Mini Review

Microorganisms

Name

Institution

Introduction

This paper is concerned with the selection, description and documentation of some microorganisms. Their physical properties e.g., their structure, function, virulence, treatment and use will be discussed after deliberate painstaking analysis from the pre-existing relevant literature. Identity of selected microorganisms will be disclosed in the later sections.

Microorganisms

Microorganisms are referred as living beings that are hard to be seen with naked eye and are visible only through microscope. These organisms can exist in form of single cell and colonies. There are five primary categories of microorganisms:

Bacteria

Virus

Fungi

Protozoa

Algae

Microorganisms will be selected from above mentioned categories. Let’s discuss them one by one.

Organism I: Escherichia coli (Bacteria)

Table 1

Tabular description of selected bacteria; E. coli

Sr.

Properties

Description

1

Biological name

Escherichia coli

2

Type and structure

Gram negative, facultative anaerobic and rod shaped,

Image: Microscopic view of E. coli

3

Class, Family

Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae

4

Gram Reaction

It produces pink stains when subjected to gram solution e.g., Crystal violet, Iodine stain and Carbol Fuschin. Pink color is the indication of absence of thick peptidoglycan cell wall responsible for purple color (Kaper, Nataro & Mobley, 2004).

Image: Pink stains of E. coli after gram test indicating their gram negative nature

5

Habitat

They live in the skin of animals and intestines of healthy humans and animals. Besides this, air, water and soil also contain these bacteria (Qadri et. al., 2005).

6

Mode of transmission

Various modes of transmission include (Qadri et, al., 2005):

Untreated milk: From the milking equipment and cow’s udder; these bacteria can be transferred to humans in case they consume unpasteurized milk.

Meat: as it lives in animal’s intestines, uncooked or improperly cooked meat has the potential to transfer this into human’s body.

Water: drinking water enriched with E. coli can act as a strong mode of transmission.

Animals: Skin of pets and zoo animals contains these bacteria which can be transferred to humans through touching.

Humans: touching an infected person and forgetting washing hands before eating something or taking hands to mouth can cause their transmittal readily.

Vegetables and Fruits: manure from animals mixed with water which is being used in agriculture, it can be transmitted from such vegetables to humans during consumption.

7

Virulence

It is potent enough to spread following diseases: fever, abdominal cramps, blood vomiting, dehydration, fatigue, nausea and kidney failure (in severe instances) (Weintraub, 2007)

8

Treatment

Although its treatment is readily available yet symptoms can be eliminated by various evidence-based home remedies within few days. Treatment is typically concerned with the precautionary measurements encapsulating (Weintraub, 2007):

Avoid drinking contaminated water and edibles

Eat properly cooked meat

Boil milk before use

Wash hands after touching contaminated animal or individual

9

Benefit

Keep digestive track healthy and up-to-date (Kaper, Nataro & Mobley, 2004).

Organism II: Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV (Virus)

Table 2

Tabular description of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Sr.

Properties

Description

1

Biological name

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-HIV

2

Physical structure

Round shaped having two single RNA strands used for carrying genetic information to affected person. They lack their own bio-machinery for metabolism and other significant cellular activities therefore they completely take hold over human’s biological mechanisms, leaving them with compromised immune system (Albert et. al, 2014).

Image: microscopic view of HIV

3

Family, Genus

Retroviridae, Lentivirus

4

Habitat

It is found within human beings. Common habitat includes blood, semen, feces, saliva, breast milk, vaginal and cervical secretions (Aral, 2007).

5

Mode of transmission

It has diverse modes of transmission including (Gazzard et. al., 2011):

Sexual intercourse between infected and healthy individuals

Sharing needles

Blood transfusion

Mother to child (prenatal transmission)

6

Virulence

It causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is a burning medical crisis in current era despite technological advancements. Its symptoms include (Aral, 2007).

Cough and shortened breathe

Night sweats

Recurrent fever

Sores, lesions and rashes around mouth or genitals

Diarrhea

Weight loss

Nausea

Sore throat

Headache

Muscle aches

Join pain

Neurological conditions e.g., memory and nervousness

7

Treatment

Widely-acknowledged treatments for AIDS include (Aral, 2007):

Protease inhibitors (PIs): These drugs include substances that inactivate protein necessary for virus to replicate its DNA.

Fusion inhibitors: These drugs inhibit the entrance of HIV into the most supreme immune system cell e.g., CD4 T cells.

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): These drugs inhibit a protein required by HIV for the formation of new nucleosides.

Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): These drugs inhibit a protein required by HIV for the formation of new nucleotides. As these are artificial and faulty versions of proteins required by HIV for its replication. Hence, faulty versions lead to faulty replication and ultimately their death.

Integrase inhibitors: Integrase is an enzyme that HIV uses to insert genetic material into human CD4 T cell. Integrate inhibitors suppress their formation.

Organism III: Yeast (Fungi)

Table 3

Tabular description of yeast

Sr.

Properties

Description

1

Biological name

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2

Physical Structure

They are egg shaped structures which are visible only with microscope. It is also called sugar eating fungi because it uses different forms of carbohydrates for survival (Townsend et. al., 2006).

Image: microscopic view of yeast

3

Family, Genus

Saccharomycetaceae, Saccharomyces

5

Habitat

They are found in diverse environment including soil, fruit and vegetable leaves, fruits and flowers, skin surface of warm-blooded animals and their intestinal track as well (Cimolai, Gill & Church, 1987).

6

Mode of transmission

Consuming infected fruits and vegetables without washing appropriately. Eating improperly cooked meat (Townsend et. al., 2006).

7

Virulence

The most common virulence includes vaginitis. Symptoms are as follows (Wang et. al., 2012):

Vaginal irritation and itching

Pain after intercourse

Pain after urination

Light vaginal spotting

Change in color and amount of vaginal discharges

8

Treatment

Diflucan is an oral medication used for mitigating vaginitis. Furthermore, various preventive measures help reduce its onset instances including (Wang et. al., 2012):

Avoiding hot bathing

Avoiding Excessive vaginal bathing

Yeast grows rapidly in moist, avoiding areas from being moist for longer times is beneficial for it.

Image: Diflucan for vaginal yeast infection

9

Benefits

Its inactive form boosts immunity

lowers the cholesterol down

protects body against oxidative damage

Its active form is used in baking industries (Cimolai, Gill & Church, 1987).

Organism IV: Plasmodium falciparum (Protozoa)

Table 4

Tabular representation of Plasmodium falciparum

Sr.

Properties

Description

1

Biological name

Plasmodium falciparum

2

Physical Structure

It is unicellular parasite in humans exclusively responsible for malaria (Miller et. al., 2002).

Image: Plasmodium falciparum microscopic view

3

Family, Genus

Plasmodiidae, Malaria parasite

4

Habitat

It is present in contaminated water. It spends it lifetime within the body of anopheles mosquito where it remains inactive till its transference into the body of vertebrate host (Pain & Hertz, 2009).

6

Mode of transmission

Its mode of transmission is ‘anopheles mosquito biting.” When this mosquito bites humans, it is transferred to the human blood and pathogenic activity is initiated (Miller et. al., 2003).

7

Virulence

It is responsible for malaria which includes following symptoms (Miller et. al., 2002):

Nausea

Vomiting

Abdominal pain

Fever

Night sweats

Headache

Shaking chills ranging from light to severe

Anemia

Muscle pain

Bloody stools

Convulsions

8

Treatment

Chloroquine Phosphate: it is typically used for killing all sort of pathogenic parasites but is no longer effective for malaria because plasmodium has now become resistant to it.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs): it is used as a first line treatment for treating malaria because it encapsulates number of drugs that act on the plasmodium with unique mechanisms.

Other Drugs: other drugs encompass

Combination of atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone)

Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) with doxycycline (Vibramycin, Monodox, others)

Mefloquine

Primaquine phosphate (Miller et. al., 2002).

Organism V: Chlorella Vulgaris Algae

Table 5

Tabular representation of Chlorella vulgaris

Sr.

Properties

Description

1

Biological name

Chlorella vulgaris

2

Structure

It is spherical in shape 1-2 micrometer in diameter. It is single celled green algae found in water having chlorophyll a and b (Rashid et. al., 2014).

Image: microscopic view of Chlorella vulgaris

Image: diagrammatic representation of chlorella

3

Family & Genus

Chlorellaceae, Chlorella

5

Habitat

It is found in fresh water. Where it uses exhaled carbon dioxide of water animals for making food whereas provides them with fresh oxygen as an end-product of photosynthesis (Sinclair et. al., 1990).

6

Mode of transmission and

Virulence

Chlorella vulgaris is enriched with minerals, vitamins and basic nutrients that help growing and repairing human body cells. This is why it is used to make chlorella drug which is highly effective for humans. It is produced in Japan and used world-wide as a medical drug.

Its over-dosage can be harmful due to associated side effects. After drinking fresh water contaminated with this organism and high dose of chlorella drug, immune-compromised individuals may get (Sinclair et. al., 1990):

Green discoloration of stools

Abdominal cramping

Diarrhea

Nausea

Flatulence

Asthma or breathing problems

Photosensitivity

7

Treatment

Its treatment mostly includes drug treatment:

antithrombin alfa, antithrombin III, argatroban, bemiparin

bivalirudin, dabigatran, dalteparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, heparin, lepirudin, phenindione, protamine, tinzaparin, warfarin (Helle et. al., 2009)

8

Benefit

Chlorella drug is made from this organism. It is used (Helle et. al., 2009):

To treat Parkinson’s disease

Increasing tolerance for chemotherapy

It has anti-tumor abilities

Helps in shuttling toxins

Improves blood sugar and cholesterol level

References

Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., (2004). Mobley H.L. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2, 123–140. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro818

Qadri, F., Svennerholm A. M., Faruque, A. S., Sack, R. B. (2005). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: Epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 18, 465–483. doi: 10.1128/CMR.18.3.465-483.2005.

 Weintraub, A., (2007). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: Epidemiology, virulence and detection. J. Med. Microbiol., 56, 4–8. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46930-0.

Albert, J., Navér, L., Böttiger, Y., et al. (2013). Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-1 infection in pregnancy: Swedish recommendations 2013. Scand J Infect Dis, 46, 401–11.

Gazzard, B., Clumeck, N., d’Arminio Monforte, A., et al. (2008). Indicator disease-guided testing for HIV—the next step for Europe? HIV Med, 9(Suppl), 34–40. 

Aral, S. O., Fenton, K. A., & Holmes, K. K. (2007). Sexually transmitted diseases in the USA: Temporal trends. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 83(4), 257–266. 

Townsend, J. P., Adams, R. I., Nielsen, K. M., & Taylor, J. W (2006) Population structure and gene evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Research 6: 702–715.

Cimolai, N., Gill, M. J, Church, D. (1987) Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: case report and review of the literature. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 8: 113–117

Wang, Q. M, Liu, W. Q., Liti, G., et al. (2012). Surprisingly diverged populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in natural environments remote from human activity. Mol Ecol., 21, 5404–17.

Miller, L. H., Baruch, D. I., Marsh, K., Doumbo, O. K. (2002). The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature., 415, 673–679.

Pain, A., Hertz, F. C. (2009). Plasmodium genomics: latest milestone. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 7, 180–181. 

