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Expermint 1 Simple And Fractional Distillation Of A Binary Mixture
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Title: Simple and Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture
Introduction
The experiment of simple and fractional distillation of toluene and cyclohexane was performed. The difference in volatility will enable us to separate the liquids. There are two types of liquids ones which easily vaporize are called volatile whereas others are nonvolatile liquids. The vapor pressure of a liquid is a state of the pressure of gas while it's in a liquid state. The boiling point is a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to external pressure. Distillation is a process that depends on the vapor pressure of the liquid. The liquid having higher vapor pressure would be distilled initially as the concentration would be greater ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Uq97as92","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Santos et al.)","plainCitation":"(Santos et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The European Physical Journal E","issue":"4","page":"40","title":"Isothermal molecular diffusion in mixtures containing toluene, cyclohexane and methanol","volume":"40","author":[{"family":"Santos","given":"Cecília IAV"},{"family":"Shevtsova","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Ribeiro","given":"Ana CF"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Santos et al.). Through simple distillation, liquids having a greater difference in the vapor pressures would be separated. The fractional distillation process utilizes a fractioning column and various condensations and vaporizations would be collected to separate the liquids. This procedure is effective for liquids having less difference in their boiling points. According to Raoult's law, the mole fraction of solvent when multiplied by the vapor pressure gives the vapor pressure of the solution. Dalton's law states that every gas in a container will exert equal pressure as if it is present separately ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1PP5Wxb1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Santos et al.)","plainCitation":"(Santos et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The European Physical Journal E","issue":"4","page":"40","title":"Isothermal molecular diffusion in mixtures containing toluene, cyclohexane and methanol","volume":"40","author":[{"family":"Santos","given":"Cecília IAV"},{"family":"Shevtsova","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Ribeiro","given":"Ana CF"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Santos et al.). Or the mixture of gases will exert the same vapor pressure on the container as they would exert when no other gas is present. Azeotropes are those mixtures of liquid having constant boiling points and composition through the distillation process. For example, disopropyl ether, and isopropyl alcohol.
Experimental Section
Simple Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Table of Contents
Table 1. General information about the chemicals used.
Chemical
Cyclohexane
Toluene
Formula
C6H12
C7H8
Molar Mass
84.16 g/mol
92.14 g/mol
Melting Point
6.47 °C
-95 °C
Boiling Point
81 °C
111 °C
Structure
Systematic IUPAC name
Cyclohexane
Methyl benzene
Toxicity
It causes skin irritation, drowsiness, and may be fatal if swallowed.
It causes skin irritation, drowsiness, and suspected of damaging fertility.
Hazards
Highly flammable liquid and vapor.
May cause damage to organs through prolonged exposure.
Results
Table 2. Fractional and simple distillation data for toluene and cyclohexane
Simple Distillation
Temperature (°C)
Drops ml
Fractional Distillation
Temperature (°C)
Drops ml
Cyclohexane
40
0.8 ml
Cyclohexane
49
3.1 ml
44
1 ml
45
1.1 ml
47
1.5 ml
48
1.8 ml
48
2 ml
Toluene
49
1.4 ml
48
2.2 ml
48
2.5 ml
48
3 ml
Toluene
50
0.5 ml
51
1 ml
52
1.1 ml
52
1.2 ml
49
1.4 ml
Figure 1. Distillation curves for simple and fractional distillation
Percent recovery = Amount of pure product recovered amount of crude material used x 100
Simple distillation percent recovery for cyclohexane
Percent recovery = 2 mL3.0 mLx 100=66.6%
Simple distillation percent recovery for toluene
Percent recovery = 2 mL3.0 mLx 100 = 66.6%
Fractional distillation percent recovery for cyclohexane
Percent recovery = 3.1 mL3.2 mLx 100 = 96.0%
Fractional distillation percent recovery for toluene
Percent recovery = 2.1 mL3.0 max 100 = 70%
Discussion
The purpose of the experiment was to perform fractional and simple distillation to separate a mixture of cyclohexane and toluene. The percent recovery was performed after the experiment as 96% cyclohexane and 70% toluene (Anokhinaa et al.). Fractional distillation has produced a slightly higher percentage of cyclohexane and toluene as compared to a simple distillation process. Also, the graphical representation has described that the simple distillation curve was steady slightly and the fractional distillation curve was not linear. The graphical representation was slightly different as when performed in the lab ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9VZAm6nF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Santos et al.)","plainCitation":"(Santos et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The European Physical Journal E","issue":"4","page":"40","title":"Isothermal molecular diffusion in mixtures containing toluene, cyclohexane and methanol","volume":"40","author":[{"family":"Santos","given":"Cecília IAV"},{"family":"Shevtsova","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Ribeiro","given":"Ana CF"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Santos et al.). The boiling temperature of toluene was 111 °C and cyclohexane has 81 °C. After half of the time in the experiment, the number of fractions collected was gradually increasing.
Conclusion
Distillation is a process based on the vapor pressure of the liquid that can help in the separation of liquids. The liquid having higher vapor pressure would be distilled firstly as the concentration would be better ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lvQpnbkp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Santos et al.)","plainCitation":"(Santos et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":501,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q8ZJAYUR"],"itemData":{"id":501,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The European Physical Journal E","issue":"4","page":"40","title":"Isothermal molecular diffusion in mixtures containing toluene, cyclohexane and methanol","volume":"40","author":[{"family":"Santos","given":"Cecília IAV"},{"family":"Shevtsova","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Ribeiro","given":"Ana CF"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Santos et al.). Through simple distillation, liquids having a greater difference in the vapor pressures would be separated as we observed in the experiment. The fractional distillation process utilizes a fractioning column and various condensations and vaporizations would be collected to separate the liquids.
Work Cited:
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/8YMFKY6J"]],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anokhinaa, Elena A., et al. “Energy Saving Schemes for Separation of Benzene-Cyclohexane-Toluene Mixture with Different Initial Compositions by Extractive Distillation.” CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, vol. 69, 2018.
Santos, Cecília IAV, et al. “Isothermal Molecular Diffusion in Mixtures Containing Toluene, Cyclohexane and Methanol.” The European Physical Journal E, vol. 40, no. 4, 2017, p. 40.
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