in Australia. This is also another factor that explains the fact why Kombucha is price elastic rather than inelastic. Lastly, over two the price elasticity of demand of Kambucha has been great and people have adjusted to the rise in its demand and its increasing price as well.

Q3 (b)

As it has been already been determined above that the Kombucha industry is elastic and this analysis has been done on the basis of the determinants of price elasticity of demand. This means that any change in the supply or demand of the kombucha industry will have a profound effect on its pricing and the profit that is being made in that industry. In Australia, due to the high efforts on diverting the Australian people away from the use of sugar by the government of Australia, the Kombucha industry has seen much growth and profit (Keenan, 2019). More and more sugar substitutes are being sold in the Australian market and people are making huge profits in this industry.

If the market trend remains the same and sugar production and selling is made harder and harder the demand for Kombucha will keep increasing. This means that this industry will keep growing and it will earn even more profits. However, if the consumer behaviour towards sugar changed and the market trend for sugar consumption would be higher than the profit ratio for the kombucha industry would definitely go down. This is sugar is a substitute for kombucha with a higher demand for it. As more and more people will go towards it the demand for Kombucha will decrease. This will affect the price of kombucha as it will be lowered in order to meet the lowering demand. Furthermore, the total revenue will also decrease.

Bibliography

Farzaneh, H., Doll, C.N. and De Oliveira, J.A.P., 2016. An integrated supply-demand model for the optimization of energy flow in the urban system. Journal of cleaner production, 114, pp.269-285.

Keenan, R. (2019). Rotting teeth and fatty organs turn Australians sour on sugar. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/markets/rotting-teeth-and-fatty-organs-turn-australians-sour-on-sugar-20190515-p51nfe.html [Accessed 19 Oct. 2019].

Miller, M. and Alberini, A., 2016. Sensitivity of price elasticity of demand to aggregation, unobserved heterogeneity, price trends, and price endogeneity: Evidence from US Data. Energy Policy, 97, pp.235-249.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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Assignment 2

Question 1

The above person has one dependent person due to which he is entitled to an annual deduction of

$ 2000 from the taxable income. The threshold level for the payroll tax is set at $ 500000.

The gini coefficient is used to measure the inequality of the income across the percentiles of the people. The figure is used to assess how much of the total income is enjoyed by the top part of the population. The income inequality is not the issue for a single country but at the global level. The figure is not the most accurate of the measures for income inequality, it misses some of the important aspects that can affect unequal distribution of wealth.

The above diagram shows a gini coefficient of 0.33 which shows that the proposed system is able to stop the unequal distribution of wealth by 33%.

The unequal distribution of wealth can be overcome by the application of methods that affect the consumption ability of the person. In other words the direct taxes should be altered so that the person is left with either more or less of the personal disposable income. The indirect taxes on the other hand do not affect the personal disposable income directly. The example of the indirect tax is the sales tax that is collected by the shopkeeper from the customer but in turn the producer will collect it from the shopkeeper. Another distinction between the direct and indirect taxes is that the burden of the direct taxes falls directly on the customer while the burden of the indirect taxes is not felt directly by the customers.

The corporation tax will increase the gini coefficient because this will not directly affect the consumers. The Disposable income is not affected by the corporation tax.

The wealth tax will cause the gini coefficient to fall down. The reason for this is that the wealth tax will have a direct impact on the purchasing power of the consumer.

Answer 2

The concept used here is the opportunity cost which is defined as the cost of next best alternative that is forgone so that the person can take on the given alternative. The opportunity cost is discussed in the article in a sense that the expenses that we make today can be postponed and the resources that are kept free can be used for some other work preferably for the betterment of the environment or climate. Making and implementing the climate policy will certain involve some costs, these costs have to be borne with the help of the resources that can be used for some other aspects. There is a certain level of difficulty to put pricing to the climatic aspects as we cannot put the price tags on something like human lives, health and certain other issues. The author argues that the investment in the climate management will not only benefit the society today but also in the future. AS far as present benefits are concerned, the investments in the climate management will create a large number of jobs and also generate income for individuals and the society as a whole. Thus, the opportunity cost related to the investment in climate management will be justified.

Answer 3

The product chosen is the IPhone that is a high priced product. In order to judge the behavior of the product, we have to see two aspects of the scenario. First of all we consider this as a luxury good that is bought by the elite class only. In this case the calculations will be as follows:

%age change in quantity demanded/%age change in price

This is the basic formula for elasticity which measures the change in quantity demanded with respect to change in price. In the scenario above the quantity demanded will go down from 100 to 90. The price will go up from $ 345 to $370. Now we calculate the value of elasticity by putting the values in the formula:

Q1-Q0/P1-P0 * P0/Q0

90-100/370-345*345/100

= 1.38

This shows an elastic demand which means that the percentage change in the quantity demanded is more that the percentage change in price of the product. The quantity demanded is very much responsive to the change in price. The second scenario is where we can consider the said product as an addiction that people are not willing to leave. In that case the quantity demanded will change from 100 to 98 and price will go up from $748 to $ 770

Q1-Q0/P1-P0 * P0/Q0

98-100/770-748*748/100

=0.68

This answer is less than 1 which shows that the demand is relatively inelastic for the products that are considered status symbols or addictions.

Answer4

The decision that I took while purchasing the mobile phone was affected by the concepts of elasticity. When I went to buy the phone, I wanted to buy some specific brand. When I reached and consulted various shops in the market, I came to know that there are certain number of substitutes available for me. Further, i had an old phone so my need for the new one was not very immediate. Thus I can postpone my purchase decision until the prices of phones come down to my liking. The elasticity of demand for me regarding the mobile phone is high. This means that I will not increase my quantity demanded until the prices fall down to a certain level.

Subject: Economics

Pages: 4 Words: 1200

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