Miller, L. H., Aravind, L., Iyer, L. M., Wellems, T. E. (2003). Plasmodium biology: genomic gleanings. Cell., 115, 771–785.

Rashid, N. et al. (2014). Current status, issues and developments in microalgae derived biodiesel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 760–778.

Sinclair, H. M. (1990). Essential fatty acids—a historical perspective. Biochemical Society Transactions, 18 (5), 756–761.

Halle, I., Janczyk, P., Freyer, G., Souffrant, W. B. (2009). Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris effectiveness. Biomed, 12, 5–13.

Images:

https://www.microscopemaster.com/e-coli-under-microscope.html

http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/bacpath/diseases/blood/gnrod.html

https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-science/overview

https://redstaryeast.com/science-yeast/what-is-yeast/

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-3774-5052/diflucan-oral/fluconazole-oral/details

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium

https://algaeresearchsupply.com/products/algae-culture-chlorella-vulgaris

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261918083_Morphology_composition_production_processing_and_applications_of_Chlorella_vulgaris_A_review

Module 1 Discussion

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Discussion

Today, governments in many countries are keen to explore and implement different forms of renewable energy to successfully deal with the issue of power shortage. The active application of renewable energy can be observed in many different forms. The broad idea of renewable sources, identified as the approach of energy that is attained from resources, which are naturally reloaded considering a human timescale. The city of Tallahassee is one prominent example that committed to developing 100 percent clean renewable energy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"48sJwZJI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(SIERRA Club)","plainCitation":"(SIERRA Club)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1765,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/FGH8HYEC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/FGH8HYEC"],"itemData":{"id":1765,"type":"webpage","container-title":"Sierraclub.Org","title":"Tallahassee Commits to 100 Percent Clean, Renewable Energy","author":[{"family":"SIERRA Club","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (SIERRA Club). The central focus is to critically examine the potential advantages and disadvantages of the practice of 100% renewable energy and determine different phases of its specific plan.

The practical idea of 100% renewable energy comprises of different advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered before implementing this approach. One of the major advantages of 100% renewable energy is that there is no chance of limited availability of this form of energy. Renewable energy sources come from nature, so it always available. Another benefit is that it has the capacity to save the environment from any form of pollution ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WkahekZK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mathiesen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Mathiesen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1764,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/QRWXP2UZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/QRWXP2UZ"],"itemData":{"id":1764,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Applied energy","issue":"2","page":"488-501","title":"100% Renewable energy systems, climate mitigation and economic growth","volume":"88","author":[{"family":"Mathiesen","given":"Brian Vad"},{"family":"Lund","given":"Henrik"},{"family":"Karlsson","given":"Kenneth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mathiesen et al.). The higher upfront cost is a critical drawback that exists in the scenario of renewable energy sources. Stakeholders must invest a huge amount of money on new technologies to get benefits from renewable energy.

The entire plan of 100% renewable energy for Miami is comprised of different project phases under the spectrum of the lifecycle approach. Different stages of practical plan help to successfully execute both the domains of phase-in and phase-out spectrums of renewable energy. The stages of the entire plan are mainly characterized by the paradigms of feasibility, development, pre-construction, construction, operations, and the practice of re-powering. The entire procedure of developing renewable energy sources plan for Miami can be successfully completed within the time-frame of 12 to 15 years.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Mathiesen, Brian Vad, et al. “100% Renewable Energy Systems, Climate Mitigation and Economic Growth.” Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 2, 2011, pp. 488–501.

SIERRA Club. “Tallahassee Commits to 100 Percent Clean, Renewable Energy.” Sierraclub.Org, 2019. Retrieved from:

https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2019/03/tallahassee-commits-100-percent-clean-renewable-energy

Multiple Sclerosis

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis is basically a neurodegenerative disease that is also chronic nature. The nature of this disease is such that it attacks the central nervous system and it is a general perception that this particular disorder is autoimmune. This disorder is intervened by self-reactive lymphatic cells that cross the barrier that is generally present between the blood and the brain, and once it crosses that barrier, it enters the central nervous system where local inflammation is caused that further results in the axonal loss and gliotic scarring. The people who are between the age of 20-40 are most vulnerable to this disease, and the ratio to female to male is around 2:1. This disease is a sudden onset of focal sensory interventions that are then accompanied by painless impairment of vision, weakness in the limb or even bladder symptoms. Having said that the exact cause of symptoms of this particular disorder still not known, certain genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in the onset of this disease. Although at first there were not the proper treatment for this disease but with the advancement in technology when the pathology of this disease was fully known then at that time the early diagnosis of the disorder became quite easy. For the constant detection of abnormal white manner, the magnetic resonance imaging is considered to be the basic adjunctive model. In order to differentiate other affections like infection or vasculitis, the analysis of cerebral fluid contents were also used. Such advancements helped to design an effective treatment for this disease and even for the prohibition of this disease in the future generation was taken into consideration. The MS is likely to be affected by the B cells of the immune cells in a variety of ways including by the antigen representation, the production of cytokines and also the antibody production. So the patient first presents a relapsing-remitting disease course which is further followed by the progressive phase. Some of the exact clinical symptoms of the disease are the result of plaques of demyelination within the central nervous system with some slight preservation of axons (Huang et al., 2017).

The symptoms of this particular disorder vary from patient to patient and these symptoms can either take place collectively or alone. Although the symptoms are different in different patients some of the prominent ones are bladder dysfunction, cognitive deficits and also fatigue and anxiety. The symptoms of this disease can start, and they can be worse at the same time. Therefore the smooth development of the symptoms that are associated with the development of MS leads to the disability from the start.

The pathology of the MS is quite complicated, but it starts with a plaque in the central nervous system that is followed by inflammation. These plaques develop in the brain and also in the spinal cord. The main type of immune cells that are affected in this disease is the CD8 cells as compared to other types of the T cells. It is a general perception about this disorder that it starts in the inflammatory-induced lesions comprising CD 8 T cells and once they affect such cells, then they activate the macrophages.

Diagnosis of this disease is not easy, but it is depended on the showing up of the neurologic signs that are subsequent to white matter lesions. Different strategies are used to differentiate between MS and other neurological conditions, and one of them is the MacDonald criteria. But right now the diagnosis of MS solely depends on the MRI examination. In order to highlight active plaques gadolinium is used as contrast agents. MRI helps in the detection of the plaques that are not linked with the neurological symptoms at the evaluation time.

The treatment of this disease are not fully developed, and they are quite challenging, and also different medications are used to regulate different mechanisms. An indication of this disease depends on the type and clinical course of the disease. It is a fact that for the treatment of primary progress from there are not specific medications, but for the treatment of secondary progressive form, there are available drugs. There are almost ten different medications that are used for the treatment depending upon the symptoms of the disease and more are in the clinical trial. Vitamin D are also some of the drugs that are used for the treatment (Huang et al., 2017).

It is a reality that MS is not a curable disease due to the fact that it is an autoimmune disease, but the treatment of the relapsing-remitting phase is the only effective treatment choices that are present with the physicians and the doctors. The new therapies that are proposed such as the fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate are some of the effective treatments, but they are also accompanied by greater risks (Huang et al., 2017).

Although this paper presented a complete guide and full detail about the medical condition Multiple Sclerosis but it did not tell the full mechanism of the development of this disease. How the immune cells cause this disease and what changes occur in the immune cells and the entire system is not fully mentioned in this paper. The T cells play an important role in defending the body against the foreign particles so if any of the subtypes of the T cells are involved in the development of this disease then a complete research must be done in that area to fully understand the pathway and mechanism of this disease, only then a full and effective treatment can be developed for this medical condition. Till then the present treatment will reduce the outcome of the disorder, but they will not solve the root cause of this disease.

Work Cited

Huang, WenJuan, WeiWei Chen, and Xia Zhang. "Multiple sclerosis: pathology, diagnosis and treatments." Experimental and therapeutic medicine 13.6 (2017): 3163-3166.

Muscular System: Body System Outline

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Muscular System: Body System Outline

Summary of system functions:

Muscles help a person to move, speak and chew, in short, they are the primary components that help in various functions of the body. The muscular system not only aids in the movement of various body parts but also helps in maintaining posture, stabilizing the joints and producing heat during multiple activities.

System Interactions

System List

List of Interactions with each system

Integumentary

The integumentary system works in collaboration with the muscular system by maintaining the right temperature, the right amount of pressure, and by controlling what comes out of the body and skin.

Skeletal

Muscles are connected to the skeleton and they help in the movement of the skeleton.

Endocrine

The endocrine system is responsible for the production and excretion of the hormones, which affects the muscles such as the testosterone that makes the muscles grow.

Nervous

The receptors in the muscles provide the brain with information about what action to take. This information between the brain and the muscles is carried on by the

Cardiovascular

Muscles need energy for the movement. So, the cardiovascular system provided the essential nutrients and oxygen to the muscles.

Lymphatic

A lesser-known but very important function of the muscles is to help the movement of the body fluids, like blood and lymph, which aids in the strengthening of the immune system.

Respiratory

The respiratory system is aided by the muscles to push air inside and outside of the system through the contraction and the relation of the diaphragm which is a muscle as well.

Digestive

The muscles in the digestive tract control the movement of the food throughout the digestive canal.

Urinary

The muscular system and the urinary system work in collaboration to create, store and carry the urine.

Reproductive

The reproductive system along with the muscular system helps in the production and the release of the hormones, eggs, and sperms.

Major and Minor Organs List:

Major Organs

Minor Organs

Brain

Teeth

Heart

Arteries

Liver

Tendons

Kidneys

Adrenal Glands

Lungs

Uterus

Major Diseases/Disorders List:

Ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease.

Stroke

Lower respiratory infections.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers.

Diabetes mellitus.

Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias

Dehydration due to diarrheal diseases

Tuberculosis

 Cirrhosis

Brief Details on One Major Disease or Disorder

There are top 10 diseases that progress slowly but are proven to be most deadly of all the diseases. An example can be Ischemic Heart Disease which caused 8.8 million deaths last year worldwide.

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is the condition which causes tingling, numbness, and many other symptoms in the arm and hand. It is triggered by a trodden nerve in the carpel tunnel (Atroshi, et.al, 2009). Number of things such as wrist anatomy, repetitive motions of hand and other health problems can add to the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

Signs and Symptoms

There are numerous signs and symptoms that appear in the run up to the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. The foremost symptoms include the numbness in the fingers and thumbs that might come and go from time to time. Carpal tunnel syndrome also causes severe pain the wrist and palms of one’s hand. Sometimes an individual might experience severe electric shocks in the fingers. However, the little finger does not feel any sensation during the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. If not treated timely, the symptoms from the fingers travel up to the wrist and further to the arm. Ultimately, the hands become weaker and an individual might start dropping things from their hands (Mayo Clinic, 2019). This could seriously impede an individual’s ability to perform daily tasks effectively.

Treatment Modalities for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome should be done as early as its symptoms gets start. Taking several breaks every time for the purpose of resting hands as well as avoiding acts which worsen symptoms and smearing cold packs for swell reduction are the ways that can help.

Beyond above, other treatment options are medication and surgery. Non-surgical treatment methods can be helpful if the disorder has been diagnosed in the every early stage. In the non-surgical therapy, wrist splinting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids are best methods or option for the treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. In wrist splinting, holding wrist during sleep at night time can assist to relieve the night time symptoms. This option is good for those who are pregnant (Phalen, 1992). While NSAIDs is helpful for relieving pain for short time and corticosteroids helps through reducing swelling and inflammation.

Surgery is the last option for treatment when symptom do not respond to any of the other treatment(s). The surgery relieve the pressure through ligament pressing on medium nerve (Phalen, 1992). Surgery is done with the following techniques.

Open Surgery

Endoscopic Surgery

References

Atroshi, I., Gummesson, C., Johnsson, R., Ornstein, E., Ranstam, J., & Rosen, I. (2009). Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. Jama, 282(2), 153-158.

Mayo Clinic. (2019). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved 8 August 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355603

Phalen, G. S. (1992). The Carpal-tunnel Syndrome: Clinical Evaluation of 598 Hands. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research (1976-2007), 83, 29-40.

Na

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Cellular Respiration

Response 1

The first page explains the process of Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport chain involved in the cellular respiration—the conversion of glucose into energy (ATP). In my view, this description thoroughly explained all the steps and correct net yield of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 during Glycolysis and Krebs cycle, however, net yield of ATP during Electron Transport Chain was described at 28 which is not correct. 34 ATPs are yielded as a result of ETC. It also explained difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation based on the site where ATP is produced.

Response 2

This article provides a brief overview of the processes involved in the cellular respiration including how the process Glycolysis yields two pyruvic acid molecules, how these molecules undergo transition reaction forming Acetyl CO-A and how each acetyle co-A is introduced to two separate Krebs cycles. In the end, it explains the basic difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation based on the energy required for the formation of ATP.

Response 3

The final article provides detailed and in-depth information about the Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain at molecular level and step by step yield. In the end, difference between substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation was presented based on the mechanism of addition of phosphate into ADP.

Night Eating Syndrome

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Night Eating Syndrome

Introduction:

Night eating syndrome (NHS) is a condition of an eating disorder that occurs mainly at night. It is characterized by eating almost 25% of the total food after dinner time. Effected face trouble with sleeping and eat whenever they wake at night ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Y95J8pj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Allison et al.)","plainCitation":"(Allison et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1239,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9IQMSI84"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9IQMSI84"],"itemData":{"id":1239,"type":"article-journal","title":"Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome","container-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders","page":"241-247","volume":"43","issue":"3","source":"Wiley Online Library","abstract":"Objective: To propose criteria for diagnosis of the night eating syndrome (NES). Method: An international research meeting was held in April 2008, and consensus criteria for NES diagnosis were determined. Results: The core criterion is an abnormally increased food intake in the evening and nighttime, manifested by (1) consumption of at least 25% of intake after the evening meal, and/or (2) nocturnal awakenings with ingestions at least twice per week. Awareness of the eating episodes is required, as is distress or impairment in functioning. Three of five modifiers must also be endorsed. These criteria must be met for a minimum duration of 3 months. Discussion: These criteria help standardize the definition of NES. Additional aspects of the nosology of NES yet to be fully elaborated include its relationship to other eating and sleep disorders. Assessment and analytic tools are needed to assess these new criteria more accurately. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010","DOI":"10.1002/eat.20693","ISSN":"1098-108X","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Allison","given":"Kelly C."},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Jennifer D."},{"family":"O'Reardon","given":"John P."},{"family":"Geliebter","given":"Allan"},{"family":"Gluck","given":"Marci E."},{"family":"Vinai","given":"Piergiuseppe"},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"James E."},{"family":"Schenck","given":"Carlos H."},{"family":"Howell","given":"Michael J."},{"family":"Crow","given":"Scott J."},{"family":"Engel","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Latzer","given":"Yael"},{"family":"Tzischinsky","given":"Orna"},{"family":"Mahowald","given":"Mark W."},{"family":"Stunkard","given":"Albert J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Allison et al.).

Historical Background:

NHS was first described in 1955 by Dr. Albert Stunkard as evening hyperphagia and morning anorexia. Initially, it was considered as a maladaptive response to stressful situations in obese people, who are unsuccessful in losing the weight.

Diagnosis Criteria:

If a person eats around a quarter of their food at night after dinner and can’t control the urge to eat to eat whenever he wakes up, for at least two times in a week, then the chances are that might have NHS. Patients with NHS also have at least three of the following problems:

Zero or less appetite in the morning.

Strong cravings and urge to eat food between sleep and dinner.

Insomnia for five weeks or less.

Depression problem that gets worse in the night after evening.

The belief that food is essential for sleeping.

Assessments for NES are done by two methods Night Eating Diagnostic Scale (NEDS) and Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ). Often patients are required to take a test named polysomnography which measures the brain waves, heart rates, breathing rates and blood oxygen levels.

Statistics:

NES is scantly studied and researched upon. But according to statistics available, about 1.5 percent of the general population suffers from NHS. In is common in populations with a prevalence rate of 6 to 14 percent in ones who try to lose weight and 9 to 42 percent in the applicants of bariatric surgery. It effects around 1 in 100 people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5Ut5Gaw7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Allison and Tarves)","plainCitation":"(Allison and Tarves)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1236,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R3VVTMYR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/R3VVTMYR"],"itemData":{"id":1236,"type":"article-journal","title":"Treatment of Night Eating Syndrome","container-title":"The Psychiatric clinics of North America","page":"785-796","volume":"34","issue":"4","source":"PubMed Central","DOI":"10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.002","ISSN":"0193-953X","note":"PMID: 22098804\nPMCID: PMC3222864","journalAbbreviation":"Psychiatr Clin North Am","author":[{"family":"Allison","given":"Kelly C."},{"family":"Tarves","given":"Ellen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011",12]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Allison and Tarves).

Causes and facts:

The actual reason for NHS is still unknown, but often it is associated with obesity, which effects children and adults of all ages, equally ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OFVi9ezk","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Colles et al.)","plainCitation":"(Colles et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1242,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/WP7TSRLK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/WP7TSRLK"],"itemData":{"id":1242,"type":"article-journal","title":"Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress","container-title":"International Journal of Obesity","page":"1722-1730","volume":"31","issue":"11","source":"www.nature.com","abstract":"Objective:Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by a time-delayed pattern of eating relative to sleep, where most food is consumed in the evening and night. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of NES and nocturnal snacking by exploring the relationship between NES and (1) obesity, (2) binge eating disorder (BED) and (3) psychological distress.Subjects:One hundred and eighty bariatric surgery candidates, 93 members of a non-surgical weight loss support group and 158 general community respondents (81 males/350 females, mean age: 45.8±13.3 years, mean body mass index (BMI): 34.8±10.8 and BMI range: 17.7–66.7).Methods:NES diagnosis required within the previous 3 months: (1) no appetite for breakfast, (2) consumption of 50% of daily energy after 1900 hours and (3) sleep difficulties 3 nights/week. Nocturnal snacking (awakening to eat) was recorded. Validated questionnaires assessed BED, symptoms of depression, appearance dissatisfaction (AD) and mental health-related quality of life (MHQoL). NES and binge eating (BE) (1 episode/week) were confirmed by interview.Results:NES criteria were met by 11.1% of the total cohort. Across all groups, BE (P=0.001), BMI (P=0.003) and male gender (P=0.013) explained 10% of NES variance. Individuals with co-morbid NES and BE reported similarly elevated psychological distress as other binge eaters. NES alone was not associated with psychological distress. Those with NES who consumed nocturnal snacks reported poorer MHQoL (P=0.007) and greater depressive symptoms (P=0.039) and hunger (P=0.013) than others with NES. Low MHQoL (P=0.007) and male gender (P=0.022) explained 27% of the variance in the nocturnal snacking group.Discussion:In this study, NES was positively associated with BMI, BE and male gender. Elevated psychological distress was only apparent in those who consumed nocturnal snacks. Further characterization and understanding of the clinical significance of NES and nocturnal snacking is required.","DOI":"10.1038/sj.ijo.0803664","ISSN":"1476-5497","shortTitle":"Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Colles","given":"S. L."},{"family":"Dixon","given":"J. B."},{"family":"O'Brien","given":"P. E."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Colles et al.).

It is also related to hormonal imbalance.

It is always associated with the troubled sleep cycle.

Patients suffering from NHS often have a history of depression and anxiety.

NES is also associated with the Genetics. It is believed that a defect in gene PER1 causes the NES as this gene is responsible for controlling the body clock.

NES is not binge eating. But NES patients often have a habit of binge eating.

Sufferers of NES consume a small amount of foods at night. It is the wrong impression that they consume a large amount of foods at night.

Effected often store and hide food under their bed or pillow cases.

After food consumption, the eater feels guilty, but they can’t control this urge to eat and will end up eating again at the night.

This syndrome causes acid reflux that contributes to the dental cavities.

Restricting calories in the day, send a signal to the brain that it needs food and this signal compensates for less food in the morning with more food at night to satisfy the body needs.

Effects of NES:

NES is linked to obesity and makes weight loss more difficult. This, in turn, causes blood pressure, diabetes, depression, and anxiety. It makes days difficult to go through and overall decreases the quality of life.

Treatment:

Therapy for NES starts with making patient aware of the disorder that they are suffering with which helps them to control the constraints that cause it. Like other disorders, a combination of therapies is required for treatment.

Exercise physiology, nutrition assessment therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy along with the stress management techniques are used to help the patient get rid of NES.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Allison, Kelly C., et al. “Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Night Eating Syndrome.” International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 43, no. 3, 2010, pp. 241–47. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1002/eat.20693.

Allison, Kelly C., and Ellen Tarves. “Treatment of Night Eating Syndrome.” The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, vol. 34, no. 4, Dec. 2011, pp. 785–96. PubMed Central, doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.002.

Colles, S. L., et al. “Night Eating Syndrome and Nocturnal Snacking: Association with Obesity, Binge Eating and Psychological Distress.” International Journal of Obesity, vol. 31, no. 11, Nov. 2007, pp. 1722–30. www.nature.com, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803664.

No Title, It Is A Question/answer Format

Sex Education

Ahmad

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Assignment: Sex Education – Sex-positive vs. Sex negative

Assignment: Sex Education – Sex-positive vs. Sex negative

Question 1

In your opinion, what would be the ideal approach to educating the youth of America, about sex and related topics? (3 – 4 sentences). Some suggested points to address: Should it be a community effort or only the responsibility of parents and guardians or health care providers? When should it start?

Answer

In my opinion, the best way to educate the youth of America about sex and related topics is the practices of Comprehensive sex education. This framework of education has several different methods which ultimately promote the practices of Sexual Abstinence. However, the teachers of this method are required to tell students about topics related to future sexual activities like safe sex, age of consent, birth control, safe sex, abortion, contraception and the use of condoms. There should be a community effort regarding the practices of comprehensive education as it respects the diversity of beliefs and values in the society as a whole, as many traditions, such as the Muslim tradition, believes in sexual abstinence before marriage. I think that we should start the efforts to practice from our classrooms. This is important since the number of single mothers in the US is alarmingly high, and it could be awkward for boys to discuss matters of sex education with their mothers. Also, classroom environments provide the required atmosphere to have a serious discussion that may lead to fruitful results for the community as a whole. However, individual sessions are recommended as they are helpful in serious discussions among the generally non-serious youth.

Question 2

Summarize aspects of both sex-negative and sex-positive approaches to discussing or educating on topics of sex. Describe the pros and cons of both the sex-negative approach and sex-positive approach in discussing sex with teenagers. It is possible that you may not agree with an approach, but you should still be able to identify some drawbacks with each approach, or potential drawbacks, or what others might view as drawbacks.

Answer

Sex Negative

Sex Positive

Summary of sex-negative:

It is the behavior that promotes negativity or anti-sexualism which is in direct opposition to the sex-positive approach. It disapproves of the practice of sex with multiple partners in one's lifetime, regarding it as immoral and unethical.

PROS:

Abstinence is 100% effective when it comes to preventing any form of unwanted pregnancies.

This practice contains the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

The people that practice this approach is less likely to experience an abusive relationship.

CONS:

People may find it difficult to practice this approach of abstinence for a long time due to certain medical reasons.

Abstinence decrease the general knowledge of a person regarding safe sex practices that can later be harmful to sexual partners.

Summary of sex-positive:

It is a philosophical and social movement that focuses on changing cultural attitudes, values, and norms relating to sexuality. It describes the recognition of sexuality as a part of a healthy experience and personal freedom, provided that it is practiced safely.

PROS:

It promotes the healthy expression of sexuality in the youth.

It promotes the practice of safe sex.

It helps the teens to avoid unwanted pregnancy incidents.

CONS:

This approach is practically insulting to many people with strict religious beliefs about sex. This is due to the practice of sexual abstinence before marriage in certain traditions.

Provision of too much sex knowledge destroys the innocence of the youth

Question 3

Share your thoughts on and reaction to John Oliver’s’ discussion about sex education and the documentary, Let’s Talk About Sex.

Answer

Comedian John Oliver has somewhat interesting and informative views regarding sex education and the documentary, Let's Talk About Sex. In his show, Last Week Tonight, he talks about the breaks in the American culture when it comes to sex and its associations. He talks about the control of language used for conveying useful sex education when it comes to teaching sex education, especially in the case of teenagers. He also encouraged the parents to give up the practice of guilt and shame while talking about their child's sexual decisions. Lastly, he talks about how abstinence should be the person's own choice rather than it is enforced on them by their parents or society as a whole. He concludes that the basic goal of the parents is the protection of their children and gives them a chance to participate in a mutually beneficial relationship without damaging their personality. This is a just view given by Oliver is the knowledge and encouragement to speak openly can help in the resolution of many issues, let alone sexual relationships and education.

NONE NEEDED

Student’s Name:

Instructor’s Name:

Class Name:

Date when Due:

Essay 1

In Essay 1 the writer stated that the Hominins are categorized as the tribes of the primates called the Hominini. The writer added that the Hominins are part of the broader group of the primates that is named as the hominids those compromises of the human beings, gorillas and chimpanzees. The hominin comprises of the bipedal hominoids back to the separation with the African apes www.britannica.com (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., Miocene Epoch, Plants, Animals & Fossils. Written by: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. Pages 19-21.

I liked the writer’s argument concerning the evolution when he stated that the evolutionary push for the bipedality was among the features which distinguish humans from the other primates and is the particular characteristics that are utilized for the identification of the extinct hominid ancestors. The writer also stated that by walking on the two legs differentiated the first hominids from the rest of the other apes.

Essay 2

The writer stated that the hominin is the taxonomic group is more associated with the modern man. I liked the statement made by the writer that the hominins had the features of the ancient man which were presently considered to be extinct (Jurmain et al. 163). I believe this is true and that they are closer to the modern man compared to the chimpanzees excluding the form and features that they exhibit.

I agreed with the writer when he stated that the hominins were able to adapt to the environment without having any difficulties and survived because they fought the enemies. Homoins developed superior stability in using the two limbs for locomotion by being in a better position for acquiring food to cater for the food security (Jurmain et al. 164). I also believed that they were in a better place to attack enemies while on two limbs.

.

Not Necessarily

Your Name

Instructor Name

Course Number

Date

Biology and Life Sciences: Essay

A fireman’s body enters the fight-and-flight-mode the moment he wakes up at the sound of the emergency siren deep in the night. This response of his body prepares him to spring into action and jump out of bed, get dressed and put on his gear, hop onto his truck and rush out of the door to put out a fire in a nearby hospital stairwell.

The fight and flight response of the body is specifically designed to make an individual alert, giving him the ability to respond to a high-stress situation. The body undergoes a number of physiological and anatomical changes during this phase, that enables an individual to respond to the external stimuli in the correct manner, on the basis of the given scenario. In terms of the physiological response, the reaction first begins in the amygdala. This triggers a response in the hypothalamus in the brain, which is followed by the release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"JobUJJNX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Margioris and Tsatsanis)","plainCitation":"(Margioris and Tsatsanis)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":124,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/I2E8E6J7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/I2E8E6J7"],"itemData":{"id":124,"type":"chapter","title":"ACTH Action on the Adrenals","container-title":"Endotext [Internet]","publisher":"MDText. com, Inc.","author":[{"family":"Margioris","given":"Andrew N."},{"family":"Tsatsanis","given":"Christos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Margioris and Tsatsanis). Almost simultaneously, the adrenal gland is activated, which secretes epinephrine into the body through the sympathetic nervous system. The release of adrenaline triggers the release of cortisol, another hormone that suppresses the immune system while increasing the blood pressure and blood sugar levels ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AGjvdai7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Padgett and Glaser)","plainCitation":"(Padgett and Glaser)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":125,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/RXP9828Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/RXP9828Q"],"itemData":{"id":125,"type":"article-journal","title":"How stress influences the immune response","container-title":"Trends in immunology","page":"444-448","volume":"24","issue":"8","author":[{"family":"Padgett","given":"David A."},{"family":"Glaser","given":"Ronald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Padgett and Glaser). This response is often referred to as the ‘adrenaline rush’, which is often cited as the reason why people can perform unimaginable physical feats, even while being injured. Adrenaline gives the body a boost of energy by binding itself to liver cells. This gives it control over the production of glucose and hence the availability of energy to the body. Additionally, it also converts fatty acids into sources of energy, which prepares the muscles to respond adequately to stress situation CITATION Uni13 \l 1033 (Utah).

The release of adrenaline or other Catecholamine hormones facilitates immediate physical or anatomical changes within the body, that prepares it for the violent muscular action needed in such a stressful situation. It begins with the acceleration of the heart and increased lung action. This is followed by flushing of the skin and inhibition of the digestion process. During the fight-or-flight response, the blood vessels in the body remain constricted to the main parts of the body. Metabolism is high during such a time, with the blood vessels for the muscles completely dilated. The glands responsible for tear production are inhibited and the pupils are dilated. The bladder relaxes, and loss of hearing and peripheral vision occurs. Even the spinal reflexes are disinhibited, with the entire body shaking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"5jV80PMz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cannon)","plainCitation":"(Cannon)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":132,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/M2CRQ5M5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/M2CRQ5M5"],"itemData":{"id":132,"type":"article-journal","title":"Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage, New York, D","container-title":"Appleton & Co","page":"360-376","author":[{"family":"Cannon","given":"Walter B."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1929"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cannon).

The fight-or-flight response brings about intense changes within the body of the fireman, most of which can mimic medical ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"J2YnpxCP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Jansen et al.)","plainCitation":"(Jansen et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":129,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/BLVMZHT8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/BLVMZHT8"],"itemData":{"id":129,"type":"article-journal","title":"Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: basis of the fight-or-flight response","container-title":"Science","page":"644-646","volume":"270","issue":"5236","author":[{"family":"Jansen","given":"Arthur SP"},{"family":"Van Nguyen","given":"Xay"},{"family":"Karpitskiy","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Mettenleiter","given":"Thomas C."},{"family":"Loewy","given":"Arthur D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jansen et al.). During the fight-or-flight response, the fireman’s breathing rapidly becomes faster and a whole lot deeper. This increases the amount of oxygen that enters the body, making it possible to fight or flee. This higher uptake of oxygen is used by the muscles is focused on gathering high amounts of energy needed by the body ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yFaZA9v1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Walter)","plainCitation":"(Walter)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":133,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/QBF9PLI4"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/QBF9PLI4"],"itemData":{"id":133,"type":"book","title":"The wisdom of the body","publisher":"United States: WW. Norton & Company","author":[{"family":"Walter","given":"Cannon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1932"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Walter).

Furthermore, in order to efficiently circulate the high levels of nutrients and oxygen accumulated in the body and muscles, the fireman’s heart rate and well as the strength of the heartbeat are both elevated. It also changes the blood flow patterns within the body, tightening the blood vessels from areas blood is not needed and dilating the ones where it is. For instance, under fight-or-flight response blood is taken away from fingers, toes, and skin ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HnEBY2Fe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cisler et al.)","plainCitation":"(Cisler et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":134,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AE9PRWJV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/AE9PRWJV"],"itemData":{"id":134,"type":"article-journal","title":"Emotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: An integrative review","container-title":"Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment","page":"68-82","volume":"32","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Cisler","given":"Josh M."},{"family":"Olatunji","given":"Bunmi O."},{"family":"Feldner","given":"Matthew T."},{"family":"Forsyth","given":"John P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cisler et al.). This is the decreases the likelihood of bleeding out from these regions in case of an injury during the high-stress situation. However, it may also result in the skin of the area turning pale or feeling cold, with the body even resorting to shivering. This blood is redirected to large muscles i.e. thighs, biceps and the heart which aid with the fight-or-flight response and have the individual perform in a more efficient manner ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"sS7ddl7b","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Joyner and Dietz)","plainCitation":"(Joyner and Dietz)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":135,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/SJ3EUEKU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/SJ3EUEKU"],"itemData":{"id":135,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sympathetic vasodilation in human muscle","container-title":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica","page":"329-336","volume":"177","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Joyner","given":"Michael Joseph"},{"family":"Dietz","given":"N. M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Joyner and Dietz).

During such a time, the fireman’s digestive activity is also greatly decreased. Digestion of food stored in the stomach is not a high priority for the body, especially given the circumstances. The energy needed to digest food is used here to aid in survival purposes. This also results in a rapid decrease in salivation, causing a dry mouth, also known as the “cotton mouth” effect ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8e4uzWZ4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alm)","plainCitation":"(Alm)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":136,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/A2UKM3SU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/A2UKM3SU"],"itemData":{"id":136,"type":"article-journal","title":"Stuttering, emotions, and heart rate during anticipatory anxiety: A critical review","container-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","page":"123-133","volume":"29","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Alm","given":"Per A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alm). Additionally, the fight-or-flight response causes an increase in attention and alertness in the body. This attention is focused on the perceived threat i.e. the hospital stairway in this instance. This unilateral focus allows the body to stay focused on what truly matters and improves the chances of one’s survival ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uFTabsPc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bracha et al.)","plainCitation":"(Bracha et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":137,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/MRHUEVME"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/MRHUEVME"],"itemData":{"id":137,"type":"article-journal","title":"Does\" fight or flight\" need updating?","container-title":"Psychosomatics","page":"448-449","volume":"45","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Bracha","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Williams","given":"Andrew E."},{"family":"Bracha","given":"Adam S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bracha et al.).

The fight-or-flight response puts the body through repeated cycles of activation and deactivation of various systems and muscle groups within the body. With the amount of energy generated and consumed during the process, feeling drained and exhausted once the body cools down is normal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MzOycCYv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dhabhar)","plainCitation":"(Dhabhar)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":138,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/HKXZDLLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/HKXZDLLD"],"itemData":{"id":138,"type":"article-journal","title":"A hassle a day may keep the pathogens away: the fight-or-flight stress response and the augmentation of immune function","container-title":"Integrative and comparative biology","page":"215-236","volume":"49","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Dhabhar","given":"Firdaus S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dhabhar). Once the threat has been averted, the body takes 20 to 60 minutes to return to normal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Bi6qtlG2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Herbert Benson and Klipper)","plainCitation":"(Herbert Benson and Klipper)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":130,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/FFUXUYU9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/5VyEEXyp/items/FFUXUYU9"],"itemData":{"id":130,"type":"book","title":"The relaxation response","publisher":"Harper Collins, New York","author":[{"family":"Herbert Benson","given":"M. D."},{"family":"Klipper","given":"Miriam Z."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Herbert Benson and Klipper). Here, the flow of blood returns to the extremities of the body. Tunnel vision and cottonmouth are both remedied, with the amount of energy being consumed and generated by the body reducing. Digestion and other systemic processes, including cardiac rhythm return to normal as the body returns to a state of complete homeostasis. Furthermore, the production of adrenaline along with other hormones also ceases and the body is returned to its passive regular state. The fireman, at such a point, feels drained, washed out and in terrible need of both sustenance and rest.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alm, Per A. “Stuttering, Emotions, and Heart Rate during Anticipatory Anxiety: A Critical Review.” Journal of Fluency Disorders, vol. 29, no. 2, 2004, pp. 123–33.

Bracha, Stefan, et al. “Does" Fight or Flight" Need Updating?” Psychosomatics, vol. 45, no. 5, 2004, pp. 448–49.

Cannon, Walter B. “Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage, New York, D.” Appleton & Co, 1929, pp. 360–76.

Cisler, Josh M., et al. “Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review.” Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 32, no. 1, 2010, pp. 68–82.

Dhabhar, Firdaus S. “A Hassle a Day May Keep the Pathogens Away: The Fight-or-Flight Stress Response and the Augmentation of Immune Function.” Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol. 49, no. 3, 2009, pp. 215–36.

Herbert Benson, M. D., and Miriam Z. Klipper. The Relaxation Response. Harper Collins, New York, 1992.

Jansen, Arthur SP, et al. “Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response.” Science, vol. 270, no. 5236, 1995, pp. 644–46.

Joyner, Michael Joseph, and N. M. Dietz. “Sympathetic Vasodilation in Human Muscle.” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol. 177, no. 3, 2003, pp. 329–36.

Margioris, Andrew N., and Christos Tsatsanis. “ACTH Action on the Adrenals.” Endotext [Internet], MDText. com, Inc., 2016.

Padgett, David A., and Ronald Glaser. “How Stress Influences the Immune Response.” Trends in Immunology, vol. 24, no. 8, 2003, pp. 444–48.

Utah, University of. HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE. 2013. 2019.

Walter, Cannon. The Wisdom of the Body. United States: WW. Norton & Company, 1932.

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Assignment

Introduction:

Bacteria are the kind of biological cell. It is the domain of prokaryotes which is a unicellular organism without membrane. Bacteria do not have the specific shape they can be of spiral, rods, or spheres shape. They are the tiny creature of few micrometers in length ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"b7nxhtok","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}About Microbiology \\uc0\\u8211{} Bacteria})","plainCitation":"(About Microbiology – Bacteria)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1081,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/F35YKUBC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/F35YKUBC"],"itemData":{"id":1081,"type":"webpage","title":"About Microbiology – Bacteria","URL":"https://microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (About Microbiology – Bacteria). Bacteria are useful for human in various way that is why bacteria culture is important to propagate the bacteria by letting them reproduce in pure culture. It is used to understand the type and abundance of the organism. It is also significant to determine the causes of infectious diseases and producing effective vaccines ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eTyb6azb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gill)","plainCitation":"(Gill)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1079,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RRHJ8XJB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/RRHJ8XJB"],"itemData":{"id":1079,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Importance of Bacterial Culture to Food Microbiology in the Age of Genomics","container-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology","page":"777","volume":"8","source":"PubMed","abstract":"Culture-based and genomics methods provide different insights into the nature and behavior of bacteria. Maximizing the usefulness of both approaches requires recognizing their limitations and employing them appropriately. Genomic analysis excels at identifying bacteria and establishing the relatedness of isolates. Culture-based methods remain necessary for detection and enumeration, to determine viability, and to validate phenotype predictions made on the bias of genomic analysis. The purpose of this short paper is to discuss the application of culture-based analysis and genomics to the questions food microbiologists routinely need to ask regarding bacteria to ensure the safety of food and its economic production and distribution. To address these issues appropriate tools are required for the detection and enumeration of specific bacterial populations and the characterization of isolates for, identification, phylogenetics, and phenotype prediction.","DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2017.00777","ISSN":"1664-302X","note":"PMID: 28507541\nPMCID: PMC5410609","journalAbbreviation":"Front Microbiol","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Gill","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gill). Bacteria are needed to be stained to study because they are mainly transparent and dye makes them visible under a microscope. Staining basically means dyeing the bacteria. It is useful to identify the size, shape, and arrangement of the bacterial cell. Stain enable scientists to observe the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer that their cell wall has. Stain increases the visibility in the microscope and also help to identify whether the organism is alive or dead. There are different staining methods including capsule, Gram’s, PHB, and spore staining.

Simple stain technique is performed by dying the microbial with positively charged dye which attracts the negatively charged material present in the organism. It is used to determine the shape, size, and morphology of the bacteria. Gram stain is the staining method that was named after the bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram who introduced the method. Gram stain is useful to identify the bacteria into two different groups known as Gram-negative and Gram-positive. This is why it is also known as a differential stain. In Gram-positive, cell walls have thick layer of peptidoglycan while Gram-negative cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan. In addition, the flagella structure of gram-positive has two rings in the basal body while gram-negative has four rings. Due to the difference in the thickness of the cell walls Gram-positive stain violet while gram-negative stain red during the staining procedure ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qEmSa6rb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Gram Staining\\uc0\\u8221{})","plainCitation":"(“Gram Staining”)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1077,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZC2RVUTS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZC2RVUTS"],"itemData":{"id":1077,"type":"webpage","title":"Gram Staining","container-title":"Microscopy","abstract":"Created by Monica Z. Bruckner What is Gram Staining? Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. The Gram stain procedure ...","URL":"https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/microscopy/gramstain.html","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",9,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Gram Staining”). The Gram staining consist of the steps including staining cells with crystal violet dye followed by addition of iodine solution to form CV-I complex which enhances the dark purple color and then decolorizer like acetone is added to remove the non-retained CV-I and in the end, a counterstain (safranin) is used to stain it red.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY About Microbiology – Bacteria. https://microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.

Gill, Alexander. “The Importance of Bacterial Culture to Food Microbiology in the Age of Genomics.” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 8, 2017, p. 777. PubMed, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00777.

“Gram Staining.” Microscopy, https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/microscopy/gramstain.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.

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Stem cells

Different kinds of specialized cells construct the human body such as muscle cell, nerve cell, and skin cells. All these cells in the body come from stem cells, which are undifferentiated cells. Stem cells after their formation or division can either hold the stem cell status or they can go for differentiation in order to convert into specialized cells. This ability of stem cells provides the basis for genetic engineering. Humans and animals both cells are used and propagated in vitro for different biological purposes such as manufacturing of medicines and treating different diseases. This paper will analyze the stem cells, their functions in the human body and their role in genetic engineering.

Mainly there are three types of stem cells; embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells, and somatic adult stem cells. The source of embryonic stem cells are three to five days old embryos and for adult stem cells, these are different adult tissues, such as bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells are preferred to be used as they have more ability to produce different cells of the body. All these stem cells have outstanding potential for regeneration as well as differentiation. There is no other cell in the body that can naturally regenerate. Moreover, these cells also perform other functions in the body such as internal repairing and replacement of damaged and dead cells. Due to these properties, stem cells can be used in different medical treatments. Adult cells are programmed to show embryonic stem cells properties. These are then used for genetic reprogramming in the treatment of different diseases such as infarcted heart, diabetes, and degenerative neurological disorders. Stem cells are programmed to become the specific cells with the ability of regeneration and repairing damaged tissues ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IVW0BCgE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Whitelaw et al.)","plainCitation":"(Whitelaw et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2211,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9NZP9SEI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/9NZP9SEI"],"itemData":{"id":2211,"type":"article-journal","title":"Engineering large animal models of human disease","container-title":"The Journal of pathology","page":"247-256","volume":"238","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Whitelaw","given":"C. Bruce A."},{"family":"Sheets","given":"Timothy P."},{"family":"Lillico","given":"Simon G."},{"family":"Telugu","given":"Bhanu P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Whitelaw et al.). Today stem cells are used in genetic engineering for the purpose of delivering transgenes into patients. This is due to their self-generation capacity and no need for recurrent administrations of the gene therapy for these cells. Stem cells can remain pluripotent while undergoing genetic modifications. Stem cells genetic modifications are used for research as well as for treatment purposes. For example, the role of a specific gene can be studied for the production of specific human proteins.

In addition, gene studies in living animals involve transgenic animals such as transgenic mice. For this purpose, stem cells are removed from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Then an anticipated gene is introduced in a vector along with promoter with the use of recombinant DNA (rDNA). Genes are knocked out and new drug-resistant genes are added. If there are cells that are not taking the vectors inside their cell walls, they are killed by neomycin. After the addition of new genes, cells are then inoculated into a blastocyst and placed in the uterus to produce offspring. Moreover, stem cells can be used to check the drug safety and effectiveness, before its practical applications. For this human stem cells are programmed to become the tissue-specific cells ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uywhJfQY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Burnight et al.)","plainCitation":"(Burnight et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2209,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/4DTP9ZWR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/4DTP9ZWR"],"itemData":{"id":2209,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gene therapy using stem cells","container-title":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine","page":"a017434","volume":"5","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Burnight","given":"Erin R."},{"family":"Wiley","given":"Luke A."},{"family":"Mullins","given":"Robert F."},{"family":"Stone","given":"Edwin M."},{"family":"Tucker","given":"Budd A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Burnight et al.). These cells are then further used to test new drugs. For example, nerve cells can be produced to test a new drug. The test results will reveal the results of the use of a new drug. Scientists also use different genes that can encode useful protein products such as hormones and blood proteins. Thus, genetic engineering is allowing the transfer of a gene from one species into cells of another in order to have an encoded gene product. However, there are certain limitations to the use of embryonic stem cells in gene engineering. Stem cells are extracted from donated embryos and can result in immune rejection.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Burnight, Erin R., et al. “Gene Therapy Using Stem Cells.” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 5, no. 4, 2015, p. a017434.

Whitelaw, C. Bruce A., et al. “Engineering Large Animal Models of Human Disease.” The Journal of Pathology, vol. 238, no. 2, 2016, pp. 247–56.

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[Date]

Opinion on Vaccination

One of our greatest achievement in public health is vaccination. It saves lives and prevents diseases like measles, polio, rubella, and diphtheria which at one time were common diseases in the United States. Due to these diseases, many hundreds and thousands of people including adults, infants, and children die each year. There was a time when much fear was associated with outbreaks of polio and due to its concern, movie theatres and swimming pools get closed so that crippling disease might not be caught them. We also have seen a 1960 wave of rubella that resulted in deaths of thousands of infant born and thousand more with vision, hearing and other disabilities that were life lasting.

Most vaccines of modern times are highly safe and effective, with very rare serious side effects and even if there are side effects, it would be much lower than actual disease seriousness. Although vaccines are very effective in dealing with diseases, there are much misinformation spread against its use, for example, one misconception is that vaccination can cause autism and they have toxic chemicals as an ingredient. This rumor is proved to be wrong with the demonstration of fact by a new study conducted by Danish researchers related to MMR vaccination(DeStefano, Frank & Thompson, 2004).

Misinformation may also spread because today vaccines are very successful and in today United States almost no patient with polio and measles would be seen by the clinicians. Due to the effective vaccination, and no diseases found, it would be easy for people to not see its importance and spreading misinformation.

Let us take an example of measles. It is estimated by WHO that due to vaccination against measles, since 2000 21 million deaths were prevented worldwide. Although today more than 91 percent of children are vaccinated for measles, vaccinations localized dips have caused measles recent resurgence in parts of America. 370 individuals this year are affected by the recent year 17 measles outbreaks that are reported by 10 states. In the year 2017-18, influenza caused more than 80,000 deaths in America in the flu season(Plennevaux et al., 2010). Many of them were children who are not vaccinated. The best way for us to avoid getting flu disease is through the flu vaccination, and very fewer symptoms could have been seen that led to hospital admittance or deaths.

It has been recorded in 2017 that American adolescent comprising only 49 percent received HPV vaccine recommended doses, which protects in its best from the development of cancers of a certain type in both females and males. These certain types of cancers include anal, cervical, throat, and mouth cancers. One teenager out of five that is approximated to be from 4.5 million people has not received vaccination of bacterial meningitis. This fast-moving disease although could cause the healthy child in getting organ failures, amputations and deaths within the onset of disease in 24 hours. Among people who are experiencing homelessness and take drugs are experiencing hepatitis A multistate outbreak. With the help of vaccination, this disease which can be avoided that can lead to failure of liver and death using an effective and safe vaccine.

We should be happy with our achievement and not critical. The measles breakout recently is a reminder for all of us that the disease which we might think to be a very rare one in the United States is still affecting unvaccinated people with sometimes dire consequences(Olpinski & Marian, 2012). Measles in children could have fatal complications. These diseases can be avoided by using effective vaccination so that we could only read about these diseases in our history books. The misinformation regarding the vaccination should be countered with the correct information reaching the masses so that anti-vaccine sentiments could not be fueled among parents who are earnestly trying protecting their children.

Works Cited

DeStefano, Frank, and William W. Thompson. "MMR vaccine and autism: an update of the scientific evidence." Expert review of vaccines 3.1 (2004): 19-22.

Ołpiński, Marian. "Anti-vaccination movement and parental refusals of immunization of children in USA." pediatria polska87.4 (2012): 381-385.

Plennevaux, Eric, et al. "Immune response after a single vaccination against 2009 influenza A H1N1 in USA: a preliminary report of two randomised controlled phase 2 trials." The Lancet 375.9708 (2010): 41-48.

Nursing Admission

Nursing Admission

Student’s Name

Institution

A challenge on belief

There are various proofs that support the existence of God while atheism has developed their own version. This situation made me question my faith about the existence of the supernatural being. Theoretically, the Bible as holly book supports the existence of God. The presence of God is depicted from the book of Genesis to Revelation. On the other hand, atheism developed tangible evidence to support their argument that God does not exist (Bloch, 2009). At this point I was left confused thinking of what decision to make. Considering the writings in the Bible about believing first and being saved, the words kept on ringing meanwhile as I absorbed the thoughts of atheism. Therefore, I was at a point of indifference when trying to make a decision.

However, it is a choice to believe or not to believe. Besides receiving all supporting evidence, there is still a decision made on the action to take. Faith can be tested in various forms and this is the time a conclusion is made regarding Saturn. People claim that the devil is taking over your thoughts that may not be the case.

Although I was challenged and felt like I needed to make a perfect decision, I was in a position to stick to my first choice. The choice instilled in me from the time I was a child. My parents played a significant role in ensuring that I was in a position to make decisions by myself. They trained me, showed me the right path to take, and ensured that God was put first before anything. With the support from the scripture, “train the child on the way to follow and he shall never part,” my parents had learnt that this was the only way to bring up a child.

Extracurricular activities

Engaging in extracurricular activities is the best way to grow and utilize leisure time (Youniss, & Yates, 1997). Community service, sports, and singing constitute the other me. Extracurricular activities link my lifestyle with that of the community and friends.

Community service

Growing in the hood provided an opportunity to interact with challenges that people encounter. Orphanages established absorb children whom do not have parents but require a place to call home. I love visiting orphanages and spending time with the children. May focus is to make them feel they are loved and not abandoned. Sharing a meal with the needy makes me feel that I have gone a milestone in life. This is the only way one can feel to have given back to the community. Therefore, it is a true reflection of the step taken from thinking about oneself to thinking about other people. Furthermore, I love social work. We execute this kind of job in groups. They include cleaning around the community, cooking and other volunteering services.

Sports

My interest in sport is extremely unmeasurable. I developed the urge in a tender age, playing football by myself or alongside my friends and family members. In addition, I love swimming that tends to be ultimate among the list of curricular activities. Major concern is the time that is a factor. I spend most of my time with my friends as we share our ways of life. Other sports include mountaineering and riding bicycles. In addition, I love driving but not for racing purposes.

Singing

Singing is a hobby. I compose songs and sing perfectly with base and tenor. At the same time, I play piano and guitar. To the best of my knowledge, I love what I do and would maximize on every opportunity I get. However, I love teamwork as it plays a major role in my social life.

References

Bloch, E. (2009). Atheism in Christianity (p. 109). London and New York: Verso.

Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (1997). Community service and social responsibility in youth. University of Chicago Press.

Nursing- Scholarship Essay

Nursing-Scholarship Essay

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Nursing-Scholarship Essay

Coming from a small town I have seen different lifestyle, culture, and norms among people. The most important thing that I have learned from life is that a person may have different cultures, religion, class, and status but he cannot be a good person if he has no attributes of caring, kindness, and respect. I am glad to have these attributes because of those circumstances in which I have grown up.

I survived in a small town where people knew each other and lived like a family. These people are so generous who always get ready to help other in their difficult time and celebrate when you achieve something. Grown-up with such caring and respecting people I have also adopted these characteristics. I am a religious person who believes that life is a journey and everyone should be ready for the afterlife ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GKu1VS1J","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Cultivating Respect,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Cultivating Respect,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1412,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/6Y69UVG8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/6Y69UVG8"],"itemData":{"id":1412,"type":"webpage","title":"Cultivating Respect","URL":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2001/10/cultivating-respect?lang=eng","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Cultivating Respect,” n.d.). Therefore, today's action should reflect the reward we will get afterlife. My religion teaches me that love is the most important thing to bring peace in the society. If anyone wants to get the blessing of God he should take care of God’s creation. When I shifted from my small town I have observed a sudden change in the lifestyle and behavior of the people. In my new city, people were busy and practical who mostly focus on their studies, and career rather than paying attention to who is living in their neighbor and what their problems are. I have observed self-interest rather than mutual-interest. This change brought various questions in my mind and I found out answers with time. In my neighborhood, I saw an old lady who used to sit in the garden every evening. We always passed the smile after seeing each other. This smile from my side reflects respect for the old lady while her smile worked as a kindness for me. From this I understood that it is not important to do something special to show respect and care for others, your smile can also do the same ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TZxwUq6A","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}How to Respect Yourself and Others,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“How to Respect Yourself and Others,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1410,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/3BREJR2R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/3BREJR2R"],"itemData":{"id":1410,"type":"webpage","title":"How to Respect Yourself and Others","URL":"http://www.goodchoicesgoodlife.org/choices-for-young-people/r-e-s-p-e-c-t/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“How to Respect Yourself and Others,” n.d.). Similarly, one day I heard an ambulance sound, I went out and saw that man in our street had a heart attack. I rushed to his house and tried to calm his wife. Later, the lady went with his husband while I stayed with their two children. She showed trust in me because I showed kindness and care to her. I learned that being busy in your life is not wrong but while working for your better future we should see who are the people around and show some respect and care through your little deeds ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jSwBx6Cs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Respect And Dignity,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Respect And Dignity,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1411,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/2KAK497K"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/2KAK497K"],"itemData":{"id":1411,"type":"webpage","title":"Respect And Dignity","URL":"http://www.caregiverslibrary.org/caregivers-resources/grp-emotional-issues/respect-and-dignity-article.aspx","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Respect And Dignity,” n.d.).

Time teaches you everything and, in my case, time had taught me how to express care, love, kindness, and respect to the people who are different from you or those who are living like strangers around you. You should not be loving only for the people whom you know but every single person who needs your help and support. This is the thinking which made my mind that by choosing to nurse as a professional can help me to spread love and care among people.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cultivating Respect. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2001/10/cultivating-respect?lang=eng

How to Respect Yourself and Others. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from http://www.goodchoicesgoodlife.org/choices-for-young-people/r-e-s-p-e-c-t/

Respect And Dignity. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from http://www.caregiverslibrary.org/caregivers-resources/grp-emotional-issues/respect-and-dignity-article.aspx

Nutrition

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Nutrition

Consumption of fast food has increased in the modern era, as it is more delicious and costs less than healthy food. But processed food lacks the nutrients that are necessary for a healthy human body. Trans-fats are the chemical structures that considered harmful for health. But the natural Trans fats that are present in dairy are good for human health, its only artificially processed Trans fats, also known as hydrogenated fats that are responsible for creating health problems in consumers.

These fatty acids have a presence of one or more double bonds in Trans configuration, that makes them different from trans fats with cis-configuration. These Trans fats increase the LDL, triglycerides and insulin levels and reduce the amount of beneficial HDL in a body and result in cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, colon cancer and diabetes (Dhaka et al.).

Trans fats are often mixed with saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats are found in animal products and stay solid at room temperature. While unsaturated fats are oils and stay liquid at room temperature. On the other hand, Trans fats made from partial hydrogenation ("Learn The Facts About Fats").

Trans fats are present in a certain type of vegetable oils, microwavable popcorns, margarine, fried fast food, bakery products, non-dairy coffee creams, etc. We need to adopt food alternatives to get rid of Trans-fats from our diet. Substituting, oils with saturated butter, saturated vegetable oils, and non-microwavable popcorns can make a difference. Choosing restaurants that use healthy fats over Trans fats is also a good step towards a healthy living.

One person making healthy choices can't make a healthy society at a larger scale. We need multicomponent interventions and legislation to eliminate the Trans Fat from food products can prove to be an effective intervention to get rid of Trans fats(Hyseni et al.). Also, interventions that are targeted at changing individual's approach will achieve smaller goals in a long period of time. AT governmental level prices of the healthy food should be lowered and fast food taxes should be increased so that people can prioritize health over fast-food products.

Works Cited

Dhaka, Vandana et al. "Trans Fats—Sources, Health Risks And Alternative Approach - A Review". J Food Sci Technol, 2011, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551118/. Accessed 4 Apr 2019.

"Learn The Facts About Fats". Mayo Clinic, 2019, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/fat/art-20045550. ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hyseni, Lirije et al. "Systematic Review Of Dietary Trans-Fat Reduction Interventions". 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5710076/. Accessed 4 Apr 2019.

Opioids Epidemic

Mary Jane Cannon

Instructor Name

Art 101

13 November 2019

Opioid Epidemic

To treat moderate to severe pain conditions, for example, pain connected with trauma, morphine and several others, opioids are extensively used in the medical centers. Opioids are anti-depressants that are used for the release of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and dejection. Opioids are most frequently used for postoperative pain, and other chronic pain management (Cicero and Ellis). Opioids are also used for nonmalignant pain and migraine pain management and treatment. Recent studies have shown that opioids are in use more than they were before. Prescription of opioids is a challenging situation for healthcare providers in recent years. Though, recent studies have shown that misuse, and overuse of opioids is significantly increasing. The over-prescription of opioids is because pain management and pain control pathway are misunderstood among healthcare providers. The endogenous pathway of pain management should be known and explained to the patients to reduce the misuse of opioids (Cicero and Ellis). The epidemic of opioids is increasing and major contribution is from the prescription of these drugs. The inaccurate and inadequate knowledge of opioids should be addressed to decrease the opioids epidemic.

Effects of Opioids on the Body

The use of opioids perceived to be more common in producing the effects such as pleasant, stimulating and enjoyable ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N07g5Bls","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Opioid Misuse and Addiction})","plainCitation":"(Opioid Misuse and Addiction)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":193,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T9ZJZFEH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T9ZJZFEH"],"itemData":{"id":193,"type":"webpage","title":"Opioid Misuse and Addiction","genre":"Text","abstract":"Opioid misuse and addiction are a serious public health problem in the U.S. Learn about the treatments, including medication-assisted therapy (MAT).","URL":"https://medlineplus.gov/opioidmisuseandaddiction.html","language":"eng","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Opioid Misuse and Addiction). The persistent use of opioids activates and stimulates dopaminergic neurons that results in addiction. Higher doses of opioids are suggested to cause more pleasant effects in individuals. Intake of higher doses produces more liking and stimulating effects in the body. Opioids are strengths in the management of pain and a variety of depression-related illnesses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aBhzjU7Y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Opioid Misuse and Addiction})","plainCitation":"(Opioid Misuse and Addiction)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":193,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T9ZJZFEH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T9ZJZFEH"],"itemData":{"id":193,"type":"webpage","title":"Opioid Misuse and Addiction","genre":"Text","abstract":"Opioid misuse and addiction are a serious public health problem in the U.S. Learn about the treatments, including medication-assisted therapy (MAT).","URL":"https://medlineplus.gov/opioidmisuseandaddiction.html","language":"eng","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Opioid Misuse and Addiction). Current researches including meta-analyses of anti-depressant's effectiveness and acceptability have been studied and it is evident that these drugs are prescribed most significantly as a pain reliever. Opioid drugs are the chief drugs used in patients with psychological illnesses along with various similar psychotic diseases. The availability and access to these drugs is another significant factor for the misuse and overuse of opioids. It has been observed that the use of opioids is also more prevalent in individuals having psychological illnesses such as schizophrenia and related disorders.

The heterogeneity has been found with persons’ response to antipsychotic and pain management. Researchers were unable to predict reaction which forces them to a trial-and-error approach with management using opioid drugs. Oxycodone is an operative medicine for pain management and other related disorders and is more common in patients for pain relief. There are notable side effects associated with opioids consumption including brain dysfunction and addiction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ipXG3V98","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cicero and Ellis)","plainCitation":"(Cicero and Ellis)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZWDAQLUV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZWDAQLUV"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abuse-deterrent formulations and the prescription opioid abuse epidemic in the United States: lessons learned from OxyContin","container-title":"JAMA psychiatry","page":"424-430","volume":"72","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Cicero","given":"Theodore J."},{"family":"Ellis","given":"Matthew S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cicero and Ellis). However, there is a noteworthy decrease in the extrapyramidal severe effects of opioid drugs. With this decrease and non-availability, the use of second-hand group of opioid drugs has headed the burden of side effects. This upsurges the likelihood of cardiometabolic and nervous system dysfunction. Other than psychological disorders, doctors have suggested further researches to find out the first line opioid drug best appropriate for individuals suffering from pain and psychological disorders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c7TIPn37","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gottlieb and Woodcock)","plainCitation":"(Gottlieb and Woodcock)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":192,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q747N4FR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q747N4FR"],"itemData":{"id":192,"type":"article-journal","title":"Marshaling FDA benefit-risk expertise to address the current opioid abuse epidemic","container-title":"Jama","page":"421-422","volume":"318","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Gottlieb","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Woodcock","given":"Janet"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gottlieb and Woodcock).

Addiction

A public declaration among individuals and predominantly between psychological specialists is that individuals with psychological and painful diseases use opioids and related drugs as self-medication to relieve pain. They used these drugs to alleviate medical indications and pain for the side effects of the therapies. Roots of the self-medication knowledge among patients is because opioids are very good pain relievers. Researchers have revealed that several patients and individuals using opioid drugs are increasing day by day. The fact is associated with opioid drugs like pain relievers and more commonly used in patients suffering from pain and other psychological diseases ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UubvWwYG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cicero and Ellis)","plainCitation":"(Cicero and Ellis)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZWDAQLUV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZWDAQLUV"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abuse-deterrent formulations and the prescription opioid abuse epidemic in the United States: lessons learned from OxyContin","container-title":"JAMA psychiatry","page":"424-430","volume":"72","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Cicero","given":"Theodore J."},{"family":"Ellis","given":"Matthew S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cicero and Ellis). The answer lies in the statistics that persons with mental health illnesses, used it primarily appealing for self-medication. Additional evidence originated from trials accomplished on animal models inoculated with opioid drugs have recommended that self-medication with these drugs is a believable idea. Presently, the evaluation from different studies have marked a valid point on self-medication theory.

Closer examination of the literature has recommended that opioid drugs are more helpful for individuals having depression and anxiety disorders. They consume these drugs to relieve pain and to alleviate stress. However, the upsurge use of opioid drugs has headed the assumption of the cumulative threat of nervous system dysfunction, cancer and other related diseases accountable for early mortality. The studies have recommended to further examine the consequences for the self-medication insight. This study approaches the opinion for use of opioid drugs in alluring and alleviating the symptoms of pain and stress.

Solution

Pharmacology, pharmacies, second-hand drug workers and strong pain-relieving effects of opioids had led to the misuse, overuse, and abuse of opioids among individuals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MXLzhxQx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gottlieb and Woodcock)","plainCitation":"(Gottlieb and Woodcock)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":192,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q747N4FR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/Q747N4FR"],"itemData":{"id":192,"type":"article-journal","title":"Marshaling FDA benefit-risk expertise to address the current opioid abuse epidemic","container-title":"Jama","page":"421-422","volume":"318","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Gottlieb","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Woodcock","given":"Janet"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gottlieb and Woodcock). Access to opioids, availability of second-hand generation medications in the markets, a restricted prescription can significantly reduce the abuse of opioids among communities. Alternative pain relievers can be suggested to be used and prescribed for patients suffering from severe and chronic pain ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"myTpN9Bq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Opioid Misuse and Addiction})","plainCitation":"(Opioid Misuse and Addiction)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":193,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T9ZJZFEH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/T9ZJZFEH"],"itemData":{"id":193,"type":"webpage","title":"Opioid Misuse and Addiction","genre":"Text","abstract":"Opioid misuse and addiction are a serious public health problem in the U.S. Learn about the treatments, including medication-assisted therapy (MAT).","URL":"https://medlineplus.gov/opioidmisuseandaddiction.html","language":"eng","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,13]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Opioid Misuse and Addiction). Cognitive, stimulating and desire for opioids can only be reduced if the opioids are restricted in the markets, pharmacies and healthcare facilities to reduce the self-medicating activities. Though opioid pharmacology subsidizes to the potential for the opioid drugs to be ill-treated. Certain steps should be taken to decrease potential exploitation including risk valuations of patients susceptible to misuse, abuse-deterrent interpretations, individual and physician health education, and other struggles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1rZGD4iH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cicero and Ellis)","plainCitation":"(Cicero and Ellis)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZWDAQLUV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/qnvKw9vm/items/ZWDAQLUV"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"article-journal","title":"Abuse-deterrent formulations and the prescription opioid abuse epidemic in the United States: lessons learned from OxyContin","container-title":"JAMA psychiatry","page":"424-430","volume":"72","issue":"5","author":[{"family":"Cicero","given":"Theodore J."},{"family":"Ellis","given":"Matthew S."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cicero and Ellis). This information can update the opioid dissertation by delivering basic knowledge upon which the legal, and epidemiological factors can be accurately assessed, inferred, and deliberated to reduce the opioid abuse among communities.

Works Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Cicero, Theodore J., and Matthew S. Ellis. “Abuse-Deterrent Formulations and the Prescription Opioid Abuse Epidemic in the United States: Lessons Learned from OxyContin.” JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 72, no. 5, 2015, pp. 424–30.

Gottlieb, Scott, and Janet Woodcock. “Marshaling FDA Benefit-Risk Expertise to Address the Current Opioid Abuse Epidemic.” Jama, vol. 318, no. 5, 2017, pp. 421–22.

Opioid Misuse and Addiction. https://medlineplus.gov/opioidmisuseandaddiction.html. Accessed 13 Nov. 2019.

Paper Proposal: Why And When Humans Lost Their Hair

Final Film Critique

Martin Gutierrez

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Paper Proposal: Why and When Humans Lost Their Hair

Human evolution is the process through which human beings developed on planet earth from the now-extinct mammals ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I6DVOQlp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Human evolution | Stages & Timeline,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Human evolution | Stages & Timeline,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":148,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/DLJL2NCC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/DLJL2NCC"],"itemData":{"id":148,"type":"webpage","title":"human evolution | Stages & Timeline","container-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica","abstract":"Human evolution, the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. The only extant members of the human tribe, Hominini, belong to the species Homo sapiens. The exact nature of the evolutionary relationships between modern humans and their ancestors remains the subject of debate.","URL":"https://www.britannica.com/science/human-evolution","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Human evolution | Stages & Timeline,” n.d.). Science believes that physical as well as behavioral traits of people originated from their apelike ancestors. In the process of evolution, there are series of natural changes that provoke species to arise. Based on my preliminary research, the question I would like to explore is: Why and When Humans Lost Their Hair? “Darwin considered that human hairlessness was unlikely to have evolved purely by natural selection, as the absence of a reflective coat would leave man unshielded from the intense rays of a tropical sun” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SiZNf6PO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Schwartz & Rosenblum, 1981)","plainCitation":"(Schwartz & Rosenblum, 1981)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":150,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/5L9VN45L"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/5L9VN45L"],"itemData":{"id":150,"type":"article-journal","title":"Allometry of primate hair density and the evolution of human hairlessness","container-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology","page":"9-12","volume":"55","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.1002/ajpa.1330550103","ISSN":"0002-9483, 1096-8644","journalAbbreviation":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Schwartz","given":"Gary G."},{"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Leonard A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1981",5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schwartz & Rosenblum, 1981). Hair is another part of humans that makes them stand out among other species. Human hair goes under great evolution similar to the other organs of the body.

Hair loss has been observed for centuries. It is mentioned in the Bible too. In 1500 BC, baldness was covered with wigs and there were many treatments for hair loss. In ancient Egypt, patients used a mixture of onion, iron, red lead, honey and alabaster. They were asked to swallow it after reciting invocation to the sun god. Hippocrates also described the connection between the hair loss and sexual organs. The most common cause of hair loss is Androgenic Alopecia (male patterned baldness). Several studies have reported that 25% of men aged 25 years have some degree of clinically apparent androgenic alopecia and over 40% of men will develop it at some point in their life. Another reason for hair loss might be Telogen Effluvium. It happens because of stressful events, childbirth and surgery ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hLN3WKh5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Verret, 2009)","plainCitation":"(Verret, 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":151,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/QG6PDQDZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/QG6PDQDZ"],"itemData":{"id":151,"type":"book","title":"Patient Guide to Hair Loss & Hair Restoration","publisher":"DJ Verret","number-of-pages":"119","source":"Google Books","abstract":"If you are one of the millions of people around the world who suffers from hair loss and is bothered by it, the Patient Guide to Hair Loss & Hair Restoration is for you. With explanations of the reasons for hair loss and possible treatments, Dr. Verret provides an unbiased reference for understanding what can be a psychologically devastating process.","ISBN":"978-0-578-01492-0","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Verret","given":"D. J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Verret, 2009). The most popular theory, thermoregulation, talks about why people lose hair. The theory states that environmental pressures led our ancestors out of shady forests; these new conditions created a number of physiological changes in human body and caused hair loss ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"u3msZFwV","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sunday, April 28, & Pm, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Sunday, April 28, & Pm, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":156,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/DI296CDQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/DI296CDQ"],"itemData":{"id":156,"type":"webpage","title":"Appliance of Science: Why did humans lose their hair?","abstract":"In a world where hair removal is a big industry we sometimes forget how little hair we actually have, writes Dr Naomi Lavelle","URL":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/lifestyle/features/appliance-of-science-why-did-humans-lose-their-hair-920633.html","title-short":"Appliance of Science","language":"en","author":[{"literal":"Sunday"},{"family":"April 28","given":""},{"family":"Pm","given":"2019-09:00"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,28]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sunday, April 28, & Pm, 2019).

I have chosen this topic because it is a universal problem and has existed for centuries. The most challenging part was to make the information concise. The research shows how human hair evolve with time and what its causes are. Along with hair loss problems, Darwinists also admit that they have no idea why humans did not lose all their body hair ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8OdfT0bu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Bergman, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Bergman, 2003)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":153,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/SL2W9HVW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/WcSf8WB9/items/SL2W9HVW"],"itemData":{"id":153,"type":"paper-conference","title":"Why Mammal Body Hair Is an Evolutionary Enigma","source":"Semantic Scholar","abstract":"*Jerry Bergman, Ph.D., Northwest State College 22-600 State Rt 34, Archbold, OH 43543 Received April 4, 2003; Revised October 13, 2003 Mammal body hair is a complex structure that involves several basic parts, including a shaft, a root, and a follicle. The most common theory currently in vogue is that hair evolved from reptile scales. Although both scales and hair preserve well in the fossil record, especially in amber, no evidence of hair evolution has been found after more than a century of searching. Another problem is that all primates have thick, coarse hair called fur, and explanations as to how this fur was lost in human evolution are deficient and contradictory. the body can use to produce heat. The muscle contraction produces the familiar “goose bumps” that result from cold temperatures, embarrassment, or fear (and is an important means of communication both to one’s self and to others). Located in the hair root, the external root sheath contains all the epidermal strata existing in normal skin. If the epidermis and superficial part of the dermis are damaged, the undamaged part of the hair follicle (which is protected because it lies deep with in the dermis) is a source of new epithelium to repair surface skin damage (Seeley et al., 2003). Each hair shaft has an inner layer of cells called the medulla or pith, containing soft keratin and shrunken cells of dried epithelial structures. The next layer is called the cortex, which is a semi-transparent, thick layer that contains “hard type keratin” filled cells (Seeley et al., 2003). It occupies the bulk of the hair. The cortex contains scattered pigment cells that produce melanin, giving hair its color. Color is an important tool used to differentiate hair for both biological research studies and forensic work (Saferstein, 2002). The outer layer of the hair shaft, the cuticle, consists of a single layer of colorless keratinized cells that cover the hair somewhat like skin. These hardened, flat cells overlap like house shingles and are arranged “in an imbricate fashion and often beautifully sculptured” (Hamilton, 1939, p. 69). The ends of the flat cells always point toward the tip of the hair, not the hair root (Saferstein, 2002).","author":[{"family":"Bergman","given":"Jerry R."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Bergman, 2003).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bergman, J. R. (2003). Why Mammal Body Hair Is an Evolutionary Enigma.

Human evolution | Stages & Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2019, from Encyclopedia Britannica website: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-evolution

Schwartz, G. G., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1981). Allometry of primate hair density and the evolution of human hairlessness. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 55(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330550103

Sunday, April 28, & Pm, 2019-09:00. (2019, April 28). Appliance of Science: Why did humans lose their hair? Retrieved October 22, 2019, from https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/lifestyle/features/appliance-of-science-why-did-humans-lose-their-hair-920633.html

Verret, D. J. (2009). Patient Guide to Hair Loss & Hair Restoration. DJ Verret.

Parasitology

Parasitology

Author Name

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Parasitology

An understanding of predation effect on dynamics of disease is essential in light of the role which ecological groups can play in parasite-host interaction. There are only some studies that have characterized the direct parasites predation. In this study, authors have used the experimental approach to deliver an empirical demonstration of how predation can cause changes in disease risk by adopting the relative significance of species traits on resource consumer interaction. In this study, authors have investigated the influence of predator size and identity on their parasite consumption and influence of parasite size and identity on predation vulnerability. In this study, authors have used 4 species of trematodes (Echinostoma trivolvis, Magnacauda, Cephalogonimus americanus and Ribeiroia ondatrae). These species of parasites are chosen specifically to provide ranges of transmission strategies, sizes, and behavior. Laboratory bioassays were carried out to examine how predator, parasites and environment traits predispose predator’s ability to consume free-living cercariae. The results of this study shows that both invertebrate and vertebrate predators were extremely efficient at consuming trematode in the laboratory and this connection was highly dependent on the predator and parasite trait, and the environment. This study is related to the microbiology career as this study comes under the discipline of environmental parasitology and it deals with the interaction between parasites and environmental pollutants ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Orlofske</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1318</RecNum><DisplayText>(Orlofske, Jadin, &amp; Johnson, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1318</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axzrwpxxqvwtw5evsf3xrer2arfwsa5f0e5d" timestamp="1575047184">1318</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Orlofske, Sarah A</author><author>Jadin, Robert C</author><author>Johnson, Pieter TJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>It’sa predator–eat–parasite world: how characteristics of predator, parasite and environment affect consumption</title><secondary-title>Oecologia</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Oecologia</full-title></periodical><pages>537-547</pages><volume>178</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>0029-8549</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Orlofske, Jadin, & Johnson, 2015).

I like this study because it is related to my field of interest. I want to pursue my career in parasitology with a specific focus on environmental parasitology. I am always interested in scientific research because I love to learn new stuff. This study can be helpful for biologists and microbiologists to understand the relationship of parasites' response to environmental pollution. I found this article very useful because it has characterized the direct predation of a parasite. This study provides information regarding parasite effect on environmental health. This study also provides a useful bridge for linking disease ecology and the predator. One thing which I dislike about this article is that it does not examine the role of parasite-predator interactions in the aquatic system stability. Yes, I am interested in this research and I would like to conduct research on parasite response to environmental pollution.

References

ADDIN EN.REFLIST Orlofske, S. A., Jadin, R. C., & Johnson, P. T. (2015). It’sa predator–eat–parasite world: how characteristics of predator, parasite and environment affect consumption. Oecologia, 178(2), 537-547.

Personal Statement For Biology Related Internships

[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines]

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

My interest in biology and natural science developed in high school and since then it has increased to a level that I have decided to pursue this career. Throughout my studies in school, I used to participate in all the activities in Biology lab with interest and passion. I have ever-intriguing nature regarding biological aspects of science including the human body, plants, ecosystem and studies of other natural beings in the world. Along with showing interest and enthusiasm in the subject, I also scored excellent marks in the examinations and done well in lab experiments as well. I am working hard and intended to make a valuable contribution to the development and research in Biology and life sciences. I am currently studying biology at the college level and stepping ahead in professional studies in Biology to fulfill my dream of becoming an expert in my field.

Over the course of my college career, I have also worked on my skills in research and refined them by developing lab skills. I have acquired enough knowledge of theory and lab in cell biology, microorganism, anatomy, behavior and ecology. The internship will help me to master my communication and time management skills in addition to strengthening my knowledge in biological science. This internship will also help to expand my research horizon and to learn about innovative research methodologies. My short term goals are to learn new scientific techniques and to develop research skills, knowledge and lab techniques in genetics and pathology. My long term goal is to head a pathogenesis research laboratory. I seek to become a biology professor and to conduct research in the field of biological science.

I think that biology is a very important subject for a career in the health and science sector. A degree in biology would be a pathway for me to be a part of the scientific community. With a scientific educational background, high personal interest in biomedical and biological sciences and my passion for the living organism study, I believe that I can make a valuable contribution to research within the field of biology.

Pursuing my career in biological science will be immensely exciting and rewarding. I have excellent interpersonal and communication skills with the ability to work effectively with different personalities and to adapt easily to different research situations. I am studying biological sciences because it teaches me to make an observation, solve problems and to evaluate evidence. By studying biology, I learned that how living things interact with each other and how they evolve.

Based on above mentioned experience and interest and in the field of biology and life sciences, I believe that I am the best candidate to participate in the research and for the internship in my area of interest. In every field of knowledge, mere academic work and reading course books are not sufficient to master the field and reach a higher level. To reach an authoritative level and to get distinction in any field, proficiency and experience in practical work and research are also necessary along with book reading and general knowledge (Liang, 2010). Participating in the research during the internship will help me in attaining my short and long term goals. I will get professional experience and will have something valuable to mention in my Resume. It is a short term goal and will hopefully help me in getting a good job after completing studies. Long term goal associated with this internship includes better understanding and exposure in Biology and life sciences and also will help me in interacting with experts in the field which is definitely going to help me in future.

References

Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2010). Learning through science writing via online peer assessment in a college biology course. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 242-247.